genetics a conceptual approach fourth edition genetics a conceptual approach fourth edition benjamin...
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GENETICS
A Conceptual ApproachFOURTH EDITION
GENETICS
A Conceptual ApproachFOURTH EDITION
Benjamin A. Pierce
© 2012 W. H. Freeman and Company
CHAPTER 3Basic Principles of Heredity
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Chapter 3 Outline
• 3.1 Gregor Mendel Discovered the Basic Principles of Heredity, 44
• 3.2 Monohybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of Segregation and the Concept of Dominance, 47
• 3.3 Dihybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of Independent Assortment, 56
• 3.4 Observed Ratios of Progeny May Deviate from Expected Ratios by Chance, 61
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3.1 Gregor Mendel Discovered the Basic Principles of Heredity
• Gregor Mendel and his success in genetics
• Genetic terminology
Table 3.1 & Figure 3.2
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3.2 Monohybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of Segregation and the Concept
of Dominance
• Monohybrid cross : cross between two parents that differ in a single characteristic.– Conclusion 1: one character is encoded by two
genetic factors.– Conclusion 2: two genetic factors (alleles) separate
when gametes are formed.– Conclusion 3: The concept of dominant and recessive
traits. – Conclusion 4: Two alleles separate with equal
probability into the gametes.Fig. 3.4
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3.2 Monohybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of Segregation and the Concept
of Dominance
• Principle of segregation: (Mendel’s first law)Each individual diploid organism possesses two alleles for any particular characteristic. These two alleles segregate when gametes are formed, and one allele goes into each gamete.
• The concept of dominance: when two different alleles are present in a genotype, only the trait encoded by one of them – the “dominant” allele-is observed in the phenotype.
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3.2 Monohybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of Segregation and the Concept
of Dominance
• Relating Genetic Crosses to Meiosis– Chromosome theory of heredity
Fig. 3.6
• Predicting the outcomes of genetics crosses– The Punnett square
Fig. 3.7bProbability as a tool in genetics
The multiplication ruleThe addition ruleThe application of probability to genetics crossesThe binomial expansion and probability
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If an F1 plant depicted in Figure 3.4 is backcrossed to the parent with round seeds, what proportion of the progeny will have winkled seeds? ( Use a Punnett square.)
a. ¾b. ½c. ¼d. 0
Concept Check 1
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If an F1 plant depicted in Figure 3.4 is backcrossed to the parent with round seeds, what proportion of the progeny will have winkled seeds? ( Use a Punnett square.)
a. ¾b. ½c. ¼d. 0
Concept Check 1
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If the probability of being blood-type A is 1/8 and the probability of blood-type O is ½, what is the probability of being either blood-type A or O?
a. 5/8
b. ½
c. 1/8
d. 1/16
Concept Check 2
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If the probability of being blood-type A is 1/8 and the probability of blood-type O is ½, what is the probability of being either blood-type A or O?
a. 5/8
b. ½
c. 1/8
d. 1/16
Concept Check 2
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3.2 Monohybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of Segregation and the Concept
of Dominance
• The Testcross
- Fig. 3.7
• Ratios in Simple Crosses– Table 3.3 & 3.4
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3.3 Dihybrid Crosses Reveal the Principle of the Independent Assortment
Dihybrid Crosses– The principle of independent assortment
• Fig. 3.10
– Relating the principle of independent assortment to meiosis
– Applying probability and the branch diagram to dihybrid crosses
• Fig. 3.11
– The Dihybrid testcross• Fig. 3.12
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• How are the principles of segregation and independent assortment related and how are they different?
Concept Check 3
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• How are the principles of segregation and independent assortment related and how are they different?Answer:
– Genes encoding different characteristics separate and assorted independently of one another when they do not locate close together on the same chromosome.
– During this process, two alleles of the same gene encoding one characteristic still have to be segregated from each other during the formation of gametes.
Concept Check 3