getting at variation with ultrasound: scottish and dutch /r/ ultrafest 3 university of arizona at...
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![Page 1: Getting at variation with ultrasound: Scottish and Dutch /r/ Ultrafest 3 University of Arizona at Tucson 14-16 April 2005 James M Scobbie (QMUC) Koen Sebregts](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e3b5503460f94b2dadb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Getting at variation with ultrasound:
Scottish and Dutch /r/
Ultrafest 3University of Arizona at Tucson
14-16 April 2005
James M Scobbie (QMUC)Koen Sebregts (Utrecht)
and thanks also esp. to Alan Wrench and Yolanda Vasquez Alvarez
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Why /r/? Why ultrasound?
• Previous articulatory studies of /r/– There is a lot of variation
• Variation, change, acquisition, phonetics– “labiodentalisation” of /r/ in Anglo English– “vocalisation” of final /r/ in Scottish English– “retroflexion” of final /r/ in Dutch
• Phonology – what *is* an /r/ anyway?• Ultrasound
– Relatively informal– Can provide dynamic images
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Can we add to MRI?
• Tiede’s beautiful images (from ICPhS 03)
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Can we add to MRI?
• And perhaps what we can expect…
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Can we add to MRI?
• And perhaps what we can expect…
![Page 6: Getting at variation with ultrasound: Scottish and Dutch /r/ Ultrafest 3 University of Arizona at Tucson 14-16 April 2005 James M Scobbie (QMUC) Koen Sebregts](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e3b5503460f94b2dadb/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Can we add to MRI?
• Tiede’s beautiful images (from ICPhS 03)
![Page 7: Getting at variation with ultrasound: Scottish and Dutch /r/ Ultrafest 3 University of Arizona at Tucson 14-16 April 2005 James M Scobbie (QMUC) Koen Sebregts](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032803/56649e3b5503460f94b2dadb/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Problems with ultrasound
• The usual – Incomplete images, no passive articulator– Head-probe correction or control– Synchronisation and low frame rate– Splines and edges– Stats
• plus… – European video output (PAL) is at 25Hz
(albeit with more pixels, esp in raw AVI) – Fieldwork taped data is slower to prepare
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Data collection – the laboratory
• Good – Helmet (or other head games)– Less environmental noise– The experimenter is in control– Choice of equipment and software - demo
• but… – Willing and normal subjects have to be found– Experiment costs – Intimidation of subjects
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Data collection – the “field”
• In this case – Glasgow Science Centre• Good
– Lots of varied and willing subjects– Outreach… and publicity (!)– Vernacular speech more elicitable– Qualitative articulatory transcription - demo
• but… – Things are a little out of control (cf feedback)– Small amount of time for each subject – Non-ideal equipment and methodology
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What do we want for /r/?
• Varied vowel environments• Varied word and syllabic positions• Acoustic analysis (and other channels?)• Info on multiple articulators • Stratified pool of subjects• Normal vernacular speech• Dynamics• Synchronised data
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Backstep: methodological issues
• Smearing of raw data due to scan rate • Creating of video output - downsampling
and synchronisation problems
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Ultrasound e lem ent echo response buffe rs(one pe r e lem ent) f illed cyc lic ly f rom le f t to right
Matrix of raw data
generated at the scan rate of the ultrasound machine e.g 72 complete scans per
second
Matrix of raw dataImage processing
Buffer of image data
Video scanningBuffer of image data
Smooth greyscale image buffer i.e. video
output
What’s the delay?
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Methodological issues
• There is always a delay– Our range was 20ms to 100ms (mean 40ms)– Does our 25Hz rate make it clearer or worse?
• Practicalities– Multichannel synchonisation, even video,
even acoustics, is based on unpredicatable delay whether via camcorder or direct
– Individual video frames can be arbitrarily split in addition to overlay and interlacing
– High ultrasound sample rate alone is not enough
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Scottish background
• Field work in Glasgow Science Centre• Stuart-Smith et al discover heavily
retracted coda /r/ in young (teenage) vernacular Scots– Not “vocalisation” like middle class
Anglification– Strong breaking (transitioning) with limited
time at target?– Different target?– Limited evidence of mergers (yet)
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Scottish pilot
• Methodological– Probability of numerous subjects (hundreds)– All age groups, wide spectrum of social mix– Handheld probe plus mike mix to tape – Eyeball qualitative analysis is highly feasible– Need lab-based follow-up for quantitative
research
• Descriptive so far (very sketchy!)– Clear and obvious cases of pharyngeal /r/– No meta-linguistic awareness of change
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Scottish hypotheses & implications
• Strong breaking in coda is a strong pharyngeal or tongue dorsal gesture
• Some speakers have lost any obvious anterior gesture in coda
• Anterior gestures, if present, include retroflex and bunched types of /r/
• This is socially stratified– There should be intra-speaker variation too– How categorical are these variations?
• We need representative dynamic data
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Dutch background
• Large sociolinguistic, phonetic and phonological survey of Dutch (van Hout, Zonneveld and Van der Velde)– 400 subjects in multiple locations in
Netherlands
• Some speakers have uvular trill/fricative /r/ in onset, and an anterior approximant in codas– What is going on articulatorily?– What is the inter-speaker sub-variation like?
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Dutch study
• Subjects– 10 – all in Edinburgh– Post-screened down to 4 anterior /r/ users
• Materials and protocol– Picture naming (n < 30)– Real words, near minimal pairs: /ir/ /ur/ /ar/– Singleton /r/ and cluster /r/ and /r/-less – 3 reps
• Feedback– Unaware of focus on /r/
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Dutch study
• Target – it’s a multi gestural thing– How do we choose the right frame for /r/?– Using acoustics needs good synchronisation– Using the images themselves is circular– Intergestural timing at 25Hz?
• Dynamics– How to characterise?
• Acoustics– Same sort of questions – target & dynamics– Final devoicing…
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Boer MS – point is red at end of voice – tip down
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Boer 1 RB
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Boer 2 RB
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Boer 3 RB
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Mier 1 RB
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Mier 2 RB
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Mier 3 RB
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Schaar 1 RB
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Schaar 2 RB
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Schaar 3 RB
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Boer 2 RB
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boer 2 vdl
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boer 2 VDB
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boer 2 MS
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So far
• Visual inspection of raw images or dynamic spline diagrams– Two retroflexers (RB VDL)– Two bunchers (MS VDB)
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Next
• Acoustic identification of an r phase– Midpoint spline can be extracted – No discrimination of voiced or voiceless– Identification of single “max rhotic” is similar
• Acoustic analysis– Steady-state V + transition + r-phase– Location of end of voicing– F2 & F3 of voiced (usually) r target if obvious
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MS bunched mainly voiced
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VDB bunched mainly voiced
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RB retroflex mainly voiceless
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VDL… retroflex-ish but nearly vocalised?
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VDL… real non-rhotic vowels for comparison
boer vs. koe
mier vs. riem
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Dutch summary
• 4 speakers with anterior coda /r/– Two retroflex – Two bunch
• One of the retroflex speakers is gradiently vocalising– Timing the /r/ late before pause– But some long domain cues in vowel quality
and consonant variation– RB has strong transitions too rather than
steady state but ?? sounds more rhotic• Interesting to look at following C…
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Overall summary
• Dutch anterior /r/ has various flavours– Retroflex– Non-retroflex– Weakened and late pre-pausal gesture
• Glasgow /r/ comes in various flavours– Pharyngeal approximant observed– Breaking taking over from “rhoticity”
• Strong phonetic effects– Vulnerable non-standard speech– Socially-stratified qualitative UTI is T.o.C.
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Conclusions, implications
• Weakening of final /r/ is flexible– Multiple articulators provide lots of options– Strength and timing are affected– Effects can be gradient and/or categorical – Acoustic effects appear complex– Phonological contrasts need not be affected
• Small (?) sub-phonemic effects, change, and variation go hand-in-hand
• Fine detail and structured variation are in the grammar
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Methodology – field solution
• Splines and edges lose a lot of info– Relative to MRI X-ray etc– Relative to ultrasound images
• Qualitative analysis of images usefully augments impressionistic transcription
• This can be done live and/or from tapes made in the field
• Small amounts of data from large numbers of subjects is standard practice
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Methodology: lab solution #1
• Dedicated hardware + software in the lab
Ultrasound e lem ent echo response buffe rs(one pe r e lem ent) f illed cyc lic ly f rom le f t to right
Matrix of raw data
time stamped at headline sample rate (100Hz)
Image processing
Audio etc
Time stamped
PC buffer & files
• High speed, synchronised, clean images• Integrated analysis (spline fit, export etc)
Start
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Methodology: lab solution #2
• Multichannel backbone (incl 200Hz EPG)• Funding application submitted
– 100Hz synchronised machine (+ EPG)– Multichannel developments (EMA, VICON)
• Helmet improvements• Also, funding application submitted for
ultrafest 5 (2007)
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Holiday report
• Excellent!
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Demo of lab data collection
Slide 8AA