Geography 1.2

Using the Geographer’s Tools

Organizing the Globe

• Latitude

= Grid

• Longitude

• Degrees - 180°• Minutes – 60’• Seconds-60”

Latitude

• Parallel

• East-West Direction

• Equator

Longitude

• North-South Direction

• Intersect at the poles

• Prime Meridian

Hemisphere

Organization of Earth

• Divided at the Equator

• Northern & Southern Hemisphere

Organization of Earth

• Divided at the Prime Meridian

• Eastern & Western Hemisphere

Continents

Oceans

Map Making

• Atlas- collection of maps in one book

Map Making

• Map Projections

*Distortions

Making Maps

• Map Projections*Cylindrical Projection

*Conic Projection

*Flat-Plane Projection

Map Making

Map Projections Advantages Disadvantages

Cylindrical

Used by navigators b/c it shows true direction & shape

Exaggerates landmasses at high latitudes

Conic

Accurate for areas w/ long east-west dimensions

Not as accurate for areas that extend mostly north to south

Flat-Plane

Used by pilots and navigators b/c it shows true direction, area, & sizes

Distorts shapes

Understanding Map Elements

• Distance Scales

Understanding Map Elements

• Directional Indicators*Compass Rose

Understanding Map Elements

• Legends

Understanding Map Elements

• Contiguous- connecting or bordering

Example: U.S. Map has 50 states

*48 contiguous states

*Insert of Alaska & Hawaii

Special-Purpose Maps

• Political Map

Special-Purpose Maps

• Climate Maps

Special-Purpose Maps

• Precipitation Maps

Special-Purpose Maps

• Population Maps

Special-Purpose Maps

• Economic Map

Graphs & Pyramids

• Climate Graph

Graphs & Pyramids

• Population Pyramid

Special-Purpose Maps

• Elevation Maps

Special-Purpose Maps

• Topographic Maps