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National SecurityNational Security

PolicymakingPolicymaking

Chapter 20

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American Foreign Policy:American Foreign Policy:

Instruments, Actors, andInstruments, Actors, and

PolicymakersPolicymakers Instruments of Foreign Policy

Three types of tools:

Military

Economic

Diplomatic

Military is the oldest and still used Economic is becoming more powerful

Diplomatic is the quietest of the tools

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Instruments,A

ctors, andInstruments,A

ctors, andPolicymakersPolicymakers U.S.Military Interventions in Central America and the CaribbeanSince

1900 (Figure 20.1)

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Instruments,A

ctors, andInstruments,A

ctors, andPolicymakersPolicymakers Actors on the World Stage

International Organizations (UN)

Regional Organizations (NATO, EU)

Multinational Corporations

Nongovernmental Organizations

Individuals

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American Foreign Policy:

Ins

trumen

ts

, Actors

, an

dPolicymakers The Policymakers

The President

The Diplomats (secretary ofstate)

The National Security Establishment (secretary

of defense, Joint Chiefs ofStaff, NSC, CIA)

Congress

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An OverviewAn Overview Isolationism:

Foreign policy where the U.S. tries to stay out

of othernations conflicts, particularly inEurope.

Monroe Doctrine:

U.S. official statement of isolationism

World WarI:

Basically ended the policy of isolationism

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An OverviewAn Overview The Cold War

Containment Abroad and Anti-Communism at

Home

The Swelling of the Pentagon (arms race)

The Vietnam War

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An OverviewAn Overview The Era of Dtente

Dtente: a slow transformation from conflict to

cooperation

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks: effort to

limit the growth ofnuclear arms

Originally applied to the Soviet Union, andthen to China

Not favored by everyone

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An OverviewAn Overview The Final Thaw in the Cold War.

Bush proposed to move beyond containment to

integrate the Soviet Union into the community

ofnations.

Leadership of the Soviet Unionsupported the

en

din

g of commun

ism a

nd the

nsplit up

.

East and West Germany united.

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American Foreign Policy: AnAmerican Foreign Policy: An

OverviewOverview

The War on Terrorism

War on terrorism became highest priority of

George W. Bush administration after 9/11.

Bush supported preemptive strikes against

terrorists and hostile states.

International relations has entered an era ofimprovisation.

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The Politics of Defense Policy


Defense Spending

Currently takes up about one-sixth of the

federal budget. Conservatives argue against budget cuts that

would leave the military unprepared.

Liberals argue for budget cuts to provide more

money for programs here in the U.S.Military spending is hard to cut since it means a

loss of jobs in congressional districts.

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Figure 20.3



Trends in Defense Spending

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Personnel

1.4 million active and reserve troops

More reliance onNational Guard and reserve troops.

Weapons

Reliance onnuclear triad (ICBMs, SLBMs, and

strategic bombers) is expensive.

Treaties (START) were signed to reduce some nuclear

missiles.

High-tech weapons are becoming more important.

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The New Global

Agenda

The New Global

Agenda

The Decreasing Role ofMilitary Power

Military power is losing much of its utility in

resolving many international issues.

Economic Sanctions

Nonmilitary penalties imposed on foreign countries

as an attempt to modify their behavior.

Generally the first shot in a crisis.

Can be effective, but critics argue they only hurt

U.S. businesses and provoke a nationalist backlash.

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The New Global

Agenda

The New Global

Agenda

Nuclear Proliferation

Only a few countries have knownnuclear

weapon capabilities.

Fear is that other rogue countries will have

nuclear weapons capabilities and use them

agains

t theirn

eighbors

or theU.S.

U.S. will focus on discouraging the deployment

of developed nuclear weapons.

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The New Global

Agenda

The New Global

Agenda

The International Economy

International Trade. Tariffs (a tax on imported goods) are used to protect

American business.

NAFTA and GATT are ways to lower tariffs andincrease trade.

Balan

ce of Trade.

The ratio of imports to exports.

Web of interdependency makes it hard to defineimport for trade purposes.

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Figure 20.5

The New Global

Agenda

The New Global

AgendaExports and Imports

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The New Global

Agenda

The New Global

Agenda

International Inequality and Foreign Aid

There is a North-South conflict in addition to

the East-West conflict.Northern hemisphere countries are generally

richer thansouthern hemisphere countries.

A significant amount of foreign aid is in the

form of military assistance, other aid iseconomic innature.

Although small, foreign aid isnot popular.

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The New Global

Agenda

The New Global

Agenda

The Global Connection, Energy, and theEnvironment

Growing Energy Dependency America depends on imported oil, but not as much

as othernations.

Much of the recoverable oil is in the Middle East

which is

often

thes

ite of military & econ

omicconflicts.

OPEC controls the price of oil and amount itsmembers produce and sell.

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The New Global

Agenda

The New Global

Agenda

American Dependence on Foreign Oil (Figure 20.5)

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The New Global

Agenda

The New Global

Agenda

The Global Connection, Energy, and the

Environment

Environment and the World Commons.

Environmental problems are not limited to the U.S.

In developing nations, the balance between

economic development and the environment is tilted

towards the economy.

The issues of acid rain and global warming cause

disagreement between the U.S. and othernations.

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Understanding NationalUnderstanding National

Security PolicymakingSecurity Policymaking National Security Policymaking and

Democracy

Americans are more interested in domestic than

foreign policy.

The opinions of the people are rarely ignored.

Pluralism is pervasive in foreign policymaking. Foreign and Defense Policymaking and the

Scope of Government

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