geography

110
-1- „Ѩ 㨠Π`« áê~î ° º„QÆ O^ä Œ =Ú („Ѩ âflÅ∞ xkè ) Éè í ∂QÀàâ߄㨠Π㨠fiÉè Ï=O#∞ q=iOK« ∞@‰õ Ω L^Õ ú tOѨ |_ç #k. Éè í ∂QÀàâߢ㨠Π„áê=ÚYº`« #∞ =∞iÜ« Ú ã¨ fiÉè Ï==Ú#∞ „Ѩ ™êÎ qOK« _» "ÿ #k. D „Ѩ Ü« ∞`« fl=Ú =ÚYºOQÍ Éè í ∂QÀàâߢ㨠Πq*Ï˝ #=Ú#‰õ Ω =¸Å㨠÷ OÉÏÖˇ · #@∞=O\˜ =∞øeHõ Éè Ï==Ú =ºH© Î Hõ ~° } =∞iÜ« Ú ™êOˆ HuHõ Ѩ ^Œ |O^è •Å∞ Ѩ iK« Ü« ∞=Ú#∞ QÆ ∂iÛ [iy#k. Geography J#∞Ѩ ^Œ =Ú Z~° \’¢Ããì <ãπ Eratostrenes „w‰õ Ω â߄㨠ΠA˝ _» ∞ „H© 㨠ΠѨ Ó~° fi=Ú 3= â`å|Ì =Ú #O^Œ ¨ Ü∂yOK#∞. Geo J#QÍ Éèí∂q∞ (Earth) =∞iÜ«Ú Graphy J#QÍ qѨÙbHõ~°}=Ú. ÉèÏëêѨ~°OQÍ Geography J#QÍ Éèí∂LѨi`«Å=Ú#∞ qѨÙbHõiOK«∞@ Jx J~°÷O. Éèí∂QÀà◊âß„ã¨Î=Ú Éè∫uHõ =∞iÜ«Ú =∂#=^Œ$yfiǨÏÜ«∂Å JO`« ~° „H˜ Ü« ∞Å∞ =∞iÜ« Ú g\˜ =Å# U~° Ê_ç # Éè í ∂^Œ $âߺŠѨ ~î ° #=ÚQÍ x~° fizOK« =K« ∞Û#∞. =∂#= =∞iÜ« Ú ã¨ Ç¨ Ï[ HÍ~° ºHõ ÖÏáêÅ LxH˜ ZÖÏ, ZO^Œ ∞‰õ Ω =∞iÜ« Ú ZHõ ¯_» [~° ∞QÆ ∞`« ∞Ok? W=xflÜ« Ú XHõ ^•xH˘Hõ ZÖÏ J#∞㨠O^è •#"ÿ #q? "Ú^Œ ÅQÆ ∞ JOâ=ÚÅ#∞ QÆ ∂iÛ `Å∞Ѩ Ù#^Õ Éè í ∂QÀàâ߄㨠Π=Ú. â߄㨠Π=Ú ÜÚHõ ¯ J^è Œ ºÜ« ∞# Ѩ ^Œ Ì u Zxfl =∂~° ∞Êʼnõ Ω Ö’<· #k. =ÚO^Œ ∞ Éè ∫QÀàâ߄㨠ΠA˝ Å∞ qѨ ÙbHõ ~° ∞}∞Å∞QÍ =ÙO_ç i. „Hõ =∞=ÚQÍ Wk qâı ¡ +¨ Hõ â߄㨠Π=ÚQÍ Jaè =$kú KOk#k. „Ѩ 㨠Π`« Éè í ∂QÀàâ߄㨠Π=Ú q=~° }ˆ HQÍHõ ı ¡ +¨ }‰õ Ω =∞iÜ« Ú =ÚO^Œ ∞ [~° ∞QÆ ∞ TǨ ÏÅ#∞ `« ∞Ѩ ~° ∞K« ∞#∞. g∞ ™⁄O`« =Ó~° ∞ =∞iÜ« Ú Z‰õ Ω¯= „áê=ÚYº`« QÆ Å „áêO`« =Ú QÆ ∂iÛ J~° ÷ =Ú KÕ ã¨ ∞H˘#∞@, D áê~î ° =Ú#O^Œ x`« º rq`« OÖ’ Éè í ∂QÀàâߢ㨠Π=Ú ZO`« =ÚYº"∂ `Å∞㨠∞H˘#=K« ∞Û#∞. 6 =∂~° ∞¯Å „ Ѩ â◊ flÅ∞ – 㨠=∂^è •<åÅ∞ 1 Éè í ∂QÀàâ߄㨠ΠJaè =$kú x q=iOѨ Ù=Ú. [: Z) „áêp#HÍÅ=Ú Ñ¨ Ù~å`« # HÍÅOÖ’ #"∂^· # JOâßÅ#∞ QÆ =∞x¿ãÎ , xѨ Ù}∞x L`« ∞ûHõ `« JO`å Éè í ∂q∞ ÜÚHõ ¯ Éè ∫uHõ JOâßÅ#∞, =∂#z„`åÅ∞ =∞iÜ« Ú Éè ∫QÀàѨ ~° "ÿ # H˘Å`« Å ^•fi~å J=QÍǨ Ï# KÕ ã¨ ∞‰õ Ω#fl@∞¡ QÍ J=QÆ `« =∞=Ù`« ∞Ok. giÖ’ „w‰õ ΩÖˇ · #@∞=O\˜ Ǩ =~ü ÃÇÏ~À_À_» ãπ , ^ä Õ Öòû, Ji™êì Öò =∞iÜ« Ú Z~° \’„Ããì Î π Å#∞ „Ѩ =ÚYOQÍ KѨ ÙÊHÀ=K« ∞Û. Éèí∂QÀà◊âߢã¨Î ã¨fiÉèÏ==Ú Nature of Geography as a Discipline Nature of Geography as a Discipline Nature of Geography as a Discipline Nature of Geography as a Discipline Nature of Geography as a Discipline 1 1 1

Upload: haarika1006

Post on 06-Nov-2015

218 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

DESCRIPTION

-

TRANSCRIPT

  • -1-

    ` ~QO ^= ( xk) Q =O# q=iOK@ L ^tO|_#k. Q=Y `# =i ==# qOK_"#k. D `= =YOQ Q q*#=#=O#@=O\ =eH == =HH~} =i OHuH ^|O ^ iK=# Qi [iy#k.Geography J# ^= Z~\

  • -2-

    a) ~ P ^xH H= :nxx 15= ` a = ^Q= #O_ 18= ` |= =~ H#y# H=Q K=K#. DH= "@" ^\ Q"` } =i JH ` qnH~} =Q Ja=iOK=K#. ` "` , Of J ^# ^u =i==H$ ` J ^# ^` # "~~Q QH XH\Q qOKK

  • -3-

    3) =#= Q= : Wk XH H `= H O$u, [

  • -4-

    1) =#+=~# Q= : WO ^ qq ^ =#=* ` @H =i "\ H ` O|O ^JO O ^~K_"Ok.

    2) O $uH Q = : Wk =YOQ, O$ ` \H W `~ JO "\ H"# ` `Ok.

    3) PiH Q= : Wk xH, Of, *f =i OK~ PiH H~HLxH =i q~}# `e*#. nxx D HOk qQ J ^#O K=K#.=#~ Q O, == Q=, i= =i ~"} Q=.

    4) ~[H Q= : ~[H JO# H `~OQ J ^#O K~. =YOQ Wk H `~[H =i i

  • -5-

    |H~}O= O `=, ~O_ H JO `HO> Z= H~}O= J#|O ^= =#U~_#q. iH O`#@=O\ ~+=, l, =O_= " ^Q#q L^~}QK|_#q. Of Q=x =Y LY U=#Q. 1) Of J ^

  • -6-

    5. ~` ^ Ox =#z` `sx K_ `# O Uk ?[: ~` ^ O =#z` ~` ~H} O ` ~" ` a\+ Pi

  • -7-

    =# ` e#O ` =~ D qO r=~ L# XH XH QO q. D qO `~=x J

  • -8-

    q H ^ i=}=, JO `~QOH Hk ~Q `# LQ` `H ij#XH iqu U~iK~.

    C1 ^= "e HO ^ =O_=

    C2 # JO `~ HO ^ =O_= 1420 H.g.

    JO `~Qx K `# UH HO ^~

    JO `~QOx UHHO ^ ~ (Concentric Zones) @O K|_#q. HO ^= K@L# e ~# HO ^ =O_O (Core) JO\~. nx "~O 3500H.g. ~xO\ D~ JkH O `^ Qk. nx O `^ 9.5 #Oz 14.5 =~ LO@Ok. XHH i WOH JkHOQ_ LO@Ok. D ~ W#=, xH L

  • -9-

    1. Jyt

    2. J=H t

    3. ~O `~ t

    J=H t : J=Hx XH O `O =~Q xH}O K_O =# J=Ht U~_` ~.D J=H= W\H U~_# Jyt, ~O `~ t H ` J=Ht H=HOH=_O =# U~_# tk ^~ #O_ aOzOk. J=H t ~ H i ` xiu HeyLO\~. D ~ H =O ^= Hx q.g. #O_ Hx g@~ =~ LO@Ok. JO ^H

  • -10-

    } J=H t` U~_#". OKOx XO_=\

  • -11-

    4. k H ~H# `e uH kO# q=iO= ?[: k H =_ ~H# QiOK=K#.

    1. uH kO

    2. ~xH kO

    3. r= kO

    1) uH kO : t ~xH O@# Z@=O\ =~ O_, z# `#HQq@#O KO ^_x uH kOQ iQ}~. nx

  • -12-

    kOx qq ^ H.

    Z) PHH~}=

    D H "`=~}=x PH[

  • -13-

    ^u. D O` [iQ JkH H=Hx Wk `yOk. Z_i O` JOK =hH~},=# H=Hx xOuOK_O K ==O `OQ xKOk. Z_i JOK K@

  • -14-

    Hx D Yx* 6 Yx* = `O JkH "` ^ LO\~. Jq. 1. ~ 2. H~ 3.~H

  • -15-

    6. kO JO> Uq\ ?[: `O "`=~} JO "xH#, H=_O =#, t uH qK^ = KO ^_xH,

    ~xHOQ q@# KO ^_xH H~}"# H =^x zOK_xH LyOK ^" k=. D "`=~}O JO =Y"# LQ` , =~ `=, `#O, Q=OK,=OKQ_, `OH =K#_ t "`=~} JO, XH\ ~O_ JO ~xH=z# "O@

  • -16-

    9. =$uH U~_\xH H~}O ` ` = `$t# q=iO= ?[: =$uH U~__xH Q S ^ H~}O. 1) = `$t 2. Wq ~O_`H# H~}O# _ q `O K~.

    = `$t : =$uH J

  • -17-

    12. J_= O~H}# q=iO= ?[: J_=x =$H# qKH} ~ `OQ #iH "_O, =$uH H=HxH XH =YH~}O.

    K@ "~ =$uH# XH\Q \ LO\~. H#H, K@# ~HOKH=# J=~O ZO `

  • -18-

    10. Jyt Z Z~_` ~ ?[: "_ ^=} ^~# t^=}= H " hqOK_O =# Jyt U~_` ~.

    11. Q

  • -19-

    JO `~QO K "_Q LO@O ^x nx =O ^ ~Q=

  • -20-

    2. YO_K# ^ O `= q=iO= ?[: J_ "[#~ J

  • -21-

    YO_K ^ ^ YO_f~ JOK = ^ ^ ^ Yz `OQ XH\Q J=i`~. q_~#\ #O_D = ^ HO f~O`, YO_f~ JOK qH+H~}O H~}OQ HO ` =~Q~~. W ^ q ^OQ Jx YO_# WOKqOKQ XH\Q ~=K#.

    J\O\H = ^ f~ O`# H ` YO_=# J=iH# K `# "l#~ H @=a) = ^$^H} J"iH YO_ J\O\H = ^ f~ O `Ox ~ ` } == PH YO_ t= f~

    O `Ox ~ ` } == ^$ L

  • -22-

    =h#k xH _ D Qx XH_ He L\ O\ Yx* JO ` ^ $" kQ=~Y J=~|_ t ^== hqOK =Ox JO ` H ` k# #" ^K~. qq ^ H JO ` H` k =uH=O KOk#@, q JO ` ^$"JxOQ u~Q ` L#@ ~A"Ok. D ^$" H^ eH =~ ~Y XHH YO_xH, XHHq ^OQ L

  • -23-

    q~H~H ~u H, qi# O`, HOkH kQ `# O`

    1) S~ P H

    2) PH H

    3) WO_Pe H

    4) H H

    5) L `~ J"iH H

    6) ^H} J"iH H

    7) JO\i\H H

    WqHH WOH 20 z# H L

  • -24-

    3 =~ = ^

  • -25-

    5. =uH O `#= OHOQ gi Ja=# q=iO= ?[: q*#"` gi `O# L# =Y~# "^

  • -26-

    12. @xH, "~xH = ^ `x U=O\~ ?[: @xH, "~xH = ^ Q `x " JO `` JO\~.

    13. O=# "# ukOz# "~ Z=~ ?[: J~~ " q*# A_ 192829 J=~}O HO ^ O"H " L

  • -27-

    =#= J=# `O Q, J~"# q# x=OKK

  • -28-

    =#= ijeOz#@~ ` ~` ^ ` LxH, u = ^=O_k. HH=O K@ L# Q#Oz # ^ ~"} K xH}O K# ttk` D >u = ^O xO|_Ok. D xH}~, q~H~H H^ eH =# = =_ ` ~`Q#, g\H ^H} QOx O `O `~" ` HO xH}O K|_# J=H} =# QOQ O ^ "^ #O Q#U~_~. J ^q ^OQ qq ^ = H `OH LaH =z# t ^=O hqOK_O^~ J

  • -29-

    D =_ ` H K q~"# ~ [iy#_ Jk = ~ ` x~} H#zOk. = ~`, ~v ~`, O_ ~`, P ~`, D O_# ^~ q~ ~ =_ ` ^~ U~_#". g\x ~ ` = ^= H^ eHx _JO\~.

    2) `# `

    XH ` = #O_ H aO ^= #O_ Hu[ =O `~ =u~H k x K#_ ` # ` _`~. f="# `# ` xK#_ t qzu KO ^`~. H"\ Q U~_` ~. D Q "O|_ t, H Qx HOkH Qx #OO KO ^_xOO JO\~. ye# t~, #OO KO ^ ~Y O~Y JO\~. J ^q ^OQ, ye#t ~ #OO KO ^` x 'O` = JO\~.

    O_# H, `# ` H ^i fOk. JO ^=# =_ ` U~_ `O K ^Q~ O|O ^O Hey LO\~. nx JO `~QO Uq@O> =_ ` U~@ ^~}OQ t~ Q, OxH ^i fOk.

    O =#, z~iz `"# 'qn~^ i YO_~` O\ ~ U~_` ~. ~O_=O `~ O = ^Q t~ HOkH OQ_O =# qn~^ i U~_ `Ok.

    b

    B

  • -30-

    \O_ L# q_O_, ~

  • -31-

    Jy~`. g\ =Y"#q W@bx "q, H\H ^H}"iH H ^.

    q Jy~` :

    # ~# "\H q~ ^OQ Hx Jy~` Ki `HO q@#O KO ^^ . g\

  • -32-

    4. HO= J#Q

  • -33-

    f= ` JkHOQ L# HO =# ^~}OQ f= #+O [~Q `Ok. #n " =~J=~ ^ U~_ h\ =O Qi J=`~.

  • -34-

    JO `~QO #O_ D q ^OQ #, ^=, " ^~ `OH =K H

  • -35-

    6. q $ `"# Ln# = U ~ U~_` ~ ?[: q $ `"# Ln# H J= `~} =# YO_, ~=, =^ U~_` ~.

    7. =_` ~` Z U~_` ~ ?[: =_` ~` O_# t ~# =OK_O =# U~_` ~.

    8. O =# U~_ ~ Uq ?[: O =# qn~^ ~, O` q

  • -36-

    }H~}O gradation H `k e `O J= `OQ L# `x = `OQ =~\x=O ^ ~O

  • -37-

    1) ~ ~} : (lateral corrasion) Wk #k# "_ K ~ H=HO

    2) T~ ~} : (vertical corrasion) Wk #n# `Q K J ^=Y H=HO.

    a) H} H ^=}H~} (corrasion or solutions)

    #n [` O~ OxH =K, h\ HiQ Q}O Q t [iQ ~xH K~ H^q}H~} K~# H} JO\~. L^~}, #~~ H HeO, H~

  • -38-

    _) ^=}O (solution)

    tx Hx Yx* #n[O HiyOz ~"} K|_#.

    2. [ `O (water table) ~H# q=iO= ?[: q , U `O HO ^` t iQ h\` xO_ LO\, P `x [ `O

    JO\~. [ `O ^~}OQ `xH ^Q~Q ~ LO@Ok. Wk H#Q}OQ=~ ` LO@Ok. =~HO ~ LO_, "qHO HOk ~ LO@Ok. [`~` O P ^~OQ nxx ~O_ ~HQ qlOK~.

    Z) ` [ `O a) ``eH [ `O

    ` [ `O ~OQ LO_, XH xi+~HO> HOkH kQH `, P ~H [ `OJO\~. ~ `= =~ =O nx LO_^ . ` [ `O ` =~ `q# =,Jx H h\x JOk~. D =# ''r= H ''z~~ = JO\~.

    a) ``eH [ `O

    nx

  • -39-

    "qHO ZO_~ =~HO h\` xO_=# K LO\=. JO\ = ` `eH[ `O =~H `"~ H|\ J [~Q `Ok.

    3. =, Q@ =, Js+

  • -40-

    a) t~ xiu (structure of rock strata)

    t, Ja#u H U@" xiu Hey LO__O Ji+

  • -41-

    J ^$"`~. XH q ^OQ D QO ` ~# qOQ#@O@Ok. JO ^H "\x (qOQ) QO ` JO\~. D QO ` qe HO ^~` J#O ^#O Hey LO__O =#,g\ "tOz# ~ HO ^~ ^~ J ^$"`~.

    iii) HO ^~ (Caverns)

    #~~ O ^ "O|_, Q~[O H} K~ ^ ~ H"} q ~~ |O ^O`U~_# ~# HO ^~ (caverns) JO\~. WO\ HO ^~ L `~YO_ __\, Q"\ (Stalactites and stalagmites)

    #~~ ^ HO ^~ U~_# ^# J=H ~ H >\, Q"\. #~~ ^=} ~O L#h~, HO ^~ H #O_ Z_` i O_ @@Q _ ` LO@Ok. h\ aO ^= H JO@x L# =O JO ^x HO `QO Jq~~ HO ` QO #~~ H QO xH} K|_ `Ok. D Hx~O `~OQ [iy, #~~ xH= O=Q H #O_ HOkH ~Q `Ok. H#O_ "_ `# D JO ^"# ~# H >\ JO\~.

    OHOHOHOHOH

  • -42-

    qye# h\aO ^= H #O_ HO ^~Ox q _#_ JO ^ HO `QO =~ Jq~~H i=}O #~~ xH} K|_ `Ok. HO ^~ ` QO #O_ D xHH "O Q ~Q`~ D q ^"# J=H ~# H"@ JO\~. D HWQ H#Q_O =# HO ` HxH H >\, Q"\ He~ HO ^~ `O#O_ H =~ ~ O Z~_` ~. #~~ ^$O @= 5.14 K|_Ok.

    6 =~ = ^

  • -43-

    2. _# q=iO= ?[: = ^= H ~ He# `~" `, # ^ `= ~O "`x =Y^~O = ^ xH}O

    K~.

    nx =# #n =Y^~O = ^ _ ~Q `Ok. _ XH uH}H~ ~O ^x HJQO #n ZQ=QO "# zO@Ok. Wk #\ XO_=\` xiO|_# g=# PH~OLO@Ok. _ Jx LKiOK w JH~O( ),

  • -44-

    [=Hj~, =K ^ Wq Hx~. *~O_ ` O_, L `~YO_ |n

  • -45-

    9. q J#Q

  • -46-

    =O ^ ~O= # ^, Q~[ H }H~} K~ QiOz J ^#O K=. D~O_ ~H~H HO_, =h# ^, = D H~H Q_ Z `# O` #O_ tk ^ ~# `yOz,~"}K, `@ O` xH}O K~. D H=#, D H~H xK O`, `O## K `Q# `yOz, }H~}O K~. D ~QO J ^#O K H =#= D=_ }H~} H~H QiOz, XHH \ U q ^OQ xK~ "\ =# U~_ H$u ~ QiOzJ ^#O K=.

    6 =~ = ^

  • -47-

    PH~O P ^~_ LO@Ok. "_Q qOQ L#K@, =h# ^O, "`xHqiOk. #Q L# O` =h# ^O QO_ zOK `Ok.

    ~` ^ O L# Ju _"# =h# ^O ''z

  • -48-

    U~_# PH~O U JH~OQ LO@Ok. JO ^=# nxx U PH~ JO\~.

    W@=O\ ^^ ~=~= Hey, = ` J_QQO x= ~ HeyLO@Ok.

    3. O|=# ^i : (Hanging Valley)

    #kH L# ^ L#>, =h#^ Q_ L=h#^ LO\~. ~ ` =~O ^~}Oz D L=h#^ ^# =h#^` H~. ^# =h#^ Q ` =Q L#O ^ =# "\ H=HO "QO ` =QLO@Ok. JO ^=# "\ ^# =h#^ HO> z#qQ#, `= `#Hey LO\~. L=h#n ^# =h#k HO> z#qQ#, ` = ` HeyLO\~. L =h#k ^# =h#k HeK@, Jq "_ `#@ Hx~.W@=O\ ~x 'O|=# ^i JO\~. ~O_ x =OK iQ Hiy~#`~" ` O|=# ^i K $@OQ HxOk. O|=# ^i =OK Hiy#_ =h#^

    OQ= ^Q~ [` U~_` ~.

  • -49-

    a) =h# ^O H ~"} K~

    =h# ^O =O ^Qu` Hke#\H, Jk `#` @ ^ ^ |O_t#, tHD_Hx " `Ok. D ^~# =h# ^O ~ `#= #O_ ~ J_QQ= #O_ K@ L# Qe #O_ HiOk. D ^~# '=h # ^ ~O JO\~.

    ) =h# ^ xH} K~ :

    =h# ^O Hiy~#_ ^ LOiOKH#_, `# ~x xH} KOk. Dq ^OQ xH} K# tk ^~# '"~

  • -50-

    4) `"~

  • -51-

    Hey LO\~. "\ U~@ q `O K =MO Z) a L# WH i=}O a)=# k "QO ) =# =~O ^, ~~, =$ `H|~O O\ XH J_OH, =

  • -52-

    )

    OKO J

  • -53-

    2) = ^ Q

    f~O `O t QO Hi#OQ#, HOk QO " `Q# L#_ H=HO t" `O QO=#OQ LO_^ . W@=O\ i` QO HO> HOk QO "QOQ H=HO K|_ `Ok.nx =# HOk QO MmQO U~_ `Ok. J, D Mm ^O |OQ ` H#_, MmQO z~# Qe O_#O H|_ `Ok. J "#H =~e#_, Mm OxQe# L# _#O ` y Jk "HKO KO ^ `Ok. D OHK "HK H J

  • -54-

    = ^ @ xH}O ^~ H$ `

    f~O` H=HO K|_# ^~ xH} = ^@ K H~QLO\~. ~"} K|_# ^~ xH} = ^ " _ =Y `

  • -55-

    3 =~ = ^

  • -56-

    QOQ WH, ^= ~}=#, ~H} O_ L# t `#, =$uH `# Q\Q_H

  • -57-

    9. = ^ @ K =_ K~ Uq ?[: = ^ @ =_K~ H=HO, ~"}, xH}O

    10. = ^ `~OQ H=H K~ Uq ?[: = ^ ` ~OQ J~}, x~}, [` ^HK~, ^=}H~} ^ ~ H=Hx x~i~.

    11. cK Z Z~_` ~ ?[: = ^@ xH}O H =# cK U~_` ~.

    12. =# H=HO ^~ U~_ ~= ?[: @Q_Q t =# H=HO ^~ U~_#.

    13. `~OQ H=HO ^~ U~_ H$ ` Uq ?[: `~OQ H=HO =# U~_ =Y H$ ` = ^ $Q=, Q, P~, H

    14. PO ^ f~Ox Q# ~ ?[: PO ^ f~Ox ''eH\ ~ JO\~.

  • -58-

    `O#, =#= K# ~, JO `~ ` |~ ` J

  • -59-

    K Z ` Ln# K|_ =_ ` ~ ` } U~_` ~.

    O_# =O =# Ln# K|_# =_ ` J=H t ~K U~_# ~`#,=_ ` ~` JO\~. P YO_Ox = ~`, S~ YO_Ox P~`, L `~ J"iH YO_Ox ~v ~` ^ H} J"iH O_ OKOx =Y"#=_ ` ~ ` }

    D ~ ` } W\= ~ ` x~} HO U~_~. H|\ "\x =# ~`JO\~. L^~} = ~` W\H Ln# KO ^ `

  • -60-

    ) Jy~` :

    JO `~QO K "_Q LO@Ok. JO `~QOx JkH ` L# O` Z=LQ` H~}OQ, t ^= ~OH =~`~. Jy ~ ` q@# =O Dt ^== `OH L `HO H|_ Jy~ ` ~O i~ Oz `OH|_ Hx i` OM PH~x ^ `Ok. u q@

  • -61-

    2. ~q J#Q

  • -62-

    ~` ^ Ox =~q, J\O\H = ^ JOK# L# ^H} J"iHx @Qx~q, Ja

  • -63-

    qQ` "\ e ` D `~Qu ~=, WO_ ~q, P~a, ~

  • -64-

    =# H, B+ ^, Hy ` QA ` ~K_xH H=# H> =#Q#q a~. \,H, Hx O_ `@ O\q _ ~ `O` Ja=$k iK~.

    2. ~ ` ~@HO^# q=iO= ?[: ~ ` O` LO_ P^ H~"# j`+u H$u O ^~ =# Jq ~@H HO^Q

    Ja=$k KO^~. ~@H @ i= W@=O\ O` JkH `O aOk.~` ^ = O`x =,

  • -65-

    7. "^ # O `

  • -66-

    q g ^ LO_ r=~ h~ K =Y"#k. H}a=$k, =OH$ ` L `u, H~}[#OQH, "H =i [O `= ^~+}= O\ r=H h~ K J=~=. QeO_ rqOKQeQ Hx r= L

  • -67-

    O `O YO_f~ " K `=~ qiOz LOk. D " O`, x@x=Q =O_QxH ^~OQ =#O ^=#, JH _ xH"# J=H K `=Q LO\~. = ^} _ JOK O `O` e WH _ K `=Q Hx~.

    YO_f~ " H HOk ` O J=H xH" LO\~. D Q

  • -68-

    @ 06.25 pm

    @ 12.38 am

    @ 06.51 am =~\ ~A

    @ @ H=O =i i=}O =K =~ Q H~}=.

    1. ~_, KO ^_ =i q, Wq =_ K J~ ^Q XH =~H =~ H|\#= Q O|O ^=

    2. ~x #O_ q =i KO ^x ^~= ~OQ LO_H =~ ` LO__O.

    3. Q=O` iQ h\` LO_H Qx _ Hey LO__O.

    4. f~O ` ~~Y.

    Wx JO @ @ =O K# K xs` HO H~O, XH^ x "O@WOHH\ =

  • -69-

    3. H == ^ "= q=iO= ?[: J\O\H == ^O Q

  • -70-

    ^H} H = = ^=x ^H} = ^ ~M "O t=xH xOz, ^H}O"# `~ Pe

  • -71-

    4. = ^ [ =} `# q=iO= ?[: = ^ [#@=O\ =Y"# H} XH\ =} `. =} ` Qi KiOK@_

    ==Q =# Q~HKk ^~} LC H _O H~_ = `" QH WOH# qq ^~H =}= L#q. Jx\HO> =Y"# =}= _O H~_ 77% =i"w+O H~_ 10.9% = ^ [ KQ H^ `~ H|\ =} J# `O Jx=^# =i K ` =~ ~OQ LO@Ok. Hh =}[= H Q_` iq ` XHH = ^O XHH ~H=Q LO@Ok. =^ Q@ =} ` 35%.K ~H ~# "

  • -72-

    _ g\ #O_ O ^ `

  • -73-

    10. = ^ h~ =O ^H "#H KeOK_x U=O\~ ?[: = ^ h~ =O ^H "#H H^ _x `~OQ Jx JO\~.

    11. @ J#Q

  • -74-

    q K qa#"#k. r=O Hey# UHH QO. rqOK_xH H=# i` "~tXH `H"#

  • -75-

    Z) \ J=}~=

    "`=~}=x Jx\ H# kQ=Q L# ~. D ~ = ^~Y = ^ 18H.g. ^$" = ^8H.g. Z ` =~ P=iOz L#k. O=# L+ "= =# "= Q H

  • -76-

    2. H~# KH=# @ O` q=iO= ?[: "`=~}O H~#= J# =H= H~

  • -77-

    3 =~ = ^

  • -78-

    2. F*

  • -79-

    qx P=iOz =# Qex "`=~}O JO\~. "`=~}O qq ^ ~H "=`, h\ Pqi=i ^o H}=` `~ K|_#k. "H =i [O `= rqOKO> "`=~}O KJ=~O. Jq H~OQ ~QO> H` = LQ` K J=~O. q H Li `O QOKL+= =i HH Q =O Uq\ Z_

  • -80-

    3 =~ = ^#=

    1. ~ @=# q `= K JO=# `= ?[: Li `= QOK ~@= Jx K\ =#OQ ^ . Wk ^x |\ =i

    Hx |\ =~ `Ok. L+ =O_ Q@# O= `~xH JkH=Q ~@=# Q~.Wk H=OQ ^ $" "# "Hn ` Q` Ok. j`HO` e "q ~@= Z=QLO@Ok. qx K~ ~@= D HOk JO P ^~_ [email protected]) `# H}= a) Q\ =}= (Q\ H=) ) "`=~} ~^ ~H=

    2. O=#= J#Q

  • -81-

    5. LQ` `~` =O JO> Uq\ ?[: J `kHOQ "_Q #O_ =O =i J `OQ KQ LO_ =O = ^ Q Q@ LQ`

    =`x O= `~ LQ` `~` =O JO\~.

    6. "~

  • -82-

    QeH |~= LO@ ^x ^~}OQ =#O J#H=. Hh QeH |~= =i _#= =O_#.=# K@ L# QeH _ _#= H ^. Hh =# L#@Q J#u HQ^ . ZO ^=##Q=#e s~O _ JO ` i=}O _#=O# " KO K_O =# "`=~}_#=` = ` ` U~_ W JxOK#. XH ^= H "`=~} i` # x~~OK@#=i =#= Pq~==# "`=~} _#O K =Y"#k. D ~= g~ Qe_#=, ^x q~}, =

  • -83-

    Z) OK =

  • -84-

    K_Q~. ~ ` O `=x `= _#= h\ ^g=# ~x `yOK#. nx =#a=# L_HOK@ Z= =O @#. =, = =i Kq #O_ ~H=H~@, qH~= " ^Q H}=, |\ #Oz =K ~`~ =i ~@Z=Q HxOK#. `= _#= =# Qe K

  • -85-

    K#= LO_^ . O=

  • -86-

    5. _# =} ` J#Q

  • -87-

    =O ^ ~= =#= "`=~}= "#= QiOz KiOK

  • -88-

    =xO| "O PH=O` "Oz xO@ PH$u H#_ `Ok. xO J# ^O=~O WK "xH O|OkOz#k. Wk \

  • -89-

    aO ^=HO> `= LQ` x~=kHOQ U~_@ =# PHO " U~_` ~. D~H=Q U~_# " L~= "~` _# s =~ `=# Hey~. D ~H=~ `=

  • -90-

    3 =~ = ^

  • -91-

    6. = `O# q=iO= ?[: h=# #O H# `= ~ ^g=#O OqOz#_ h~ z# z# = = Q

    =~ `Ok. D z# z# = =H iy ^q J~ ==H Q =i |~= Z"q# __O ~O==_x ''= `O JO\~. D ~HO t= =#=i j`HO =Y"# Z ` O` ~ ^~}O.

    7. `#O J#Q ` =Q L#_ ^g=#O KO ^ `# J ^# ` = H =

    =H ~O U~__xx '' `#O JO\~. D i` Qex ` = "~Q H ==H ~O ^gqOk. D ~H"# ^g=#O O@ =YOQ |OQ ^O, |~},k#, " ^Q#q Q #xH Qi J=`~. Wk ~_ ~"}# _ OaO*Ok.

    8. Q# q=iO= ?[: Q, ^o, H~

  • -92-

    8. Q+= J#Q

  • -93-

    =O ^ ~= LQ` "`=~} _#O, =

  • -94-

    2. =j`+=O_O : J#~Y L+=O_xH 2 " U~_ L#k. L `~ =j`+ =O_=H~ @~Y 231/

    2L. JHO= #O_ Pi\H =O 661/

    2 L JHO==~ JO\i\H =O

    qiOz LOk. D =O_O ~_ ` g ^ ~_. j`HO, ~u " K n~OQQ\ " Z=Q LO\~. "q q~ ^OQ LO\~. ^ H}~O "q J~ ` L `~~QOj`HOQ LO_#.

    3. Juj ` =O_= : Ju j =O_O 2 P~ Q qiOz LOk. L `~ j ` =O_OPi\H =O 661/

    2 #O_ L `~ ^$=O 900 =~, ^H} j ` =O_O JO\i\H =O

    661/2 #O_ ^H} ^$=O 900 =~ "Oz LOk. Wq OKO Ju j `"# O`.

    ^@"# =OK` H|_ LO_#.

    2. j`+u ~H# \H O` q=iO= ?[: L+=O_O J

  • -95-

    3 =~ = ^

  • -96-

    [ r=# ex q `O K~. j`+ux q `O K JO.

    1. JHO= =i = ^~Y #O_ ^~O. 2. = ^ =@= #O_ Z ` 3. = ^ f~O#Oz ^~O 4. OK =

  • -97-

    r=~ Hey# QO q = `"#x =#HO ^iH `e# q+". JO ^H D Qxr=# QO Jx r=~ Q= Jx JO\~. D Q= "`=~}=, t=~}= =i[=~}= Q}=# Hey LO@Ok. W=x He D QO r=~# r=OQ LO_#@K~. qg ^ = `" r=O\x `? r=~ =i r=Ox ^~=` HeLOk. Z

  • -98-

    ~ q# =i = ^O Hiy# "= =i +H ^~Q U~_` ~.

    a) r= (H~xH) JO

    K@, [O `= =i =#= = `"HH H r=# He ~=~}Ox =_ r=JOx JO\~. XH q ^OQ KO> g\x L == Jx JO\~. 1) K@ 2) [O `=3) H r=

    ) H :

    Wk r"=~}xH =_= ^#"# JOO. Wk xK D QOx r=~x }OxqQ LO_q. D QO g ^# r=~ L `uH =i | `uH Wk K J=~O.r"=~}O L# Jx } O`Q xK@ Hx qxyOKO\~. JO `QHXH ~Ox Hx "~H HQ =~~. Jx\H ="# J@=O\ H =# ~x^~ aOk. JkxK r"=~}O H LxHx =#O TOK_O H+O.

    2. P=~} O =i P=~} ==# q=iO= ?[: r=~ =i ~=~}xH = ^Q O|O ^x ` e J ^

  • -99-

    1) " ^\k, qq ^ ~H=# JO =i L JO = ^ Q O|O ^# J ^#OK_O =i

    2) ~O_=k P=~} ==x qq ^ JO =OK H. Jq r= =^ "\H q ^# J=~"# q ^OQ x~~~.

    3. w

  • -100-

    g ^ 50 ~@ JkHOQ LO@Ok. Jk = ^J_Q# H~

  • -101-

    JH~xH ^~ (+H ^~O) H H^ eH =i "OK@. J ^q ^OQ uiyH~xH ^~# JH~xH ^~# =$uH =i "`=~}O H H^ eH =# =i"OK@ =# U~_`~. D ~O_ ==# XH^ xHH\ _ KHO# iK~.~O_ H# D r= ~# KHO# J ^#O K=K. L^. 1) =Hx HeXHi KHO K@ H 2) XHH =Hx KHO K@ L^. [KHO, H~

  • -102-

    7. [=~} ==# q=iO=.[: D P=~} == q g ^ qq ^ ~ 71% P=iOz# h\x QiOz ` `Ok.

    ^ #OQ P=~} == =Ozh~, #n [ =i = ^ [Q L q[#K=K. g\x =~ z# z# LqQQ K=K#. QO LyOK H~O Wq = ^=x h\ Q=#Oz z# [= =~ qq ^ i=}OL

  • -103-

    [: K =Ozh~, = ^ [# rqOK#.

    12. "H # P~OQ u

  • -104-

    25. J=~"# Ja=$k x~K#= ?[: D ` ~O "~ "iH J=~"#O `Q =~Hx, ~ ` ~O"i J=~ QiOz =i

    =~ QiOz PzOz LO_x K~.

    26. J=~"# Ja=$k kOK@ 3 =# `= ?[: J=~"# =$k = : =#~ O~HOz, J=~"# ~H [

  • -105-

    =O ^ ~= g~ r"=~}O H qq ^ JO=# `

  • -106-

    D O `O O= `~= _= 20 HeyLO@Ok. ~A"i LQ` ` ~` =O O= `~ ` ~` =O HO> Z=Q LO@Ok. D O `OO. _= 150250O.g. O ^ `Ok. ^^ ~A = ^=O =~O OqOk. JkH LQ` =# Z= "` ^ "`=~}OH h\ PqiK~@O =# D ~H"# =~O OqOk. D O ` j`+ux = ` j`+uQ iQ}OK=K#.

    H$u r=*= =i [O `r=#O : L+= =i h\ Pqi H~H =# D r""O=$H =i [O `= xOQ =i#q. XH K^ ~ Hg@~ q~O "~ ~H=$H* ` H=. =$H ^ ^ T_ P ^~=` ^ ^ H=, "~ =i K\P` H=Hx LO\~. `` i`~}= 3 ~ U~@K_O [iy#k.

    Z) K@ Z ` H z=i Q= 20 #O_ 50g@~ L# J@gO `O : Z"x, =Qx, ~*,KO ^#O, OH

  • -107-

    | `H_O K H+O. D r""O L `~~QOx L `~ JOK qiOz L#k. JxHx O`

  • -108-

    =i Lx xK [O `=# + P~O@ Q ^=# ci @O_ O `=O_

  • -109-

    "

  • -110-

    L^ : PHx " lOH, r, O, z~ `, QO@#H .

    _) H ` =$H =i [O `=# D =` iKO K_O =# WH _ "= =$H"#O iQ =i~Ok. Pe, S~ " iKO K# Hx fQ =$H ~HJH _ "= =$H# iOK