geo info - exercise of marfai.pdf

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MSc Programme Geo-Information for Spatial Planning

and Risk Management

ILWIS Exercise

Module

COASTAL FLOOD ASSESSMENT

BY MEANS OF GIS TECHNOLOGY

By:Muh Aris Marfai, S.Si.,M.Sc

Geography Faculty, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta.

Bulaksumur 55281. Tel/Fax: +62 274 589595e-mail: [email protected]/[email protected]


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Coastal Flood AssessmentBy Means of GIS Technology

ILWIS Exercise ModuleBy Muh Aris Marfai

2

COASTAL FLOOD ASSESSMENTBY MEANS OF GIS TECHNOLOGY

1. Introduction

Coasts have geomorphological complex processes and many pressures are exerted by

physical processes and humans on the coastal area. The physical processes, such aswaves, tidal inundation, sea level rise, erosion, and sedimentation are considered hazards

when human populations are affected by them. Coastal flood is the most driving forces of

coastal processes and may cause loss of life and property. Coastal flood may occurs due

to high tide overflowing in low-lying coastal areas, including estuaries and deltas,

involving inundation of land by brackish or saline water (Smith and Ward, 1998). Floodsinundation by a high tide and in combination with the land subsidence is a major threat

for Semarang Indonesia (Soedarsono 1996;

Yusup 1999; Kombaitan 2001; Sutanta 2002;

Kobayashi 2003; Marfai 2003; Marfai 2004).The land subsidence, caused by the withdrawal

of ground water for industry and householdsalso contribute to the tidal inundation phenomenon. Understanding the broad-scale

ramifications of the increased tidal inundation

under enhance land subsidence requires map ofthe land that could be inundated. Producing

such maps requires an elevation information

and appropriate tool in geo-informationtechnology.

The exercise deals with the examining of the

digital elevation model and GIS for Coastaltide-flood mapping in the Semarang coastal

area. It is positioned at the Central JavaProvince, Indonesia (Fig. 1). All the GIS work

was undertaken on ILWIS software version 3.3.

Spatial analysis using neighborhood operationand iteration has been done in order to generate the flood map. Exercise would be

divided into 4 lessons. Introduction to ILWIS 3.3 and the data management and operation

would be in the first lesson. This Lesson is intended to briefly introduce you to ILWIS,

and specifically to the user interface. You will learn how to start ILWIS, the functions ofthe main window and how to open maps and tables, using spatial and attribute data from

Figure 1. Semarang coastal area


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Semarang, Indonesia. Second lesson deals with the crude assessment of coastal flood

hazard using digital elevation model. Spatial analysis with the slicing operation and

algorithm function would be used in order to generate the flood zonation. Third lessondeals with the spatial analysis using neighborhood operation and iteration for tidal flood

generation. This method is considered as the development of the methodology on the sea-

water tide flood model. And Finally for the fourth lesson you will learn how to do hazard

analysis based on the landuse map and flood hazard map. Additional backgroundinformation (reading material) on the study is given in the articles below:

1. Muh Aris MARFAI, Lorenz KING, Michael DAMEN, Junun SARTOHADI,

Sudrajat SUDRAJAT, Sri Rahayu BUDIANI, and Fajar YULIANTO. Sea-WaterTide Flood model in a waterfront city, Case study: Semarang City, Central Java,

Indonesia. (under reviewed in the International journal of Natural Hazard,

Springer / submitted December 2006).

2. Muh Aris MARFAI and Lorenz KING, Tidal inundation mapping under enhancedland subsidence in Semarang, Central Java Indonesia. (under reviewed in the

International journal of Natural Hazard, Springer / submitted October 2006).3. Muh Aris MARFAI and Lorenz KING, Monitoring land subsidence in Semarang,

Indonesia. (under reviewed in the International journal of Environmental

Geology, Springer / submitted August 2006).4. Muh Aris MARFAI, (2006) Analisis neighbourhood operations dalam teknologi

Sistem Informasi Geografis berbasis raster dan aplikasinya untuk pemetaangenangan pasang air laut ( Neighbourhood operations Analysis on GIS raster

Based and their application for tidal flood mapping ), National seminar on

Application of Information technology, 17 June 2006, Yogyakarta Indonesiahttp://snati.informatika.web.id

5. Muh Aris MARFAI, (2004) Tidal flood hazard assessment: Modelling in rasterGIS, Case in western part of Semarang coastal area. Indonesian Journal of

Geography, Vol 36, Number 1, June 2004. ISSN 0024-9521 Page 25-38.6. Muh Aris MARFAI, (2003) GIS modelling of river and tidal flood hazards in a

waterfront city : case study, Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia, M.Sc thesis

(complete file: http://www.itc.nl/library/Papers_2003/msc/ereg/marfai.pdf )

The exercise derives from research in progress by M.A. Marfai (2005-2008) on risk

assessment of tidal inundation under the scenarios of sea level rise and land subsidence.This project is being done at the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany, supported

by The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). Fieldwork activities was funded by Directorate Higher Education, National Education Ministry of Indonesia, Competitive

Research Grant (Hibah Bersaing) no ID: UGM/PHB/2004.

It is recommended to read the articles before starting the exercise


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2. Starting ILWIS: Data Management and Operation

The Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) is a Geographic

Information System (GIS) with Image Processing capabilities. ILWIS has beendeveloped by the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth

Observation (ITC), Enschede, The Netherlands. ILWIS allows you to input, manage,

analyze and present geo-graphical data.

Data for this exercise are stored on my document folder on the computer. All the ILWISdata located under sub directory coastal_flood (my document\coastal_flood ). Try to find

it and explore all the data using windows explorer. This exercise deals with ILWISsoftware, make sure that ILWIS has already installed on the computer, and then open the

ILWIS software by double click ILWIS icon on the monitor screen.

The ILWIS Main window consists (by default) of a Title bar , a Menu bar , a Standardtoolbar , an Object selection toolbar , a Command line, a Catalog , a Status bar and an

Operations/Navigator pane with an Operation-tree, an Operation-list and a Navigator .

2.1. The Navigator

Before continuing with the exercises you first need to change to the subdirectorySemarang, where the data files for this chapter are stored. You can use the Navigator

(Figure 3) to change the current drive and working directory.

To start ILWIS, double-click the ILWIS icon on the desktop. After the opening screen you see the ILWIS Main window (see Figure 2). From

this window you can manage your data and start all operations.

Once the ILWIS has already opened, click navigator chart on the left side of theILWIS window. Select folder my document and sub folder coastal_flood to see

the ILWIS data that would be used on this exercise.


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Figure 2 ILWIS main window

Figure 3. Navigator


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2.2 Catalog(s)If you are in the correct directory Semarang you will see, that the right hand side of the

Main window, looks the same as Figure .3. This part of the Main window, in which

maps, tables and other ILWIS objects in the working directory are displayed each with itsown type of icon, is called the Catalog . When you double-click an object in the Catalog,

it will be displayed. (see Figure 4).

Figure 4. Catalog

Among others, the following objects can be seen, of which most of them are related to the

city of Semarang in Indonesia.

• A coordinate system, containing the definition of the coordinate system (theminimum and maximum coordinates of the study area and the optionally map

projection) used for the maps of the Semarang area;

• A domain, listing names of the administrative units, or ‘kampungs’ in theAdministration map and the Administration table;

• A polygon map containing administrative units (‘kampungs”) in Semarang;

• A representation, containing the color assignments of the mapping units in theAdministration map;

Try to recognise the simbol of coordinate system, domain, polygon map,representation, atrribute tabel, raster map etc.

Click the symbol and the name on the catalog and have a look each symbol.


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• An attribute table containing information on the “kampungs” and the populationdensities, and surface areas of the desas;

• A raster map, for instance containing an ASTER-1B satellite image of 1991(band 3)

2.3. The Command line

The Command line (Figure 5) can be used to write the algorithm and a function

operation.

Figure 5 The ILWIS Command line.

2.4. Getting help

The ILWIS Help allows you to obtain information from any point within the program.The Help menu differs per window. In the Main window the Help menu has many

options; and we are not going into detail on this topics.

You can use the Command line to type MapCalc formulas when you want tocalculate with raster maps, but also other operations can be performed by typing

an expression on the command line.

Click the symbol and the name on the catalog and have a look each symbol.

You obtain help on the current window. Depending on the window from whichyou select this help option, you can get help on the Main window, the map

window, the table window, the pixel information window, etc.

Related Topics. When this menu option is selected a dialog box appears with a listof topics that are related to the current window.

Contents. Displays the Help Contents. By clicking the links in the table of

contents you can go to any help topic you like. Index. The Index page of the ILWIS Help is displayed. Type a keyword or click

any keyword in the list on which you wish to get help.

Search. The ILWIS Help viewer is opened with the Search tab selected. Typesome characters of the keyword or phrase on which you want to obtain help and

press Enter or click the List Topics button to get a list of topics. In the Select topiclist box select the topic you want to display and click the Display button or press

Enter.

Find on the ILWIS user guide manual to know more detail


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2.5. Displaying geographic and attribute data

Geographic data are organized in a geographic database. This database can be considered

as a collection of spatially referenced data that acts as a model of reality. There are twoimportant components of geographic data: the spatial data (where is it?) and attribute

data (what is it?). In the following pages we will show you how to display spatial data

and attribute data in ILWIS. We will introduce you to the map window and you will practice displaying a map.

Double click the polygon map of administration in catalog. Try to explore andzoom it to get a better understanding of the administrative boundary on the area.

Also try to open another polygon maps. Once the polygon is opened, the dialog box will appears. A dialog box allows

the user to enter the information required by ILWIS to carry out an operation.Dialog boxes differ depending on the application you are performing. The dialog

box, which is displayed now, is used to specify how you want to display a

polygon map.

Select the check box Boundaries Only. Now you will see that the contents of thewhole dialog box changes. If you only want to show the boundary lines of the

units, no input is needed anymore on how you want to display the units

themselves. The content of the dialog box depends on the input of the user. Thatis why we call it ontextsensitive.

Select the drop-down list box Boundary Color. You will see a list with alldifferent types of colors that you can select.

Practice some more with the different options in the dialog box. After that,change all options again and than confirm your input by clicking the OK buttonor by pressing Enter

Open raster map, e.g. aster image, MSS image, Landsat ETM, Ikonos, etc andexplore them. Try to get a better ekspression on the different scala and time.

Click other symbols on the catalog and have a look each of them.


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3. Indonesian coastal flood hazardA Simple and briefly assessment using Globedem data

The tide is the cyclic rising and falling of Earth's ocean surface caused by the tidal forces

of the Moon and the Sun acting on the Earth. Tides cause changes in the depth of the seaand also can produce an inundation on the coastal and low-lying area. Tides and in

combination with the scenario of sea level rise cause inundation on coastal and low-lying

area. This exercise deals with the crude assessment of the coastal flood due to high tide

and also under the scenario of sea level rise. On this exercise you are expected to be ableto display, analyze and quantify coastal areas in Indonesia with using downloaded

GLOBEDEM data. Spatial analysis using various methods (e.g. slicing and algorithm)

would be done in this exercise. Digital elevation model (DEM) data is Indonesia RasterMap with a pixel size of approx. 900 m and a vertical resolution of 1m. The DEM has

been downloaded from the NOAA GLOBEDEM website:

http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/topo/globe.shtml

To do the analysis, follow the instruction below:

Next, the map Indonesia should be analyzed for areas vulnerable to coastal flooding. Thisis for instance the coastal zone at an elevation of five meters or less above mean sea

level. It can be done using slicing operation and map calculation using algorithm. Slicingclassifies the values of a raster map. Ranges of values of the input map are grouped

together into one output class. A domain Group should be created beforehand; it lists the

upper boundaries of the groups and the group names.

Left mouse-click the raster map icon Indonesia in the ILWIS Catalog. Use thedefault values in the Display Options – Raster Map window by selecting OK.

Left mouse-click in the image to see the elevation in meters. Zoom in to certain

areas of interest, in particular those along the coastline. Try to find areas / citiesyou know. Where is Semarang located?

To see the properties of the map, select: File, Properties, Map Indonesia. In theProperties of Raster map window you can see that it is a value map with a range

between 0 and over 5179 meters with a (vertical) precision of ~ 1.0 meter.

Explore the map to get a better ekspression on the different scala and time.


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Another way to do the crude analysis of the Indonesia coastal flood susceptibility is bymeans of map calculation. This operation based on written-script on the command line.To do this calculation, first a new map IndonCoast has to be made in which only

elevations are given from 0 --> 2.0 meter. see and follow the example below:

Select the Indonesia raster map with righ mouse, and following by image processing on the sensitivecontext and select and click slicing function.

Put the output raster name on the dialog box, and followed by clicking thecreate domain icon. Give the domain name and fill check on the group type box.

Domain dialog box will appear and once domain group dialog box is appear,click the icon add item on the toolbars and add domain item dialog box willappear

Devide the elevation of the Indonesia raster map into your own groups. (E.g 0-2m for coastal flood area, 2-5 for lowland area, 5-100 m for alluvial area, etc).

Fill the value (upper value) of each group area (that have been created) andgive the name for it on the box name and than click OK.

Repeat the same prosedure for all the groups Now back to the dialog box of slicing, and click shows. The result map of slicing operation of the indonesia raster map will be appear

on the new window map

Observe the map by zooming and moving in all directions To know the attribute data of the nwe map, which is also give us information

of the area per each group, the histogram operation can be used. Select the newresult map with the righ mouse, and following by statistics and click on the

histogram option. Once histogram dialog box is appear, click shows and than

the attribute data of the new map will appear.

To make a new map with the name IndonCoast, in which only elevations aregiven of 0 --> 2.0 meter, you have to type the following Map Calculation

formula in the Command Line: IndonCoast:=iff(Indonesia


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Questions and exercise:1. You have experience with slicing and map calculation. Which is easier to be done

in your opinion and why?

Answer

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. What is the advantages and the disadvantages for both of them? And do you knowin which other analysis this operations can be done?

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3. After you have observed the histogram for both of the result maps, what is youropinion regarding the data content?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________


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4. Tidal flood modelling using iteration process

Neighborhood operation, as a spatial analysis tool on the GIS-raster system, has beenapplied on DEM data in order to calculate the spreading of the tidal inundation on the

coastal and low land area. This computation makes use of a small calculation window(e.g. 3x3 cells) (see Figure 5) that repeats a specified calculation on every pixel in the

map, considering the values of its neighbors (ILWIS, 2001). They are calculations on

pixels in which the outcome depends on the neighboring pixels. Neighborhood operationsmay be performed on user-selected pixels as well as on whole maps. Just as in filtering

procedures, neighborhood operations make use of a filter. This window of 3 by 3 cells is

moved over the raster map. Each cell of the output map is calculated according to the

specified neighborhood expression. The cell numbers in the moving window are coded asfollows:

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

Figure. 5: The 3x3 neighborhood matrix with the identifiers for the positions of theneighbor pixels (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9) with respect to a central pixel (5).

This means that the left neighbor of the central pixel is coded number 4 and the lowerright pixel number 9. By definition the central pixel itself is included and has value 5.

The result of the calculation is stored in the central pixel. The neighborhood function fortidal encroachment computation is an iterative procedure. Iteration is a consecutive

repetition of a mathematical operation, using the result of one calculation as input for thenext. The calculation stops when the difference of the output compared to the input is

insignificant, or if the number of iterations as defined before is reached. Iterative

calculations are performed line-by-line, pixel-by-pixel and take place in all directions onthe digital map.

The input map for iteration is called a start map and contains pixels, which act as the

starting point of the calculation. The iteration expression defines a certain condition ordefines a calculation to be performed. Once the start map has been created, the iteration

operation can be done. In ILWIS format, the iteration formula is written down as follow:

Iteration result = MapIterProp (startmap, iterexpr, nr of iterations)……………… Eq.1

Where: Iteration result is the name of the output raster map that will contain the result ofthe iteration. MapIterProp is the iteration-expression which defines the calculation to be

performed. Startmap is the name of the input map which contains one or more pixels

acting as the starting point for the calculation. Iterexpr is the iteration-expression which


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defines the calculation to be performed and nr of iterations is the number of iterations to

be performed.

As an example, to obtain the 0.60 m of tidal inundation, the operation on equation 2 has

been applied, and to shows the example of the gradual step of the spreading of the tidalinundation, the simulations model in Figure 6 is presented.

Inundation map = MapIterProp(start.mpr, iff(dem>0.60,start,nbmax(start#))) .........Eq. 3

where: Inundation map is result map, mapIterProp is iteration operation with propagation, start.mpr is the start map for start the iteration, dem is DEM data, number

0.60 is a high tide, and nbmax is returns the largest value of the values found by aneighborhood matrix. This means: if the altitude in the DEM (Fig 6-a) is more than 0.60

meter, then return the pixel values of raster map start, which are undefined (Fig. 6-b).

Otherwise, assign the maximum value of the neighboring pixels found in raster map start,which is a value of 1 on the result map (Fig. 6-c). The encroachment of the tidalinundation began from the coastline with 0 m elevation, represent 0 value on the first row

of the Figure 6-a. Those values will be changed into 1 value as starting pixels (first row

of the Figure 6-b). In every iteration, the neighboring pixels that satisfy the condition

(altitude


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Figure 6. Illustration of the procedure of the neighborhood operation and iteration


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Figure 7. Tidal inundation on Semarang coastal area

Figure 8. Path system on tidal encroachment (every pixels on the inundated area are

connected)


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The result shows that on the 0.25-meter elevation only on the river and it’s surroundingarea occupied by the tidal flood. The result of the model is shown on Figure 9.

To do the steps of the iteration processes, the algorithm can be written down onthe command line of the main window of ILWIS software, and for the iteration

can be done using menu on the ILWIS, instead of using command line.

To do the iteration process to create the tidal flood model require start map as astarting point fro pixel to do the calculation. The starting points for the tidal

flood is from the coastline area. So, coastline map on raster format is needed.The start map, which contains the coastline area, has been created with the ID

domain. So, the conversion to the value domain is needed. The start map is

called awal map. To convert from ID domain to value domain follow the

algorithm bellow:

Awal1=ifundef (awal,0,1)

do the steps of the iteration processes, the algorithm can be written down on thecommand line of the main window of ILWIS software, and the iteration can bedone using menu on the ILWIS, instead of using command line.

To do the iteration process, the area outside of the awal1 map should be novalue. Therefore, the zero (0) value should be omitted from the map. To leaveout the zero (0) value, the operation bellow is presented.

Awal2=iff (awal1=1,1,?)

Now, the demmodify map and the start map are ready to be operated on theiteration process. First scenario is tidal flood spreading with 0.25-meter

elevation. The tidal flood model for 0.25-meter elevation would be done using

the algorithm formula. The algorithm to do the iteration process written down

as follow: Flood025=MapIterProp(awal2.mpr, iff(elevasi>0.25,awal2,nbmax(awal2#)))

Check the correct typing of the MapCalc formula and press Enter Study the new map Flood25 by browsing through it with the mouse. Click the Flood25 histogram icon from the ILWIS Catalog. Explore the values

in the Flood25 histogram.

Repeat the same prosedure or even using the sensitivecontact (righ click, selectraster operation, and following by iteration) for scenario 0.5; 0.75; 1; 1.25; and1.5 m of flood.


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5. Impact of Tidal Flood to Landuse

According to Kobayashi (2003) the frequency of inundation in this area is 2 up to 3 timesa day during the dry season (almost 4 months in a year). The duration time of each

inundation is about one hour in the area next to the sea. Since many areas drain slowly,the transportation system will be delayed due to prolonged traffic jam and economic

activities will be disturbed. The damaging effects of flooding are also increased in areas

where the urban poor live, because their population density means more waste to clogdrains. The tidal flood spreading on the low land area also causes the inundation of

productive agricultural land, i.e., fish pond area. However, since the inundated areas

increase annually, in the future it will be worst when the inundation estimated and

modeled under the scenario of sea level rise.

All of the scenarios of flood depth have a different impact to the landuse. To know theimpact, the cross map operation would be done. Cross map operation in ILWIS software

will produces a table, which is contain all information from tidal flood map and landuse

map. The operation to determine the impact of tidal flood to the landuse would be doneas follow:

Combine all the unit maps of the component of landuse. The jalan1, kosong2,rumah2, and tambak2 maps have to be combined together into one a single map.Jalan1, kosong2, rumah2, and tambak2 maps are the maps that already created

on the first exercise and indicate the landuse units on the study area. The entiremaps have a value domain. The operation to combine all the maps is map glueoperation. The opration can be done using tools and facility on the menu on the

main window of ILWIS. (See raster operation). But, also can be done using

algorithm formula. The algorithm formula is written down as follow:

PL=MapGlue(jalan1,kosong2,rumah2,tambak2,replace)

From the operation above, the new map result contain all information from themaps source. The PL map as a new map is representation of landuse map on the

study area

To recognize the impact of the tidal flood to the landuse, the ID domainrequired. It is for better understanding of the units map on the area instead of

reading a value on the map. The operation to change the value domain into IDdomain shown on the formula bellow:

Ploke=iff (PL=0,"tubuh air", iff (PL= 0.75, "tambak", iff (PL= 0.4, "lahan kosong",

iff (PL= 1.5, "Bangunan", iff (PL= 0.9, "jalan", "lahan kosong"))))))


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Every pixel value has a different meaning. And it was transferred into the names; hence itis easier to read. The result is a landuse map, which is shown on the Figure 10.

Figure 10. Landuse Map on the Study Area

Combine all the unit maps of the component of landuse. The jalan1, kosong2,rumah2, and tambak2 maps have to be combined together into one a single

map. ,kosong2,rumah2,tambak2,replace)

From the operation above, the new map result contain all information from the

maps source. The PL map as a new map is representation of landuse map on thestudy area

Once the landuse map already changed to the ID domain, the tidal flood maphas to be changed as well. Hence, the analysis would be done based on the ID

domain. The 4 scenarios of tidal flood have to be changed into ID domain, andthe algorithm is written down as follow:

FloodID025=ifundef (flood025= 0, 1

The area on the flood025 map, which is map produced from iteration processwith scenario 0.25 meter of flood elevation changed into the new map called

FloodID025. The new map contains information about flooded and no flooded

area, but still on the value domain. Which value 1 is the non-flooded area and

value 0 is a flooded area. To transfer the value domain into the ID domain, thealgorithm bellow is needed:

FloodID025oke=iff (floodID025= 1, "Tidak Tergenang", iff (floodID025 = 0,"Tergenang", "?")).


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Table 1. Impact of 0.25 meter Flood depth

Impact of 0.25 meter Flood depthNumbers of

pixelsArea (m

2)

Water body, inundated 171033 4275825

Building and residential area, not inundated 52269 1306725

Fishpond, not inundated 182870 4571750

Yard and open space, not inundated 131952 3298800

Water body, not inundated 698 17450

Road, not inundated 17079 426975

Total 555901 13897525

Figure 11. Impact of the Tidal Flood 0.25 meter to Landuse

The new map of tidal flood on ID domain called FloodID025oke. The last stepis recognizing the inundation area or flooded area on the landuse. To recognize

the flooded area on the landuse follow the algorithm bellow, or can be done by

raster operation facilities on the main menu of the ILWIS software.

GenanganPL025=MapCross(floodID025oke.mpr,PLoke.mpr,GenanganPL025.tbt)

The new map from the operation above called HenanganPL025, which is,indicates the area of flood and non-flood on the landuse units. In fact, the

operation above also produces a table, called GenanganPL025.tbt. Explore the

tableby clicking the table icon. The table contain the information of the numbers

of pixel every unit. The map result is shown on Figure 11 and Table 1.

Repeat the same procedure for all the scenario of depth flood, and compare thetable result. Also write down the impact area per land use per each depth of

flood.


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Question and exercise:

1. Please read carefully the ILWIS user guide chapter 13 about the maprepresentation, particulcarly on legend, layout, etc. You can download the data by

your self in www.itc.nl/ilwis. Try to do the map representation from all the resultsthat you have done (Indonesian coastal hazard, all flood depths scenario in

Semarang coastal area, and all maps regarding impact of the flood depth to

landuse in Semarang coastal area)

2. Make group of 3-4 persons, and write down your summary in English in your

own sentences about the GIS raster application on coastal flood hazard. It is asa part of the assigment of this module. The summary must be only 600-800 words(no more) and in 1 page kuarto 1 line spacing. Submitt your paper on the third

weeks or the end of this module, no excuse for being late.

References

ILWIS., 2001. Integrated land and water information system. Geographic Information System.

Version 3.1. ITC, Enschede, The Netherlands.

Kobayashi, H., 2003. Vulnerability assessment and adaptation strategy to sea-level rise

in Indonesian coastal urban area. National Institute for Land and Infrastructure

Management, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Asahi-1 Japan.

Marfai, MA., 2003. GIS modelling of river and tidal flood hazards in a waterfront city: case

study, Semarang City. M.Sc. thesis, ITC, Enschede, The Netherlands.

http://www.itc.nl/library/Papers_2003/msc/ereg/marfai.pdf Cited 20 August 2006.

Marfai, MA., 2004. Tidal flood hazard assessment: modelling in raster GIS, case in part of

Semarang coastal area. Indonesian Journal of Geography 36 (1) pp. 25-38.

Marfai, M.A., 2006. Analisis neighbourhood operations dalam teknologi SIG berbasis raster dan

aplikasinya untuk pemetaan genangan pasang air laut National seminar on Application of

Information technology, 17 June 2006, Yogyakarta http://snati.informatika.web.id

Marfai, MA., and King, L., 2006. Monitoring land subsidence in Semarang, Indonesia. (reviewed

in the Int journal of Environmental Geology, Springer / submitted August 2006).

Marfai, MA., and King, L., 2006. Tidal inundation mapping under enhanced land subsidence in

Semarang, Central Java Indonesia. (reviewed in the Int journal of Natural Hazard,

Springer/submitted October 2006).

Marfai, M.A., King, L., Damen, M., Sartohadi, J., Sudrajat., Budiani, S.R., and Yulianto, F.

(2006). Sea-Water Tide Flood model in a waterfront city. (reviewed in the International

journal of Natural Hazard, Springer / submitted December 2006).

Soedarsono., 1996. Impact of flood inundation due to sea level rise on settlement area inSemarang City, (In Indonesian). Master Thesis, Geography Faculty, Gadjah Mada

University, Indonesia.

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