geography book-3 unit-6 xp jakir - bangladesh open … evsjv‡`k dš y³ wek we`¨vjq bdwbu-6:...

weG/weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg GmGmGBPGj

gvbweK f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek c„ôv- 287

BDwbU-6

cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci gvby‡li n¯Í‡¶c Ges cwi‡ekMZ Aa:cvZ

(Human Intervention in Physical Environment and

Environmental Degradation) cwi‡e‡k gvby‡li n¯Í‡¶c I cwi‡ek Aa:cvZ welqwU Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© cwi‡ek Kv‡K e‡j Rvbv ìKvi| cÖvYx, Dw™¢`, gvbe, mgvR ev mgvR‡Mvôx‡K cwie„Ë K‡i †h mvgwMÖK evwn¨K Ae¯’v Zv‡K mvaviYfv‡e cwi‡ek e‡j| A‡bK †¶‡Î cwi‡ek ej‡Z Lye mxwgZ A‡_© cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K †evSv‡bv nq hv gvbyl‡K ev` w`‡q ev gvby‡li AvMg‡bi c~‡e© wQj| Z‡e †fŠ‡MvwjK „wó‡KvY †_‡K cwi‡ek n‡jv g~jZ cÖK…wZ Ges cÖK…wZ‡Z gvby‡li mgMÖ Kg©Kv‡Ûi mgwóMZ iƒc| cÖK…wZ‡Z gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ, AvPiY gvby‡li hyw³-we‡ePbv Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq Ges cÖK…wZi mv‡_ gvby‡li mgšq ¯’vwbK Ae ’vb mv‡c‡¶ n‡q _v‡K| d‡j cÖK…wZ I gvby‡li Kvh©KviY, AvPi‡Yi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ wfbœZv †`Lv †`q| Kv‡RB cwi‡ek cÖvK…wZK I gvbweK Dfq cwi‡e‡ki mgš‡q MwVZ| c„w_exi AvqZb Ges cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` mxwgZ wKš‘ wek¦ RbmsL¨v AcÖwZ‡iva¨ MwZ‡Z e„w× cv‡”Q, we‡kl K‡i weMZ K‡qK `k‡K wek¦ RbmsL¨v Avk¼vRbK nv‡i e„w× †c‡q‡Q| d‡j cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci gvby‡li wewfbœ cÖKvi n¯Í‡¶‡c gvby‡li evm‡cv‡hvMx cwi‡ek gvivZ¥K ûgwKi gy‡L Ges †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b wech©‡qi cÖv‡šÍ †V‡K‡Q Ges f~wgi enb ¶gZv gvÎv (Carrying Capacity of Land) AwZµg K‡i‡Q| cÖK…wZ‡K Awe‡eP‡Ki g‡Zv eënv‡ii d‡j cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci †h cÖfve c‡o‡Q Zv‡Z gvby‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡ ûgwKi m¤§ywLb| gvbyl KZ…©K cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K Awe‡eP‡Ki gZ h‡_”Q eënv‡ii d‡j cwi‡ekMZ Aa:cvZ j¶¨ Kiv hv‡”Q| cwi‡e‡ki GB Aa:cvZ cÖwµqv GB BDwbUwU‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB BDwb‡U cwi‡ek wech©‡qi msÁv I cÖK…wZ; cwi‡ek wech©‡qi wewfbœ cÖwµqv, †hgb e„¶ ev ebwbab, AwaK Drcv`b, grm¨ wkKvi, †MvPviY, wewfbœ cÖKvi `~lY I ~lYRwbZ e¨vwa Ges cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM I cÖvK…wZK ~‡h©v‡Mi mv‡_ mgšq †KŠkj m¤‡Ü K‡qKwU cvV i‡q‡Q| G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q : cvV-6.1: cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci gvby‡li n¯Í‡¶c ev cwi‡e‡k gvbe m„ó cÖwZwµqv : msÁv I cÖK…wZ cvV-6.2: eb wbabKiY (Deforestation); AwZ Pvl, grm¨ wkKvi I cïPviY cvV-6.3: cwi‡ek ~lY I †ivMe¨vwa cvV-6.4: Ab¨vb¨ ~lY gva¨g cvV-6.5: cÖvK…wZK ~‡h©vM I gvby‡li mgšq †KŠkj

GmGmGBPGj evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

BDwbU-6: cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci gvby‡li n¯Í‡¶c Ges cwi‡ekMZ AatcvZ c„ôv- 288

cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci gvby‡li n¯Í‡¶c ev cwi‡e‡k gvbe m„ó cÖwZwµqv : msÁv I cÖK…wZ (Human Intervention in Physical Environment or Reaction of Human Activities on Physical Environment : Definition and Nature)

GB cvV c‡o Avcwb- � cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci gvby‡li n¯Í‡¶‡ci msÁv I cÖK…wZ m¤‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gvbyl cÖK…wZ †_‡K RxebaviY I Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ Dcv`vb msMÖn K‡i| Rxebhvcb I Rxebavi‡Yi Dcv`vb msMÖn e¨w³K Ges mgwóMZ ev mvgvwRK Pvwn`v Abyhvqx n‡q _v‡K| gvby‡li e¨w³MZ ev mgwóMZ Pvwn`v c~iY cÖwµqvq cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci wewfbœfv‡e Pvc c‡o| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y I wewfbœ cÖwµqvq cÖK…wZi Dci AZ¨waK Pv‡ci d‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó n‡q hvq| gvby‡li Øviv cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡k m„ó wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Ûi weiƒc cÖwZwµqv cwi‡e‡ki wech©q NUvq| cwi‡e‡ki Dci GB weiƒc cÖwZwµqv‡K cwi‡ekMZ wech©q ejv nq|

cwi‡ek wech©‡qi cÖK…wZ (Nature of Degradation of Environment) cwi‡ek wech©‡qi wcQ‡b wewfbœ wbqvgKmg~n KvR Ki‡Q| wkí wecø‡ei cieZ©x‡Z gvby‡li Rxebhvcb cÖYvjx‡Z A‡bK cwieZ©b Av‡m| d‡j gvby‡li e¨w³MZ, mvgvwRK Ges cÖvwZôvwbK Pvwn`v †e‡o hvq Ges †mB Pvwn`v Abymv‡i †fv‡Mi DcKiYvwì cÖKvi I msL¨v e„w× †c‡q‡Q hv wkí wecø‡ei d‡j cÖhyw³MZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| cÖhyw³MZfv‡e †h †`k hZ DbœZ, Av_©bxwZKfv‡e †m †`k ZZ mg„×| d‡j Pvwn`vi cwigvYI AwaK, mv‡_ mv‡_ wkí AveR©bv ev wkí e‡R©ï cwigvYI AwaK| GB mg¯Í †`‡k cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q wkíeR©¨ cybe©ënvi I Acmvi‡Yi wewfbœ eë¯’v _vKv m‡Ë¡I cwi‡ek ~lY †iva Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv Ges ~lYgvÎv µgvš‡q †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n wkí †¶‡Î ZZUv DbœZ bv n‡jI †hUzKz wkívqb n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖfv‡eB cwi‡ek AwZ `ªæZ nv‡i ~wlZ n‡”Q| Gi KviY wkíeR©¨ AcmviY ev cyb©eënv‡ii mwVK eë ’vcbvi Afve|

cÖhyw³MZ DbœwZ gvby‡li Mo Avqy e„w× K‡i‡Q Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ g„Zz¨nvi Kwg‡q‡Q| we‡kl K‡i wkïg„Zz¨ nvi A‡bK n«vm †c‡q‡Q| d‡j c„w_exe¨vcx RbmsL¨v eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| wesk kZvãx‡Z gvby‡li msL¨v †e‡o‡Q wZb¸Y-cÖvq †cŠ‡b yB wewjqb †_‡K Qq wewjq‡b †cuŠ‡Q‡Q| weMZ K‡qK `k‡K wek¦ RbmsL¨v, we‡kl K‡i Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni RbmsL¨v GZ AwaK e„w× †c‡q‡Q †h cwi‡e‡ki cÖvq cÖwZwU †¶‡Î Gi ¶wZKi cÖfve cwijw¶Z n‡”Q Ges wewfbœfv‡e cwi‡e‡ki Aa:cvZ NUv‡”Q|

1970 `k‡K µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Lv‡`ï Pvwn`v c~i‡Y meyR wecøe (Green Revolution) Lv‡`ï Drcv`b eû¸‡Y e„w× Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q mwZ¨ wKš‘ AwaKvsk AÂ‡j DbœZ K…wl Rwgi msL¨vMwiô fvMB km¨ Drcv`‡b eëüZ n‡”Q Ges evi evi GKB Rwgi eënvi gvwUi ¸Yv¸Y bó K‡i †dj‡Q| hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z fwel¨‡Z Drcv`b n«vm cv‡e e‡j Avk¼v Kiv n‡”Q| AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Lv`¨, Avevmb I Ab¨vb¨ Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ ebf~wg †K‡U K…wl f~wg Ges Avevmf~wg I Ab¨vb¨ f~wg eënv‡i iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡”Q hv cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci `xN©‡gqvw` cÖwZwµqv †dj‡Q| ebf~wg cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶vi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Riæix| f~gÛ‡j DòZv e„w×i Rb¨ eb wbab‡K Ab¨Zg GKwU Kvh©Kix wbqvgK wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| D‡jøwLZ wewfbœ cÖwµqvq cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Aa:cvZ NU‡Q|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b : 1. cwi‡ek wech©q Kv‡K e‡j? 2. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki wech©‡q wK wK wbqvgK wµqvkxj ? 3. cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb wKfv‡e cwi‡ek‡K aŸsm Ki‡Q? 4. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci RbmsL¨v e„w×i cÖfve m¤‡Ü wjLyb|

cvV-6.1



wb‡Pi mvivskwU c‡o cvVwU m¤‡Ü Avcbvi aviYv AviI ¯úó Kiæb|

cvVms‡¶c : gvbyl wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K h‡_”Qfv‡e eënvi K‡i cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K ~lY Ki‡Q Ges cwi‡e‡ki wech©q NUv‡”Q| cwi‡e‡ki GB wech©‡qi Ab¨Zg wbqvgK n‡jv cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb I wek¦e¨vcx RbmsL¨v e„w×| wkí wecø‡ei cieZ©x‡Z cÖhyw³MZ wewfbœ Dbœq‡bi d‡j Drcv`b e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡q‡Q Ges n‡”Q| hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z gvby‡li Pvwn`v eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| gvby‡li Pvwn`v Abyhvqx Drcv`bI eûgyLx n‡q‡Q| wk‡íi cÖmv‡ii d‡j wkí e‡R©ï cwigvY eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q hv cÖK…wZ‡K wewfbœfv‡e ~wlZ Ki‡Q| cÖhyw³MZ DbœwZi Kvi‡Y wek¦e¨vcx RbmsL¨v e„w× †c‡q‡Q| RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j f~wg eënv‡ii cÖwZwU †¶‡Î Pvc c‡o‡Q| AwaK Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ K…wlf~wg cÖvq m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c eëüZ n‡q wM‡q‡Q Ges GKB Rwg evisevi eënv‡ii d‡j Rwg Zvi Drcv`b ¶gZv µgvš‡q nviv‡”Q| ebf~wg Avevmf~wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡”Q| ebf~wg cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶vi Rb¨ GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| d‡j cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek µgvš‡q Zvi fvimvg¨ nviv‡”Q| BZ¨vw` wewfbœ cÖwµqvq cwi‡e‡ki wech©q NU‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb : 6.1 ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ : 1. mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (�) wPý w`b ( mgq 4 wgwbU): 1.1 gvbyl †Kv_v †_‡K RxebaviY I Rxebhvc‡bi Dcv`vb msMÖn K‡i ?

K. cÖK…wZ L. evqygÛj M. eëmv 1.2 †K cwi‡e‡ki wech©q NUvq ?

K. cïcvwL L. MvQcvjv M. gvbyl 1.3 wkí wecø‡ei ci cÖhyw³MZ Dbœq‡bi d‡j wK n‡q‡Q ?

K.Pvwn`v †e‡o‡Q L. Pvwn`v K‡g‡Q M. cwi‡ek ~lY K‡g‡Q 1.4 c„w_ex e¨vcx RbmsL¨v †Kb e„w× †c‡q†Q?

K. wk¶vi DbœwZ L. cÖhyw³MZ DbœwZ M. A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ

2. k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb (mgq 3 wgwbU): 2.1 µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Lv‡`ï Pvwn`v c~i‡Y ....... ........Lv‡`ï Drcv`b eû¸‡b e„w× Ki‡Z mg_©

n‡q‡Q| 2.2 AwaKvsk AÂ‡j DbœZ ........ ..............msL¨vMwiô fvMB km¨ Drcv`‡b eëüZ n‡”Q| 2.3 .................... cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶vi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ Riæix|

msw¶ß cÖkœ (mgq 6 wgwbU): 1. cwi‡e‡ki wech©q Kv‡K e‡j ? 2. c„w_ex e¨vcx RbmsL¨v wK wK Kvi‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q? 3. A_©‰bwZKfv‡e mg„× †`kmg~‡n cwi‡ek wKfv‡e wech©q n‡PQ?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ: 1.cwi‡ek wech©q ej‡Z wK †evSvq ? cwi‡ek wech©‡qi cÖK…wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|



eb wbabKiY (Deforestation); AwZ Pvl, grm¨ wkKvi I cïPviY (Over Cultivation, Fishing and Grazing) GB cvV c‡o Avcwb- � cwi‡e‡ki Dci ebwba‡bi cÖfve m¤‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges � AwZ Pvl, grm¨ wkKvi I cïPviY wK cÖwµqvq cwi‡e‡ki Aa:cvZ NUvq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| eb wbabKiY (Deforestation) ebwbabKiY cwi‡ek Aa:cv‡Zi GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| Z‡e c„w_ex e¨vcx ebk~b¨Zvi nvi wba©viY ev g~j¨vqb Kivi e¨vcv‡i ywU cÖavb mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ: wewfbœ †`‡ki miKvi cyi‡bv DcvË mieivn K‡i _v‡K Ges AwaKvsk †¶‡Î mwZ¨Kvi wPÎ †Ìqv nq bv, wØZxqZ: eb wba‡bi ¯’vbxq ¯^íKvjxb cÖfve wbY©q Kiv †M‡jI ebk~b¨Zvi my`~i cÖmvix c„w_exe¨vcx cÖfve wbY©q Kiv AZ¨šÍ KwVb e¨vcvi| 80 Gi `k‡K FAO Gi GK mgx¶v Abyhvqx cÖvq 11.3 wgwjqb †n±i µvšÍxq AiY¨ f~wg cÖwZ eQi ebk~b¨ n‡q‡Q hvi AvqZb Awóªqv Ges †ejwRqv‡gi cÖvq mgvb| GQvovI cÖwZ eQi evwYwR¨K Kvi‡Y Kv‡Vi ¸woi Rb¨ AwZwi³ 4.4 wgwjqb †n±i AiY¨f~wg wbab Kiv nq| Gi d‡j GK Z…Zxqvsk ev ZviI AwaK cwigvY Aewkó Mv‡Qi ¶wZ nq| GB mg‡¯Íi g‡a¨ cwZZ Rwg Ges K…wlf~wg‡Z Aew¯’Z e¨vcKfv‡e e„‡¶i Aa:cvZ AšÍfy©³ Kiv nqwb| ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB GB e¨vcK e„¶k~b¨Zvi cÖfve cwi‡e‡ki Dci c‡o Ges cwi‡e‡ki Aa:cvZ NUv‡Z we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. eb k~b¨Zvi nvi wba©viY Kivi ywU cÖavb mgm¨v wK wK? 2. eb wbabKiY wK fv‡e cwi‡e‡ki Aa:cvZ NUvq?

eb wbabKi‡Yi KviY (Causes of deforestation) ebk~b¨Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY wek¦e¨vcx RbmsL¨v e„w×| GQvovI evwYwR¨K I Ab¨vb¨ wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b Kv‡Vi ¸woi Rb¨ MvQ KvUv nq| cïPvi‡Yi RbÏ ebk~b¨Zv n‡q _v‡K|

RbmsL¨v e„w× AvgvRvb AÂj Qvov AwaKvsk Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki ebk~b¨Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| AwZwi³ Lv‡`ï Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z ebf~wg K…wlf~wg‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡”Q| 1971 †_‡K 1986 mv‡ji g‡a¨ K…wlf~wg 59 wgwjqb †n±i †e‡o‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K ebf~wg 125 wgwjqb †n±i K‡g wM‡q‡Q| ebf~wg K…wl f~wg‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii cwigvY AviI †ewk n‡Z cv‡i e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| GB GKB mg‡q RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ evwoNi, wkí cÖwZôvb, iv¯ÍvNvU, BZ¨vw`‡Z gv_vwcQy 0.05 wn‡m‡e me©‡gvU 50 wgwjqb †n±‡ii †ewk ebf~wg AK…wl f~wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| bMi m¤cÖmviY cÖwµqvq 100 wgwjqb †n±‡ii Dci K…wlf~wg bMivÂ‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z cv‡i e‡j aviYv Kiv n‡”Q| ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi Lv`¨ I Ab¨vb¨ Pvwn`v c~i‡Y we‡k¦i 80 fvM ebf~wgB K…wl I AK…wl Kv‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ nIqvq ebk~b¨Zv m„wó n‡q‡Q e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| AvgvRb Qvov AwaKvsk ebk~b¨Zvi GKgvÎ KviYB n‡jv RbmsL¨v e„w×|

µvšÍxq AÂ‡j evwYR¨ wfwËK Kv‡Vi ¸wo KvUv n‡q _v‡K| GwU gybvdv AR©bKvix AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ hvi gva¨‡g AwZ Avqv‡m ê‡`wkK gy ªv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e| Kv‡RB µvšÍxq AÂ‡ji †`k¸‡jv‡Z ê‡`wkK gy ªv AR©‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb gva¨g n‡jv Mv‡Qi ¸wo ißvwb| GB mg¯Í †`kmg~‡n ebf~wg cyb:weKv‡ki K_v wPšÍv bv K‡i Kv‡Vi ¸woi Rb¨ MvQ wbwe©Pv‡i KvUv n‡q _v‡K| d‡j ebk~b¨Zv DË‡ivËi e„w× cv‡”Q| cïPviY j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvi †`k¸‡jvi GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb DcRxweKv| 1971 †_‡K 1984 mv‡ji gaëZ©x mg‡q yB-cÂgvsk ebk~b¨Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviYB n‡jv ebf~wg‡Z cïPviY|e„wó-cÖavb µvšÍxq AÂ‡ji Abye©i R½j cwi®‹vi K‡i PviYf~wg wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq hv µgvš‡q AviI Abye©i f~wg‡Z

cvV-6.2



cwiYZ n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j GKB msL¨K cï cvj‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZ eQi AwZwi³ ebf~wg cwi®‹vi K‡i cïPviY †¶Î wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| GB cÖwµqvq ebf~wg µgvš‡q PviYf~wg‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z _v‡K|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. ebk~b¨Zvi cÖavb KviY wK wK ? 2. ebf~wg †Kb K…wlf~wg‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡”Q? 3. ebf~wg AK…wlf~wg‡Z wK wK cÖKv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡”Q? 4. µvwšÍq AÂ‡j wKfv‡e ebk~b¨Zv n‡”Q? 5. cïPviY j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKvq wK fv‡e ebk~b¨Zv NUv‡”Q?

cwi‡e‡ki Dci ebk~b¨Zvi cÖwZwµqv (Reaction of Deforestataion on Environment) cwi‡e‡ki Dci ebïb¨Zvi wb¤œiƒc cÖwZwµqv j¶¨ Kiv hvq:

(K) f~wg¶q I f~wgi Dcwifv‡Mi gvwU AcmviY (Erosion of Land and Removal of Top Soil) : f~wg¶q ebk~b¨Zvi Zvr¶wYK cÖwZwµqv| ebk~b¨Zvi Kvi‡Y f~wg ¶q n‡q bvjvi R‡j cwiYZ nq| e„¶ gvwU‡K a‡i iv‡L| f~wg ebk~b¨ n‡j e„wói cvwb‡Z f~-Dcwifv‡Mi gvwU ªæZ AcmvwiZ nq| ebf~wg bv _vK‡j f~M‡f© cvwb cÖ‡e‡ki gvÎvI n«vm cvq| d‡j f~-Dcwifv‡M cvwb cÖev‡ni MwZ e„w× cvq Ges cvwb cÖev‡ni mv‡_ AwaK nv‡i cwj ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q b`xi Zj‡`‡k Rgv n‡Z _v‡K Ges b`x Zj‡`k DuPz n‡q el©v †gŠmy‡g ev AwZ e„wó‡Z eb¨vi m„wó nq| GQvovI ebf~wg bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y f~M‡f© cvwb cÖ‡e‡ki gvÎv n«vm †c‡j f~Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi µgvš‡q wb‡P bvg‡Z _v‡K Ges f~c„‡ôi gvwU ï®‹ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| d‡j giæcÖeYZv Ges f~wg ¶q mwµq nq| hw` cvnv‡oi MvÎ ebk~b¨ nq Zv‡Z Nb Nb f~wgam n‡Z _v‡K| f~wg¶‡qi mv‡_ f~c„‡ôi gvwUi ˆRe Ges Ab¨vb¨ cywóKi c`v_© AcmvwiZ nq hv Avi mn‡R c~iY nq bv| d‡j dm‡ji Drcv`b Lye ªæZ n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| ï®‹ AÂ‡j AwZ gvÎvq cïPviY wew¶ßfv‡e Rb¥v‡bv jZv¸j¥ I Z…YRvZxq Dw™¢‡ì ¶wZ mvab K‡i hv f~wg ¶‡q f~wgKv iv‡L|

(L) Dw™¢` I RxeRš‘i ¶wZmvab (Loss of Plants and Animals) : µvšÍxq gÛ‡ji ebf~wgmg~n wewfbœ cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` I RxeRš‘i mg„× fvÛvi| wKš‘ ebk~b¨Zvi d‡j Dw™¢` I RxeRš‘i A‡bK cÖRvwZ B‡Zvg‡a¨ jyß n‡q wM‡q‡Q| Ilya cÖ¯‘‡Z µvšÍxq gÛ‡ji wewfbœ cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` e¨vcK nv‡i eënv‡ii d‡j GB mg Í Dw™¢‡ì AwaKvsk jyß nIqvi c‡_ ev B‡Zvg‡a¨B jyß n‡q wM‡q‡Q| GQvovI D”P djbkxj Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ †`kR A‡bK cÖKv‡ii µvšÍxq km¨ m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wejyß n‡q wM‡q‡Q|

ebk~b¨Zvi my`~i cÖmvix f~gÛjxq cÖfve GLbI cwi®‹vifv‡e Dcjwä Kiv bv †M‡jI wKQy wKQy cÖfve B‡Zvg‡a¨ j¶¨ Kiv hv‡”Q| †hgb ebk~b¨Zvi d‡j gvwUi Av`ª©Zv K‡g wM‡q‡Q, e„wócvZ K‡g wM‡q b`x‡Z cvwb cÖevn K‡g wM‡q‡Q e‡j aviYv Kiv n‡”Q| ebk~b¨ GjvKv †_‡K AwaKgvÎvq †mŠi Zvc evqygÛ‡j wd‡i wM‡q f~gÛ‡ji ZvcgvÎv e„w×‡Z f~wgKv ivL‡Q e‡j aviYv Kiv n‡”Q| GgbI aviYv Kiv n‡”Q †h e¨vcK AvKv‡i ebk~b¨Zvi Kvi‡Y f~gÛ‡j Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY e„w× cv‡e hv c„w_exe¨vcx Rjevqyi cwieZ©b Avb‡e| djkÖæwZ‡Z c„w_exe¨vcx ZvcgvÎv e„w× cv‡e hv‡K MÖxY nvDm cÖwZwµqv ejv nq| Gi cÖfv‡e G›UviwUKv gnv‡`k Ges MÖxbj¨v‡Ûi ei‡di Av”Qv`b M‡j wM‡q mgy‡ ªi cvwbi ¯Íi †e‡o wM‡q c„w_exi wbPz GjvKvmg~n mgy‡ ª wbgw¾Z n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e GB welqwU GLbI ch©šÍ M‡elYv mv‡c¶| GB ZvcgvÎv e„w×i d‡j f~gÛ‡ji e„wócv‡Zi c¨vUv‡b©I hw` cwieZ©b nq Z‡e K…wl mg„× Ges K…wlwfwËK Av_©bxwZK AÂ‡j Gi my ~i cÖmvix cÖfve co‡e|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. cwi‡e‡ki Dci ebk~b¨Zvi cÖwZwµqv wK wK? 2. ebk~b¨Zvi Zvr¶wYK cÖwZwµqv wK? 3. f~Mf©¯’ cvwb †Kb n«vm cvq? 4. f~Mf©¯’ cvwb n«vm †c‡j wK cÖwZwµqv nq? 5. cvnv‡oi MvÎ ebk~b¨ n‡j wK cÖwZwµqv nq?



6. f~wg ¶‡qi d‡j wK cÖwZwµqv nq? 7. ï®‹ AÂ‡j AwZ gvÎvq cïPvi‡Yi d‡j wK N‡U? 8. µvšÍxq AÂ‡j eû Dw™¢` wK wK Kvi‡Y jyß cÖvq? 9. ebk~b¨Zvi my`~i cÖmvix cÖfve wK wK? 10. MÖxY nvDm cÖwZwµqvi d‡j †Kvb M¨v‡mi cwigvY e„w× cv‡e? 11. MÖxY nvD‡mi cÖfve c„w_exi Dci wK cÖfve †dj‡e?

AwZ Pvl, grm¨ wkKvi I cïPviY (Over Cultivation, Fishing and Grazing) AwZ Pvl (Over Cultivation) : AwZ Pvl AwaK RbmsL¨v Aay¨wlZ Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni êwkó¨| Z…Zxq we‡k¦i AwaKvsk Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n K…wl cÖavb DcRxweKv| GB mg Í †`‡k AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Lv‡`ï Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ AwaKvsk Pvl‡hvM¨ K…wlf~wg wbweo Pv‡li AvIZvaxb Ges weiwZnxbfv‡e km¨ Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ| 1970 Gi `k‡K meyR wecøe (Green Revolution) ïiæ n‡j Pvl‡hvM¨ DbœZ K…wlf~wgi AwaKvskB Pvlfy³ nq| meyR wecø‡ei cÖavb j¶¨ wQj wewfbœfv‡e AwZwi³ km¨ Drcv`b e„w× Kiv| Gi d‡j D”P djbkxj av‡bi D™¢e N‡U Ges cÖavb Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b GKB Rwg weiwZnxbfv‡e eënvi n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j K…wlRwg‡Z wewfbœfv‡e Gi cÖwZwµqv c‡o|

GKB Rwg GKB dmj Drcv`‡b µgvMZ eënv‡ii d‡j Kvjµ‡g Rwgi De©iZv n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| D”P djbkxj km¨ Drcv`‡b wewfbœ ivmvqwbK mvi I cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb| f~Mf©¯’ cvwb D‡Ëvjb K‡i AwaKvsk †¶‡Î GB AwZwi³ cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bv nq| f~Mf©¯’ cvwb D‡Ëvj‡bi d‡j f~Mf©¯’ cvwb ¯Íi µgvMZ wb‡P bvg‡Z _v‡K| d‡j gvwU Zvi Av ª©Zv µgvš‡q nviv‡Z _v‡K| GKB Rwg GKB dmj Drcv`‡b µgvMZ eënvi, AwZwi³ ivmvqwbK mvi cÖ‡qvM I f~Mf©¯’ cvwb D‡Ëvj‡bi d‡j Rwgi De©iZv Ges dmj Drcv`b ¶gZv DfqB µgvš^‡q n«vm cvq| RbmsL¨vi AwZ D”P e„w×i Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ NvUwZ GKwU ¯’vqx êwk‡ó¨ cwiYZ nq| hvi d‡j cÖvwšÍK f~wg‡Z Pvl ïiæ nq| GB mg¯Í cÖvwšÍK f~wg mvaviYZ Abye©i cve©Z¨ ev ¯^í e„wócvZm¤úbœ Eli AÂj nq| km¨ Drcv`‡b GB mg¯Í AÂj eënvi Kiv n‡j f~wg¶q, f~wgam Ges giæqvqb cÖwµqvq gvwUi Drcv`b ¶gZv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c webó n‡q hvq Ges mvgwMÖK cwi‡e‡ki Aa:cvZ N‡U|

K…wl-wbf©i AZ¨waK RbmsL¨v K…wlf~wgi AwZ ¶z ª ¶z ª L‡Û wef³ nIqvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| Pv‡li Rwg ¶z ªvwZ¶z`ª L‡Û wef³ n‡q GK ch©v‡q Pvl‡hvM¨Zv nvwi‡q †d‡j| GB mg Í †¶‡ÎI K…lK km¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖvwšÍK f~wg‡Z m‡i hvq hv µgvš‡q Drcv`b ¶gZv nvwi‡q APvl‡hvM¨ f~wg‡Z cwiYZ nq|

AZGe †`Lv hv‡”Q, AwZ Pvl Rwgi De©iZv bó K‡i, Drcv`b ¶gZv n«vm K‡i Ges cwi‡k‡l K…lK‡K cÖvwšÍK f~wgi w`‡K †V‡j †`q hv Avevi Aí wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨ Drcv`b ¶gZv nvwi‡q †d‡j| d‡j f~wgam nq, giæqvqb cÖwµqv ïiæ nq Ges cwi‡k‡l K…wl Rwg Drcv`b ¶gZv nvwi‡q APvl‡hvM¨ Rwg‡Z cwiYZ nq|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. K…wl Rwg‡Z meyR wecø‡ei cÖwZwµqv wK? 2. AwZ Pvl †Kvb †`kmg~‡n n‡q _v‡K? 3. wK wK Kvi‡Y Rwgi De©iZv Ges dmj Drcv`b ¶gZv n«vm cvq? 4. cÖvwšÍK f~wg dmj Drcv`‡b eënv‡ii cÖwZwµqv wK? 5. Pv‡li Rwg ¶z`ª ¶z`ª L‡Û wef³ nIqvi cÖwZwµqv wK?

AwZ grm¨ wkKvi (Over Fishing) grm¨ wkKvi c„w_exi A‡bK †`‡ki GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb DcRxweKv| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †`‡ki grm¨ wkKviB cÖavb DcRxweKv| wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z wkíRvZ ivmvqwbK c`v_© b`x Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¯^v y cvwbi Rjvk‡q wgwkªZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y ¯^v`y cvwbi gvQ jyßcÖvq| d‡j DbœZ we‡k¦i AwaKvsk †`k eZ©gv‡b mgy‡ ªi gvQ wkKvi K‡i gv‡Qi Pvwn`v †gUvq| mgy ª ZxieZ©x AwaKvsk †`‡ki GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msL¨K RbmsL¨v



mvgyw ªK gvQ wkKvi K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii AZ¨vaywbK hš¿cvwZ eënvi K‡i mvgyw ªK gvQ wkKvi Kiv nq| d‡j c~‡e©i Zzjbvq AwaK cwigv‡Y grm¨ aiv c‡o| wKš‘ †mB Zzjbvq gvQ cwic~iY nq bv| †Kvb †Kvb gvQ Lv`¨ Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b AwZwi³ RbwcÖqZvi Rb¨ Kvjµ‡g jyß n‡q hv‡”Q| Rvcvwb Ges K‡qKwU RvwZi Kv‡Q wZwg gv‡Qi gvsm wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b ejea©K wn‡m‡e AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq| AwZwi³ wZwg gvQ Avni‡Yi d‡j wZwg gvQ wejyßi c‡_| eZ©gv‡b wZwg gvQ aivi Dci wek¦e¨vcx wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q|

Dbœbqkxj we‡k¦ ¯^v`y cvwbi gvQ RbwcÖq| Z‡e AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Kvi‡Y K…wl I AK…wl Kg©KvÛ m¤cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j b`x, cyKzimn Ab¨vb¨ Rjvkq ªæZ fivU n‡q hv‡”Q| GQvovI K…wl Rwg‡Z AZ¨waK ivmvqwbK mvi eënv‡ii d‡j e„wói cvwbi mv‡_ ivmvqwbK c`v_© K…wl f~wg, b`x, cyKzi I Ab¨vb¨ Rjvk‡q c‡o| d‡j ¯^v`y cvwbi eû cÖRvwZi gvQ B‡Zvg‡a¨ wejyß n‡q wM‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b mgy‡ ªi gvQ wkKvi K‡i gv‡Qi Pvwn`v A‡bKvs‡k c~iY Kiv nq| Z‡e gvQ AvniY c×wZ ZZUv DbœZ bv nIqvq wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii gvQ wbwe©Pv‡i aiv c‡o, we‡kl K‡i gv‡Qi †cvbv| d‡j gv‡Qi esk e„w× e¨vnZ nq Ges gv‡Qi msL¨v µgvš‡q Kg‡Z _v‡K| GQvovI †h mg¯Í gvQ aiv c‡o Zvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq bv, eR©¨ wn‡m‡e †d‡j †Ìqv nq| mgy ª †_‡K wbwe©Pv‡i gvQ D‡Ëvjb mgy ª ev¯Í‡eï fvimvg¨ bó Ki‡Q|

GQvovI wewfbœ DbœZ †`kmg~‡ni ivmvqwbK welv³ eR©¨ Dbœqbkxj ev `wi ª †`kmg~‡ni mgy ªmxgvq wb‡¶c Kiv n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b e‡½vcmvMi DbœZ †`kmg~‡ni ivmvqwbK welv³ eR©¨ wb‡¶‡ci GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb ’vb| DbœZ †`kmg~‡ni wewfbœ n«` Ges b`xi cvwb ivmvqwbK e‡R©ï Øviv fvix n‡q wM‡q‡Q hv gvQ wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ A‡hvM¨ n‡q wM‡q‡Q| GB mg¯Í wewfbœ cÖwµqvq gv‡Qi esk e„w× Ges wePi‡Yi cwi‡ek µgvš‡q aŸsm n‡q hv‡”Q|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. ¯^v`y cvwbi gvQ wKfv‡e wejyß n‡q hv‡”Q ? 2. DbœZ we‡k¦i †`kmg~n wK fv‡e gv‡Qi Pvwn`v †gUvq? 3. †h cwigvY gvQ aiv nq †mB cwigvY gvQ †Kb c~iY nq bv? 4. wZwg gvQ aivi Dci †Kb wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q? 5. mgy‡ ªi gv‡Qi esk e„w× wK cÖKv‡i e¨vnZ n‡”Q?

AwZ PviY (Over Grazing) : c„w_exi cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvsk f~wg wewfbœ cÖKvi I gvÎvi giæf~wg hv K…wlf~wg wn‡m‡e eënv‡ii cÖvq Abyc‡hvMx| c„w_exi cÖavb giæf~wg¸‡jv †hgb AvUvKvgv, mvnvivi cÖvwšÍK AÂjmg~n g~jZ cwieZ©bkxj GjvKv wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GB AÂj¸‡jv‡Z †h mg¯Í eQ‡i fvj e„wócvZ nq †mB eQi¸‡jv‡Z hvhvei †kªYxi cïcvjK‡ì cïPvi‡Yi †Kvb Amyweav nq bv| wKš‘ e„wónxb eQi¸‡jv‡Z GB mg¯Í AÂj cïPvi‡Yi Abychy³ n‡q c‡o| KviY cvwbi Afv‡e Z…Yf~wg Eli f~wg‡Z cwiYZ nq| Avwd«Kvi mv‡nj AÂj GB iKg GKwU cÖvwšÍK f~wg| 1970 cieZ©x‡Z µgvMZ Abve„wói Kvi‡Y †gŠixZvwbqv, †m‡bMvj, gvwj, eyiwKbv dv‡mv, bvBRvi BZ¨vw` AÂ‡ji †`kmg~‡ni Awaevmxiv ywf©‡¶ cwZZ nq| mv‡njxq cÖvwšÍK f~wg Qvwo‡q Rjvevqyi w`K †_‡K wKQyUv DbœZ cÖvq-ï®‹ AÂj i‡q‡Q| GB ai‡bi cwi‡ek Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ †`kmg~‡ni wKQy As‡k Ges my`vb, †mvgvwjqv, Bw_Iwcqv, †Kwbqv, ZvbRvwbqv, `w¶Y Avwd«Kvi wKQy As‡k, we‡kl K‡i †evZ‡mvqvbvq †`Lv hvq| ga¨ I cwðg Gwkqvi BmivBj †_‡K cvwK¯Ívb ch©šÍ †`k¸‡jv, fvi‡Zi _i giæf~wg Ges `w¶Y Av‡gwiKvi Av‡R©w›Ubvi wKQy Ask Ges DËi wPwjI GKB ai‡bi cÖvq-ï®‹ AÂj| GB mg¯Í AÂ‡j aviY ¶gZvi AwZwi³ †jvKmsL¨v evm K‡i, hv‡ì DcRxweKv g~jZ cïcvjb I cïPviY| AwZ cïPvi‡Yi Rb¨ f~wg¶q nq Ges f~wg AvjMv n‡q f~-Dcwifv‡Mi evjyKYv evqyZvwoZ n‡q ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq Ges cwi‡k‡l giæqvqb cÖwµqvi m¤cÖmviY N‡U| cÖK…Zc‡¶ GB mg¯Í AÂ‡j †jvKmsL¨v I cïPviY Av`ª© eQi¸‡jvi Rb¨ †Kvb mgm¨v bq| wKš‘ ï®‹ mg‡qi Rb¨ Zv f~wgi aviY ¶gZvi AwZwi³ n‡q hvq Ges f~wgi Dci Pvc c‡o| KviY, GB mg¯Í AÂ‡ji Awaevmxiv Z…Yf~wgi mÜv‡b GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b AwfMgb K‡i Ges GB cÖwµqvq giæqvqb cÖwµqvi m¤cÖmviY N‡U| GK AvbygvwbK wnmv‡e †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h, mvgwMÖKfv‡e we‡k¦ eZ©gvb mg‡q eªvwR‡ji †P‡qI e„nËi AÂj giæqvq‡bi AvIZvfy³|



gvbyl Ges cïi PviYf~wgi mÜv‡b GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b AwfMgb wbqš¿Y, wbqwš¿Z cïPviY, RbmsL¨v I cïmsL¨v wbqš¿Y K‡i giæqvqb cÖwµqv †iva Kiv m¤¢e| Avj‡Rwiqv wewfbœ cÖKí, †hgb ebvqb, cwiKwíZ †mP Ges bZzb ai‡bi km¨ c×wZi gva¨‡g giæqvqb †iv‡a mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q|

`w¶Y Gwkqvi AwaK RbmsL¨vi †`kmg~‡n gvby‡li evm¯’vb Ges Ab¨vb¨ AeKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Y cwZZ Ges †MvPiYf~wgi AwaKvsk eëüZ nIqvq cïPviY †¶‡Îi msKU ‡`Lv w`‡q‡Q| d‡j dmj KvUvi ci km¨‡¶Î cïPviY f~wg wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nq| km¨‡¶‡Î dmjKvUvi ci dm‡ji †Mvovi †h AskwU i‡q hvq Zv cï wePiY K‡i †L‡q _v‡K| c~‡e© Pv‡li mgq G¸‡jv gvwUi mv‡_ wgwk‡q †djv n‡Zv| G‡Z K‡i Rwgi ˆRweK mv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb wKQyUv n‡jI wgU‡Zv| eZ©gv‡b G¸‡jv cïi Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e eënv‡ii d‡j gvwU Zvi cywó A‡bKLvwb nviv‡”Q| wewfbœ cÖwµqvq cïPvi‡Yi gva¨‡g f~wg I cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ ¶wZ n‡”Q Ges cwi‡e‡ki Aa:cvZ NU‡Q|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. cÖvwšÍK f~wg wK fv‡e Eli f~wg‡Z cwiYZ nq? 2. AwZ cïPvi‡Yi cÖwZwµqv wK? 3. giæqvqb cÖwµqvi wKfv‡e m¤cÖmviY N‡U? 4. Avj‡Rwiqv wK fv‡e giæqvqb †iv‡a mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q? 5. `w¶Y Gwkqvi †`kmg~‡n †Kb cïPviY †¶‡Îi msKU †`Lv w`‡q‡Q? 6. km¨ KvUvi ci km¨‡¶‡Î cïPviY wK fv‡e gvwUi cywó bó Ki‡Q?

wb‡Pi mvivskwU c‡o Avcbvi aviYvwU AviI cwi®‹vi K‡i wbb|

cvVms‡¶c : cwi‡ek g~jZ cÖK…wZ Ges cÖK…wZ‡Z gvby‡li mgMÖ Kg©Kv‡Ûi mgwóMZ iƒc| gvbyl wewfbœfv‡e cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †_‡K RxweKv Ges Rxeb avi‡bi Dcv`vb msMÖn K‡i| GB Dcv`vb msMÖn cÖwµqvq wewfbœfv‡e cwi‡e‡ki ¶wZ K‡i Ges cwi‡e‡ki Aa:cvZ NUvq| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Aa:cv‡Zi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY c„w_exe¨vcx RbmsL¨vi AvksKvRbK e„w×| AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖK…wZ †_‡K AwaK cwigv‡Y RxweKv Ges Rxeb avi‡bi Dcv`vb msMÖn Kiv n‡”Q| hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z cÖK…wZi fvimvg¨ bó n‡”Q Ges mvgwMÖK cwi‡ek fvimvg¨nxb n‡q c‡o‡Q, cwi‡e‡ki Dci hvi my`~i cÖmvix cÖfve j¶¨ Kiv hv‡”Q| RbmsL¨v e„w× cwi‡ek wech©‡qi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| wkíwecø‡ei cieZ©x‡Z cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb RbmsL¨v e„w×‡Z BwZevPK f~wgKv iv‡L Ges wewfbœfv‡e cwi‡e‡k cÖfve †d‡j| cwi‡e‡ki Aa:cv‡Z ebwbab, AwZPvl, AwZ grm¨ Pvl Ges AwZPvi‡Yi we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| ebwba‡bi Kvi‡Y c„w_exe¨vcx ebk~b¨Zvi m„wó n‡”Q| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K mwVK ch©v‡q ivLvi Rb¨ ebf~wgi GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| ebf~wg wba‡bi wcQ‡b wewfbœ KviY wµqvkxj| c„w_exe¨vcx AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Lv‡`ï cÖ‡qvR‡b ebf~wg †K‡U Pv‡li Rwg‡Z cwiYZ Kiv n‡”Q| GQvovI eëmvwfwËK wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b KvV ißvwb K‡iI ebf~wg aesm Kiv n‡”Q| AwZPv‡li Kvi‡Y Rwg Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq cywó nviv‡”Q| ivmvqwbK mvi eënvi K‡i Ges †m‡Pi gva¨‡g AwZwi³ dmj Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e n‡jI µgvMZ GKB Rwg evisevi GKB dmj Drcv`‡b eënv‡ii d‡j Pv‡li Rwg µgvš‡q Drcv`b ¶gZv nvwi‡q cÖvwšÍK f~wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡”Q| GQvov AwZ gvÎvq †mP wbf©i Pvl c×wZi Kvi‡Y f~Mf©¯’ cvwb ¯Íi wb‡P †b‡g wM‡q giæqvq‡bi cÖmvi NUv‡”Q| ivmvqwbK mv‡ii AwaK eënvi Rwgi Drcv`b ¶gZv µgvš‡q n«vm Ki‡Q| AwZ grm¨ Pv‡li Kvi‡Y wewfbœ cÖRvwZi A‡bK RbwcÖq gvQ wejywßi c‡_| AZ¨vaywbK h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ evwYR¨ wfwËK AwaK cwigv‡Y grm¨ Avni‡Yi d‡j grm¨ RbmsL¨v µgvš‡q K‡g hv‡”Q| grm¨ Avni‡Yi mgq gv‡Qi †cvbv AwaK cwigv‡Y aesm n‡”Q| d‡j gv‡Qi ¯^vfvweK RxebPµ e¨vnZ n‡”Q| GQvovI grm¨ Avni‡Yi mgq Ab¨vb¨ wewfbœ cÖRvwZi AcÖ‡qvRbxq gvQ aiv c‡o aesm n‡”Q| AwZPviY c„w_exi wewfbœ cÖvwšÍK AÂ‡ji Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v| GB mg Í AÂ‡ji Awaevmx‡ì cïcvjb GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb DcRxweKv| AwZ cïPvi‡Yi d‡j PviY‡¶Î¸‡jvi aviY ¶gZv AwZµg K‡i Abye©i Eli f~wg‡Z cwiYZ nq| GB mg¯Í AÂ‡ji Awaevmxiv Zv‡ì cïi cvj wb‡q GK Z…Yf~wg wb:†kl K‡i Ab¨ Z…Yf~wg Ges µgvš‡q ebf~wg‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i| d‡j GKB cÖwµqvq cïPviYf~wg PviY‡¶Î wn‡m‡e A‡hvM¨ n‡q µgvš‡q ï®‹ f~wg‡Z cwiYZ nq| GBfv‡e giæqvqb cÖwµqvi cÖmvi N‡U| d‡j cwi‡e‡ki Aa:cvZ N‡U|



cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb : 6.2 ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ: 1. mZ¨ n‡j ÔmÕ Avi wg_©¨v n‡j ÔwgÕ wjLyb (mgq 3 wgwbU): 1.1 1970 Gi `k‡K meyR wecøe (Green Revolution) ïiæ n‡j Pvl‡hvM¨ DbœZ K…wlf~wgi

AwaKvskB Pvlfy³ nq| 1.2 wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z wkíRvZ ivmvqwbK c`v_© b`x Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¯^v y cvwbi Rjvk‡q wgwkªZ

nIqvi Kvi‡Y †jvbv cvwbi gvQ jyßcÖvq| 1.3 c„w_exi cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvsk f~wg wewfbœ cÖKvi I gvÎvi giæf~wg hv K…wlf~wg wn‡m‡e e¨env‡ii

Dc‡hvMx| 1.4 AwZ cïPvi‡Yi Rb¨ f~wg¶q nq Ges f~wg AvjMv n‡q f~-Dcwifv‡Mi evjyKYv evqyZvwoZ n‡q

¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|

2. k~b¨¯’vb cyiY Kiæb (mgq 3 wgwbU): 2.1 ebwbabKiY cwi‡ek ----------GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| 2.2 80 Gi `k‡K FAO-Gi GK mgx¶v Abyhvqx cÖvq --------- wgwjqb †n±i µvšÍxq AiY¨ f~wg cÖwZ

eQi ebk~b¨ n‡q‡Q| 2.3 Rbk~b¨Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY wek¦e¨vcx RbmsL¨v --------| 2.4 1971 †_‡K 1986 mv‡ji g‡a¨ K…wlf~wg -------- wgwjqY †n±i †e‡o‡Q| 2.5 1971 †_‡K 1984 mv‡ji ga¨eZx© mg‡q yB-cÂgvsk ebk~b¨Zvi cÖavb KviYB n‡jv ebf~wg‡Z --

--------| 2.6 ---------- gÛ‡ji ebf~wgmg~n wewfbœ cÖRvwZi Dw™¢` I RxeRš‘i mg„× fvÛvi|

msw¶ß cÖkœvejx (mgq 4x2=8 wgwbU): -1. eb wba‡bi cÖavb KviY¸‡jv we‡k lY Kiæb Ges cÖwZwµqv m¤‡Ü wjLyb|

2. cwi‡e‡ki Dci ebk~b¨Zvi cÖwZwµqv¸‡jv e¨³ Kiæb| 3. AwZ Pv‡li KviY Ges AwZ Pv‡li cÖwZwµqv m¤^‡Ü wjLyb| 4. meyR wecøe KLb †_‡K ïiæ nq Ges meyR wecø‡ei d‡j cwi‡e‡ki wKfv‡e Aa:cvZ N‡U? 5. cwi‡e‡ki Dci AwZ grm¨ Pvl Ges AwZ cïPvi‡Yi cÖwZwµqv m¤‡Ü wjLyb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ: 1. eb wbabKiY ej‡Z wK eySvq? eb wbabKi‡Yi KviY I cwi‡e‡ki Dci ebk b¨Zvi cÖwZwµqv eY©bv Kiæb| 2. eb wbabKiY ej‡Z wK eySvq? AwZ Pvl, grm¨ wkKvi, cï PviY wKfv‡e eb wba‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ|



cwi‡ek ~lY I †ivMe¨vwa (Enviromental Pollution and Diseases) GB cvV c‡o Avcwb- � gvbyl m„ó wewfbœ Dcv`vb Øviv cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek ev gvby‡li evm‡hvM¨ cwi‡e‡ki †h ~lY n‡”Q †mB

`~lY cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| cwi‡ek ~lY I †ivMe¨vwa (Environmental Pollution and Diseases) cwi‡ek cÖvK…wZK I gvbweK Dfq cwi‡e‡ki mgš‡q MwVZ| Aek¨ cwi‡ek ej‡Z Lye mxwgZ A‡_© A‡bK †¶‡Î cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K †evSvq| Z‡e mvaviYfv‡e cÖvK…wZK f~ „‡k¨ †h ˆRweK Rxeb-cÖvYx I Dw™¢`‡K wN‡i †h mvgwMÖK evwn¨K Ae¯’v Zv‡K cwi‡ek e‡j| †fŠ‡MvwjK „wó‡KvY †_‡K cwi‡ek g~jZ cÖK…wZ I cÖK…wZ‡Z gvby‡li mgMÖ Kg©Kv‡Ûi mgwóMZ iƒc‡K †evSvq| cÖK…wZ I gvby‡li Kvh©KviY, AvPi‡Yi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ wfbœZv †`Lv hvq|

gvbyl Zvi wµqvKjv‡ci Øviv wewfbœfv‡e cwi‡ek‡K „wlZ Ki‡Q| gvby‡li wµqvKjv‡ci Øviv cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi ~lY‡K mvaviYfv‡e cwi‡ek ~lY ejv nq| gvbyl mivmwi ev c‡iv¶fv‡e cwi‡ek ~lY Ki‡Q hvi ¶wZKi cÖwZwµqv gvbyl Ges Ab¨vb¨ Rx‡ei Rb¨ gvivZ¥K ûgwK¯îƒci, cwi‡e‡ki RbÏ ¶wZKviK| cwi‡ek ~lY cwi‡e‡ki eënvwiK I Rxebhvc‡bi my‡hvMmyweav m„wóKvix mg¯Í e¯‘i g‡a¨ êKj¨ ev ¯vfvweK Kvh©KvwiZvq A¶gZv Av‡b| eZ©gv‡b cwi‡ek ~lY GKwU gvivZ¥K Ges Ab¨Zg mgm¨v wn‡m‡e wPwýZ|

wkí wecø‡ei cieZ©x‡Z wewfbœ wk‡íi weKvk I DbœwZi d‡j gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li Pvwn`v eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges Pvwn`vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z wewfbœ wkíRvZ ª‡eï Drcv`b e„w× †c‡q‡Q| GB mg Í wkíRvZ ª‡eï Drcv`b wb:m„Z wewfbœ ivmvqwbK eR©¨ cvwb, gvwU I evqy‡K wewfbœ cÖwµqvq welv³ Ki‡Q| wkíwecø‡ei cieZ©x‡Z gvby‡li Rxeb gv‡bi DbœwZi d‡j gvby‡li g„Zz¨nvi K‡g wM‡q‡Q Ges Rb¥nvi e„w× †c‡q‡Q| d‡j RbmsL¨v DË‡ivËi e„w× cv‡”Q| ewa©Z RbmsL¨vi Lv‡`ï Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi j‡¶¨ AwaK Lv`¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvk‡Ki eënvi gvwU I cvwb‡K µgvMZ welv³ K‡i Zzj‡Q| RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii cwienb gva¨g eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| GB mg¯Í cwienb †_‡K DwÌZ wewfbœ cÖKvi M¨vm evqygÛj‡K `~wlZ Ki‡Q| wkí-KviLvbv, Nievwo BZ¨vw`‡Z R¡vjvwbi Rb¨ eëüZ wewfbœ c`v_© `n‡bi d‡j wewfbœ M¨vm cÖwZwbqZ evqyi mv‡_ wgwkªZ n‡q evqy `~lY Ki‡Q| GQvovI bvMwiK Rxe‡bi ˆ`bw›`b eënvi Abyc‡hvMx wewfbœ KwVb eR©¨ c`v_© I Ab¨vb¨ AveR©bv I gqjv kn‡ii cwi‡ek ~l‡Y f~wgKv ivL‡Q|

Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q, †h me ~lK Øviv cwi‡ek ~wlZ nq, A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b GB mg Í ~l‡Ki AMÖMY¨ f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ I Dbœqb hZ †ewk n‡”Q, ~l‡Yi gvÎvI †mB cwigv‡Y e„w× cv‡”Q| d‡j ~lY cÖwZ‡iva GKwU RwUj I e¨q mva¨ e¨vcv‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| RbmsL¨vi DË‡ivËi e„w× ~l‡Yi GB gvÎv‡K Z¡ivwšZ Ki‡Q| wesk kZvãx‡Z c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li msL¨v ‡e‡o‡Q wZb¸b|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b : 1. cwi‡ek ~lY Kv‡K e‡j? 2. cwi‡ek ~l‡Yi d‡j wK nq? 3. wkíRvZ `ª‡eï Drcv`b wKfv‡e cwi‡ek ~lY Ki‡Q? 4. cwi‡ek `~lY cÖavbZ wK wK gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K?

cvV-6.3



cwi‡ek ~l‡Yi cÖKvi (Types of Pollution) : wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii cwi‡ek ~lY‡K cÖavbZ wZbwU †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq-evqy `~lY, cvwb ~lY I gvwU ev g„wËKv ~lY| GQvovI AviI wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii ~lY i‡q‡Q hv cwi‡e‡ki cÖf~Z ¶wZ K‡i|

evqy ~lY I †ivMe¨vwa (Air Pollution and Diseases) : wewfbœ cÖwµqvq evqy `~lY nq| wewfbœ cÖKvi cwien‡b eëüZ R¡vjvwb evqy ~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| GQvovI wkí KviLvbv I evwoN‡i eëüZ R¡vjvwb †_‡K Drcbœ wewfbœ welv³ M¨vm, kn‡ii gqjv AveR©bv †cvov‡bv †_‡K Drcbœ M¨vm evqy ~l‡Y D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv iv‡L|

wewfbœ cÖKvi †gvUihvb, D‡ovRvnvR, gnvKv‡k Drw¶ß i‡KU evqy ~l‡Y D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv iv‡L| DbœZ we‡k¦ cwievi cÖwZ †gvUihv‡bi msL¨v µgvš‡q evo‡Q| GQvovI bMivq‡bi nvi e„w× cvIqvq c„w_exi mgMÖ RbmsL¨vi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ask eZ©gv‡b knievmx| GB RbmsL¨v µgk ea©gvb| bMixi RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †gvUihv‡bi msL¨vI evo‡Q| 1950 mvj bvMv` mgMÖ we‡k¦i †gvUihv‡bi msL¨v wQj cÖvq 40 wgwjqb ev 4 †KvwU, 1990 mv‡j GB msL¨v †e‡o AvbygvwbK 400 wgwjqb ev 40 †KvwU‡Z uvwo‡q‡Q| d‡j †gvUihvb Øviv evqy ~lY wK cwigvY †e‡o‡Q Zv mn‡RB Aby‡gq| hwÌ g‡b Kiv nq

†gvUihvb RwbZ evqy ~lY g~jZ wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jvi GKwU Ab¨Zg mgm¨v, wKš‘ AvMvgx‡Z DbœZ we‡k¦i Zzjbvq Z…Zxq we‡k¦ AwaK nv‡i bMivqb cÖwµqv Pj‡e| d‡j †gvUihvb †_‡K wbM©Z ~l‡Ki cwigvYI evo‡e Ges †gvUihvb Øviv evqy ~lY Z…Zxq we‡k¦B me©vwaK n‡e e‡j Abygvb Kiv n‡”Q| GK wnmve Abyhvqx eZ©gvb kZ‡Ki 10 wgwjqb (1 †KvwU) RbmsL¨vq AwaKvsk bMicyÄB Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦ Aew¯’Z| hvi d‡j AvbygvwbK cÖvq 300 wgwjqb ev 30 †KvwU †jvK GB mg¯Í bMixq cwi‡e‡k evqy ~l‡Yi cÖfvevaxb _vK‡e|

†gvUihvb †_‡K †h mg Í ~lK evqy‡Z wgwkªZ n‡”Q †m¸‡jv n‡jv Kve©b g‡bv·vBW, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb A·vBWmg~n, mvjdvi A·vBWmg~n, nvB‡WªvKve©b Ges Ab¨vb¨ fvmgvb e¯‘KYvmg~n| GQvov M¨v‡mvwj‡bi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mxmv ms‡hvR‡bi d‡j evqy‡Z mxmv ~lYI hy³ nq| Avevi D‡ovRvnvR, i‡KU †_‡K wbM©Z †auvqvi mv‡_ nvB‡WªvKve©b, bvB‡Uªv‡Rb-WvB-A·vBW, Kve©b g‡bv·vBW wgwkªZ _v‡K|

Dc‡iv³ ~lKmg~n gvbyl, hveZxq Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¶wZKi| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb-WvB-A·vBW, kvmZ‡š¿i ¶wZ mvab K‡i Ges MvQcvjv aŸsm K‡i, nvB‡WªvKve©b m~h© iwk¥i mv‡_ wg‡j bvB‡Uªv‡Rb-WvB-A·vBW †auvqv wgwkªZ Kzqvkv ev †auvqvkvi m„wó K‡i hv gvby‡li †Pv‡Li Rb¨ ¶wZKviK| †auvqvkvq †PvL R¡vjv Kiv QvovI dzmdz‡mi ¶wZ, gv_v e¨v_v, eyK R¡vjv, k¦vmKó, ewg ewg fve, Mjv e¨_v BZ¨vw` bvbv Dcm‡M©i m„wó K‡i| Kve©b g‡bv·vBW gvbe‡`‡n i‡³i †jvwnZ KwYKvq Aw·‡Rb we‡kvlY wewNœZ K‡i Ges øvqyweK I ü`h‡š¿i mgm¨vi m„wó nq| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb I mvjdvi A·vBWmg~n dzmdz‡mi ¶gZv n«vm K‡i Ges kvmbvjxi wewfbœ cÖKvi †iv‡Mi cÖ‡Kvc NUvq| evqy‡Z mxmv ~lY i³ mÂvjb, cÖRbb I g~Î MÖwš’i Kvh©¶gZv n«vm K‡i Ges wkï‡ì wk¶Y ¶gZvI n«vm cvq| we‡klÁ‡ì g‡Z cwienb R¡vjvwb wbM©Z †Kvb †Kvb welv³ M¨vm NvZK e¨vwa K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi GKwU KviY| R¡vjvwb †cvov‡bv †auvqv Dw™¢‡ì

-mv‡jvK ms‡k lY ¶gZv n«vm K‡i| nvB‡WªvKve©b MvQcvjvi e„w× †iva K‡i|

wkí KviLvbv, evwoNi BZ¨vw`‡Z eëüZ R¡vjvwb `nb †_‡K mvjdvi-WvB-A·vBW Ges bvB‡Uªv‡Rb WvB-A·vBW evqy‡Z wgwkªZ nq| mvjdvi WvB-A·vBW gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi k¦vmZ‡š¿i Dci ¶wZKi cÖfve †d‡j| GQvovI gv_v e¨v_v, Kvwk, †PvL R¡vjv BZ¨vw` bvbvwea DcmM© †`Lv ‡`q| cvwievwiK Rxe‡b eëüZ ªe¨vw`, †hgb ‡iwd«Rv‡iUi, †cvKvgvKo wba‡bi Rb¨ G¨v‡ivmj BZ¨vw` †_‡K bvBUªvm A·vBW Ges mvjdvi WvB A·vBW M¨vm wbM©Z nq hv wewfbœfv‡e ¯^v‡¯’ï Dci ¶wZKi cÖfve †d‡j|

kn‡ii hÎZÎ AveR©bvi ¯‘c bMi mf¨Zvi GKwU ¶wZKi Ae`vb| we‡k¦i eo eo kni¸‡jv we‡kl K‡i Z…Zxq we‡k¦i kni¸‡jvi ˆ`bw›`b eR©¨ I AveR©bv cwi®‹vi Kiv GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| GB mg¯Í eR©¨ I AveR©bv AwaKvsk †¶‡Î cywo‡q †djv nq| eR©¨ I AveR©bv †cvov‡bv †_‡K DwÌZ ay‡jv I cvi` gvby‡li ¯œvqyZ‡š¿i ¶wZmvab K‡i| evqygÛ‡j wewfbœ ~lK KwYKv gvby‡li k¦vmZ‡š¿ Rgv n‡q nuvcvwb Ges k¦vmbvjxi cÖ`vnRwbZ †iv‡Mi m„wó K‡i| ˆ`bw›`b eënvh© c`v_© †_‡K wbM©Z †K¬vwib MvQcvjv I djg~‡ji ¶wZ K‡i|



wk‡ívbœZ †`kmg~‡n A¤ø e„wócvZ GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v| Kqjv †cvov‡bvi mgq Avqib mvjdvB‡Wi wKQy KYv cy‡o wM‡q mvjdvi-WvB-A·vBW evqygÛ‡j wg‡k hvq| mvjdvi-WvB-A·vBW Ges mv‡_ bvBUªvm A·vBW evqygÛ‡j cvwbi mv‡_ wgwkªZ n‡q mvjwdDwiK Gwm‡W cwiYZ nq Ges A¤ø e„wócvZ NUvq| A¤øwgwkªZ e„wócvZ g„wËKv I Dw™¢` weKv‡ki Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¶wZKviK| GB e„wócv‡Zi d‡j Rjvkqmg~‡ni A¤øxKiY N‡U Ges g„wËKvi cywó Dcv`vb webó nq| Gi d‡j cvZv Sj‡m nj‡` e‡Y©i nq Ges cwi‡k‡l KzuP‡K wM‡q wba©vwiZ mg‡qi c~‡e©B S‡i hvq| g„wËKvq A¤ø‡Z¡i cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j Mv‡Qi g~‡ji ¶wZ nq Ges Mv‡Qi e„w× e¨vnZ nq| A¤ø e„wócv‡Zi cÖwZwµqv `xN©‡gqvw` I my`~i cÖmvix n‡Z cv‡i| A¤ø e„wócv‡Zi cÖfve †Kvb we‡kl †`k ev A¤ø e„wócvZ m„wóKvix †`‡ki g‡a¨ me mgq mxgve× _v‡K bv| ~ieZ©x †`kmg~‡nI A¤ø e„wócvZ n‡Z cv‡i| KviY A¤ø e„wócvZ m„wóKvix GwmW evqy cÖev‡ni mv‡_ eû ~i

ch©šÍ †f‡m †h‡Z cv‡i| BD‡iv‡ci †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ weª‡Ub †_‡K myBRvij¨vÛ ch©šÍ A¤ø e„wócv‡Zi we¯Ívi NU‡Z cv‡i| Gwkqv-cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq †`kmg~‡n A¤ø e„wócvZRwbZ mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡q‡Q|

MÖxY-nvDm cÖwZwµqv evqy ~l‡Yi GKwU Ab¨Zg ¶wZKi cÖfve| c„w_ex‡Z †jvK msL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ LwbR R¡vjvwbi eënvi µgvMZ evo‡Q| Gi d‡j evqygÛ‡j Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY evo‡Q| GQvovI MvQ wbab, MvQcvjv I ˆRe c`v‡_©i cP‡bi d‡jI wecyj cwigvY Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW evqygÛ‡j mwÂZ n‡”Q| Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW evqy gÛ‡j µgvMZ Rgv n‡”Q Ges Aeiæ× _vK‡Q| d‡j c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv µgvMZ e„w× cv‡”Q| cwimsL¨vb Abyhvqx 1850 mv‡j evqygÛ‡j Kve©b-WvB-A·vB‡Wi cwigvY wQj 280-290 wcwcGg hv eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 350 wcwcGg Ges 2050 mvj bvMv` 500-700 wcwcGg n‡Z cv‡i|

Z‡e MÖxY-nvDm cÖwZwµqvi Rb¨ †K¬v‡ivdy¬‡iv Kve©b‡KI `vqx Kiv nq| †K¬v‡ivd¬z‡iv Kve©b G¨v‡ivmj, wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii kxZvZvc I wngvqK h‡š¿ eënvi Kiv nq| †K¬v‡ivd¬z‡iv Kve©b c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv‡K AvU‡K iv‡L, hvi d‡j c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv e„w× cv‡”Q e‡j aviYv Kiv n‡”Q| evqygÛ‡ji †h I‡Rvb ¯Íi m~h© wKi‡Yi ¶wZKi iwk¥ †_‡K c„w_exi ˆRweK Rxeb‡K i¶v K‡i, †mB I‡Rvb ¯Íi Acm„Z nIqvi Rb¨ †K¬v‡ivd¬z‡iv Kve©b‡K `vqx Kiv nq| GB I‡Rvb ¯Íi m~‡h©i AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥‡K ï‡l wb‡q c„w_ex‡K AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥ †_‡K i¶v K‡i| c„w_ex‡Z AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥ †e‡o †M‡j gvby‡li Pvgovi K¨vÝvi nIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| I‡Rvb M¨v‡mi cwigvY n«vm †c‡j evqygÛ‡ji D”P¯Í‡ii ZvcgvÎv K‡g wM‡q c„w_exi AvenvIqvi cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡i|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. DbœZ we‡k¦i †`k¸wj‡Z evqy `~lY e„w× cvIqvi KviY wK wK? 2. Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸wj‡Z evqy ~lY e„w×i †Kb AvksKv Kiv n‡”Q? 3. †gvUihvb †_‡K †h mg Í ~lK evqy‡Z wgk‡Q †m¸‡jv wK wK ? 4. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb-WvB-A·vBW wK ¶wZ mvab K‡i? 5. evZv‡m Kve©b g‡bv·vBW evo‡j wK ai‡bi AmyL n‡Z cv‡i? 6. evqy‡Z mxmv `~l‡Yi d‡j wK ai‡bi †ivM nq? 7. mvjdvi-WvB-A·vBW gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxi Dci wK ai‡bi ¶wZKi cÖfve †d‡j? 8. †iwd«Rv‡iUi I G¨v‡ivmj †_‡K wK M¨vm wbM©Z nq? 9. eR©¨ I AveR©bv †cvov‡bv ~lK gvby‡li wK ai‡bi ¶wZ K‡i? 10. A¤ø e„wócv‡Zi ¶wZKi cÖfve wK? 11. MÖxY-nvDm cÖwZwµqv wK? 12. MÖxY-nvDm cÖwZwµqvi d‡j wK nq? 13. I‡Rvb ¯Íi K‡g †M‡j evqygÛ‡j wK Ae¯’vi m„wó n‡e?

Dc‡ii cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`‡j Avcbvi evqy ~lY m¤^‡Ü GKwU cwi®‹vi aviYv Rb¥v‡e| aviYvwU AviI ¯úó nIqvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi mvivskwU co–b|

evqy ~lY cwi‡ek ~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg cÖavb GKwU KviY| wewfbœ cwienb hvb, KjKviLvbv, evwoNi BZ¨vw`‡Z eëüZ wewfbœ cÖKvi R¡vjvwb `nb †_‡K wbM©Z wewfbœ M¨vmxq ~lK c`v_© evqygÛ‡j `xN©Kvj



a‡i Rgv n‡Z _v‡K hvi d‡j evqy evqy ~lK Øviv fvwi I `ywlZ nq| evqy ~l‡Yi d‡j wk‡ívbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z A¤ø e„wócvZ N‡U| Zv ïay wk‡ívbœZ †`‡kB mxgve× _v‡K bv, evqy cÖev‡ni mv‡_ ~lK evqy cÖevwnZ n‡q eû ~i †`‡kI Zv NU‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI evqy‡Z Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW I †K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©‡bi cwigvY wewfbœ cÖwµqvq e„w× cvIqvq MÖxY nvDm cÖwZwµqv j¶¨ Kiv hv‡”Q| evqy ~l‡Yi ¶wZKi cÖfve gvbyl, Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxKzj, MvQcvjv, dmj BZ¨vwì Dci co‡Q| evqy ~l‡Ki cÖfv‡e gvby‡li øvqyZš¿, k¦vmZš¿, `„wókw³i ¶wZ n‡”Q| GQvovI wewfbœ gvivZ¥K NvZK e¨vwa, †hgb K¨vÝvi I Ab¨vb¨ †ivM we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Q| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek wewfbœfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q| evqy ~lY MvQcvjvi e„w× e¨vnZ K‡i; MvQcvjv, djg~j, km¨ BZ¨vwì Drcv`‡b ¶wZKi cÖfve †dj‡Q|

cvwb ~lY (Water Pollution) : gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ I Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y cÖwZwbqZ cvwb ~wlZ n‡”Q| ~lK Øviv cvwbi ¯^vfvweK cÖvK…wZK Pµ e¨vnZ n‡q cvwbi mnRvZ êwkó¨mg~n webó n‡q cvwb ~lY nq| Gi ¶wZKi cÖfve c‡o gvbyl, cvwb‡Z wePiYKvix cÖvYx Ges Dw™¢` RM‡Zi Dci|

cvwb ~lY AwaK †jvKmsL¨v Aay¨wlZ kni¸‡jvi GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v| GB mg Í kni¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœfv‡e eëüZ cvwb †K¬vwib w`‡q weï× Kiv n‡jI cÖgvY cvIqv wM‡q‡Q †h, cvwbi g‡a¨ D”P gvÎvq eZ©gvb cÖvwYR ˆRweK c`v_© †K¬vwi‡bi cvwb wek¦×KiY cÖfve †_‡K fvBivmmg~n‡K i¶v K‡i| †K¬vwib Øviv weï× cvwb †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î gvby‡li ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ gvivZ¥K ûgwK¯îƒc| hy³iv‡óªi †ncvUvBwUm †iv‡Mi AvksKvRbK we¯Ívi †kŠPvMv‡ii cvwb †K¬vwi‡bi Øviv weï× K‡i Lvevi cvwb wn‡m‡e eënv‡ii Rb¨ n‡q‡Q e‡j aviYv Kiv n‡”Q| cvwb †K¬vwib Øviv weï× Kivi cÖavb mgm¨v n‡jv wKQy ‡K¬vwib wgkªY Av‡Q hv †K¬vwibvqb cÖwµqvi d‡j m„wó nq Ges cvwbi weKvi NUvq| GQvovI eo eo kni¸‡jv‡Z RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j cq:wb®‹vkb eë ’v wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i P‡j hv‡”Q| d‡j cvwb mn‡RB wewfbœfv‡e ~wlZ n‡”Q| b`x ZxieZ©x kn‡ii cq:wb®‹vkb mvaviYZ b`xi gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K| d‡j b`xi cq:wb®‹vkb ¶gZv n«vm †c‡q cvwb AwZ gvÎvq ~wlZ n‡q c‡o|

cvwb `~lY cÖavbZ wZbfv‡e n‡q _v‡K- K. b ©gvq wb®‹vwkZ AveR©bv Øviv; L. K„wlRvZ wb®‹vkb Øviv; M. wkí eR©¨ c`v_© Øviv; N. f~Mf©¯’ cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wbK Øviv ~lY|

K. b ©gvq wb®‹vwkZ AveR©bv Øviv ~lY (Pollution by the Waste in Drains): b`©gvi AveR©bvq cÖvYx I Dw™¢` RvZxq c`v_© cÖPzi cwigv‡Y _v‡K hv Rgv n‡q µgk cP‡Z _v‡K| GB cPb cÖwµqvq cÖPzi Aw·‡Rb eëüZ nq| d‡j Aw·‡R‡bi Afve †`Lv †`q| Gi d‡j RjR cÖvYx I Dw™¢` †eu‡P _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| GQvovI eë ’vK…Z AveR©bvq ivmvqwbK c`v_© bvB‡UªU I dm‡dUmg~n Rgv nq †h¸‡jv GjwM bvgK GK‡Kvl wewkó AwZ ¶z`ª Dw™¢` weKv‡k mvnvh¨ K‡i| GjwMmg~n †hgb ZvovZvwo ev‡o †Zgwb ZvovZvwo webó N‡U| G‡ì cPb cÖwµqvq cÖPzi Aw·‡R‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|

cvwbi cywó Dcv`vbmg~n g~jZ dmdivm Ges bvB‡Uªv‡Rb hv‡ì AwaKgvÎvi Ae¯’vb e¨vcK AvKv‡i GjwM ev ˆkevj, Macrophytes RvZxq Dw™¢‡ì Rb¥ †`q| Macrophyte (Kjwg jZvmn wewfbœ cÖKvi kvK) cvwb †_‡K cÖPzi cwigv‡Y cywó Dcv`vb ï‡q †bq hv Lvevi wn‡m‡e gvby‡li cwicvKZ‡š¿ Rgv n‡q †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi NUvq|

L. K…wlRvZ wb®‹vkb Øviv ~lY (Pollution Through the Drianage of Agricultural Wase): K…wl‡Z eëüZ wewfbœ KxUbvkK, bvB‡UªU Ges Ab¨vb¨ ivmvqwbK mvi wewfbœ gva¨‡g f~c„‡ôi wewfbœ Rjvk‡qi cvwb‡KB ïay ~wlZ K‡i bv, f~Mf©¯’ cvwb‡KI ~wlZ K‡i| GB cvwb weï× Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e| Gi d‡j cvwbevwnZ wewfbœ †ivM AvksKvRbKnv‡i e„w× ‡c‡q‡Q, †hgb ‡ncvUvBwUm, Avgvkq BZ¨vw`| cvwb‡Z wewfbœ ivmvqwbK wgkªY kix‡i welwµqv m„wó K‡i| Avi GKwU ¯^v¯’¨k~j n‡jv cvwb‡Z bvB‡UªU ~lY| eZ©gvb hy‡M K…wl‡Z bvB‡UªU AwaK gvÎvq eëüZ nq hv wewfbœfv‡e cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq Ges



k‡mï g‡aÏ AwaKgvÎvq Rgv nq| bvB‡UªU hwÌ Lye GKUv ¶wZKviK bq, Z‡e hw` †Kvb RxevYy cwicvKZ‡š¿ †_‡K hvq Z‡e RxevYy¸‡jv bvB‡UªU‡K welv³ wbUªvBU (Nitrites) G cwiYZ K‡i| GQvovI †Kvb †Lvjv cv‡Î iw¶Z Lv‡`¨ bvB‡UªUm wbUªvBU‡m cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i hv M„ncvwjZ cï Ges wkï‡ì Rb¨ gvivZ¥K SzuwKc~Y©| wkï‡ì i³ cÖev‡n bvB‡UªU †kvwlZ n‡j Aw·‡Rb enbKvix jvj i³ KwYKvq wewµqv K‡i| d‡j †g‡_v‡gv‡Møvweb (Methomoglobin) m„wó nq| hvi d‡j wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi Aw·‡Rb cwienb ¶gZv bó n‡q hvq Ges †g‡_v‡gv‡Møvwe‡bwgqv (Methomoglobinemia) †iv‡Mi Rb¥ nq| GB †ivM n‡j k¦vmKó nq hv k¦vm‡iv‡a iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡Z cv‡i| hy³iv‡óªi wewfbœ AÂ‡j we‡kl K‡i K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvi ga¨ DcZ¨Kv AÂ‡j, †hgb DBmKbwmb, wg‡kŠix, Bwjb‡q wkï‡ì g‡a¨ GB †ivM we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q| GjwMb kni Ges wg‡b‡mvUvq cvwb‡Z bvB‡UªU ~l‡Yi gvÎv †e‡o hvIqvq KZ…©c¶ bZzb cvwbi Drm †ei Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q‡Q|

M. wkí eR©¨ c`v_© Øviv `~lY (Pollution by Industrial Waste) : RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ wkí KviLvbvi msL¨v e„w× †c‡q‡Q| AwaKvsk wk‡íi Ae¯’vb mvaviYZ cvwbi Dr‡mi wbK‡U n‡q _v‡K| wkí KviLvbv †_‡K wewfbœ ivmvqwbK wkí eR©¨, †hgb †j`, mvjwdDwiK GwmW, nvB‡Wªvd¬zwiK GwmW, †dbj, B_vi, †ebwRb, G‡gvwbqv BZ¨vw` cvwbi mv‡_ wgwkªZ n‡q cvwb ~lY K‡i| G¸‡jv Øviv ïay b`x, n«`, mgy ª ZxieZ©x cvwb ~wlZ nq bv, gvwU PyuB‡q f~Mf© ’ cvwb‡Z wg‡k f~Mf©¯’ cvwb‡KI ~lY K‡i| wk‡íi ivmvqwbK eR©¨ Øviv cvwb ~l‡Yi d‡j wewfbœ kvixwiK Amy¯’Zv †`Lv ‡`q Ges cwi‡e‡k fvimvg¨nxbZv Av‡b|

N. Av‡m©wbK `~lY (Arsenic Pollution) : Av‡m©wbK ¯^v` MÜnxb GKwU ivmvqwbK †gŠj hv mvaviYZ AvKwiK wn‡m‡e cÖK…wZ‡Z cvIqv hvq| GKwU †hŠwMK c`v‡_©i ZviZg¨‡f‡` gvbe‡`‡n g„ y †_‡K cÖej welwµqv NUvq| f~Mf©¯’ cvwb cv‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ †ewk¶Y D‡Ëvjb Ki‡j f~M‡f©i wewfbœ ¯Í‡i †h †gUvwjK Av‡m©wbK ÔAvqib cvBivUmÕ _v‡K Zv evqy mwµq AÂ‡j Qwo‡q co‡Z cv‡i| d‡j evqy mwµq AÂ‡j f~c„‡ô †b‡g Avmv evqy Aw·‡Rbmg„× cvwbi mv‡_ wewµqvq ÔAv‡m©‡bv cvBivBUÕ c‡KU m„wó K‡i hv GKwU ~lY¸”Q (Pollution Plume) m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Av‡m©wb‡Ki †h †Kvb ªeYB welv³| Ab¨w`‡K Av‡m©‡bvcvBivU LwbR c`v_©wU †_‡K wcwUmvBU (Pitticite) bvgK †jŠnhy³ †hŠMwU cvwb‡Z wg‡k ªexf~Z n‡q welv³ Av‡m©wbK ªe‡Yi m„wó K‡i| AwZwi³ bjK~‡ci cvwb D‡Ëvj‡bi Kvi‡Y Av‡m©wbK `~lY f~M‡f© e¨vcK nv‡i Qwo‡q c‡o|

Av‡m©wbK cÖwZwµqv gvbe‡`‡n Lye ax‡i cÖKvk cvq| cÖ_‡g †Kvb wKQyB aiv c‡o bv| `xN©w`b gvÎvwZwi³ Av‡m©wbK ~wlZ cvwb †L‡j Pg©‡ivM, hK…‡Zi ùxwZ, i³k~b¨Zv, AwMœgv›`¨ ev ¶zav n«vm, Kv‡b Kg †kvbv, Pvgovi K¨vÝvi, GgbwK g„ZzÏ n‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI hK„‡Zi mgm¨v, k¦vmKó, Wvqwiqv, ¯œvqy‰eKj¨ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

evsjv‡`k, cwðge½mn c„w_exi wewfbœ AÂ‡j Av‡m©wbK ~lY AÂj¸‡jv Aew¯’Z| evsjv‡`k I cwðge‡½ Av‡m©wbK ~l‡Yi KviY wn‡m‡e A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib eØxc ev M½v AeevwnKvi cjj f~MVb cÖwµqvq ÔAv‡m©‡bvcvBivBUÕ wkjv¯Íi jvL jvL eQi Av‡M Rgv n‡qwQj| †m‡Pi Rb¨ AZ¨waK f~Mf©¯’ cvwb eënv‡ii ìæb GB wkjv¯Íi ¶q n‡q cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wbK wg‡k‡Q| M½vevwnZ †jŠn A·vBWhy³ cj‡j i‡q‡Q A¯^vfvweK gvÎvq Av‡m©wbK| we‡klÁMY Lvevi I †m‡Pi Rb¨ AwZwi³ gvÎvq f~Mf©¯’ cvwb D‡Ëvjb‡KB cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wbK `~l‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx Ki‡Qb| Avevi cwðge‡½i K‡qKRb we‡klÁ ivmvqwbK mv‡ii eënvi‡KI Av‡m©wbK ~l‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx K‡i‡Qb|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. `~lK cvwbi wK êwkó¨ webó K‡i? 2. cvwb ~lY †Kvb AÂ‡j cÖavbZ n‡q _v‡K? 3. ~wlZ cvwb wK Dcv‡q weï× Kiv nq? 4. †K¬vwib Øviv weï× cvwb A‡bK †¶‡Î cv‡bi Abychy³ †Kb? 5. hy³iv‡óª †ncvUvBwUm †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi wK Kvi‡Y n‡q‡Q? 6. eo eo kni¸‡jvi b`xi cvwb wK fv‡e ~wlZ n‡”Q?



7. cvwb ~lY wK wK fv‡e n‡q _v‡K? 8. b`©gvi AveR©bvi cPb cÖwµqvq wK AwaK cwigv‡Y eëüZ nq? 9. Aw·‡R‡bi Afve RjR Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi Dci wK cÖwZwµqv †d‡j? 10. cvwb‡Z Rb¥v‡bv kvK wK fv‡e †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi NUvq? 11. K…wlRvZ wb®‹vkb ~lK wK wK ? 12. bvB‡UªU Øviv wK wK †ivM n‡q _v‡K? 13. wewfbœ ivmvqwbK wkí eR©¨¸wj wK wK? 14. wkí eR © Øviv cvwb `~l‡Yi cÖwZwµqv wK ? 15. Av‡m©wbK ~wlZ cvwb cvb Ki‡j gvby‡li wK wK †ivM n‡Z cv‡i? g„wËKv ylY (Soil Pollution) : gvwUi Dchy³ cwiPh©v bv Kivi Kvi‡Y gvwU ylY gvivZ¥K mgm¨v wn‡m‡e wek¦e¨vcvx MY¨ n‡”Q| wek¦e¨vcx RbmsL¨v e„w× g„wËKv ~lY‡K Z¡ivwšZ K‡i‡Q| RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ Drcv`b I Ab¨vb¨ Kg©KvÛ eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| gvby‡li AwaKvsk Kg©KvÛ cÖavbZ f~wgwbf©i| d‡j f~wgi wewfbœ eënvi eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| hvi d‡j f~wgi Dci AZ¨waK Pvc c‡o‡Q hv †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î f~wgi enb ¶gZv gvÎv AwZµg K‡i‡Q|

gvwUi Drcv`bkxjZv n«vm Ges ¶qxfeb (Soil Erosion) g„wËKv `~l‡Yi d‡j n‡q _v‡K| gvwUi ¶qxfeb ev ¶‡qi d‡j gvwU AvjMv n‡q hvq| MvQcvjv, Nvm, Z…Yvw` BZ¨vw` m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c AcmviY Ki‡j gvwUi ¶q cÖwµqv ªæZZi nq| gvwU AvjMv Ges Abve„Z _vK‡j evZvm gvwU‡K GK ’vb †_‡K Ab¨¯’v‡b Dwo‡q wb‡q hvq| d‡j gvwUi ¸Yv¸‡Yi cwieZ©b N‡U| GQvovI e„wó I eb¨v gvwU GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ’v‡b AcmvwiZ K‡i| gvwUi ¶q mvab Ges AcmviY GB yB cÖwµqvq gvwU µgvMZ Abye©i n‡q c‡o Ges mvgwMÖK cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b NUvq| MvQcvjv jvwM‡q gvwUi AcmviY ~i Kiv m¤¢e|

AwaK Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ `xN©w`b a‡i Rwg‡Z ivmvqwbK mv‡ii eënvi gvwUi De©iZv µgvš‡q n«vm K‡i gvwUi Drcv`b ¶gZv bó K‡i †`q| gvwU‡Z ˆRe c`v‡_©i Afve n‡j gvwU De©iZv nvivq| gvwU‡Z cPv MvQ-MvQov Ges Rš‘-Rv‡bvqv‡ii MwjZ c`v_© mswgkª‡Y ÔwnDgvmÕ ev cPv mvi MwVZ nq| e¨vK‡Uwiqv wnDgvm ¶q K‡i Ges bvB‡UªU, dm‡dU Ges Ab¨vb¨ cywóKi Dcv`v‡b wef³ K‡i| Mv‡Qi Rb¨ Gme cywó Dcv`vb evošÍ dmj‡K Lv`¨ †hvMvq| Z‡e AwZwi³ Ges DbœZgv‡bi dmj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ AwaK cwigv‡Y ivmvqwbK mv‡ii eënvi wnDgvm wefw³KiY ¶gZv n«vm K‡i Ges cywó Dcv`v‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv A‡bKvs‡k Kwg‡q †`q|

km¨‡¶‡Î †cvKvgvKo I AvMvQv aŸsmKvix KxU I AvMvQv bvk‡Ki eënvi eZ©gv‡b AwaKgvÎvq n‡q _v‡K| GB mg¯Í KxUbvkK †cvKvgvKo †hgb aŸsm K‡i †Zgwb gvby‡li wewfbœ gvÎvq ¶wZ mvab K‡i| KxUbvkK †K¬vwi‡b‡UW nvD‡WªvKve©‡bi (Chlorinated Hydrocarbons) Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ DDT wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i cieZx©‡Z †_‡K K…wlRwg‡Z †cvKvgvKo wba‡bi Rb¨ e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| GK mgq DDT D”PgvÎvq mivmwi km¨ †¶‡Z eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| DDT ïay †cvKvgvKoB aŸsm K‡i bv, gvby‡li DciI Gi ¶wZKi cÖfve ‡d‡j| GKwU cix¶vq cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, gvby‡li Pwe©‡Z DDT gvÎvi mv‡_ g„Zzï GKwU m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| GB cix¶vq †`Lv †M‡Q, †h mg¯Í †ivMx wNjy Zij n‡q gw¯Í‡®‹ i¶¶iY, D”P i³Pvc, wjfvi wm‡ivwmm Ges wewfbœ K¨vÝv‡i gviv wM‡q‡Q, Zv‡ì Pwe©‡Z DDT Ges DDT †_‡K Drcbœ wewfbœ Dcv`vb D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gvÎvq wQj| GQvovI gvby‡li kix‡i DDT-i AviI wewfbœ iKg cÖwZwµqv j¶¨ Kiv †M‡Q| DDT QvovI km¨‡¶‡Î eëüZ Ab¨vb¨ KxU I AvMvQvbvkK wewfbœ gvÎvq gvby‡li ¶wZ K‡i| GB mg Í KxU I AvMvQv bvkK k‡mï Rb¨ ¶wZKviK †cvKvgvKo I AvMvQv aŸs‡mi mv‡_ mv‡_ km¨ I gvwUi Rb¨ DcKvix †cvKvgvKo I AvMvQvI aŸsm K‡i †d‡j hvi ¶wZKi cÖwZwµqv ev¯ÍeïxwZi Dci c‡o| GQvov AcwiKwíZ f~wg eënvi gvwUi wewfbœ êwkó¨ ev ¸Yvejx aŸsm K‡i †d‡j Ges mgMÖ GjvKvi ev¯ÍeïxwZi cwieZ©‡bi KviY n‡q ùvovq|



wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. g„wËKv ~l‡Yi KviY¸‡jv wK wK? 2. gvwU ¶q I Acmvi‡Yi d‡j gvwUi wK Ae¯’v N‡U? 3. gvwU AcmviY wK fv‡e `~i Kiv m¤¢e ? 4. `xN©w`b a‡i Rwg‡Z ivmvqwbK mv‡ii eënvi Rwgi wK ¶wZ K‡i? 5. ÔwnDgvmÕ wK ? wnDgvm wefw³KiY †Kb dm‡ji Rb¨ DcKvix ? 6. km¨‡¶‡Î AwaK KxU bvk‡Ki eënv‡ii cÖwZwµqv wK? 7. DDT gvby‡li wK ¶wZ mvab K‡i ? cvVms‡¶c : wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii cwi‡ek ~lY‡K cÖavbZ wZbwU †kªwY‡Z wef³ Kiv hvq-evqy `~lY, cvwb ~lY I gvwU ev g„wËKv ylY| GQvovI AviI wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii ~lY i‡q‡Q hv cwi‡e‡ki cÖf~Z ¶wZ K‡i| evqy ~lY cwi‡ek ~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg cÖavb GKwU KviY| wewfbœ cwienb hvb, KjKviLvbv, evwoNi BZ¨vw`‡Z eëüZ wewfbœ cÖKvi R¡vjvbx `nb †_‡K wbM©Z wewfbœ M¨vmxq ~lK c`v_© evqygÛ‡j `xN©Kvj a‡i Rgv n‡Z _v‡K hvi d‡j evqy ~lK Øviv fvwi I ~wlZ nq| A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ I RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ c„w_exe¨vcx cvwb ~lY µgvš‡q evo‡Q| GgbI avibv Kiv n‡”Q †h GK mgq weï× cvwb cvIqv AZ¨šÍ Kó mva¨ e¨vcv‡i cwiYZ n‡e| cvwb cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKv‡i `~lY nq, b ©gvq wb®‹vwkZ AveR©bv Øviv, K…wlRvZ wb®‹vkb Øviv, wkí eR©¨ c`v_© Øviv Ges Av‡m©wbK c`v_© Øviv (Av‡m©wbK ~lY)| b`©gvq wb®‹vwkZ AveR©bvq cÖvYx I Dw™¢` RvZxq c`v‡_©i cP‡b AwaK gvÎvq Aw·‡R‡bi eënv‡i cvwb‡Z Aw·‡R‡bi Afve †`Lv †`q hv RjR cÖvYx I Dw™¢‡ì euvPvi Rb¨ ìKvi| Avevi eë¯’vK…Z AveR©bvq bvB‡UªU I dm‡dU GjwMi Rb¥ †`q hv‡ì cPb cÖwµqvq cÖPzi Aw·‡Rb wb:†kl nq| GQvovI dmdivm I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb g¨vK‡µvdvBUm Gi Rb¥ †`q| Giv cvwb †_‡K cÖPzi cwigv‡Y cywó Dcv`vb ï‡q †bq hv Lvevi wn‡m‡e gvby‡li cwicvKZ‡š¿ Rgv n‡q †iv‡Mi we¯Ívi NUvq| K…wl‡Z eëüZ wewfbœ KxUbvkK, ivmvqwbK mvi, bvB‡UªU BZ¨vw` f~c„‡ôi Ges f~-Af¨šÍ‡ii cvwbi mv‡_ wgwkªZ n‡q cvwb ~lY K‡i| bvB‡UªU wbUªvBU‡m cwiYZ n‡j M„ncvwjZ cï I wkï‡ì ¯^v‡¯’ï cÖwZ gvivZ¥K ûgwKiƒ‡c †`Lv †`q| wkí eR©¨ †_‡K ivmvqwbK c`v_© Rjvk‡qi cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k Ges gvwU PzuB‡q f~Mf©¯’ cvwb‡K `~wlZ K‡i hv gvby‡li kix‡i bvbvfv‡e êKj¨ Av‡b Ges cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨nxbZv Av‡b| Av‡m©wbK ~lY eZ©gv‡b we‡k¦i wewfbœ AÂ‡j GKwU gvivZ¥K mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q, we‡kl K‡i evsjv‡`‡k| Av‡m©wbK ~l‡Yi d‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi gvivZ¥K †ivMe¨vwai m„wó n‡”Q| RbmsL¨v e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li wewfbœ Kg©KvÛ I Lv`¨ Drcv`b eû¸‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q| d‡j gvwUi Dci wewfbœfv‡e Pvc c‡o‡Q Ges †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î gvwUi enb ¶gZv gvÎv AwZµg K‡i‡Q hv mvgwMÖK ev¯ÍeïxwZi cwieZ©b Avb‡Q| g„wËKv wewfbœ cÖwµqvq ~lY nq| AwaK Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ ivmvqwbK mvi KxU I AvMvQv bvk‡Ki Rb¨ `xN©Kvje¨vcx eënvi g„wËKvi ¶wZ mvab K‡i| d‡j gvwUi Drcv`b ¶gZv µgvš‡q n«vm cvq, gvwUi ¶qxfeb ïiæ nq Ges wewfbœfv‡e gvwU AcmvwiZ nq| d‡j gvwU Abye©i n‡q c‡o| gvwU‡Z ˆRe c`v‡_©i Afve n‡jI gvwU De©iZv nvivq| ˆRe c`v_© wnDgvm m„wó K‡i Ges g„wËKvi cywó i¶v K‡i| ivmvqwbK mvi wnDgv‡mi Kg©¶gZv n«vm K‡i| KxU I AvMvQvbvkK k‡mï Rb¨ ¶wZKi †cvKvgvKo I AvMvQv aŸsm Kiv QvovI km¨ I gvwUi Rb¨ DcKvix †cvKvgvKo I ¸j¥jZv bó K‡i, hvi d‡j ev¯ÍeïxwZi mvgwMÖK cwieZ©b N‡U Ges gvby‡li g‡a¨ wewfbœ †ivMe¨wai Rb¥ †`q| GQvovI AcwiKwíZ f~wg eënv‡ii d‡jI g„wËKvi ¸Yvejx I êwkó¨ bó n‡q hvq| BZ¨vw` wewfbœ cÖwµqvq g„wËKv ~lY n‡q _v‡K|



cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqY : 6.3 ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ: 1. mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (�)wPý w`b ( mgq 4 wgwbU) : 1.1 cwi‡ek wK‡mi mgš‡q MwVZ ?

K. cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek L. gvbweK cwi‡ek M. cÖvK…wZK I gvbweK cwi‡ek 1.2 we‡k¦ evqy yl‡Yi cwigvY wK Kvi‡Y e„w× †c‡q‡Q?

K. †gvUihv‡bi msL¨v e„w× L. RbmsL¨v e„w× M. bMivqb 1.3 R¡vjvwb †cvov‡bv †auvqv Dw™¢‡ì wK ¶wZ K‡i?

K. e„w× †iva K‡i L. mv‡jvK ms‡kølY ¶gZv n«vm K‡i M. aŸsm K‡i 1.4 MÖxY nvDm cÖwZwµqvi Rb¨ †Kvb M¨vm‡K `vqx Kiv nq?

K. Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW L. mvjdvi-WvB-A·vBW M. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb-WvB-A·vBW| 2. k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb (mgq 16 wgwbU): 2.1 gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ I Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y cÖwZwbqZ .................... ywlZ n‡”Q | 2.2 ................Øviv weï× cvwb †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î gvby‡li ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ gvivZ¥K ûgwK¯îƒc| 2.3 cvwb‡Z wewfbœ ivmvqwbK wgkªY kix‡i ..................m„wó K‡i| 2.4 AwZwi³ bjK‚‡ci cvwb D‡Ëvj‡bi Kvi‡Y .................. ~lY f‚M‡f© e¨vcK nv‡i Qwo‡q c‡o| 2.5 gvwUi Dchy³ ....................bv Kivi Kvi‡Y gvwU `~lY gvivZ¥K mgm¨v wn‡m‡e wek¦e¨vcx †`Lv

w`‡q‡Q| 2.6 gvwUi ...................mvab I ......................GB yB cÖwµqvq gvwU µgvMZ Abye©i n‡q c‡o| msw¶ß DËi (mgq 20 wgwbU): 1. cwie‡k ~lY Kv‡K e‡j ? 2. †Pv‡Li Rb¨ wK ¶wZKviK? 3. Kve©Y g‡bv·vBW wK ¶wZ K‡i? 4. eR©¨ I AveR©bv †cvov‡bv †_‡K wK DwÌZ nq Ges gvby‡li wK ¶wZ K‡i? 5. evqy gÛ‡ji I‡Rvb ¯Íi AcmvwiZ nIqvi Rb¨ †Kvb M¨vm‡K `vqx Kiv nq? 6. cvwb ~lY cÖavbZ KZ cÖKv‡i n‡q _v‡K Ges wK wK? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ: 1. evqy ~lY wK wK cÖKv‡i n‡q _v‡K ? evqy ~lYRwbZ †ivM m¤‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 2. cvwb ~l‡Yi cÖavb wbqvgKmg~n wK wK ? ~lYhy³ cvwb MÖn‡Y wK ai‡bi †ivM nq ? 3. g„wËKv `~l‡Yi cÖK…wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb |



Ab¨vb¨ ~lY gva¨g G cvV c‡o Avcwb- � wewfbœ ~l‡Yi d‡j gvbyl, RxeRš‘ Ges Dw™¢‡ì ¶wZ I †ivMe¨vwa m¤‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| KwVb eR©¨ ~lY (Solid Waste Pollution) : KwVb eR©¨ ~lY bMi mf¨Zvi GKwU Ae`vb| DbœZ we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi knivÂ‡ji Db¥y³ cÖvšÍ‡i A_ev wbPz Rwg‡Z KwVb eR©¨ c`v_© †djv nq| Dbœqbkxj µgea©gvb kni¸‡jv‡Z eR©¨ aŸsm Kivi mwVK cwiKíbvi Afv‡e KwVb eR©¨ c`v_© hÎZÎ Qov‡bv wQUv‡bv ev ¯‘cvKvi n‡q _v‡K| GB KwVb eR©¨ c`v‡_©i AwaKvskB M„nRvZ eënv‡ii Abychy³ eënvh© ªe¨vw` ev M„nRvZ ªe¨vwì Askwe‡kl| GQvovI AbybœZ ev Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z ªe¨vw` enbKvix cwjw_b GKwU cÖavbZg mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q hv wewfbœ cwievn eë¯’v‡K A‡bK †¶‡Î APj K‡i †d‡j|

GB mg¯Í KwVb eR©¨ c`v_© kn‡ii ïay †mŠ›`h©nvwbB NUvq bv, G¸‡jv †_‡K evqy ~lY, cvwb PzuB‡q f~Mf© ’ cvwb `~lY Ges wewfbœ AmyL cwievnb Drm, †hgb Bu`yi, †Zjv‡cvKv, gvwQi Rb¥¯’vb n‡q _v‡K|

hy³iv‡óªi gZ †`‡k KwVb eR©¨ eë ’vcbv GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v wn‡m‡e wPwýZ nq| hy³iv‡óªi cÖwZ eQi 55 wewjqb K¨vb, 26 wewjqb †evZj I cvwbi cvÎ (Jar), 65 wewjqb avZe Ges cøvw÷‡Ki †evZ‡ji wQwc Ges cÖvq Aa© wewjqb Wjvi g~‡jï wewfbœ ai‡bi c¨vwKs Gi †gvoK Rgv nq| GQvovI 7 wgwjqb fv½v †gvUiMvox AveR©bv¯’‡j (Junkyard) Rgv nq| Gi DciI AviI wewfbœ ai‡bi KwVb eR©¨ †Zv i‡q‡QB|

wkívÂ‡j A_ev LwbR AÂ‡j ÷xj I †jvnvi LÛ, cv_‡ii LÛ, wewfbœ avZz, QvB I Ab¨vb¨ eR©¨ c`v_© cÖwZwbqZ Rgv n‡”Q hv cwi‡ek‡K wewfbœfv‡e ~lY Ki‡Q|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b : 1. KwVb eR©¨ `~lK c`v_©¸wj wK wK? 2. KwVb eR©¨ c`v_© Øviv wK fv‡e cwi‡ek ~lY nq?

kã ~lY (Noise Pollution) cwi‡ek ~l‡Y kã `~lY GKwU bZzb gvÎv hy³ K‡i‡Q| c„w_exi AwaKvsk eo eo kn‡i kã ~lY GKwU mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| †gvUi Mvwo, UªvK, evm, wgwbevm, †gvU‡ii nY©, KjKviLvbv BZ¨vw` ‡_‡K Drcbœ wewfbœ ai‡bi AvIqvR hLb gvby‡li kªeY ¶gZvi Dci Pvc m„wó K‡i ZLb Zv‡K kã ~lY e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| ~lY ejv n‡”Q GB Kvi‡Y †h, k‡ãi cÖPÛZvq gvby‡li Kvb I kªeYkw³RwbZ wewfbœ AmyL QvovI Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK gvivZ¥K AmyL n‡q _v‡K| kã mvaviYZ †Wwm‡e‡j (Decibels) gvcv nq| kã ~lY cÖ_g GKwU ~lY mgm¨v wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq Ges mK‡ji `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i hLb wKQz AcÖvßeq¯‹ D”P aŸwbm¤úbœ iK wgDwRK `xN©w`b †kvbvi Kvi‡Y m¤ú~‡Y©iƒ‡c ewai n‡q hvq| ¯í mg‡qi Rb¨ Zx¶è kãI mvgwqK ewaiZv Avb‡Z cv‡i| kã ~lY †_‡K wewfbœ bv‡f©i Dci Pvc m„wóKvix †ivMe¨vwai Rb¥ nq, †hgb øvqyweK ‡`Še©j¨, D”P i³Pvc, †ccwUK Avjmvi, GgbwK AvZ¥nZ¨v Kivi cÖeYZv BZ¨vw`| Kv‡RB †`Lv hv‡”Q kã ~lY gvby‡li ¯^v¯’¨ I nvwmLywk Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ GKwU µgea©gvb ûgwK iƒ‡c †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| A‡b‡Ki wnmve Abyhvqx DËi Av‡gwiKvi †`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZ `k eQ‡i Mo k‡ãi cÖPÛZv wØ¸Y n‡”Q| kã ~lY Z…Zxq we‡k¦i kni¸‡jv‡Z µgvMZ nv‡i ‡e‡o P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki AwaK †jvKmsL¨v Aay¨wlZ eo eo kni Ges evwYwR¨K kni¸‡jv‡Z kã ~l‡Yi gvÎv DË‡ivËi evo‡Q| G Ae¯’vq kã ~lY wbqš¿Y eë ’v mwe‡kl ¸iæ‡Z¡i `vwe iv‡L| wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. kã ~lY Kv‡K e‡j? 2. kã‡K †Kb ~lY ejv n‡”Q?

cvV-6.4



cwjw_b ~lY (Polythene Pollution) cwjw_b eZ©gvb mf¨Zvi GKwU Ab¨Zg Ae`vb| cwjw_‡bi e¨vM M„n¯’vjx, eëmv I evwYR¨ †¶‡Î ªe¨vw` enb Ges i¶‡Yi Rb¨ AwaK gvÎvq eëüZ n‡”Q Ges †jvKR‡bi Kv‡Q Gi RbwcÖqZv evo‡Q| wKš‘ cwjw_b mn‡R aŸsm nq bv Ges gvwUi mv‡_ wg‡kI hvq bv|

cwjw_b eZ©gvb cwi‡ek‡K wewfbœfv‡e ~lY Ki‡Q| gvwU‡Z cwjw_b mn‡R wg‡k bv hvIqvi Kvi‡Y †h mg¯Í RvqMvq eëüZ cwjw_b †djv n‡”Q †mB mg Í RvqMvi gvwUi `„pe×Zv e¨vnZ n‡”Q| GB mg¯Í Rwg‡Z Nievwo wbg©vY A‡bK †¶‡Î Avk¼vRbK| GQvovI cwjw_b wgwkªZ gvwU cywó nviv‡”Q|

bMi mf¨Zvq cwjw_b GKwU gvivZ¥K mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q, we‡kl K‡i AbybœZ we‡k¦i eo eo kni¸‡jv‡Z cwjw_b Acmvi‡Yi mwVK eë¯’vcbvi Afv‡e cwjw_b b ©gv, cq:wb®‹vkb bvjx‡Z R‡g| GB mg¯Í cwjw_b gqjv cvwb wb®‹vk‡b euvavi m„wó K‡i| d‡j cq:wb®‹vk‡b Ges b ©gvi cvwb Dc‡P kn‡i ~wlZ cvwbi Rjve×Zvi m„wó nq| eb¨vi mgq cvwb mn‡R mi‡Z cv‡i bv| 1998 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki XvKv

kn‡i eb¨vi cvwb Acmvi‡Yi `xN©m~wÎZvi Ab¨Zg KviY b ©gv Ges cq:bvjx‡Z cwjw_b R‡g hvIqv| GQvovI cwjw_b aŸsm Kivi Rb¨ cwjw_b †cvov‡j cwjw_b †cvov‡bv †_‡K DwÌZ M¨vm evqy‡K ~lY K‡i| Kv‡RB cwjw_b‡K eZ©gv‡b cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

mgMÖ cvVwUi Dci wb‡P GKwU mvivsk †Ìqv n‡jv| mvivskwU c‡o cwi‡ek ~lY m¤^‡Ü Avcbvi aviYvwU cwi®‹vi K‡i wbb|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. cwjw_b wK fv‡e gvwU‡K ~wlZ Ki‡Q? 2. kn‡i cwjw_b wK mgm¨vi m„wó Ki‡Q? 3. †cvov‡bv cwjw_b †_‡K wK Drcbœ nq?

cvVms‡¶c : cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvYx I Dw™¢¾ m¤^wjZ †h mvgwMÖK evwn¨K Ae ’v Zv‡K mvaviYfv‡e cwi‡ek e‡j| Z‡e †fŠ‡MvwjK „wó‡KvY ‡_‡K cwi‡ek ej‡Z †evSvq cÖK…wZ I cÖK…wZ‡Z gvby‡li mgMÖ Kg©Kv‡Ûi mgwóMZ iƒc| cwi‡ek gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi Øviv cÖwZwbqZ `~lY n‡”Q| RbmsL¨v e„w× I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li Kg©KvÛ RwUj †_‡K RwUjZi n‡”Q, hvi weiƒc cÖwZwµqv gvbyl I Ab¨vb¨ Rx‡ei emevmKvix cwi‡e‡ki Dci co‡Q Ges cwi‡ek‡K ~lY Ki‡Q| cwi‡ek ~lY wewfbœfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| evqy, cvwb, g„wËKv BZ¨vw` cÖK…wZi wewfbœ Dcv`vbmg~n wewfbœ cÖwµqvq ~lY n‡”Q| KwVb eR©¨ ~lY, kã ~lY, cwjw_b ~lY eZ©gv‡b bMi mf¨Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡”Q| evqy ~lY g~jZ hvwš¿K mf¨Zvi Ab¨Zg dmj| wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii cwienb, wkí-KviLvbv BZ¨vw`‡Z eëüZ R¡vjvbx `nb †_‡K DwÌZ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii welv³ M¨vm evqy‡K cÖwZwbqZ `~wlZ Ki‡Q| cvwb ~lY wewfbœ gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K| b ©gvq wb®‹vwkZ AveR©bv, K…wl‡¶‡Î eëüZ wewfbœ ivmvqwbK wb®‹vkb, wkí eR©¨ Øviv cvwb cÖavbZ ~lY nq| GQvovI f~Mf©¯’ cvwb‡Z Av‡m©wbK ~lY eZ©gv‡b GKwU cÖavb mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| g„wËKv ~lY eZ©gv‡b c„w_exe¨vcx GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v| K…wl Rwg‡Z ivmvqwbK mvi, KxUcZ½ I AvMvQv bvk‡Ki eënvi, AwZ Pvl, f~wgi êwkó¨ Abyhvqx f~wg eënvi bv nIqvq gvwU Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv nvwi‡q †dj‡Q| GQvovI we‡k¦i AZ¨waK RbmsL¨v Aay¨wlZ eo eo kni¸‡jv‡Z KwVb eR©¨ `~lY, kã ~lY, cwjw_b ~lY Ab¨Zg cÖavb mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡q‡Q| mwVK eë ’vcbvi Afve GB mg¯Í ~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| KwVb eR©¨ Øviv gvwU, cvwb I evqy ~lY n‡”Q| kã ~lY Kv‡bi wewfbœ e¨wa QvovI Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK gvivZ¥K e¨wai KviY e‡j MY¨ n‡”Q| cwjw_b ~l‡Y kn‡i `~wlZ cvwbi Rjve×Zvi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ †ivMe¨vwai Rb¥ ’vb m„wó K‡i Ges †ivM we¯Ív‡i mnvqK f~wgKv iv‡L| GQvovI †hLv‡b †mLv‡b wbw¶ß cwjw_‡bi e¨vM kn‡ii ïay †mŠ›`h©nvwbB Ki‡Q bv, kn‡ii mvgwMÖK cwi‡ek‡K bó Ki‡Q| D‡jøwLZ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii `~lY gvby‡li g‡a¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi gvivZ¥K †ivMe¨vwa we Ív‡i wbqvgK wnmv‡e f~wgKv ivLv QvovI cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ i¶vKvix Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx I KxUcZ½ aŸsm Ki‡Q hv mvgwMÖK cwi‡e‡ki Dci ¶wZKi cÖfve †dj‡Q|



Abykxjbx : wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b| Gi d‡j cvVwUi welqe¯‘ m¤‡Ü Avcbvi aviYv AviI ¯úó n‡e| 1. evqy `~lY wK wK cÖKv‡i n‡q _v‡K? evqy `~lY m¤‡Ü we ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 2. cvwb ~l‡Yi cÖavb wbqvgKmg~n wK wK? cvwb ~lY m¤‡Ü we ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3. g„wËKv `~lY KLb ejv nq? g„wËKv ~l‡Yi wbqvgKmg~n m¤‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 4. KwVb eR©¨ Øviv cwi‡ek ~lY m¤^‡Ü wjLyb| 5. Av‡m©wbK `~lY cÖwµqv m¤^‡Ü wjLyb| evsjv‡`‡k Av‡m©wbK ~l‡Yi KviY wK? Av‡m©wbK ~lYRwbZ †ivMe¨vwa¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb| 6. kã `~lY Kv‡K e‡j? kã ~lY gvcvi cwigvcK wK ? kã ~lY m¤^‡Ü we¯ÍvwiZ wjLyb| 7. cwjw_b wKfv‡e cwi‡ek ~lY K‡i?

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb : 6.4 ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ: 1. k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb: 1.1. DbœZ we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi knivÂ‡ji -------- cÖvšÍ‡i A_ev wbPz Rwg‡Z KwVb eR©¨ c`v_© †djv nq| 1.2 cwi‡ek ~l‡Y ........................ ~lY GKwU bZzb gvÎv hy³ K‡i‡Q| 1.3 kã ~lY †_‡K ..................... Ici Pvc m„wóKvix wewfbœ †ivMe¨vwai Rb¥ nq| 1.4 cwjw_b wgwkªZ gvwU ---------- nviv‡”Q| msw¶ß DËi: ( mgq 20 wgwbU): 1. KwVb eR©¨ c`v_© †Kvb¸wj? 2. D”P aŸwbm¤úbœ iK wgDwRK `xN©w`b †kvbvi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li wK †ivM n‡Z cv‡i ? 3. 1998 mv‡j XvKv kn‡ii eb¨vi cvwb Acmvi‡Yi †¶‡Î mgq jvMvi KviY wK Ges †Kb mgq jv‡M? iPbvg~jK cÖkœ: 1. KwVb eR©¨ Øviv cwi‡ek wKfv‡e ~wlZ nq Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|



cÖvK…wZK ~‡h©vM I gvby‡li mgšq †KŠkj (Natural Hazards and Human Adjustment Stretegies) GB cvV c‡o Avcwb- � cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM Kv‡K e‡j, cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi cÖK…wZ, cÖKvi I êwkó¨; � wkí c~e© I wk‡ívËi cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM mgšq †KŠkj; Ges � `y‡h©vMKvjxb, `y‡h©vM c~e©eZ©x Ges cieZ©x mg‡q gvby‡li wewfbœ y‡h©vM mgšq †KŠkj m¤‡Ü Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi msÁv I cÖK…wZ (Definition and Nature of Natural Hazards) mvaviYfv‡e y‡h©vM ej‡Z cÖvK…wZKfv‡e gvby‡li ¶wZi m¤¢vebv, m¤ú` aŸsm, cwi‡ek aŸsm Ges Gm‡ei wgwjZ Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq| cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM cÖvK…wZKfv‡e msNwUZ Pig NUbvejx, †hgb eb¨v, Liv, f~wgK¤ú, Av‡MœqwMwii D`wMiY, Zzlvi am BZ¨vw`‡K ejv nq| GgbwK QÎvK I fvBivmRwbZ e¨vcK AvKv‡i we¯Z…Z †ivMe¨wa‡KI cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM ejv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e cÖvK…wZK NUbvejx‡K ZLbB y‡h©vM e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq hLb cÖvK…wZK NUbvejx Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì Rb¨ SuywKc~Y© nq ev ¶wZ K‡i| Kv‡RB y‡h©vM GKwU ûgwK¯îƒc| `y‡h©vMmg~n †Kvb Rb‡Mvôxi Dci cÖwZwµqv m„wó bv Ki‡j Zv‡K y‡h©vM ejv

hv‡e bv, †hgb eb¨v‡K KL‡bvB y‡h©vM ejv hv‡e bv hw` bv †Kvb Rb‡Mvôx cøveb f~wg‡Z emevm K‡i ev cøveb f~wg‡K eënvi K‡i| `y‡h©vM †_‡K wewfbœ ~N©Ubv, AvKw®§K gnv `~N©Ubv, Riæix Ae¯’vi m„wó nq| cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM ¯^í †gqvw` n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb AvKw®§K eRªcvZ, Avevi avivevwnK ev GKUvbvI n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb DËi A¶vs‡ki D”P gvÎvi AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥| Kv‡RB cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM cÖvK…wZKfv‡e msNwUZ me©mvaviY ¯^xK…Z cÖvK…wZK NUbvejx hv Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì cÖf~Z ¶wZ K‡i|

cÖwZ eQi AvovB j‡¶iI †ewk Rxeb cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi wkKvi nq| cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡M †ewk ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`kmg~‡ni `wi ª RbmvaviY Ges µvšÍxq f~wg‡Z emevmKvix Rb‡Mvôx| cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y cÖwZ eQi wek¦e¨vcx †gvU ¶wZi cwigvY 40,000 wgwjqb BD.Gm. Wjvi| Gi g‡a¨ cÖZ¨¶ ¶wZi cwigvY 25,000 wgwjqb BD.Gm. Wjvi| Aewkóvsk e¨q nq y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iv‡a Ges y‡h©vM cÖkg‡b| cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~‡ni g‡a¨ eb¨vi Øviv me©v‡c¶v AwaK ¶wZ nq hvi cwigvY †gvU ¶wZi 40 kZvsk| 20 kZvsk ¶wZ nq MÖx®§gÛjxq N~wY©So Øviv Ges 15 kZvsk ¶wZ nq Livq| wZb PZz_v©sk cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi DrcwË nq g~jZ RjevqyMZ Kvi‡Y|

cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMRwbZ ¶q¶wZi cwigvY µgvš‡q †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| ¶q¶wZi GB e„w× Rb‡Mvôxi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| wek¦e¨vcx RbmsL¨v e„w× Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ gvbyl c~‡e©i Zzjbvq AwaK nv‡i cÖK…wZ †_‡K m¤ú` Avni‡Y m‡Pó| hvi Kvi‡Y gvbyl knimn Ab¨vb¨ myweavRbK GjvKvq †K› ªxf~Z n‡”Q| djkÖæwZ‡Z m¤ú‡ì cÖvPzh©I †K› ªxf~Z n‡”Q| GB mg¯Í GjvKv hZ AwaK gvÎvq cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMcÖeY GjvKvq Aew¯’Z n‡”Q, aŸs‡mi gvÎvI ZZ e„w× cv‡”Q| GQvovI RbmsL¨v e„w× I †gvU RvZxq Drcv`b e„w× †c‡jI y‡h©vMRwbZ ¶q¶wZi cwigvYI ev‡o| RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y gvbyl µgvMZ y‡h©vM cÖeY GjvKvq emev‡m eva¨ n‡”Q| GB Kvi‡YI ¶q¶wZi cwigvYI e„w× †c‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mgy ª DcK~jeZ©x wbwðZ y‡h©vMcÖeY GjvKvq gvbyl `xN©Kvj a‡i emevm K‡i Avm‡jI eZ©gv‡b DcK~jxq AÂ‡ji RbmsL¨v Avk¼vRbK nv‡i e„w× cv‡”Q| Gi KviY DcK~jxq AÂ‡ji De©iv K…wl f~wg Ges g~j f~L‡Û AZ¨waK RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡| d‡j DcK~j A ~ieZ©x bZzb †R‡M DVv A „p ¶z ª ¶z ª Øxç‡jv‡Z ch©šÍ gvbyl AwaK cwigv‡Y emevm ïiæ K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki ~e©j A_©bxwZi Kvi‡Y h‡_vchy³ y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡ivag~jK cÖhyw³i D™¢veb I eënvi Kiv m¤¢e bv nIqvq evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~jxq AÂ‡j NywY©So I R‡jv”Q¡v‡m Rvbgv‡ji ¶q¶wZi cwigvY Avk¼vRbK nv‡i e„w× ‡c‡q‡Q| RvZxq Drcv`b e„w× †c‡j Drcv`b e„w×i Kvi‡Y AwaK cwigv‡Y ¶q¶wZ nq|

cvV-6.5



Kv‡RB cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi cÖK…wZ I cÖfve cÖK…wZi we‡kl Ae¯’v Ges mvgvwRK êwk‡óï mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| cÖvK…wZK NUbvejx mgvR eë ’vi mv‡_ wg_w¯Œqvq BwZevPK ev ‡bwZevPK cÖwZwµqvi m„wó K‡i| cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM msNUb A‡bK †¶‡Î wbf©i Ki‡Q gvbyl wKfv‡e cÖK…wZ‡K eënvi Ki‡Q Zvi Dci| †hgb Liv

cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM n‡jI h‡_”Q e„¶ wbab Livi Rb¨ A‡bKvs‡k `vqx| KviY e„¶ wkK‡oi gva¨‡g cvwb gvwU‡Z a‡i iv‡L Ges Liv cÖwZ‡iv‡a mnvqK f~wgKv iv‡L| Avevi †hLv‡b †mLv‡b euva wbg©vY, Rjvkqmg~n fivU I gvby‡li wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Û b`x Zj‡`k fivU n‡jI eb¨v n‡Z cv‡i| DrcwËMZ KviY I êwkó¨vbyhvqx we‡k¦ cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMc~Y© †ek wKQy AÂj i‡q‡Q| wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. `y‡h©vM ej‡Z wK †evSvq? 2. cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM ej‡Z wK †evSvq? 3. cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡M †Kvb AÂ‡ji Awaevmxiv †ekx ¶wZMÖ¯Í nq? 4. cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡M we‡k¦i ¶wZi cwigvY KZ? 5. cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi g‡a¨ me©v‡c¶v ‡ekx ¶wZ wK‡mi Øviv nq? 6. N~wY©So Øviv cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi ¶wZi cwigvY KZ? 7. cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡M ¶q¶wZi cwigvY wK wK Kvi‡Y evo‡Q? 8. evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~jxq AÂ‡j cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡M ¶q¶wZi cwigvY †ekx †Kb? 9. cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi cÖK…wZ I cÖfve wK wK êwk‡óï mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Ges wK fv‡e? cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi cÖKvi (Types of Natural Hazard) f~‡Mvjwe`MY cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM ej‡Z g~jZ f~cÖvK…wZK (Rjevqy I f~ZË¡ welqK) NUbvmg~n‡K MY¨ K‡ib| Z‡e evU©b Ges †KU&m (Burton and Kates, 1964) cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~n‡K DrmwfwËK f~cÖvK…wZK I ˆRweK GB yB cÖavb †kªwY‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb| evU©b I †KU&m Abymv‡i DrmwfwËK cÖavb me©Rbxb cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMmg~n

f~-cÖvK…wZK ‰RweK Rjevqy I

AvenvIqv welqK f~ZvwË¡K I

f~wgK¤ú welqK Dw™¢`K~jxq cÖvYxK~jxq

Zzlvi So, Zzlvi, Liv, eb¨v, Kzqvkv, Zzwnb, wkjve„wó, Zvc Zi½, mvB‡K¬vb, we y¨r cÖevn, AvNvZ I AwMœKvÛ, U‡Y©‡Wv|

wngvbx m¤cÖcvZ f~wgK¤ú, f~wg¶q, f~wgam, cwieZ©bkxj evjyKvivwk, mybvgx, Av‡MœqwMwi|

QÎvKRwbZ †ivM, G¨v_‡jUm dzU, WvP Gj&g, ûBU †÷g iv÷, amv ev Lmv †ivM, Bb‡d‡÷kb, KPzixcvbv, Dw™¢` †_‡K m„wó wewfbœ mw © KvwkRwbZ R¡i, welv³ Dw™¢`|

e¨vK‡Uwiqv I wewfbœ fvBivmRwbZ †ivM, D`vniY: Bbd¬z‡qÄv, g¨v‡jwiqv, UvBd‡qW, UvBdvm, evewbK †cøM, iwZR †ivM, Lyi I Mv‡ji †ivM, Uev‡Kv, †gvmvBK| Bb‡d‡÷kb, D`vniY: i¨vweU&m, DB‡cvKv, c½cvj, dwos, welv³ cÖvYxi Kvgo|

Drm: Bmjvg, Gg. Av.(1998) Òm¤ú` eë ’vcbvÓ evsjv GKv‡Wwg, XvKv|



y‡h©v‡M gvby‡li mgš^q †KŠkj (Natural Hazards Adjustment Strategies) cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡M gvby‡li mgšq †KŠkj¸‡jv‡K mgq Abymv‡i cÖavbZ `ywU ch©v‡q wef³ Kiv hvq- (K) wkíc~e© (L) wk‡ívËi| (K) wkíc~e© mgšq †KŠkj (Pre-industrial Adjustment Strategies)

wkíc~e© mgv‡R `y‡h©vM mgšq †KŠkj wQj AwZ mvaviY| †m hy‡M y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq cwi‡ek cÖZ¨¶‡Yi we‡kl f~wgKv wQj| GQvovI gvby‡li RxebvPiY, `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvi AZxZ GwZn¨ ev BwZnvm, †Muvovwg, AÜwek¦vm BZ¨vwìI `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq Kvh©Ki f~wgKv wQj| cÖK…wZ‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi †P‡q wb‡R‡ì AvPi‡Yi cwieZ©b K‡i gvbyl cÖK…wZi mv‡_ Lvc LvB‡q ev mnve¯’v‡bi gva¨‡g `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Zv| Gi d‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi mgšq‡bi D™¢e N‡U‡Q hv GLbI c„w_exi eû †`‡k cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q, †hgb evsjv‡`k, fviZ, kªxjsKv, Pxb cÖf„wZ †`‡k| Px‡b cÖvq AvovB nvRvi eQ‡iiI c~e© †_‡K eb¨v cÖwZ‡iv‡a Rwg‡Z AvBj ev Dyke wbg©vY cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| K…wl cÖavb `w¶Y Gwkqvq eû ai‡bi cÖvPxb mÂqb c×wZ GLb ch©šÍ cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~jxq cøveb mgf~wg Ges fvi‡Zi M½v cøveb mgf~wg‡Z y‡h©vM mgšqb †KŠkjmg~‡ni AwaKvskB cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cwie‡Z© ms‡kvabg~jK| GB AÂ‡j eb¨v I NywY©So

†gvKv‡ejv †KŠkj AwZ cÖvPxb Kv‡ji hvi D™¢veb n‡q‡Q gvby‡li cÖK…wZi mv‡_ AwZ wbweo m¤ú‡K©i d‡j| GLvbKvi gvbyl eb¨vi mv‡_ emevm †KŠk‡j Af¨¯Í| ga¨hyM †_‡K fvi‡Z †h 79wU b`x ZxieZ©x bMi M‡o D‡V Zvi 30 kZvsk M½v b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z Ges eb¨vi mv‡_ emevm †KŠk‡j Af¨¯Í|

evsjv‡`‡ki K…lKiv eb¨v, Liv I wewfbœ cwi‡ekMZ Ae¯’vi mv‡_ mgšq †i‡L K…wlKvR K‡i Avm‡Q| G‡¶‡Î Zv‡ì cÖK…wZi mv‡_ cÖZ¨¶YB g~jZ KvR Ki‡Q| Z‡e gv‡S gv‡S Pig y‡h©vM gvby‡li GB cÖK…wZi mv‡_ mgšq‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i‡Q| KviY GLv‡b cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek‡K iƒcvšÍi ev wbqš¿Y Kivi h_vh_ cÖhyw³i Afve i‡q‡Q| (L) wk‡ívËi AvaywbK cÖhyw³ Øviv mgšqb (Post-industrial Adjustment Strategies with Modern Technology) :

Ebwesk kZvãxi cÖ_gva© †_‡K AvaywbK cÖhyw³i Øviv `y‡h©vM wbqš¿Y eë¯’v cÖmvi jvf K‡i| êÁvwbK cÖhyw³ Øviv cÖK…wZ‡K A‡bKLvwb wbqš¿Y Kiv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| cÖhyw³ Øviv `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv cÖavbZ e„nr AvKv‡ii KvVv‡gv wbg©v‡Yi gva¨‡g n‡q _v‡K hv A‡bK †¶‡Î e¨q mv‡c¶| d‡j GB ai‡bi mgšqb cÖwµqv cÖavbZ DbœZ we‡k¦i †`kmg~‡n †`Lv hvq hviv Avw_©Kfv‡e DbœZ, weÁvbm¤§Z e„nr AvKv‡ii wbg©vY‰kwj‡Z cvi`k©x Ges †hLv‡b w¯’wZkxj mgvR eë¯’v we`¨gvb| KviY GB ai‡bi mgšq †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ `xN© mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb| KvVv‡gvMZ eë ’vmg~n mvaviYZ wbæiƒc n‡q _v‡K-

1. we‡kl †KŠk‡j wbwg©Z Rjvavi- hv b`xi m‡e©v”P cÖevn‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i; 2. wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii euva: b`x Lv‡Z eb¨v cÖwZ‡iv‡ai wbwg‡Ë cvwb cÖevn‡K Ave× ivLvi Rb¨ euva †Ìqv

nq; 3. b`x Lv‡Zi Dbœqb: hv b`x Lv‡Zi ga¨w`‡q cvwb cÖev‡ni Kvh©KvwiZv e„w× K‡i cvwbi m‡e©v”P ¯Íi‡K

n«vm K‡i; 4. b`x kvmb : b`xi MwZ c_‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ b`xi Dfq Zxi ’vqxKiY; 5. eb¨v Dcc_ ev eb¨vc_ : hv eb¨v KewjZ ev eb¨v m¤¢ve¨ g~j b`xi cÖevn‡K Ab¨ Lv‡Z cÖevwnZ

K‡i|

GQvovI cÖK…wZ‡K wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM †`Lv hvq, †hgb Liv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ Liv cxwoZ AÂ‡j †gNceb (Cloud Seeding) Øviv e„wócvZ NUv‡bv hvq| S‡oi kw³ I MwZc_ wbqš¿Y, wkjve„wó



`gb, Kzqvkv we”QyiY, wngvwb m¤cÖcvZ BZ¨vw` wewfbœ cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv| DbœZ †`kmg~‡n DcK~jxq eb¨v cÖwZ‡iv‡a mgy ª cÖvPxi Ges †MÖv‡qb wbg©vY cÖhyw³ cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| ˆRweK y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq KxUcZ½ wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ ivmvqwbK KxUbvk‡Ki eënvi e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ Ges DË‡ivËi e„w× cv‡”Q|

GB mg¯Í cÖhyw³ wewfbœfv‡e gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y Ae`vb ivL‡jI wewfbœ cÖhyw³i wbg©vY, i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi e¨q Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ¶wZ cÖwZ‡ivag~jK eë ’vwì e¨q A‡c¶v A‡bK †ewk, †hgb euva, cÖvK…wZK euva ev W¨vg BZ¨vw` cÖhyw³i eënvi| d‡j A_©‡bwZKfv‡e `ye©j A_©‰bwZK AÂ‡j DbœZ cÖhyw³ ZZUv cmvi jvf K‡iwb| Kv‡RB y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iv‡a wewfbœ cÖhyw³i eënv‡ii e¨q hw` cÖwZ‡ivag~jK eë¯’vwì e¨‡qi Zzjbvq Kwg‡q Avbv hvq Z‡e y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iv‡a cÖhyw³MZ weÁvbm¤§Z c×wZ RbwcÖqZv cv‡e| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î GUvI †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h, cÖhyw³i eënvi cÖK…wZi fvimvg¨ †hb bó bv K‡i| A¯vfvweK Pig `xN©‡gqvw` cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi NUbvi Zzjbvq cyb:cyb msNUbkxj y‡h©vMmg~n KvV‡gvMZ cÖhyw³ Øviv y‡h©vM wbqš¿Y Avw_©K w`K †_‡K AwaKZi jvfRbK|

wk‡ívËi mgšq †KŠkj g~jZ †jvKR Ges AvaywbK cÖhyw³MZ c×wZmg~n GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU e„nr cwim‡ii mgšq‡b m„wó Kiv nq| wewfbœ mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv I Kvh©µg GB mgšq cÖwµqvq AšÍfy©³ Kiv nq hv cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek Ges gvbe Dbœq‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU mvgÄm¨c~Y© m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i| d‡j GKwU mylg ev¯Íe¨ Ae¯’vi m„wó K‡i|

y‡h©v‡Mi gvÎv wZbwU †gŠwjK †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g n«vm Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i- K. y‡h©vMRwbZ ¶wZ‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i A_ev ¶wZi Askx`vi n‡q; L. Pig NUbv‡K cwiwgZ A_ev cÖfve‡K bgbxq K‡i; M. m¤ú` eënv‡ii A_ev Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b K‡i| GQvovI y‡h©vM cieZ©x Riæix Ae¯’v †NvlYv I y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iva cÖ¯‘wZKiY y‡h©v‡Mi gvÎv n«vm K‡i|

(K) ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i ev ¶wZi Askx`vi n‡q (To Admit the Loss or Being a Partner of

the Loss) : MÖvgxY K…wl mgv‡R cÖavbZ †`Lv hvq y‡h©vM cieZ©xKv‡j y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai mvov wn‡m‡e MÖvgevmxiv ¶wZ ¯xKvi K‡i ‡bq ev ¶wZi Askx`vi nq hv evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv MÖvgxY mgv‡Ri GKwU mvaviY AvPiY| †QvU AvKv‡ii `y‡h©v‡Mi ¶wZ‡K ¯xKvi K‡i ‡bIqv A_©‰bwZK „wó‡KvY †_‡K jvfRbK| A¯^vfvweK y‡h©v‡M cieZ©x mg‡q eb¨vcxwoZ wbPz AÂ‡j AwaK Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ AwaK nv‡i K…wl DcKiY cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi †h mg Í Rwg `xN©w`b a‡i eb¨v cøvweZ _v‡K, †mB mg¯Í Rwg¸‡jv ¯^íKvjxb mg‡qi Rb¨ cwinvi ev mxwgZ gvÎvq eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Liv Zxeª AvKvi aviY Ki‡jI K…lKiv km¨ Drcv`b Pvwj‡q hvq| d‡j km¨ Drcv`b wewNœZ n‡jI mvgwMÖKfv‡e km¨nvwb nq bv| hLb †Kvb mgv‡R ¶wZi gvÎv AZ¨šÍ †ewk nq, ZLb ¶wZ ¯xKvi K‡i †bIqvi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| G‡¶‡Î ewa©Z cwievimg~n mvnv‡hï Rb¨ GwM‡q Av‡m| ¶wZi gvÎv AwaK n‡j e„nËi Rb‡Mvôx ch©šÍ mvnv‡hï Rb¨ GwM‡q Av‡m| DbœZ †`kmg~‡n AcÖ_vMZ eë ’vcbv, †hgb exgv cÖKí, y‡h©vM ÎvY, miKvix mvnvh¨ I ¶wZc~i‡Yi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq|

(L) Pig NUbv‡K cwiwgZ A_ev cÖfve‡K bgbxq K‡i (Moderating the Incident or Making the Impact Less) : e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡Mi cwie‡Z© mg‡eZfv‡e y‡h©vMRwbZ ¶q¶wZ wbevi‡Yi gva¨‡g Pig NUbv cwiwgZ ch©v‡q Avbv m¤¢e| Z‡e GB ai‡bi mgšq‡b cyuwR I mg‡qi cÖ‡qvRb| MYPx‡bi KwgDb eë ’v G e¨vcv‡i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv iv‡L| KwgDwbwU eë ’vcbvq RbmvaviY mg‡eZfv‡e y‡h©vM †gvP‡b AskMÖnY K‡i| mg‡eZ cÖ‡Póvq mvdj¨ AwR©Z nIqvq RbmvaviY y‡h©vM †gvP‡b we‡klfv‡e DØy× nq|

y‡h©vM KewjZ GjvKvq y ©kv jvNe m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ cwiKíbvq ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq Pvwn`v, Avkv-AvKvsLv, „wófw½ m¤‡Ü aviYv jvf Kiv hvq - d‡j Dbœqbg~jK Kg©KvÛ myôfv‡e Pvwn`v Abyhvqx cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e| Dbœqb cwiKíbvq Z…Yg~j ch©v‡qi msMVK‡ì AskMÖnY Avek¨K| cÖK‡íi bKkv cÖYqb, cwiPvjbv I msi¶‡Yi Kv‡RI Zv‡ì wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi d‡j y‡h©vM †gvPb cwiKíbv mvdj¨ AR©‡b m¶g n‡e|



wewfbœ cÖhyw³MZ wbqš¿Y QvovI wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK †KŠkj, †hgb f~wg eënvi AvBb, AÂjvqb aviv Aa¨v‡`k, AÆªvwjKv wbg©vY wewa BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMRwbZ ¶q¶wZ n«v‡m D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| f~wg eënvi AvB‡bi Øviv cÖvq mKj eb¨v cxwoZ AÂ‡j f~wgi eënvi‡K cÖfvevwšZ Kiv hvq| Pig wec¾bK AÂ‡j cwiKwíZ f~wg eënvi bxwZ cÖYq‡bi cÖwZ AMÖvwaKvi †Ìqv Avek¨K| GQvovI f~wg¯^Ë¡ eë ’vi cwieZ©b K‡i, f~wg †fvM `Lj eë¯’vi ms¯‹vi K‡i y‡h©v‡Mi cÖwZK~j cÖfv‡ei ZxeªZv‡K n«vm Kiv m¤¢e| GKBfv‡e kn‡i f~wg eënv‡ii cwieZ©b K‡i y‡h©v‡Mi ¶wZKi cÖfv‡ei ZxeªZv n«vm Kiv m¤¢e| y‡h©v‡Mi cieZ©xKv‡j DbœZ f~wg eënvi cwiKíbv, wbg©vY wewa, emwZ AvBb cÖYqb K‡i cieZ©x y‡h©v‡Mi SzuwK Ges ¶wZ n«vm Kiv hvq|

AÂjxKiY Aa¨v‡`k Øviv y‡h©vMcxwoZ GjvKvq gyL¨ Aeqe wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡`©kvejx cÖYqb K‡i f~wg Dci wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e| y‡h©v‡Mi cÖ‡Kvc †hLv‡b eû ~i we¯Z…Z †mLv‡b wewfbœ cÖKí †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g, †hgb AÆvwjKv wbg©vY wewa (f~wgK¤ú cÖwZ‡iva MVb KvVv‡gv), K…wl cÖYvjx wewa (Liv A_ev wkjve„wói mv‡_ mgšq K‡i K…wl eë ’v) cÖeZ©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

GQvovI AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g Pig `y‡h©vM NUbv‡K cwiwgZ ch©v‡q ivLv m¤¢e| iv¯Ívi Dbœqb, ch©vß hvbevn‡bi eë ’v, Avkªq¯’j wbg©vY AeKvVv‡gvMZ DbœwZi AšÍfy©³| iv¯Ívi Dbœqb y‡h©vMKvjxb mg‡q ªæZ ¯’vb Z¨v‡M f~wgKv iv‡L| AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœq‡bi AvIZvq AvenvIqvi c~e©vfv‡mi DbœwZ AšÍfy©³| AvevnvIqv c~e©vfv‡mi †¶‡Î `¶Zv I Kvh©KvwiZv e„w× †c‡j AvenvIqvi c~e©vfvm Abyhvqx ¯^í ev `xN©‡gqvw` cÖKí MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e| eb¨v wbqš¿Y (Lood Proofing) †cÖvMÖv‡gi Aax‡b A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ cøve‡b ¶wZMÖ¯Í bv nIqvi Rb¨ we‡kl eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv m¤¢e| GB mg Í eë¯’vw` MÖn‡Y miKv‡ii mv‡_ me©¯Í‡ii RbM‡Yi mn‡hvwMZvi cÖ‡qvRb|

M. m¤ú` eënv‡ii A_ev Ae ’v‡bi cwieZ©b K‡i (Changing the Use of Resources or Location) : Gi g‡a¨ c‡o m¤ú` cybwe©b¨vm ev Zvi eënvi cwieZ©b Ges ’vqx ev A¯’vqx AwfMgb| wec`vcbœ GjvKvi f~wg wbqš¿Y K‡i f~wg eënv‡ii Avg~j cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g f~wg cybwe©b¨vm Kiv hvq| y‡h©vM GjvKvq gvby‡li emevm‡K wbwl× †NvlYv K‡i ebvqb ev Ab¨ cwi‡ek AbyK~j eënv‡ii cÖeZ©b Kiv hvq| wec¾bK GjvKv †_‡K †jvKRb ’vqx ev A¯’vqxfv‡e AcmviY K‡i Rxebnvwb †iva Kiv m¤¢e| Liv Aay¨wlZ AÂj †_‡K MY AwfMgb GKwU Kvh©Kix mgšqb c×wZ| `w¶Y-c~e© eªvwRj, DËi Avwd«Kvi mv‡nj AÂ‡j GB ai‡bi MY AwfMgb c×wZ cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|

y‡h©vM cieZ©xKv‡j Riæix eë ’vmg~n, †hgb Lv`¨, e¯¿, Ily‡ai ch©vß mieivn wbwðZ Ki‡j Rxeb nvwbi m¤¢vebv n«vm cvq| RbmvaviY‡K y‡h©vM m¤‡Ü mZK© ivLv `y‡h©vM †gvP‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iva cÖ¯‘wZKiY n‡”Q c~e© cwiKwíZ Riæix m‡PZbZvg~jK eë ’v| GB Kg©m~Px‡Z `y‡h©vM c~e© cwiKíbv Ges `y‡h©vM cieZ©x cwiKíbv AšÍfy©³| MYwk¶v, m‡PZbZv, cÖPviYv, wec` ms‡KZ BZ¨vwì eë ’v MÖnY QvovI GjvKv Dbœq‡bi cwiKíbv, ¯’vbZ¨vMx RbM‡Yi Riæix Lv`¨ mieivn I Avkª‡qi eë¯’v AšÍfy©³| GQvovI y‡h©vM GjvKv wPwýZKiY, `y‡h©vM mZK©xKiY I c~e©vfvm `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘wZi g‡a¨ c‡o| y‡h©vM cÖ ‘wZi Rb¨ wb‡ ©kvejx cÖYqb, Riæix Kvh©µg, y‡h©vM ÎvY I wm×všÍ MÖnY cÖwµqvq RbM‡Yi

AskMÖnY, cÖvwZôvwbK eë¯’vw` cybM©Vb cwiKíbv y‡h©vM cieZ©x cwiKíbv I cybe©vm‡bi AšÍfy©³|

y‡h©vM cÖ ‘wZ cwiKíbv Ggb n‡e hv‡Z cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM GKevi AvNvZ nvb‡j ªæZ Kvh©Ki c`‡¶c †bIqv m¤¢e| y‡h©vM n«vmKiY cÖwµqvq ¯’vbxq Kg©m~Pxi Dbœqb Avek¨K| y‡h©vM c~e© cwiKíbvq RbM‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv cÖ‡qvRb|

wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi msw¶ß DËi w`b: 1. cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡M mgšq †KŠkjmg~‡n mgq Abymv‡i Kqfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq Ges wK wK ? 2. wkí c~e© hy‡M gvby‡li `y‡h©vM mgšq †KŠkj †Kgb wQj? 3. wkí c~e© hy‡M gvbyl wKfv‡e cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Zv? 4. Pxb eb¨v cÖwZ‡iv‡a wK Ki‡Zv? 5. evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~jxq AÂ‡j Ges fvi‡Zi M½v cøveb mgf~wg‡Z y‡h©vM mgšq †KŠkj wK ai‡bi?



6. evsjv‡`‡ki K…lKiv Liv, eb¨v BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡M K…lK‡ì †Kvb welqwU g~jZ KvR K‡i? 7. wk‡ívËi hy‡M gvby‡li `y‡h©vM mgšq †KŠk‡j wK‡mi eënvi j¶¨ Kiv hvq? 8. y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq e„nr KvVv‡gv cÖavbZ †Kvb †`kmg~‡n †`Lv hvq? 9. wK ai‡bi y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq KvVv‡gvMZ cÖhyw³ Avw_©Kfv‡e AwaK jvfRbK? 10. KvVv‡gvMZ eë ’vmg~n wK wK cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K? 11. y‡h©v‡Mi gvÎv n«vm Kivi †KŠkjmg~n wK wK? wb‡Pi mvivskwU c‡o cvVwU m¤‡Ü Avcbvi aviYvwU AviI cwi®‹vi Kiæb| cvVms‡¶c : cÖvK…wZKfv‡e msNwUZ Pig NUbvejx‡K cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM ejv nq| cÖvK…wZK NUbvejx‡K ZLbB y‡h©vM e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq hLb GB NUbvq Rxeb I m¤ú‡ì cÖPzi ¶q¶wZ mvwaZ nq| we‡k¦ cÖwZ eQi cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡M cÖPzi ¶q¶wZ n‡q _v‡K| cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM cÖvK…wZKfv‡e msNwUZ n‡jI cÖK…wZ I gvby‡li wg_w¯Œqv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM msNU‡b we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L|

cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi NUbv DË‡ivËi e„w× cv‡”Q| Gi cÖavb KviY c„w_exe¨vcx RbmsL¨ e„w× Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb| d‡j gvbyl AwaK gvÎvq cÖK…wZ †_‡K m¤ú` Avni‡Y m‡Pó n‡q‡Q| m¤ú` AvniY I †fv‡Mi Rb¨ gvbyl AwaK gvÎvq kni I Ab¨vb¨ myweavRbK GjvKvq †K› ªxf~Z n‡”Q| GB mg Í GjvKv hZ †ewk y‡h©vM cÖeY GjvKvq Aew¯’Z n‡”Q ZZB y‡h©v‡Mi NUbv evo‡Q| KviY †jvKmsL¨v e„w× gvbyl‡K µgvMZ y‡h©vMcÖeY GjvKvq emev‡m eva¨ Ki‡Q|

wkíc~e© hy‡M cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M gvby‡li mgšq †KŠkj MÖn‡Y cwi‡ek cÖZ¨¶‡Yi we‡kl f~wgKv wQj, hvi Rb¨ mgšq †KŠkj wQj AwZ mvaviY| wk‡ívËi hy‡M †jvKR I AvaywbK KvVv‡gvMZ I Ab¨vb¨ cÖhyw³i mgšq j¶¨ Kiv hvq| y‡h©v‡Mi gvÎv K‡qKwU †KŠkj MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g n«vm Kiv m¤¢e| G¸‡jv n‡jv y‡h©vMRwbZ ¶wZ‡K ¯xKvi A_ev ¶wZi Askx`vi n‡q, Pig NUbv‡K cwiwgZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g, m¤ú`

eënvi A_ev Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b K‡i| GQvovI y‡h©vM cieZ©x Riæix Ae ’v †NvlYv Ges y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖ¯‘wZ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g y‡h©v‡Mi gvÎv n«vm Kiv m¤¢e|

Abykxjbx cvVwU K‡qKevi fvjfv‡e c‡o wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b| 1. cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi msÁv w`b| cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi cÖK…wZ I êwkó¨ m¤‡Ü wjLyb| 2. wkíc~e© y‡h©vM mgšq †KŠkj m¤‡Ü we¯ÍvwiZ wjLyb| 3. wk‡ívËi y‡h©vM mgšq †KŠkj m¤‡Ü we ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 4. y‡h©v‡Mi gvÎv wK wK †KŠk‡ji gva¨‡g n«vm Kiv m¤¢e? †KŠkj¸‡jv ms‡¶‡c wjLyb| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb : 6.5 ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ: mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b: 1.1 cÖwZeQi KZ j¶ †jvK cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi wkKvi nq ?

K. GK j‡¶i Dci L. wZb j‡¶i Dci M. AvovB j†¶i Dci 1.2 cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y cÖwZ eQi wek¦e¨vcx †gvU ¶wZi cwigvY KZ? K. 40,000 wgwjqb BD.Gm. Wjvi L. 20,000 wgwjqb BD.Gm. Wjvi

M. 10,000 wgwjqb BD.Gm. Wjvi



1.3 cÖvK…wZK y‡h©v‡Mi g‡a¨ me©v‡c¶v AwaK ¶wZ nq wK Øviv?

K. Liv L. eb¨v M. N~wY©So 1.4 evU©b I †KU&m cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMmg~n‡K KqwU †kªwY‡Z wef³ K‡ib?

K. PviwU L. QqwU M. ywU 1.5 †Kvb AÂ‡ji gvbyl eb¨vi mv‡_ emevm †KŠk‡j Af¨¯Í|

K. Av‡gwiKvi mgf‚wg AÂj L. ga¨cÖv‡P¨i DcK‚jxq AÂj M.evsjv‡`†ki DcK‚jxq cøveY mgf‚wg I fvi‡Zi M½v cøveY mgf‚wg

2. k~b¨¯’vb c~iY Kiæb: (mgq 5 wgwbU): 2.1 cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vM cÖvK…wZKfv‡e msNwUZ me©mvaviY ¯^xK…Z cÖvK…wZK NUbvejx hv ................I

...................cÖf‚Z ¶wZ K‡i| 2.2 cÖvK…wZK y‡h©vMRwbZ ...................cwigvY µgvš‡q †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| 2.3 wkíc~e© mgv‡R `y‡h©vM mgšq †KŠkj wQj ..................... .......................| 2.4 Px‡b cÖvq AvovB nvRvi eQ‡iiI c~e© †_‡K eb¨v cÖwZ‡iv‡a Rwg‡Z ...................wbg©vY cÖPwjZ

i‡q‡Q| 2.5 Dbwesk kZvãxi cÖ_gva© †_‡K ....................... .....................Øviv y‡h©vM wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v

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