genetically modified organisms · gmo • genetically modified organism or a transgenic organism...
TRANSCRIPT
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Genetically Modified
Organisms
Environmental Science
Period 6
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GMO
• Genetically modified organism or a transgenic organism
• Biotechnology companies have been creating these GMOs for at least two decades
• Refer to a living organism that has been genetically altered using molecular genetics techniques such as gene cloning and proteinengineering.
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Early manipulation
• Farmers have been manipulating agriculture genes for hundreds of years
• The original tomato no longer exists
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Basic Creation
• Take a particular gene from one organism
• Insert that gene into another organism
• That second organism grows exhibiting the effects of that transplanted gene
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Why do this?
• Increased resistance to herbicides
• Increased nutritional content
• Increased tolerance to weather conditions
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Conventional farming v.
GMOs
• Conventional farming can produce some of the same results, but it is a trial and error process
• By genetically modifying foods, we can be more accurate in our selection of traits
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Where
• First commercially available in the 1990s
• By 1998, 50% of the US soybean crop was genetically modified
• 90% of Canada’s canola oil crop was genetically modified
• By 2000, 68% of all GM grops were grown by US farmers
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What GMOs could do
• More accurate modification by a farmer
• Reduce the use of pesticides
• Feed the hungry
• Promote biotechnology
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What GMOs could do
• Give us cheaper, tastier and more nutritious foods
• Provide jobs
• Increase America’s power in the scientific community
• Medicine � edible vaccines
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What GMOs could do
• Phytoremediation � cleaning up the environment
• Disease-resistant crops
• Drought-tolerant crops
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Monsanto Corporation
• http://www.monsanto.com/video/default.asp
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Risks
• Health issues
• Environmental issues
• Economic concerns
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Labeling
• The US government does not regulate or label GMO crops (40 plant varieties)
– FDA = treated GMOs as conventional crops
– USDA = did not comprise a new variety of hybrids
– EPA = could regulate plants that pose an environmental risk
• No additional framework was added with the mass production and commerical use of GMOs
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Frankenfoods
• Europeans fought back
against biotech companies
like Monsanto
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Prince Charles
• http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7559353.stm
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People worry about the limits of what this technology can do. How much is too much?
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Genetically modified goats
• http://planetgreen.discovery.com/video/?playerId=1488687257&categoryId=1618699938&lineupId=1612732350&titleId=1618678475
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Health Issues
• Allergic reactions to
transplanted genes
• Unknown effects???
• Rat study
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Contamination
• There is a growing concern that there will be cross-breeding between GMOs and organic crops
• Study done in Mexico showed extensive contamination
• “Pollen knows no bounds”
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Bt Crops
• Bt crops were created by Monsanto Corp. and mass-marketed in China
• Reduced production costs and increased yield
• Killed more than the intended insect including the Monarch butterfly
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Gene Transfer
• Resistance could occur reducing the effectiveness of these GMO crops
• Gene transfer to non-target species
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Patents
• Biotech corporations
patent these GMOs
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Profits
• Due to patents, biotech companies, like Monsanto Corp., can make a lot of money on the sale of their seeds
• Monsanto can sue farmers for contamination (intellectual property rights)
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Incentives
• Incentive to create a safe product for those that can purchase their seeds
• No incentive to cater to those that cannot afford their product
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Suicide Genes
• Monsanto and other corporations are looking into suicide genes
• The plant would only be viable for one growing season
• Farmers would have to purchase seeds each year
• Profits for corporations …. What about farmers?
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Discussion
• Let’s here your thoughts