onnm onnm United Nations Environment ProgrammeGlobal Environment OutlookGEO4 environment for development 2007 . 2007, , . , . . : DCPI, UNEP, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya. - - , , . , , : http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english/9701474e.htm . , , . , . , , . .The green dot is put on thedislclaimer page.The green dot statement has tobe adjusted for everypublication depending on thematerials used etc.:This publication is printed on100% chlorine and acid freepaper from sustainable forests.This publication is printed on100%recycled paper usingvegetable based inks and othereco-friendly practices.The circle is 76mm by 76mm The text is Myriad ProCondensed in whiteThe colour is Pantone 36880% -4 (ACSAD), , (AFRI), (AGU), (AIT), (API), (AUB), (BCAS), (IBAMA), - (CEU), (CEDARE), Centro de Investigaciones de la EconomaMundial (CIEM), Centro Latino Americano de Ecologa Social(CLAES), (CIESIN), , (CEC), (DA), - - (EAD)/ - (AGEDI), - (EEA), UNEP/GRID-Arendal, , , (IOC), (IGES), (IGCI), InternationalInstitute forEnvironment andDevelopment (IIED), (IISD), (IRF), , - (ISRIC), - (), - (KISR), (), (NEMA), (NIES), (MNP), (NESDA), -' (SCOPE), - (SIC), (IMERCSA) - - (SARDC), (SEPA), (SEI), , (TEI), (TERI), , (REC), (), , (-), Universidad del Pacfico, , - (OdD-UCR), - , , , -, (UWICED), -, WI , , iv , , : . , , 506-514. : -4 Centro de Investigaciones de la Economa Mundial (CIEM), Centro Latino Americano de Ecologa Social (CLAES), Universidad del Pacfico, (AIT), (DA), (AUB), (AFRI), (API), (ACSAD), (NESDA), - , (BCAS), (IBAMA), (NEMA), (SEPA), , (EEA), (IGES), , (TERI), , (IOC), (CEC), - (KISR), , (IGCI), (IIED), (IISD), - (ISRIC), (), - (), - (SIC), (SCOPE), (NIES), (MNP), , , (REC), (SEI), , (TEI), -, WI , -, (UWICED), - (OdD-UCR), - (), (AGU), , (IRF), , (CIESIN), , , (-), (CEDARE), (IMERCSA) - - (SARDC), - (CEU), , - - (EAD)/ - (AGEDI), -/ , v , , -4. (), (), - (), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , - () - , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . , . . , . , , , . , , . , . , , , , , , , , , , , ', , , , . . , , , , , , , , -, , -, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . -, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ', , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , : -4 , , , : , , : Bounford.com UNEP/GRID-Arenda: , : Bounford.com : : , , -, , , , , , , , , , , 4vixvixviii xx A 1 3 B : 19872007 2 39 3 81 4 115 5 157 C : 19872007 6 195 D 7 : 301 8 : 361 E - 2015 9 397 F 10 - - 457 -4498 -4: 502 -4506 -4 515526 vii 1 1.1 9 1.2 , 18 1.3 20 1.4 21 1.5 22 1.6 , 22 1.7 - 24 1.8 27 1.9 (a) 1000 (b) 100 , 28 2 2.1 , 43 2.2 1000 . ( 2000)46 2.3 46 2.4 , 47 2.5 58 47 2.6 , , 48 2.7 2000 , 1052 2.8 (a) (b) , 52 2.9 (g/m3) 53 2.10 10 100 000 1999 53 2.11 2000 ., 54 2.12 , (a) (b) , 55 2.13 , 56 2.14 2007 .58 2.15 CO2 10 000 60 2.16 CO2 60 2.17 CO2 2003 .61 2.18 , XX , 61 2.19 2000-2005 62 2.20 63 2.21 64 2.22 400 CO2

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() , : , . , , , . 190 . , . -, - . , , : , . ( ), , , , , , . -4 , : , . , , , , .xix2007 , 20- . , , " " - - - , . -4 . 400 , 40 , . . , , -4, , , , 1 000 . -4, . xx : (-4) , . , . -4 1987 , () . 1983 . 38/161 . , .2007 - , , ( , ) . :n , .n , " 2000 ", .n , ( ) XI , .n (), .2007 , (). . -4 , . -4 10 , , , . , . , . : 1: - , " "; , , , . 2: - . , . , . 3: - , , . - , . 4: - , . , , 20 , . xxi 5: - , . . 6: - 1987-2007 . : , - , , , . , 1997 . . 7: : - . , . 8: : - , , , . , , . , . 9: - , 2050 : , , , , , . . , . . 10 - - - , , , . . : , , , . (-4) -4 -4 " - - - - " () , 9. . . , - , . -4 , , . , -4 ( 1) , . " " "", ( 1). -4 . . xxii , , . : ; ; ; , ; ; - . , . , - , . . : , ; , , ; ; ; . () (, ). , . , , . , |):: |): |): |)19I 1I | ) 1 | ) |): 11 | ) sss , s s s , |) , s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s xxiii . , , , , . , . , , . , , . , , , , , , , , . . , , , , / . . , , . , , , , . , . , ( , ) / . , , . . : , . , . -4 10 , , . - , . 8 8.2 1, , , , , , , - .80 40 040 80 40 040 180 135 90 45 0 45 90 135180 135 90 45 0 45 90 135 -- - CO - - () () - : , 2007b80 40 040 80 40 040 180 135 90 45 0 45 90 135180 135 90 45 0 45 90 135 -- - CO - - () () - : , 2007bxxvi - - () - - - -4xxvii - - () () - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ( ) - - xxviii - - - - - - - - () - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - () - () () - - - () - () - () - - - ( ) - () - - () - - () - () - () - - - () - - - ( ) - - - - () - () - xxix () () () () () xxx - - () () () () () () () () () - () - - - () () - xxxi () ( : (), , , (), , , , ) 1 " " , ; . . -: : , , , , , , -, : , , , , , , , , , , , -, , , , , .. , ... .: : , , : fotototo/Still Pictures 1 20 , (), , , , . , , - . : 1987 , . 5 . 1,7 . , . 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(aa/1-+-z1---z+ 2.9 (g/m3) 7891-4002 2,4280180 10 SO2 2,01,61,20,80,4024020016012080400 014012080400180 NO2 14012080408891989109911991299139914991599169917991899110029991000220023002: APMA, 2002 ., , 2005 ., , 2006 ., CPCB, 2001-2006 ., , . , 2006 ., , 2002 ., TERI, 2001 ., , 2006a: . SO2 20 g/3, . 10 20 g/3.54 B : : 1 9 8 7 2 0 0 7 , 10 (. 2.9 2.10). , , , , . : (WHO 2006a). , 10 SO2 , 10 , . SO2 , . NO2 , . . , , , , , , (. 2.11). , , . (Vingarzan 2004), .. ; . , , ( " "). 2.11 2000 ., : , 2006 .10ppbv*152025303540455055607560S (.)180W (.)30SEQ30N60N150W 120W 90W 60W 30W 0E 30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180E* ppbv = ( . , 6), , , , n . , . , . n . , . n , , . n , . n , . n SO2 , . , (. 3). 2.4 , , 55 , , , (Ramanathan and others 2002). 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