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Georgia High School
Graduation Test Tutorial
World History from
World War I to World War II
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Causes of World War I1. Balkan Nationalism
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Causes of World War I2. Entangled Alliances
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Causes of World War I
3. Militarism
• Arms races between nations
• Built up to intimidate other nations
• Russian army had over 1,000,000
• Germany and France had 900,000 each
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Conditions on the Front in WWI
1. New Weapons Utilized
• Machine Guns
• Poison gas (Mustard Gas)
• Tanks
• Airplanes (Dog Fighting)
2. Trench Warfare
• “No Man’s Land”
• Disease and influenza
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Effects of World War I Treaty of Versailles
-Establishment of League of Nations
-German reparations
• Mandate System –British and French
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WWI - End of Empires
Hapsburg Dynasty (Germany & Austria)
Romanov’s
(Russian Czars)
Ottoman Empire
(Middle East)
Family of Czar Nicholas II –last of the Romanov Rulers of Russia
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The Russian Revolution
1917—Workers revolt against the Czar --Bolsheviks take over Russia and begin a socialist system under Vladimir Lenin. Allied countries (Great Britain, France, Japan and the United States) send troops to support anti-communist forces, but communist forces eventually prevail.
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The Soviet Union
1922 --Lenin establishes the Soviet Union (USSR)
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The Rise of Joseph Stalin
1924—Lenin dies–Several leaders struggle for power including Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin.
Eventually, Stalin seizes power and becomes a dictator over USSR—imposing a totalitarian state.
He begins a Five Year Plan to increase industrialization and collectivize agriculture in the Soviet Union.
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The Red Scare
After the Russian Revolution, fear of a similar revolution in the United States by communists from Russia led to a period known as the Red Scare.
Attempted assassinations of Attorney General Mitchell Palmer and John D. Rockefeller led to the Palmer Raids—in which suspected communists were arrested and more than 500 immigrants deported.
This led to increase fear of immigrants and restrictions on immigration were passed by Congress.
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New Leaders Emerge
In Italy, a new fascist government emerged in 1922 under Benito Mussolini. He rose to power using propaganda, brutality, and intimidation—promoting an ultra-nationalist Italy and himself as Il Duce (“the Leader”).
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Fascism in Germany
In 1921, Adolf Hitler took control of the National Socialist German Worker’s Party—better known as the Nazis.
He became chancellor of Germany in 1933 and eventually claimed the title Fuhrer (guide of Germany)and established himself as dictator over the Third Reich.
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Leadership in Japan Japanese Emperor
Hirohito began his reign in Japan in 1926. He did not exercise absolute control over the government.
Instead, an army general, Hideki Tojo, assumed the role of Japan’s premier –leading it through World War II.
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Authoritarian Government
and Totalitarianism
Authoritarian Government is ruled by a single person or party interested in political power.
Totalitarianism is a government which seeks to control not only political power, but the economy, culture, and social life.
These governments often use terror and fear--utilizing propaganda and controlling access to information such as the press and education. (Examples: Italy, Germany, & USSR)
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Aggression in Asia
1931—Japan Invades Manchuria
Japan leaves the League of Nations
By 1938, Japan has control of major cities along Chinese coast
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German Expansion
Hitler begins rebuilding German military and marches troops into the Rhineland (lost in WWI)
Germany annexes Austria and claims parts of the Sudetenland
Great Britain and France pursue policy of appeasement—rather than challenge Hitler’s aggression
In 1939, Hitler invades Poland Britain and France declare war on
Germany—thus beginning World War II
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The Holocaust
Hitler’s policy of Nazi racism targeted Jewish people and fed on European anti-semitism
Hitler viewed Jews as a national enemy and began implementing his Final Solution—elimination of Jewish people by sending them to concentration camps as slave laborers and then executing them in gas chambers
The extermination of nearly 6 million Jews, as well as Gypsies, Slavs, and other people deemed undesirable came to be known as the Holocaust
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World War II --1940
April, 1940--Germany Invades Denmark and Norway
May, 1940 – Germany takes control of Belgium, Netherlands, and France
July-October, 1940 – Battle of Britain, German planes bomb Britain in “blitzkriegs” (night air raids).
British Royal Air Force help fight off German air assault and prevent invasion.
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Axis Powers
1940,Germany, Italy and Japan form an alliance known as the Axis Powers
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US Neutrality before World War II
1935— Neutrality Act passed by Congress to stay out of European conflicts
1940 -- U.S. imposes embargo on Japan after its invasion of China
March, 1941– Congress passes
Lend-Lease Act to allow President Roosevelt to send aid to Great Britain
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Japan attacks Pearl Harbor
Dec. 7th 1941—Japan launches surprise attack on U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
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U.S. joins Allies in World War II
After Pearl Harbor, the U.S. declares war on Japan and joins Allies (Great Britain, USSR, and French resistance) against the Axis Powers
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Domestic Wartime Policies of US
Roosevelt establishes War Production Board –redirecting production of civilian consumer goods to war materials
Revenue for funding the war was generated through withholding income tax from paychecks and selling war bonds
The Government began rationing of resources—such as tires and food items
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Women join domestic war effort
Many women filled industrial jobs that had been held by men who were sent overseas
A popular symbol of these women was Rosie the Riveter
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Suspicion of Germans, Italians and
Japanese in U.S.
Since the U.S. was at war with these countries, suspicion of citizens with origins in Germany, Italy and Japan led to their removal to remote internment camps.
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Allied Powers meet at Tehran
In 1943, leaders of the three major Allied Powers (Churchill—Britain, Roosevelt--US, Stalin-- USSR)
met in the Tehran Conference to discuss plans for defeating Germany
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D-Day
At Tehran, the leaders planned an amphibious invasion of Normandy (occupied by Nazis) named Operation Overlord –headed by supreme allied commander Dwight D. Eisenhower
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The Yalta Conference
Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met in February, 1945 at the Yalta Conference to discuss plans of dividing up Europe anticipating the defeat of Germany
Germany was divided and most of Eastern Europe was controlled by the Soviet Union
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The Potsdam Conference
The Allied leaders met after the defeat of Germany in July,1945 at the Potsdam Conferenceto discuss plans for defeating Japan and its unconditional surrender
President Truman (who succeeded Roosevelt after his death) learned of the successful tests of the Atomic bomb while at the conference
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The Atomic Bomb
Led by Robert Oppenheimer, the Manhattan Project successfully produced two Atomic bombs at Los Alamos, New Mexico (called Fat Man and Little Boy)
On August 6th, 1945 a B-29 bomber called the Enola Gay dropped the first Atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan
Three days later, a second bomb exploded over Nagasaki
Japan surrendered on August 14th, 1945—thus ending World War II and beginning the Atomic Age