Geographic Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems

GIS 3DGIS 3D

3D Modeling Definition3D Modeling Definition

► 3D Modeling is the process of developing 3D Modeling is the process of developing a mathematical representation of a three-a mathematical representation of a three-dimensional objectdimensional object

► Any method of representing something in Any method of representing something in 3 dimensions can be considered 3D 3 dimensions can be considered 3D ModelingModeling

Advantages of 3D ModelingAdvantages of 3D Modeling

► Visual – 3D Models can be eye-catching. Visual – 3D Models can be eye-catching. Humans are good at processing visual Humans are good at processing visual informationinformation

► Intuitive – Humans live in a 3D world. 3D Intuitive – Humans live in a 3D world. 3D representations are compatible with the representations are compatible with the human experiencehuman experience

► Immersive – Viewers can interact and Immersive – Viewers can interact and engage with 3D modelsengage with 3D models

Advantages of 3D..Advantages of 3D..

► 3D models can represent aspects of the 3D models can represent aspects of the environment that 2D neglectsenvironment that 2D neglects

► Consider that much of the developed Consider that much of the developed world lives in a vertically constructed world lives in a vertically constructed worldworld

► 2D fails to consider this vertical 2D fails to consider this vertical dimension in which people are livingdimension in which people are living

Disadvantages of 3D ModelingDisadvantages of 3D Modeling

► Difficult – 3D modeling software packages Difficult – 3D modeling software packages require considerable expertiserequire considerable expertise

► Data Intensive – 3D models can be huge. Data Intensive – 3D models can be huge. 3D renders can require supercomputers to 3D renders can require supercomputers to processprocess

► Time Intensive – Added realism requires Time Intensive – Added realism requires added manpower. Modeling details can be added manpower. Modeling details can be an extremely time intensive processan extremely time intensive process

2.5D versus true 3D2.5D versus true 3D

► There is often a distinction made between There is often a distinction made between 2.5D and 3D2.5D and 3D

► In 2.5D, for a given pair of x and y, there In 2.5D, for a given pair of x and y, there is only one z. In 3D, for a given pair of x is only one z. In 3D, for a given pair of x and y, there are more than one zand y, there are more than one z

► 2.5D objects appear 3D, but aren't true 2.5D objects appear 3D, but aren't true 3D. Examples are TINs and draped DEMs. 3D. Examples are TINs and draped DEMs. Google Street View is another exampleGoogle Street View is another example

Building ExtractionBuilding Extraction

► Much remote sensing research has been Much remote sensing research has been devoted to automated construction of 3D devoted to automated construction of 3D buildingsbuildings

► Typically, such research integrates LIDAR Typically, such research integrates LIDAR and satellite or aerial imagery to capture and satellite or aerial imagery to capture buildingsbuildings

► LIDAR captures building heightLIDAR captures building height

Building ExtractionBuilding Extraction

Forstner 1999Forstner 1999

Building Extraction Building Extraction ApplicationsApplications

► One application of building extraction is One application of building extraction is population estimation. If one can population estimation. If one can accurately capture the size of buildings, accurately capture the size of buildings, one can estimate the population living or one can estimate the population living or working there with reasonable accuracyworking there with reasonable accuracy

Building Extraction Building Extraction ApplicationsApplications

► Quick extraction of buildings isQuick extraction of buildings is extremely extremely useful for urban planninguseful for urban planning

► Quick extraction of buildings may be Quick extraction of buildings may be applied to disaster settings such as the applied to disaster settings such as the earthquake in Japanearthquake in Japan

Emergency ManagementEmergency Management

► In emergencies (e.g. 9/11), it is critical to In emergencies (e.g. 9/11), it is critical to have accurate building plans. 3D models have accurate building plans. 3D models can improve the response time of can improve the response time of emergency personnelemergency personnel

Time GeographyTime Geography

Landscape ModelingLandscape Modeling

► 3D Models are frequently used in 3D Models are frequently used in conjunction with landscape modelsconjunction with landscape models

► DEMs and TINs are frequently used to DEMs and TINs are frequently used to represent landscapesrepresent landscapes

► 3D conceptualizations can be critical to 3D conceptualizations can be critical to represent viewsheds, watersheds, lines of represent viewsheds, watersheds, lines of sight, groundwater, and air pollutionsight, groundwater, and air pollution

TINTIN

http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/1003/lunardata.html

DEMDEM

http://courses.washington.edu/gis250/lessons/find_data/exercise/index.html

Groundwater ModelingGroundwater Modeling

http://www.geoanalysis.com/groundwater_modeling_3Dviz.htm

3D Data Models3D Data Models

► The afore-mentioned applications have The afore-mentioned applications have driven research seeking to develop a 3D driven research seeking to develop a 3D Data ModelData Model

► Current 3D data models are imperfect Current 3D data models are imperfect and there are many challengesand there are many challenges

3D Data Models3D Data Models

Current 3D data models are imperfectCurrent 3D data models are imperfect► They are not They are not compatiblecompatible. They may . They may

require specialized software. They may require specialized software. They may not overlay with common formats such as not overlay with common formats such as shapefilesshapefiles

► They are not They are not topologicaltopological. For example, it . For example, it may not be possible to calculate routes in may not be possible to calculate routes in buildings because current models do not buildings because current models do not define topological relationshipsdefine topological relationships

ArcSceneArcScene

► ArcScene is ESRI's 3D software tool. It is ArcScene is ESRI's 3D software tool. It is integrated with the 3D Analyst Extensionintegrated with the 3D Analyst Extension

► ArcScene is similar to ArcMap and works ArcScene is similar to ArcMap and works well with traditional GIS file formats such well with traditional GIS file formats such as shapefiles, TINs, and rastersas shapefiles, TINs, and rasters

► One can even import 3D models from One can even import 3D models from Google Sketchup into ArcSceneGoogle Sketchup into ArcScene

ArcScene ..ArcScene ..

www.landtrust.org

ArcScene ..ArcScene ..

http://www.spatiallyadjusted.com/2006/06/14/arcgis-and-sketchup-fun/

Commercial PackagesCommercial Packages

► Packages such as Maya and 3D Studio Max Packages such as Maya and 3D Studio Max are commonly used commercial packagesare commonly used commercial packages

► Such packages tend to be expensive, but Such packages tend to be expensive, but they are well-supported and of a high qualitythey are well-supported and of a high quality

► They are intended to create high quality 3D They are intended to create high quality 3D renders for the purpose of games and renders for the purpose of games and moviesmovies

► For instance, Shrek was created in MayaFor instance, Shrek was created in Maya

Commercial Packages ..Commercial Packages ..

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Autodesk_Maya_2011_x64_Modeling_a_Lada.png

Google SketchupGoogle Sketchup

► Sketchup is Google's entry into the 3D Sketchup is Google's entry into the 3D Modeling software market, now owned by Modeling software market, now owned by TrimbleTrimble

► Sketchup is free, and is likely the most widely Sketchup is free, and is likely the most widely used software among amateursused software among amateurs

► It is highly intuitive, with a capable graphical It is highly intuitive, with a capable graphical interfaceinterface

► A limitation is that it does not support A limitation is that it does not support scripting. Without scripting a model cannot be scripting. Without scripting a model cannot be programmedprogrammed

Sketchup in Google Earth ..Sketchup in Google Earth ..

► One can create a model of one's house, One can create a model of one's house, apartment, city block, etc. and load the apartment, city block, etc. and load the image directly into Google Earthimage directly into Google Earth

► Google makes this process easy via the Google makes this process easy via the ability to import scenes from Google ability to import scenes from Google Earth, along with associated geolocation Earth, along with associated geolocation data, into Google Sketchupdata, into Google Sketchup

Building MakerBuilding Maker

► sketchup.google.com/3dwh/buildingmakersketchup.google.com/3dwh/buildingmaker.html.html

► Google's building maker utilizes Sketchup Google's building maker utilizes Sketchup and Google Earth technologies to crowd and Google Earth technologies to crowd source the construction of 3D models in source the construction of 3D models in Google EarthGoogle Earth

Building Maker ..Building Maker ..

►At the website, you can create a quick 3D At the website, you can create a quick 3D model of a building with provided imagery model of a building with provided imagery and upload it to Google's 3D warehouse and upload it to Google's 3D warehouse for addition to Google Earthfor addition to Google Earth

► Building Maker TutorialBuilding Maker Tutorial

Google's 3D WarehouseGoogle's 3D Warehouse

► Via either Sketchup or BuildingMaker, Via either Sketchup or BuildingMaker, users can contribute 3D models into users can contribute 3D models into Google's 3D WarehouseGoogle's 3D Warehouse

► Google reviews these models and, if they Google reviews these models and, if they meet certain criteria, they are admitted to meet certain criteria, they are admitted to the warehousethe warehouse

► These models are then integrated into These models are then integrated into Google EarthGoogle Earth

Research on 3DResearch on 3D

► Methods to visualize 3D effectively and Methods to visualize 3D effectively and efficientlyefficiently

► Dynamics of natural or human behavioral Dynamics of natural or human behavioral phenomena in a 3D environmentphenomena in a 3D environment

► Raster vs. vector data models for 3D Raster vs. vector data models for 3D representation, especially the topology of representation, especially the topology of the vector modelthe vector model

Current Research - CASA in UKCurrent Research - CASA in UK

► Much formative work in 3D agent based Much formative work in 3D agent based models has been done by Dr. Michael Batty models has been done by Dr. Michael Batty and colleagues at CASA (Center for and colleagues at CASA (Center for Advanced Spatial Analysis)Advanced Spatial Analysis)

► Their works include modeling pedestrians Their works include modeling pedestrians in carnivals, malls, and downtown streetsin carnivals, malls, and downtown streets

► A major belief is that individual dynamics in A major belief is that individual dynamics in urban locations have a fine spatial-temporal urban locations have a fine spatial-temporal scale and are best modeled in 3Dscale and are best modeled in 3D

Current Research - IRSA in Current Research - IRSA in ChinaChina

► Dr. Jianhua Gong at the Institute of Dr. Jianhua Gong at the Institute of Remote Sensing Applications in BeijingRemote Sensing Applications in Beijing

► Much of the work of his team deals with Much of the work of his team deals with VGEs (Virtual Geographic Environments)VGEs (Virtual Geographic Environments)

► VGEs are 3D environments which allow VGEs are 3D environments which allow users to interact with other users in a users to interact with other users in a shared space, such interaction can shared space, such interaction can facilitate discussion in contexts such as facilitate discussion in contexts such as urban planning, disease control, etc.urban planning, disease control, etc.

IRSA in China ..IRSA in China ..

Local ResearchLocal Research

► Sam Copeland simulates disease Sam Copeland simulates disease transmission in hospitalstransmission in hospitals

► The work uses a combination of The work uses a combination of

- agent based models to simulate patients - agent based models to simulate patients

and staff and staff

- social networks to describe and quantify - social networks to describe and quantify

patient and staff relationships, and patient and staff relationships, and

- 3D modeling to represent the hospital - 3D modeling to represent the hospital

environmentenvironment

Local Research ..Local Research ..

Local Research ..Local Research ..

ConclusionConclusion

► The expansion of 3D technology opens up The expansion of 3D technology opens up new methods to represent the world we new methods to represent the world we live inlive in

► 3D technology brings advances in 3D technology brings advances in visualization, representation, and visualization, representation, and immersionimmersion

► As GIS users we should embrace the As GIS users we should embrace the possibilities offered by 3D technologiespossibilities offered by 3D technologies