ghsgt review world history. sswh9 change and continuity in the renaissance and reformation...

GHSGT Review

World History

SSWH9 Change and Continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance – European movement, which reached its height in the 1400-1500’s, emphasizing the study of classical (Greece & Rome) culture, humanism, education, and change.


Development of city-states (Florence) Why?

– Economic: Agricultural surpluses contributing to the rise of towns; Mediterranean trade with Middle East

– Social: Black Death resulting in agricultural surpluses and greater status for skilled workers

– Political: Dominance of politics by wealthy merchant families (Medici)

Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince – Renaissance political scientist– From Florence– “The ends justify the means.”– Accomplish political goals by any means necessary


Leonardo da Vinci– Italian painter, sculptor, scientist, architect…– The Last Supper, The Mona Lisa

Michelangelo Buonarroti– Italian painter, sculptor, scientist, architect…– David, Moses, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Pieta, designed

dome of St. Peter’s Basilica (Church) in Vatican City (Rome) Both were “Renaissance Men” – men before their time

with many talents and skills; educated; encouraged questioning of accepted traditions and customs


Related movement during the Renaissance -Humanism

Characteristics:– Importance of the individual– Questioning tradition and custom – especially of the

Roman Catholic Church, which built a foundation for the Reformation

– Secularism – focus on “worldly” things– A well-rounded person: educated, athletic, talents in

music and art– Focus on emotion


Famous Humanists:– Fransisco Petrarch, Italian poet and scholar,

perfected the sonnet; known as the “Father of Humanism”

– Dante Alighieri, Italian poet, writer of The Divine Comedy (Inferno, Purgatory, Paradise), which questioned church leadership, written in the vernacular and not Latin

– Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch (Netherlands), noted Christian humanist, who called for reform of the Roman Catholic Church


Protestant Reformation – after 1517, a religious movement initially to reform the Christian Roman Catholic Church, which eventually resulted in the formation of new Christian Protestant (from “to protest”) churches


Leaders of the Protestant Reformation– Martin Luther, German

Ideas stated in the Ninety-Five Theses– Salvation through faith alone and scripture alone– Protested sale of indulgences (document sold by Roman

Catholic Church offering forgiveness for past or future sins of oneself or a loved one)

– Translated Bible into German for wide readership Formation of Lutheran Church and later, other Protestant

denominations


Leaders of the Protestant Reformation– John Calvin, French

Ideas stated in Institutes of the Christian Religion– Predestination (people predetermined to be saved or not)

Spread Protestant Reformation to France The Puritans and Presbyterians are Calvinists


Roman Catholic Reaction to Protestant Reformation – Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)– Realization that reform was needed in the Roman

Catholic Church. Where?– Council of Trent, Italy. Results:

Ending sale of indulgences Faith and works needed for salvation Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final and correct Formation of the Jesuits, a religious order, which enforced

the directives of the Council of Trent


Protestant Reformation in England– Leader: King Henry VIII– Initially a political struggle rather than a religious one– Resulted in the formation of the Anglican Church,

the Church of England, known in the United States as the Episcopal Church

– Successor to Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, daughter; firmly established the Protestant Church of England


Invention of printing press in Europe– Johan Gutenberg, German– c. 1450– First book to be printed was the Bible– “Information revolution”– Facilitated the spread of Protestantism and later, the

Enlightenment

SSWH10 Impact of the Age of European Discovery and Expansion

Definition: Diffusion of European culture around the world (c.1400-1700)

Why? Gold, God, & Glory Explorers and Conquistadores

– Vasco da Gama, Portugal, established trade route from Portugal, around the tip of Africa, to India, 1498

– Christopher Columbus, Spain, sailed west to reach East Indies, but “discovered” the Americas, 1492

– Ferdinand Magellan, Spain, his expedition was first to circumnavigate the world, 1519-1522

– Samuel de Champlain, France, explored St. Lawrence River, founded Quebec, 1608

– Hernan Cortes, Spain, conquered the Aztec Empire, c.1519– Francisco Pizarro, Spain, Conquered the Inca Empire, 1522


Columbian Exchange: exchange of plants, animals, people, and disease among Europe, Africa, and the Americas


Role of technology in exploration– Improvements in shipbuilding: rudders moved to

stern (back) of ship; use of lateen (triangular) sails– Improvements in navigation: the astrolabe (used to

measure distance of stars from the horizon); compass

– Improvements in military technology: cannons mounted on ships

– Most improvements were originally developed in China and the Middle East

SSWH13 The Intellectual, Political, Social, and Economic Factors, which changed the world view of Europeans

Scientific Revolution: major change in European thought, beginning in the 1500’s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs


Scientific Contributions and Contributors:– Nicholas Copernicus, Polish, heliocentrism (sun-

centered universe)– Galileo Galilee, Italian, more proof to heliocentrism,

discovered sunspots and moons of Jupiter– Johan Kepler, German, more proof to heliocentrism,

planets moved in elliptical orbits around the sun– Isaac Newton, British, laws of motion and gravity


Enlightenment: European movement in the 1700’s in which thinkers applied the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society


Enlightenment Thinkers:– John Locke, British, developed idea of natural rights, including

life, liberty, and property; a government, which did not protect natural rights, could be abolished (consent of the governed)

– Jean Jacques Rousseau, French, developed ideas of popular sovereignty and equality

– Voltaire, French, criticized Roman Catholic Church, social inequality, and absolute government; proponent of freedom of speech, press, and religion

– Charles Louis Montesquieu, French, separation of powers and checks and balances in government

SSWH14 Age of Revolutions and Rebellions

The Enlightenment inspired the English, American, French, Haitian Revolutions, and Latin American independence movements (1688-1825)


Causes of the English Revolution– Power struggle between Parliament and Monarchy– Religious struggle among Protestant Puritans,

Protestant Church of England, and Roman Catholics

Effects of the English Revolution – The English Bill of Rights, 1688– Great Britain becomes a limited constitutional

monarchy– Power of government resides in the elected

representatives of the people in Parliament


Causes of the American Revolution (1775-1783):– Taxation without representation– Desire for the protection of natural rights

Effects of the American Revolution– Formation of the United States of America– Inspired the French Revolution


Causes of the French Revolution:– Social inequality (Three Estates)– Enlightenment ideas– Example of the American Revolution– Economic Crises– Weak leadership of the monarchy


Effects of the French Revolution (1789):– Destruction of the monarchy– Spread of Enlightenment ideas– Reign of Terror– War with other European nations– Rise of Napoleon– Conservative reaction– Rise of nationalism– Diffusion of democratic ideals to ensure equality and justice– Independence movements in Latin America


Causes of the Haitian Revolution (1791-1803)– Desire for social equality and an end to slavery

Effects of the Haitian Revolution:– Independence of Haiti, 2nd nation to gain

independence in the Americas– Success of slave rebellion results in fear of future

uprisings


Causes of Latin American Independence Movements:– Enlightenment ideas– Nationalism– American, French, and Haitian Revolutions– Cultural differences between native Europeans in Latin

America and mestizos (persons of mixed European and Native American descent)

Effects of Latin American Independence Movements:– Mexican Independence (1821)– Independence of other Latin American nations (1821-1825)


Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte:– French general from Corsica, who advanced through the ranks and became

emperor of France– Continued the social reforms of the French Revolution, but limited political

reform (return to autocracy, rule by one person) Defeat of Napoleon:

– Defeated by alliance of European nations, exiled, returned for 100 days, finally defeated at Waterloo

Consequences of Napoleon’s Rule:– Established the Napoleonic Code, a uniform set of laws, which eliminated

many social injustices; enforced order over freedom– Conservative Reaction in Europe– Rise of nationalism in Europe– New territorial boundaries in Europe

SSWH16 Long Term Causes and Global Impact of WWI

Causes of World War I– Militarism– Alliances– Imperialism– Nationalism


Militarism– Expansion of military– European-wide arms race– Glorification of war– Unity of political and military leadership


Alliances– Created to maintain balance of power– Central Powers: German Empire, Austro-Hungarian

Empire, Ottoman Empire– Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, later

United States and Italy


Imperialism– Policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate

smaller nations economically, politically, and socially– Competition among European nations in Africa and

Asia led to conflict of interests in search of resources especially between Germany and Great Britain

– Drive to create and maintain overseas empires


Nationalism– Belief that people should be mainly loyal to their

nation – people who share a common culture, language, religion, and history – rather than to a king or empire

– Pan Slavism– Serbian Nationalism – resulted in the assassination

of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria – Arab Nationalism (Ottoman Empire)


Conditions on the war front– Trench warfare– War of attrition– Use of new war technology – machine guns,

chemical warfare, air bombardment


Treaty of Versailles– Treaty with Germany to end the war– Provisions of the Treaty:

German war guilt German reparations Reduction of German military Loss of German territory Creation of the League of Nations Germany not allowed to join League of Nations


The mandate system:– The Ottoman Empire was divided into mandates

administered by Great Britain and France– A continuation of European imperialism


Effects of the War– Economic depression, especially in Germany– Sense of despair– Collapse of Romanov (Russia), Hapsburg (Austria-

Hungary), and Hohenzollern (Germany) Empires– Devastation of Europe– New nations created (Czechoslovakia, Finland,

Yugoslavia, Hungary, etc)

SSWH17 Major Political and Economic Factors that Shaped World Societies Between WWI and WWII

Causes of the Russian Revolution:– Weak leadership of the czar– Poor conditions of peasantry and working class– Lack of political reform– Fueled by ideas of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin– Devastation caused by World War I


Effects of the Russian Revolution – Withdrawal of Russia from WWI– Rise of the Bolsheviks (Communists) in Russia– Civil war in Russia between the Reds (Bolsheviks) and the

Whites (monarchists)– Creation of the U.S.S.R. – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics– Rise of Lenin as leader of the Bolshevik Party

Rise of Totalitarianism– Stalin and Five Year Plans


Totalitarianism: total government control over every aspect of public and private life– Examples of:

Fascism (Germany, Italy, and Japan) Communism (USSR)


Fascism: totalitarian system that promotes extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and dictatorial one-party rule

Fascism in Germany:– Adolf Hitler– Desire to dominate Europe through racial policies in order to

create a “master race”– Desire to create a world empire “to last a thousand years”

through a policy of lebensraum (“living space”)– Repression of individual rights, especially those of Jews,

gypsies, blacks, and those of “alternative lifestyles”, which resulted in the Holocaust

– Dominance of the Nazi Party


Fascism in Italy– Benito Mussolini– “Revival of the Classical Roman Empire”– Repression of individual rights– Dominance of the Fascist Party

Fascism in Japan– Emperor Hirohito– “Asia for Asiatics” – policy to remove all Europeans

from Asia


Communism: totalitarian economic system in which government owns and controls all means of production

Communism in the USSR– Josef Stalin– Five Year Plans and Purges– Dominance of the Communist Party


Causes of World War II– Militarism– Imperialism– Nationalism– Totalitarianism– Social Chaos– Resentment resulting from Treaty of Versailles


Acts of Aggression Leading to War– China-Manchuria by Japan, 1931– Eastern China by Japan, 1930s– Ethiopia by Italy, 1935– Rhineland by Germany, 1936– Austria by Germany, 1938– Western Czechoslovakia, the Sudetenland, and the rest of the

country by Germany, 1938-1939– Albania by Italy, 1939– Poland by Germany, 1939

SSWH18 The Global Political, Economic, and Social Impact of World War II

Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan Allied Powers: France, Great Britain, USSR,

and USA


Major Conflicts and Outcomes of WWII in Europe and Africa

– Invasion and rapid fall of France, 1940– Battle of Britain, 1940– War with the USSR, resulting in Germany fighting a two-front

war, 1941– Battle of al-Alemain – Germany defeated in North Africa, 1942– Allied invasion of Italy, 1943– Battle of Stalingrad, 1943– Allied invasion of Normandy, France, also known as D-Day 1944– Unconditional surrender of Germany, April 1945


Major Conflicts and Outcomes of WWII in Asia and the Pacific

– Attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, a territory of the USA, resulting in US involvement in the war, Dec. 7, 1941

– Battle of Midway, allied victory, 1942– Battle of Guadalcanal, allied victory, 1943– Battle of the Philippines, allied victory, 1944– Allied use of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki,

1945– Unconditional surrender of Japan, September 1945


Effects of World War II– Allied Conferences near the end of the war and

post-war: Teheran – discussed opening a second front in Western

Europe, 1943 Yalta – discussed post-war plans for Europe, including

dividing Germany into zones, compensating USSR for lost territory, implementing free elections in Eastern Europe, and the creation of the United Nations, 1945

Potsdam – discussed how to administer post-war Europe and how to counter effects of the war, 1945

Leaders involved – Winston Churchill, Great Britain; Josef Stalin, USSR; Franklin Roosevelt and Harry Truman, USA


Effects of WWII (Continued)– Creation of the United Nations– Marshall Plan for rebuilding Europe– Reconstruction of Japan under General Douglas

MacArthur’s administration, which included the policies of demilitarization and democratization

SSWH19 The Global Social, Economic, and Political Impact of the Cold War and Decolonization from 1945-1989

Revolutionary Movement in India– Mohandas K. Gandhi

Leader of India’s independence movement from Great Britain Believed in passive resistance Inspired other non-violent protest movements, including Martin

Luther King, Jr.

Revolutionary Movement in China– Mao Zedong

Leader of Communist Party in China Defeated Chiang Kai-shek, leader of the Chinese Nationalists Created the People’s Republic of China after the Chinese Civil

War in 1949


Formation of Israel– Created out of a mandate in Palestine administered

by Great Britain in 1948– Supporters of the movement were called Zionists– Nation-state for the Jewish people– Creation resulted in conflict with Arab neighbors of

Egypt, Jordan, Syria, as well as displaced Palestinians


Cold War: a state of diplomatic hostility between the United States and the USSR, 1946-1989

Results of the Cold War:– Arms race: development of mass stores of nuclear

weapons and advancement in nuclear technology, including the development of the Hydrogen Bomb (1954) and ICBMs.

– Various conflicts around the world (Korea, Vietnam, Berlin, Cuba, etc)

– Space Race

SSWH20 Change and Continuity in the World since the 1960’s

Ethnic Conflict– Ethnic Group: A group of people who share a common

language, culture, religion, history, and/or territory– Cambodia – the Khmer Rouge, a Communist movement led

by Pol Pot, overthrew the government of Cambodia. During his rule from 1975-1979, Pol Pot targeted the following groups for torture and execution:

Ethnic Chinese, Laotians, and Vietnamese The crippled or lame Buddhist monks People with ties to western nations or western education Approximately 2 million people died during this genocide (the

purposeful annihilation of a group or groups of people)


Ethnic Conflict (Continued)– Former Yugoslavia – Thousands of Bosnian

Muslims were slaughtered by Christian Bosnian Serbs from 1991-1995. In 1998, thousands of ethnic Albanians were also murdered by the Serbs.

– Rwanda – Ethnic Hutus massacred 500,000-1,000,000 ethnic Tutsis in 1994.


New Nationalisms:– Pan-Africanism: movement seeking unity within

Africa– Pan-Arabism: movement seeking unity among Arab

people and nations of the Middle East


Global Terrorism: the use of force or threats to frighten people or governments to change their policies

Examples of Terrorism:– Oklahoma City Federal Building Bombing, April 19, 1995– U.S.S. Cole attack, October 12, 2000– World Trade Center, New York City, September 11, 2001

Effects of Terrorism– Impacts daily life, including travel, world energy supplies,

financial markets, and possibly civil liberties

SSWH21 Globalization in the Contemporary World

The development of television, satellites, and computers (Internet) has resulted in greater cultural diffusion and diversity.

SSWH21 Globalization in the Contemporary World

International Organizations exemplify greater globalization in politics (United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), G8), economics (World Trade Organization (WTO), Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and multinational corporations (McDonald’s, Nike)), culture (Amnesty International), and environment (Greenpeace).

ghsgt review world history. sswh9 change and continuity in the renaissance and reformation...

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