getting to be mark twain

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Preferred Citation: Steinbrink, Jeffrey. Getting To Be Mark Twain. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1991 1991.http://ark.cdlib.or/ark:/1!"!"/ft###9p19/

Getting to be Mark Twain

Jeffrey Steinbrink

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RESS

Berkeley Los Angeles Oxford

! "##" T$e Regent% of t$e Uni&er%ity of Ca'ifornia

$or%irinia and &ar'in (ollister

and&orothy and Ja)es *cCarthy

Preferred Citation: Steinbrink, Jeffrey. Getting To Be Mark Twain. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1991 1991.http://ark.cdlib.or/ark:/1!"!"/ft###9p19/

$or%irinia and &ar'in (ollisterand&orothy and Ja)es *cCarthy

A(know'e)g*ent%Beca+se it took so)e ti)e for this book to )ake clear to )e +st 'hat it )eant to be abo+t, )y firstthanks are to those 'ho helped )ake that ti)e available. - enero+s prora) of sabbaticals and rantsat $ranklin and *arshall Collee, )y ho)e instit+tion, )ade it possible for )e to step a'ay fro)teachin occasionally in order to read *ark 'ains )ail and pl+nder his archives. - fello'ship fro)the 0ational ndo')ent for the (+)anities like'ise s+pported a year of research and 'ritin. 2 a))+ch indebted to $3* and to 0( for the opport+nities these rants opened to )e.

$or a proect like this one, the richest pl+nderin is done a)on the *ark 'ain Papers at the


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University of California, Berkeley. 2 thank 4obert (. (irst, 5eneral ditor of the papers, Ja)es &.(art, of the Bancroft 6ibrary, and all )e)bers of the *ark 'ain Proect staff for their friendship,hospitality, and help. here is no better 'ay to et behind *ark 'ains scenes than to 'ork at thepapers, and no better place to do it. $or a si)ilar hospitality 2 thank &arryl Baskin, &irector of theCenter for *ark 'ain St+dies at 7+arry $ar), his predecessor, (erbert -. 8isbey, Jr., and his staffand associates at l)ira Collee in l)ira, 0e' ork. he center is no' doin for Sa)+el Cle)enss

l)ira connections 'hat the *ark 'ain *e)orial has for so)e ti)e done for his associations 'ith(artford. 2n (artford, 2 thank the )e)orials director, John %incent Boyer, and 8ynn 6ee, 'ho heldthat position before hi).

;ii

*y appreciation also oes to the )e)orials staff and to that of its neihbor, the Sto'e


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'as the 'ork of a lifeti)e, an onoin effort at self


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his obsession to be AfreeA 'as the prototype of a si)ilar i)p+lse in (+ck $inn. 6ike (+ck, Cle)ens'as driven not only by a need to be +nconfined b+t also by the nains of a +ilty conscience and asense of personal +n'orthiness. $or all the )erri)ent and conviviality he sho'ed the 'orld,partic+larly in the +ise of *ark 'ain, Cle)ens 'as b+rdened thro+ho+t his life by selfdo+bts thatso)eti)es ave 'ay to self


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Abbre&iation%

he follo'in abbreviations appear in the te;t:

**$ *ary *ason $airbanks

** *ark 'ain *e)orial, (artford, Connectic+t

*P *ark 'ain Proect, Bancroft 6ibrary, University of California,Berkeley

E6, E6C Elivia 6andon, Elivia 6andon Cle)ens

S6C Sa)+el 6anhorne Cle)ens

C$a-ter One.

S/r&i&ing t$e Refor*ation

1

By his o'n reckonin, the )ost i)portant acco)plish)ent in Sa)+el Cle)enss life 'as his s+ccessf+l

co+rtship of Elivia 6andon. 2n )any 'ays he see)s to have rearded it as his )ost s+rprisinacco)plish)ent as 'ell. *ore than a year before he )et her, and )ore than t'o years before itocc+rred to hi) to fall in love 'ith her, he 'rote his old (annibal friend 8ill Bo'en abo+t hispersistent bachelorhood. A*arry be dd,A he said. A2 a) too old to )arry. 2 a) nearly !1. 2 haveot ray hairs in )y head. 8o)en appear to like )e, b+t d) the), they dont love)eA DLN-++st 1@IIF. (e had definite ideas on the s+bect, ho'ever, ideas that in a eneral 'ay reflected the%ictorianis) of his ti)e and the latent Calvinis) of his +pbrinin, ideas that 'ere often at odds 'iththe vaabond advent+rers life he had chosen. *arriae 'as a static, settled condition= it 'as alsoe;pensive, hallo'ed, and at virt+ally every t+rn infor)ed by a be'ilderin deree of earnestness.G1H

By contrast, Cle)ens had spent abo+t half of his thirty


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cook, cha)ber)aid and 'asher


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al)ost all a)es in Cle)enss life and 'ork, had a serio+s di)ension, and he 'as deter)ined that theco)edy 'o+ld contin+e happily, 'ith the elevation of its hero to a hiher station in life. (is very firstletter to *other $airbanks, 'ritten on L &ece)ber 1@I#, t'o 'eeks after the Quaker Cityvoyae hadco)e to an end, ill+strates the )i; of playf+l e;aeration and sincerity that characteriKed his attit+deto'ard the i)prove)ent she pro)oted in hi):

2 'as the 'orst s'earer, 3 the )ost reckless, that sailed o+t of 0e' ork in the 7+aker

City.... 2 sha)ed the very fo castle 'atches, 2 think. B+t 2 a) as perfectly 3 as per)anentlyc+red of the habit as 2 a) of che'in tobacco. o+r do+bts, *ada), cannot shake )y faithin this refor)ation.... -nd 'hile 2 re)e)ber yo+, )y ood, kind )other, D'ho) 5odpreserveF never believe that ton+e or spirit shall foret this priceless lesson that yo+ haveta+ht the).

2n )+ch the sa)e spirit Cle)ens 'rote to )ily Severance t'o years after the voyae, thankin her forassistin *ary $airbanks in his Quaker Cityt+telae: A2 shall al'ays re)e)ber both of yo+ ratef+llyfor the trainin yo+ ave )eyo+ in yo+r )ild, pervasive 'ay, 3 she in her efficient tyrannical,overbearin fashionA DL# Ectober 1@I9F. ypically, he closed his 1L &ece)ber 1@I# letter to *other$airbanks 'ith a plede and a plea: A2 a) i)provin all the ti)e.... 5ive )e another Ser)on.A

Cle)ens spent )ost of this year


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cha!tersto leave o+t.A (arte, a )ore e;perienced and sophisticated editor than *ary $airbanks,contrib+ted dra)atically to the clippin and polishin not only of The Innocents Abroadb+t also of*ark 'ain. (e Atri))ed 3 trained 3 schooled )e patiently,A Cle)ens said, A+ntil he chaned )efro) an a'k'ard +tterer of coarse rotes?+enesses to a 'riter of pararaphs 3 chapters that

I have fo+nd a certain favor in the eyes of so)e of the very decentest people in the land.AGNH 6ike a kindof pali)psest, the evolvin )an+script itself bore a record of the 'riters refor)ation.

Cle)enss attit+de to'ard the revision of both his book and his character reflected the )i;t+re of playand serio+sness that typified the co)ic phase of his refor)ation. (e 'as able to reard hi)self, his'ork, and his persona 'ith a be)+sed detach)ent that allo'ed hi) to )aintain his balance as heanticipated and ad+sted to his risin fort+nes. he restraints +nder 'hich he operated, )ost of the)self


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so+ht )ore fervently than ever before to e)brace conventional val+es and to prove hi)self accordinto conventional standards. 2t 'o+ld be red+ctive and +nfair to hold Elivia, the 6andons, or the astacco+ntable for these acco))odations on Cle)enss part= his preconceived notions of respectabilityhad )ore to do than they 'ith the transfor)ation of the ironist to the Kealot.G#H (is co+rtship of Elivia,ho'ever, lent +rency to his refor)ist intentions and enco+raed hi) to believe that his chane for thebetter co+ld and sho+ld be radical rather than a)eliorative. (e see)s, in fact, to have ca+ht hi)self in

a snare he set for her. he )ore e)phatically he pleded hi)self to i)prove, the )ore feverishly heca)e to believe in the necessity and desirability of a s'eepin refor)ation.

2n his early letters he petitioned Eliviaas he had *ary $airbanks, 'hose na)e he freely invoked by'ay of precedentto help hi) )end his heedless 'ays by ass+)in the AsisterlyA role of )inisterinanel. A5ive )e a little roo) in that reat heart of yo+rs,A he 'rote, A3 if 2 fail to deserve it )ay 2re)ain forever the ho)eless vaabond 2 a) 2f yo+ 3 )other $airbanks 'ill only scold )e 3 +pbraid)e no' 3 then, 2 shall fiht )y 'ay thro+h the 'orld, never fearA D# Septe)ber 1@I@F. 2n a letter of1@ Ectober 1@I@, he aain linked Elivia to *other $airbanks, )aintainin that Abet'een yo+ yo+ have)ade )e t+rn so)e of )y tho+hts into

@

Elivia 6andon, c. 1@I9. DCo+rtesy *ark 'ain *e)orial, (artford, Conn.F

9

'orthier channels than they 'ere 'ont to p+rs+e, 3 benefits like that, the 'orst of +s cannot foret.A8hile Elivia 'as no do+bt s+sceptible to these appeals, it 'as Cle)ens hi)self 'ho +lti)ately tooktheir )essae )ost to heart.G@H 8hat 'as needed, he ca)e to believe, 'as a thoro+h overha+l of his

character and at least a tacit rep+diation of his earlier, +nreenerate self.

hat concl+sion, ho'ever resol+te, 'as not reached 'itho+t a ood deal of 'renchin and a)bivalenceon his part. &+rin the fall of 1@I@, 'hile tryin to convince Elivia, the 6andons, and hi)self that he'o+ld be settled, serio+s, and responsible, he see)s instinctively to have so+ht release fro) the veryrespectability he 'as r+shin to e)brace. 8hile visitin the $airbankses Cleveland ho)e d+rin thefall lect+re to+r, he 'rote a piece entitled A- *ystery,A 'hich appeared in -bel $airbankss ClevelandHeraldon 1I 0ove)ber.G9H 2n A- *ysteryA *ark 'ain co)plains that Aone of those eni)as 'hich'e call a &o+bleA has been )ara+din aro+nd the co+ntry, +sin his na)e Ato borro' )oney, et r+)for nothin, and proc+re credit at hotels.A he do+ble ab+ses 'hatever privilees it can 'rin fro) the+n'ary, ives b+t a sinle lect+re DAin Satans &eliht, 2dahoAF, and then lapses into f+ll


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never do. 2t s'indles landtords2 never et a chance.A he reader ch+ckles alon even before he etsto the snapper abo+t s'indlin landlords beca+se of 'hat he kno's of *ark 'ains self


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the distance bet'een the) dra)atically 'iden.

his process of dissociation )ay have been at the back of Cle)enss )ind as he 'rote A- *ystery.Ahe piece closes 'ith *ark 'ains discovery that his do+ble is no do+ble after all, b+t Aonly a veryordinary flesh and blood yo+n )an, iven to idleness, dissipation and villainy, and entirely +nkno'nto )e or any of )y friends.A Ene can al)ost hear erst'hile s+itor Cle)ens, at this )o)ent 'ishinthat his o'n character 'ere so en+inely +ndivided, enth+siastically diso'nin his earlier,

+nreenerate self and hopin that Ahis friendsA the 6andons 'o+ld be 'illin to overlook therese)blances bet'een the t'o. he disfranchised doppelQner, 'ho in his penchant for idleness,dissipation, and villainy bears a likeness to the other, or disrep+table, Cle)ens/'ain, is ro+ndlydeno+nced as Aa rascal by nat+re, instinct, and ed+cation, and a very poor sort of rascal at that.A B+t atthe last )o)ent, his rihteo+s indination spent, the 'riter ad)its a r+din sy)pathy for thei)postor: A2 o+ht to hate hi), and yet the fact that he has been able to borro' )oney and et board oncredit by representin hi)self to be )e, is so co)fortably flatterin that 2 o'n to a sort of sneakinfondness for the o+tcast for de)onstratin that s+ch a thin 'as possible.A he oke, serviceable in itso'n riht, allo's *ark 'ain to soften his den+nciation of the heedless yo+n charlatan +st as A-*ysteryA ends, addin a final 'rinkle of co)ple;ity to a piece already note'orthy for its overlappinlayers of conscio+s and se)iconscio+s irony. -s 'e 'ork thro+h

1L

these layers, 'e find 'riter, persona, and do+ble ca+ht in tanles of i)perfectly +nderstood feelins,so)eti)es attractin, so)eti)es repellin or reectin, one another. 8hatever else it )ay s+est, A-*ysteryA de)onstrates that +st ten days before his provisional enae)ent, and probably 'hile he 'asa +est in *other $airbankss ho)e, Cle)ens traded +pon *ark 'ains rep+tation as a ro+h


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1!

Elivias )other, Elivia 6e'is 6andon. DCo+rtesy *ark 'ain Papers,he Bancroft 6ibraryF

1M

0o do+bt 'ith the best intentions, the 6andons initially pro)oted the 'idenin of this chas) byacceptin 'ith ratit+de the notion that their 'o+ld


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i)possible for Cle)ens entirely to set his persona aside d+rin his co+rtship of Elivia, even had he'anted to. 2n fact, al)ost all the letters 'hich )ake +p the early, idealiKin phase of their relationship,'hen his intention to refor) 'as )ost fervid, 'ere 'ritten 'hile he 'as on the lect+re circ+it, takin*ark 'ain and Ahe -)erican %andal -broadA before the p+blic several nihts a 'eek.

his has the look of a re)arkably l+cky coincidence, one of those bioraphical circ+)stances that forceapparently irreconcilable aspects of a personality into an acco))odation. (ad s+ch a circ+)stance not

prevailed at the ti)e, it is )+ch )ore likely that the chas) bet'een Sa)+el Cle)ens and *ark 'ain'o+ld have 'idened, perhaps irreparably, the latter beco)in )erely a caricat+re or )ascot of thefor)er. his had, after all, been the fate of )ost other 'estern h+)orists, Aph+nny phello'sA 'ho hadallo'ed tricks of dialect and spellin to beco)e their stocks


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1#

self


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intervals of candor and 'hi)sy and to )ore pointed reckonins of his chances to et ahead inCleveland or (artford or B+ffalo. vidence of this realistic or restorative phase of his refor)ationappears in a co)paratively early co+rtship letter, 'here, in lan+ae re)iniscent of his correspondence'ith *ary $airbanks +st a year earlier, he ackno'ledes his fiances i)perfections and his o'nincipient 'orthiness. A2 a) ratef+l to 5od that yo+ are notperfect,A he told Elivia. A5od forbid thatyo+ sho+ld be an anel. 2 a) not fit to )ate 'ith an anel2 co+ld not ake)yself fit. B+t 2 can reach

yo+r altit+de, in ti)e, 3 2 willA DNO# &ece)ber 1@I@F. -s his confidence in her feelins )at+red, hisdeclarations of intention re' less shrill. En L" Jan+ary 1@I9 he 'rote, A2 kno' that yo+ are satisfiedthat 'hatever honest endeavor can do to )ake )y character 'hat it o+ht to be, 2 'ill faithf+lly do.AEn I *arch, +st a )onth after they had beco)e for)ally enaed, he s+))ed +p his position: A2kno' that 2 a) not yo+r ideal of 'hat a h+sband sho+ld be, ... 3 so yo+r occasional do+bts 3)isivins are +st 3 nat+ralb+t 2shallbe 'hat yo+ 'o+ld have )e, yet, 6ivynever fear. 2 a)i)provin. 2 shall do all 2 possibly can to be 'orthy of yo+.A Cle)ens is still the refor)er in theserepresentations, b+t no loner the desperate, senti)ental acolyte co)e to 'orship at the shrine. Selfin,especially the >in as he disports hi)self in the 4oyal 0ones+ch. *ark 'ain stopped short ofprancin aro+nd in stripes at the'(!ress, b+t he clearly felt hi)self to be +nder considerable press+rethere to )ake people la+h. (e had yet to learnhe 'o+ld never entirely learnho' to overco)e that

press+re and its acco)panyin te)ptations and pitfalls, b+t the A-ro+nd the 8orldA letters offered aco)paratively early lesson of that kind.

he first letter 'as 'ritten on 1" Ectober 1@I9. he ne;t day Cle)ens posted another letter fro)l)ira, this one bearin his ood 'ishes to a society of $orty


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disareeableA D1NO1I 0ove)ber 1@I9F. S+ch circ+)stances )+st have )ade hi) ac+tely a'are of thedistance that lect+rin had p+t bet'een hi) and the co)fortable l)ira )ansion to 'hich he addressedhis letters.

-s the inter)inable fall of 1@I9 stretched on, tho+h, Jervis 6andon 'as seein to it that he kne'ho' and 'here Cle)enss bachelor pilri)ae 'o+ld end, and that this endin 'o+ld be neithershabby nor disareeable. ven as he had +ided his f+t+re solin to B+ffalo, he no' +ndertook to +ide

the ne'ly'eds to their first ho)e. Beca+se Cle)ens 'as to be a'ay fro) the city lect+rin +ntil afterthe 'eddin, he had left it to the +bi?+ito+s

I#

J. &. $. Slee, 6andons B+ffalo b+siness associate, to find lodins that 'o+ld be s+itable for hi) andhis ne' bride 'hen they arrived follo'in the cere)ony in $ebr+ary. 6andon, ho'ever, )ade a co 8-20, the 5reat (+)orist, 'rites for ( 5-6-every *onth.A By

1N!

playin +pon his senses of +ilt and ratit+de, Ch+rch and Sheldon )ay have so+ht to caole orobliate Cle)ens into e;tendin rather than ter)inatin his co))it)ent 'ith the). B+t he 'as not tobe )oved, perhaps especially beca+se their s+btleties 'ere all b+t lost in the 'elter of )ore i))ediateand pressin de)ands he faced at ho)e. (is hopes and rand desins for the sprin of 1@#1 'erea)on the earliest cas+alties of sickness and charin. A8e have had doctors 3 'atchers 3 n+rses in theho+se allthe ti)e for @ )onths,A he co)plained to his dia)ond


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openly ackno'ledes, even e;ploits, the interrelationship bet'een Cle)enss life and 'ork= it alsobetrays a characteristic self


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hadprod+ced before this lon interr+ption. (is correspondence, )+ch of it cited in the previo+schapter, indicates that the first fo+r chapters of the book 'ere 'ritten bet'en L@ -++st and MSepte)ber, 1@#", that chapters N and I 'ere added before 1N Septe)ber, that chapter # and perhapschapter @ 'ere co)pleted by 19 Septe)ber, and that at that point Cle)ens 'as A+p to pae 1@"A in the)an+script 'ith Aonly abo+t 1N"" to oA DS6C to lisha Bliss, 19 Septe)ber 1@#"F. -ltho+h he toldBliss in )id


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paes. B+t the sche)e he proposed to Bliss in late Jan+ary, 'ith its i)plicit plede of abo+t t'otho+sand additional paes Dor, say, one tho+sand five h+ndred paes, if he )eant to allo' hi)self t'oto three 'eeks for revisionF, indicates that he co+ld hardly have been )+ch f+rther alon at that ti)ethan he 'as in Septe)ber. hese inferences s+est, altho+h of co+rse they cannot prove, thatCle)ens prod+ced very little )an+script after his initial sp+rt in the fall of 1@#". -s it happened,Elivias fallin ill in early $ebr+ary effectively consined this latest battery of pro)ises to li)bo, and

in the end he sent Bliss no )an+script at all.By the ti)e he co+ld ret+rn toRoughing It, the lon 'inter of 1@#"O#1 dra'in to a close and his'ifes precario+s health ret+rnin, Cle)ens +nderstandably felt that chanes 'ere in order. 2n the earlysprin he bean )akin so)e. A2 have co)e at last to loathe B+ffalo so bitterly,A he 'rote 4iley, Athatyesterday 2 advertised o+r d'ellin ho+se for saleA D! *arch 1@#1F. (is share in the'(!ress'as alsoto o on the block, brinin his connection 'ith the city entirely to a close and at last s+bstantiatinr+)ors abo+t his intendin to leave that had be+n to circ+late virt+ally fro) the )o)ent thene'ly'ed Cle)enses had taken +p ho+sekeepin there. (e and Elivia 'o+ld spend the s+))er inl)ira, he told 4iley, and event+ally Ab+ild a ho+se in (artford +st like this one.A $ro) the beinninthere had been nothin 'ron 'ith the ho+se, their 'eddin ho+se, and certainly it had been the ift ofthe riht people, Elivias parents. 2t had si)ply stood in the 'ron city. Jervis 6andons infl+ence had

bro+ht the) to that city, and their leavin it 'as to so)e e;tent a )eas+re of their +nhappiness thereand also of Cle)enss readiness to step o+t of his father


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*arch letter Cle)ens had indicated his intention to )ove event+ally to (artford and had asked abo+tta;es and f+rnit+re storae there. $ro) (artford Erion responded, plaintively, A8e 'ill h+nt +p anyinfor)ation yo+ 'ant, and do anythin else yo+ 'ant done, if yo+ 'ill only 'riteAthat is, if Cle)ens'o+ld only prod+ce )an+script for the -)erican P+blishin Co)pany.G9H Ef Bliss and his hopes of)akin a o of the)ublisherErion 'rote, A(e is in earnest. (e is decidedly 'orked +p abo+t it. (esays, p+t yo+rself in o+r place.... S?+arely, 'e usthave so)ethin fro) yo+, or 'e r+n the risk of

oin to the dickens.A$ro) his o+tpost in B+ffalo Cle)ens capit+lated. Aell Bliss all riht,A he 'rote Erion= A2 'ill try toive hi) a chapter fro) the newbook every )onth or nearly every )onth, for the P+blisherA D9 *arch1@#1F. Seen aainst the backdrop of his other pledes, predictions, and pro)ises, this )ay not see) a)aor concession, b+t it did ackno'lede Cle)enss sense of obliation to Blisspartic+larly in lihtof his havin declared the intention less than a 'eek earlier to A'rite no )ore for any periodicalAandit did siennett. Colonel Selkirk'as b+siness )anaer, 6arned 'as political editor. 8ith the p+rchase of >ennetts share Cle)ensbeca)e a sort of eneral and contrib+tin editor, 'ith a )ore or less rovin co))issionhis ho+rsand d+ties not very clearly defined.AMark Twain@ A Biogra!hyD0e' ork: (arper, 191LF, 1:!@I


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$ried, A*ark 'ain in B+ffalo,A7iagara 0rontierN D19N@F: 9L.

I. Consider, e.., &i;on 8ecter: A0ever patient +nder ro+tine, Cle)ens see)s early to have ro'nbored 'ith his editorial d+ties in B+ffalo.A The -ove -etters o" Mark TwainD0e' ork: (arper, 19M9F,p. 11L.

#. 8ecter, p. 1"I.

@. (arriet Beecher Sto'e had bro+ht the )atter of Byrons incest+o+s relationship 'ith his half. Beecher, the 6andons Conreationalist )inister in l)ira.

9. J. 0. 6arned, A*ark 'ain,A B+ffalo'(!ress, LI -pril 191"= clippin in *P.

1". arl &. Berry, A*ark 'ain as a 0e'spaper *an,AIllustrated Bu"" "alo '(!ress, 11 0ove)ber

191#= clippin in *P.

C$a-ter Fo/r. An En) to 1an)ering

1. A-)erican ravel 6etters Series 'o, hirteenth in Series in -lta California,A Twainian@ D*ayatharine S. &ay Collection, Sto'e


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cares and distractions.

9. he only s+rvivin record of 5ood)ans criticis), apparently, is Paines. (e credits 5ood)an 'ithrevivin Cle)enss confidence by revie'in the )an+script ofRoughing Itand prono+ncin it Aa reatbookAMark Twain@ A Biogra!hy, 1:M!N

1". (oloraph letter in *P.

11. he f+ll p+blication history ofMark Twain%s 5Burles/ue6 Autobiogra!hyis iven in The +orks o"Mark Twain@ 'arly Tales #ketches, %ol+)e 1, :;E, ed. dar *ar?+ess Branch and 4obert(. (irst DBerkeley, 6os -neles, and 6ondon: University of California Press, 19#9F, pp. NI1


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Jero)e, 4obert &., and (erbert -. 8isbey, Jr., eds.Mark Twain in 'lira. l)ira, 0..: *ark 'ainSociety, 19##.

>aplan, J+stin.Mr. Cleens and Mark Twain@ A Biogra!hy. 0e' ork: Si)on and Sch+ster, 19II.

6arned, Joseph+s 0. A*ark 'ain.A B+ffalo'(!ress, LI -pril 191".

A*ark 'ain on -ric+lt+re.A B+ffalo'(!ress, 1L -pril 1@#".

A*ark 'ains $irst %isit to 0iaara $alls.A B+ffalo Coercial Advertiser, 19 -++st 1@I9, p. L=reprinted in B+ffalo'(!ress, L" -++st 1@I9, p. 1.

*clderry, Br+ce 4., Jr., ed. Contributions to the DGala(y3D :;>;:;?:3 by Mark Twain. 5ainesville,$la.: Scholars $acsi)iles and 4eprints, 19I1.

*c0+tt, Ja)es C. A*ark 'ain and the -)erican 2ndian: arthly 4ealis) and (eavenly 2dealis).AAerican Indian QuarterlyM D-++st 19#@F: LL!OML.

Paine, -lbert Bielo'.Mark Twain@ A Biogra!hy, %ol. 1. 0e' ork: (arper, 191L.

. ed.Mark Twain%s Autobiogra!hy. L vols. 0e' ork and 6ondon: (arper, 19LM.

Piatt, &onn. A$+nny in Spite of (i)self.A'very #aturdayL, no. #1 DI *ay 1@#1F: M1N.

APress 5reetins.A B+ffalo'(!ress, 9 Ectober 1@I9.

4ean, 4obert. Ahe 4eprobate lect in The Innocents Abroad.D Aerican -iteratureNM D*ay 19@LF:LM"ON#.

4oers, $ranklin 4. The )attern "or Mark Twain%s DRoughing ItD@ -etters "ro 7evada by #auel and2rion Cleens3 :;>:>F. Berkeley and 6os -neles: University of California Press, 19I1.

S)ith, (arriet linor, and 4ichard B+cci, eds.Mark Twain%s -etters, %ol?:;>;. Berkeley, 6os -neles, and 6ondon: University of California Press, 199".

S)ith, (enry 0ash. A*ark 'ain as an 2nterpreter of the $ar 8est: he Str+ct+re ofRoughing It.A 2nThe 0rontier in )ers!ective, ed. 8alker &. 8y)an and Clifton B. >roeber. *adison: University of8isconsin Press, 19N#, pp. L1"OLN.

.Mark Twain@ The &evelo!ent o" a +riter. Ca)bride, *ass.: (arvard University Press,19IL.

Spene)ann, 8illia) C. The Adventurous Muse@ The )oetics o" Aerican 0iction3 :?;:. 0e'(aven and 6ondon: ale University Press, 19##.

Steinbrink, Jeffrey. A(o' *ark 'ain S+rvived Sa) Cle)ens 4efor)ation.AAerican -iteratureNN

DEctober 19@!F: L99O!1N= reprinted in 2n Mark Twain@ The Best "ro Aerican -iterature, ed. 6o+isJ. B+dd and d'in (. Cady. &+rha), 0.C.: &+ke University Press, 19@#, pp. LN9O#N.

'ain, *ark. A-bo+t S)ells.A Gala(y, *ay 1@#", pp. #L1OLL.

. A-)erican ravel 6etters Series 'o, 0inth in Series in -lta CaliforniaA= reprinted inTwainian# DSepte)berOEctober 19M@F: !OM. Eriinally p+blished ! *arch 1@I@.

. A-)erican ravel 6etters Series 'o, enth in Series in -lta CaliforniaA= reprinted inTwainian# D0ove)berO&ece)ber 19M@F: NO#. Eriinally p+blished I Septe)ber 1@I@.


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. A-)erican ravel 6etters Series 'o, hirteenth in Series in -lta CaliforniaA= reprinted inTwainian@ D*ayOJ+ne 19M9F: !OI. Eriinally p+blished LN J+ly 1@I9.

. Ahe -pproachin pide)ic.A Gala(y, Septe)ber 1@#", pp. M!"O!1.

. A-ro+nd the 8orld: 6etter 0o. Ene.A B+ffalo'(!ress, 1I Ectober 1@I9.

. A-ro+nd the 8orld: 6etter 0o. hree.A B+ffalo'(!ress, 1! 0ove)ber 1@I9.

. A-ro+nd the 8orld: 6etter 0o. $o+r.A B+ffalo'(!ress, 11 &ece)ber 1@I9.

. A-ro+nd the 8orld: 6etter 0o. $ive.A B+ffalo'(!ress, 1@ &ece)ber 1@I9.

. A-ro+nd the 8orld: 6etter 0o. Si;.A B+ffalo'(!ress, @ Jan+ary 1@#".

. A-ro+nd the 8orld: 6etter 0o. Seven.A B+ffalo'(!ress, LL Jan+ary 1@#".

. A-ro+nd the 8orld: 6etter 0o. iht.A B+ffalo'(!ress, L9 Jan+ary 1@#".

.Ahe Blondes.A B+ffalo'(!ress, L@ $ebr+ary 1@#".

L1M

. A- Co+ple of Sad ;periences.A Gala(y, J+ne 1@#", p. @N@.

. AC+rio+s &rea): Containin a *oral.A B+ffalo'(!ress, !" -pril and # *ay 1@#".

. AC+rio+s 4elic for Sale.A Gala(y, Ectober 1@#", pp. N#1O#M.

.Ahe &aner of 6yin in Bed.A Gala(y, $ebr+ary 1@#1, pp. !1#O1@.

. A- &ay at 0iaara.A B+ffalo'(!ress, L1 -++st 1@I9.

. A&isracef+l Persec+tion of a Boy.A Gala(y, *ay 1@#", pp. #LLOLM.

. A&oberry in 8ashinton.A Gala(y, &ece)ber 1@#", pp. @@1O@!.

. Ahe ditorial Effice Bore.A Gala(y, J+ly 1@#", pp. 1M"OM1.. Anlish $estivities.A B+ffalo'(!ress, L@ -++st 1@I9.

. A-n ntertainin -rticle.A Gala(y, &ece)ber 1@#", pp. @#IO#@.

. Ahe $acts in the Case of 5eore $isher, &eceased.A Gala(y, Jan+ary 1@#1, pp. 1NLONN.

. Ahe $acts in the Case of the 5reat Beef Contract.A Gala(y, *ay 1@#", pp. #1@OL1.

. Ahe $acts in the 5reat 6and Slide Case.A B+ffalo'(!ress, L -pril 1@#".

. A$ortifications of Paris.A B+ffalo'(!ress, 1# Septe)ber 1@#".

. A5olds)iths $riend -broad -ain.A Gala(y, Ectober 1@#", pp. NI9O#1.

. A5olds)iths $riend -broad -ain DContin+edF.A Gala(y, 0ove)ber 1@#", pp. #L#O!1.

. A5olds)iths $riend -broad -ain DContin+edF.A Gala(y, Jan+ary 1@#1, pp. 1NION@.

. A(o'ash.A Gala(y, J+ne 1@#", pp. @ILOI!.

. GA(o+sekeepin 0o. 1AH. (oloraph )an+script in *P= to be p+blished in The +orks o"Mark Twain@ 'arly Tales #ketches, %ol+)e M: :;>:;?. Berkeley and 6os -neles: University ofCalifornia Press, forthco)in, ite) L#9.

. GA(o+sekeepin 0o. LAH. (oloraph )an+script in *P= to be p+blished in The +orks o"


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Mark Twain@ 'arly Tales #ketches, %ol+)e M: :;>:;?. Berkeley and 6os -neles: University ofCalifornia Press, forthco)in, ite) L@".

. A(o' 2 dited an -ric+lt+ral Paper Ence.A Gala(y, J+ly 1@#", pp. 1!!O!N.

. The Innocents Abroad. (artford: -)erican P+blishin Co)pany, 1@I9.

. A2ntrod+ctory.A Gala(y, *ay 1@#", p. #1#.

. AJohn China)an in 0e' ork.A Gala(y, Septe)ber 1@#", p. MLI.

L1N

. AJo+rnalis) in ennessee.A B+ffalo'(!ress, M Septe)ber 1@I9.

. Ahe 6ast 8ords of 5reat *en.A B+ffalo'(!ress, 11 Septe)ber 1@I9.

. Ahe 6atest 0ovelty.A B+ffalo'(!ress, L Ectober 1@I9.

. Ahe 6eend of the Capitoline %en+s.A B+ffalo'(!ress, L! Ectober 1@I9.

. A*ark 'ain: (is 5reetin to the California Pioneers of [email protected] 0e' ork Tribune, 1MEctober 1@I9= reprinted in B+ffalo'(!ress, 19 Ectober 1@I9.

. A*ark 'ain on -ric+lt+re.A B+ffalo'(!ress, 1L -pril 1@#".

.Mark Twain%s 5Burles/ue6 Autobiogra!hy and 0irst Roance. 0e' ork: Sheldon, 1@#1.

. A*ark 'ains *ap of Paris.A Gala(y, 0ove)ber 1@#", pp. #L!OLN.

. A- *e)ory.A Gala(y, -++st 1@#", pp. L@IO@#.

. A*ore Byron Scandal.A B+ffalo'(!ress, # Septe)ber 1@I9.

. A*y $a)o+s Bloody *assacre.A Gala(y, J+ne 1@#", pp. @I"OIL.

. A*y $irst 6iterary %ent+re.A Gala(y, -pril 1@#1, pp. I1NO1I.

. A- *ysterio+s %isit.A B+ffalo'(!ress, 19 *arch 1@#".

. A- *ystery.A ClevelandHerald, 1I 0ove)ber 1@I@.

. Ahe 0oble 4ed *an.A Gala(y, Septe)ber 1@#", pp. MLIOL9.

. APersonal.A B+ffalo'(!ress, @O11 *arch 1@#".

. APersonal (abits of the Sia)ese 'ins.A)ackard%s Monthly, n.s. 1 D1@I9F: LM9ON".

. Ahe Petrified *an.A Gala(y, J+ne 1@#", pp. @N@OI".

. APolitical cono)y.A Gala(y, Septe)ber 1@#", pp. MLMOLI.

. Ahe Portrait.A Gala(y, Jan+ary 1@#1, pp. 1N"ONL.. APost


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. A- 4e)iniscence of the Back Settle)ents.A Gala(y, 0ove)ber 1@#", pp. #!1O!L.

. A4ev. (. 8. Beecher: (is Private (abits.A B+ffalo'(!ress, LN Septe)ber 1@I9.

. A4iley0e'spaper Correspondent.A Gala(y, 0ove)ber 1@#", pp. #LIOL#.

.Roughing It. (artford: -)erican P+blishin Co)pany, 1@#L.

L1I

.Roughing It. dited by $ranklin 4. 4oers. Berkeley, 6os -neles, and 6ondon: University ofCalifornia Press, 19#L.

.Roughing It. dited by (a)lin (ill. 0e' ork: Pen+in Books, 19@1.

. A- 4oyal Co)pli)ent.A Gala(y, Septe)ber 1@#", pp. ML9O!".

. A4+nnin for 5overnor.A Gala(y, &ece)ber 1@#", pp. @#@O@".

. A- Sad, Sad B+siness.A Gala(y, Jan+ary 1@#1, pp. 1N@ON9.

. Sal+tatory.A B+ffalo'(!ress, L1 -++st 1@I9.

. AScience vs. 6+ck.A Gala(y, Ectober 1@#", pp. N#MO#N.

. #ketches3 7ew and 2ld. (artford: -)erican P+blishin Co)pany, 1@#N.

. Ahe Story of the 5ood 6ittle Boy 8ho &id 0ot Prosper.A Gala(y, *ay 1@#", pp. #LMOLI.

. Ahe o+rna)ent in -.&. 1@#".A Gala(y, J+ly 1@#", pp. 1!NO!I.

. AUnb+rles?+able hins.A Gala(y, J+ly 1@#", pp. 1!#O!@.

. A%aledictory.A Gala(y, -pril 1@#1, p. IN1.

. A- 8ail.A (oloraph )an+script in *P= to be p+blished in The +orks o" Mark Twain@ 'arlyTales #ketches, %ol+)e M: :;>:;?. Berkeley and 6os -neles: University of California Press,forthco)in, ite) L@!.

. Ahe 8ild *an 2ntervie'ed.A B+ffalo'(!ress, 1@ Septe)ber 1@I9.

. A8it-ldrich, ho)as Bailey, 19M n.N


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Alta Cali"ornia, N , !M

-)erican 2ndians, 1LN ., #" , 11M and *ark 'ains rep+tation, @M , 1#" , 1#@

Bo'les, Sa)+el, !M

Branch, dar *ar?+ess, L"9 n.11

B+ffalo, 0e' ork, ;vi , ;vii , L" , !@


137/146

Cle)enses ho+se in, I#

in B+ffalo DseeB+ffalo= B+ffalo'(!ressF=

and California DseeCaliforniaF=

dia)ond


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fa)ily of, 1@ , !" , 1!N , 1MN , L"! n.1" Dsee alsoCle)ens, Jane 6a)pton= Cle)ens, John *arshall=Cle)ens, 6andon= Cle)ens, Erion= Cle)ens, S+sy= 6andon, Charles= 6andon, Jervis= 6andonDCle)ensF, Elivia= 6andon, Elivia 6e'is= *offett, -nnie= *offett, Pa)elaF=

as ho+seholder, @#


139/146

)oral h+)or of 11L , 1L9 =

pop+larity of, #9 , 1#@

Cleveland, 1I , L" , L9 , !! , !N , !@ , M" , M1 , M!

ClevelandHerald, 9 , 1" , 1# , L9

#ee also$airbanks, -bel= $airbanks, *ary *ason

Colfa;, Sch+yler, 1!#

Co;, Ja)es *., L1" n.1N

Crane, (enry *., MN

Crane, S+san 6andon, 111 , 11M , 11N , 119 , 1L# , 1I@ , L"L n.L, L"M n.LL, L"9 n.@Crane, heodore, 11M , 1I@

AC+rio+s &rea),A 11"

4

A&aners of 6yin in Bed, he,A 1M9

&ay, -lice. #ee(ooker D&ayF, -lice

&ay, Calvin, !1

A&ay at 0iaara, -,A M@


140/146

F

A$acts in the Case of the 5reat Beef Contract, he,A 1"L

A$acts in the 5reat 6and Slide Case, he,A 1"L , L"N n.M

$airbanks, -bel, 9 , L9

$airbanks, *ary *ason, ;iv , ;v , !

letters to, ;iii , ;vii

$ord, &ari+s 4., I! , @M

5ood)an, Joe, 1## , L"9 n.9, L1" n.1M

5rant, U.S., 1L1 , 1L9

5ray, &avid, 111 , L"1

(artford, Connectic+t, ;vi , ;vii , L" , !1

)ove to, 1N# , 1I" , 1IN , 1@@


141/146

(artford Courant, !1

(ill, (a)lin, L"# n. I, L"@ n.1M, L1" n.1N

(ine, Charles C., @L

(irst, 4obert (., 19M n.N, L"9 n.11

A(o'ash,A 1"M

(ooker D&ayF, -lice, !1 , 9M , 1L# , 1I# , L"" n. L

(ooker, 2sabella, #" , 1@@

(ooker, John, 1@@

(os)er, (eKekiah 6., 1!9

se?+el to, 11N , 1!1

>ennett, ho)as -., 19I n.I

L

6andon, Charles, M , MM , I! , @M


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and Cle)enses ho+se, II

Mark Twain%s 5Burles/ue6 Autobiogra!hy and 0irst Roance, 1M# , 1NL , 1I9


143/146

A*e)oranda.A See Gala(y)aaKine

A*e)ory, -,A 119

A*onopoly Speaks, he,A MI #ee also%irinia City, 0evada

A0e' Cri)e: 6eislation 0eeded, he,A 1"! , 11"

A0oble 4ed *an, he,A 1LN


144/146

6

Quaker Cityvoyae, ;iii characters of, 1M1 , 1N9

Sand'ich 2slands in, 1@M

San $rancisco, ;v , N , 1I , 1"L

Sand'ich 2slands, 1@M


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Selkirk, Col. 5eore $., 19I n.I

Severance, )ily, ;iv , M , L#

Sheldon, 2saac, 1M# , 1M@ , 1NL

T

ahoe, 6ake, 1#M

%irinia City, 0evada, 1M" , 1I1


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getting to be mark twain

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