gic calculations using epri opendss...

Randy Horton, Ph.D., P.E.Senior Project ManagerRoger Dugan, FIEEE

Senior Technical ExecutiveEPRI/NERC GMD Workshop

April 19, 2012

GIC Calculations Using EPRI OpenDSS Software

2© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction to OpenDSS


OpenDSS- Background

• DSS development was started at Electrotek Concepts in 1997 (Distribution analysis, DG in particular)

• Acquired by EPRI in 2004• EPRI released its Distribution System Simulator (DSS)

program as open source In Sept 2008– Called “OpenDSS”

• Designed to simulate utility distribution systems in arbitrary detail for most types of analyses related to distribution planning.– It performs its analysis in the frequency domain

• Power flow, • Harmonics, and • Dynamics.

– It does NOT perform electromagnetic transients (time domain) studies.


Example DSS Applications

• Geomagnetically Induced Current Simulations

• Neutral-to-earth (stray) voltage simulations.

• Loss evaluations due to unbalanced loading.

• Development of DG models for the IEEE Radial Test Feeders.

• High-frequency harmonic and interharmonic interference.

• Losses, impedance, and circulating currents in unusual transformer bank configurations.

• Transformer frequency response analysis.

• Distribution automation control algorithm assessment.

• Impact of tankless water heaters on flicker and distribution transformers.

• Wind farm collector simulation.• Wind farm impact on local

transmission.• Wind generation and other DG

impact on switched capacitors and voltage regulators.

• Open-conductor fault conditions with a variety of single-phase and three-phase transformer connections.


OpenDSS Installation


http://sourceforge.net


Program Files (Version 7.4)

• OpenDSS.EXE Standalone EXE• OpenDSSEngine.DLL In-process COM server• KLUSolve.DLL Sparse matrix solver• DSSgraph.DLL DSS graphics output

– (These will change with Version 8 due 2nd Q 2012)

• Copy these files to the directory (folder) of your choice– Typically c:\OpenDSS or c:\Program Files\OpenDSS


Registering the COM Server

• If you intend to drive OpenDSS from another program, you will need to register the COM server– Some programs require this !! – If you are sure you will only use OpenDSS.EXE, you

can skip this step• You can come back and do it at any time

• In the DOS, or command, window, change to the folder where you installed it and type:– Regsvr32 OpenDSSEngine.DLL

Note: You can open the command window by typing ‘cmd’ in the Run box on the Start menu.


Registering the COM Server – Windows 7

• Special Instructions for Window 7 – (and probably Windows Vista, too)– See Q&A on the Wiki site

– http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/electricdss/index.php?title=How_Do_I_Register_the_COM_Server_DLL_on_Windows_7%3F

– Go to “All Programs > Accessories” folder – right-click on the Command Prompt and select Run

as Administrator. • Then change to the OpenDSS folder and type in

– "regsvr32 OpenDSSEngine.DLL" or – "RegisterDSSEngine", which runs the ‘.Bat’ file.

http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/electricdss/index.php?title=How_Do_I_Register_the_COM_Server_DLL_on_Windows_7?�

http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/electricdss/index.php?title=How_Do_I_Register_the_COM_Server_DLL_on_Windows_7?�


Registering the COM Server – Windows 7

• Another Process for Windows 7 per Andy Keane- UC Dublin

1. Right click on the desktop and select new -> shortcut2. For location of item just type ‘cmd’3. This will create a new shortcut to a command prompt on your

desktop4. Right click on the new shortcut and select ‘Properties’5. On the shortcut tab select ‘Advanced’6. Tick the ‘Run as Administrator’ box7. Press Apply/OK and that command prompt will always be run

as administrator allowing the user to use regsvr32


OpenDSS Basics


OpenDSS Standalone EXE User Interface


Executing Scripts in the EXE

Select all or part of a line

Right-Click to get this pop-up menu

DSS executes selected line or opens selected file name

Any script window may be used at any time.


DSS Structure

Main Simulation EngineCOM Interface

Scripts

Scripts, Results

User-Written DLLs


DSS Object Structure

DSS Executive

Circuit

PDElement PCElement Controls Meters General

LineTransformerCapacitorReactor

LoadGeneratorVsourceIsource

RegControlCapControlRelayRecloseFuse

MonitorEnergyMeterSensor

LineCodeLineGeometryWireDataLoadShapeGrowthShapeSpectrumTCCcurve

Commands Options

Solution

V [Y] I


DSS Class Structure

Instances of Objects of this class

Property Definitions

Class Property Editor

Collection Manager

Class Object 1

Property Values

Methods

Yprim

States

Object n

Property Values

Methods

Yprim

States


DSS Classes (as of 2008)

• Power Delivery (PD) Elements– Line– Transformer– Reactor– Capacitor

• Power Conversion (PC) Elements– Load– Generator– Vsource– Isource

• Control Elements– RegControl– CapControl– Recloser– Relay– Fuse

• Metering Elements– Monitor– EnergyMeter– Sensor

• General– LineCode– LineGeometry– Loadshape– Growthshape– Wiredata– Spectrum– TCC Curves


DSS Bus Model

0 1 2 3 4


DSS Terminal Definition

Power Delivery or Power Conversion

Element

1

2

3

N


Power Delivery Elements

Power Delivery Element

Iterm = [Yprim] Vterm

Terminal 2Terminal 1


Power Conversion Elements

• Not needed for GIC simulations.

Power ConversionElement

ITerm(t) = F(VTerm, [State], t)

VF∂∂


Load (a PC Element)

• Not needed for GIC simulations.

YprimCompensation CurrentYprimCompensation Current


Putting it All Together

Yprim 1 Yprim 2 Yprim 3 Yprim n

Y=IinjI2

Im

I1

ALL Elements

PC Elements

V Node

Voltages

Iteration Loop


Generic Structuring of Script Files

Run_The_Master.DSS

Master.DSS

LineCodes.DSS

WireData.DSS

LineGeometry.DSS

Spectrum.DSS

LoadShape.DSS

LibrariesPut a “Clear” in here

Transformers.DSS

Lines.DSS

Loads.DSS

Etc.

CircuitDefinition

“Compile” the Master file from here

Make a separate folder for each circuit


GIC Calculations Using OpenDSS


GIC Calculations

• The process of computing GIC in a network involves three steps.– Step 1 – Create dc system model– Step 2 – Compute induced voltages– Step 3 – Compute GIC


Step 1 – Create dc System Model


Transformer Models

• dc models are available for the following transformer winding connections:– Delta-Grounded Wye (GSU)– Grounded-Wye Grounded Wye (with or without delta

tertiary)– Grounded-Wye Autotransformer (with or without delta

tertiary)• Neutral connections are modeled explicitly so that

individual GIC blocking devices can be modeled.• dc winding resistance is used in the model (NOT R1 or R0!)• Only windings with connection to ground are included in the

model. Delta and ungrounded wye windings are excluded.


Grounded-Wye Grounded Wye Transformer (with or without Delta Tertiary)

Rw2

Rw2

Rw2

Rw1

Rw3 1

Rw1

Rw1

Rw3

Rw3

2

3

1

2

3

HX

NHNX

Sub Ground

Field

New GICTransformer.1 busH=H.1.2.3 busNH=H.4.4.4 busX=X.1.2.3 busNX=H.4.4.4 ~ R1=0.2 R2=0.1 type=YY

Object Class

Parameters

Object NameBus Names

Allows continuation onto next line

H.1

H.2

H.3

Rw1

Rw1

Rw1

NH.1

NH.2

NH.3

X.1

X.2

X.3

Rw2 NX.1

NX.2

NX.3

Rw2

Rw2

H.4

Can be arbitrarily defined


Grounded-Wye Grounded Wye Autotransformer (with or without Delta Tertiary)

New GICTransformer.1 busH=H.1.2.3 busX=X.1.2.3 busNX=H.4.4.4 ~ R1=0.2 R2=0.1 type=Auto

Object Class

Parameters

Object NameBus Names

Allows continuation onto next line


X

Rw1

Rw1

Rw1

Rw2

Rw2

Rw2

1

2

3

H

1

2

3

NX Sub Ground

Field

Tertiary not shown

H.1

H.2

H.3

Rw1

Rw1

Rw1

NX.1 Rw2

Rw2

Rw2

NX.2

NX.3

X.1

X.2

X.3

H.4

Program automatically makes this connection


Generator Step-Up Transformer (GSU)

New GICTransformer.1 busH=H.1.2.3 busNX=H.4.4.4 R1=0.2 R2=0.1 type=GSU

Object ClassParametersObject Name

Bus Names


Rw1Rw1

Rw1

Rw2

Rw2

Rw2

NH

Sub Ground

Field

1

H

2

3

H.1

H.2

H.3

Rw1

Rw1

Rw1

NH.1

NH.2

NH.3

X.1

X.2

X.3

Rw2

NX.1

NX.2

NX.3

Rw2

Rw2

H.4


Transmission Line Models

• Transmission lines are modeled as a dc resistance in series with a quasi-dc voltage source.– OpenDSS uses 0.1 Hz

• dc resistance must be manually corrected for skin effect.– Correction factor varies from approximately 0.95 for large

conductors (1590 MCM) to 1.0 for smaller conductors (below 750 MCM).

• Earth return effects (e.g. those included in Carson’s equations) do not need to be included in the model since they are negligible at very low frequencies (quasi-dc).



• The quasi-dc voltage is computed internally using Faraday’s Law (voltage value can also be specified by the user).

• The following data are required if the voltage is not specified by the user:– Geographic locations of each bus (LAT,LON in degrees).– Eastward and Northward geoelectric field (V/km).

• Series capacitance can also be included in the model by specifying the value in uF.



Rdc

Rdc

Rdc

Bus1.1

Bus1.2

Bus1.3

Bus2.1

Bus2.2

Bus2.3V

V

V

New GICLine.1 bus1=1 bus2=2 R=3.512 Lat1=33.613499 Lon1=-87.373673

~ Lat2=33.547885 Lon2=-86.074605 EE=1.00 EN=2.00 C=10.0

Object Class

E Field (V/km)

Object Name Bus Names

Series capacitance can also be

included

LAT/LON of Bus 1

LAT/LON of Bus 2 Series Capacitance


Substation Ground Field

• Resistance to remote earth of substation ground field is modeled as a lump resistance.

• Modeled as a discrete reactor element in OpenDSS.

Rgnd

To xfmr neutral or blocking device

To xfmr neutral or blocking device

New Reactor.SUB1gnd phases=1 bus1=H.4 R=0.200 X=0


GIC Blocking Devices

• Blocking devices are modeled as discrete elements (R or C).

New Reactor.GICblock1 phases=1 bus1=H.4 bus2=H.5 R=3.0 X=0

New Capacitor.GICblock1 phases=1 bus1=H.4 bus2=H.5 cuf=10


Step 2 – Compute Induced Voltages


Induced Voltage Calculations

• OpenDSS uses Faraday’s Law to compute the induced voltage in the transmission line due to the geomagnetic field at the earth’s surface.– Geographic locations of each bus is required (LAT,LON

in degrees).– Eastward and Northward geoelectric field data is

required (V/km).• Faraday’s Law is evaluated numerically using the

procedure outlined in the following slides.


Faraday’s Law

∫= ldEV

Electric Field (V/km)

Dot product tells you to find the part of E parallel to dl

Incremental segment(including direction)

Line Integral – Tells youto sum up all of the contributions

along a defined path

dl

dl

EBus A

Bus B


Faraday’s Law (Numerical Solution)

• Using the preceding equation (in closed form) to compute the induced voltage in a transmission line is a formidable task.

• Assumptions are made to reduce the complexity of the closed form solution.– We assume that the electric field is constant in the area

of the transmission line → Only end points of the line are needed.

– We compute the dot product using the following relationship, recall:

yyxx BABABA +=•

NNEE LELELE +=•


Determining LN and LE

• OpenDSS using the following method to compute the Northward and Eastward Distances. Note that there are more accurate methods (e.g. WGS84 model), but the following method is accurate enough for power system calculations.– Northward Distance (LN)

– Eastward Distance (LE)

lat2.111LN ∆⋅= km

2LatBLatA +

=α degrees

( )α∆ −⋅⋅= 90sinlong2.111LE km

A

B

LN

LE


Step 3 – Compute GIC


GIC Calculations

• Same calculation technique that is used for AC calculations is used to compute GIC.

Yprim 1 Yprim 2 Yprim 3 Yprim n

Y=IinjI2

Im

I1

ALL Elements

PC Elements

V Node

Voltages

Iteration Loop


Some Examples


GIC Example

G

2 31T1

345 kV500 kV

G

6T3

SUB 1

T2

54SUB 2SUB 3

1 2

3 4

Name Latitude Longitude Grounding Resistance

(Ohms)Sub 1 33.613499 -87.373673 0.2Sub 2 34.310437 -86.365765 0.2Sub 3 33.955058 -84.679354 0.2

Line From Bus

To Bus Length (km)

Resistance (Ohms/phase)

1 2 3 121.03 3.5252 4 5 160.18 4.665

Name Resistance W1 (ohm/phase)

Resistance W2

(ohm/phase)T1 0.5 N/AT2 0.2 (series) 0.2 (common)T3 0.5 N/A


Three-Phase Equivalent Circuit

GSU T-LINE GSUT-LINEAutotransformer

RG1

RG2

RG3

RT1

RT1

RT1

RL1

RL1

RL1

VL1

VL1

VL1

Rc

Rc

Rc

RsRs

Rs

RL2

RL2

RL2

VL2

VL2

VL2

RT2 RT2

RT2

1 2 3 4


Calculations Using OpenGIC

• OpenGIC utilizes a script based approach.

Line Data

TransformerData

Sub GroundData

E Field


OpenGIC Results

• Assume |E| = 10 V/km Eastward Direction


Substation Ground Fields


OpenGIC Results

• Graphical Representation


GIC Test Case

• A 20 bus benchmark test case has been developed to validate GIC calculation software.

• Key contributors were:– Randy Horton,Roger Dugan – EPRI– David Boteler - Natural Resources Canada– Risto Pirjola - Finnish Meteorological Institute– Tom Overbye – University of Illinois at Urbana-

Champaign• An IEEE paper has been written and submitted to IEEE

Transactions on Power Delivery.– “A Test Case for the Calculation of Geomagnetically

Induced Currents”


20 Bus Test Case – Single Line Diagram

G

23

1

4

6

5

G

11 12 13

T1

T2

T8

T10

345 kV500 kV

G

14T11

G

7

G

8

G

18

G

19

1715

T5

16

T3

T4

T6

T7

GIC BD

SUB 1

SUB 2 SUB 3

SUB 4

SUB 5

Sw.Sta 7

SUB 6

SUB 8

T12

T15

T13

20

T14

T9

GIC Blocking Device


20 Bus Test Case – Geographical View

Sub 1

Sub 2

Sub 4

Sub 5

Sub 3Sub 8

Sub 6

Sub 7


Substation Locations and Grid Resistance Values

Name Latitude Longitude Grounding Resistance

(Ohm)Sub 1 33.6135 -87.3737 0.2Sub 2 34.3104 -86.3658 0.2Sub 3 33.9551 -84.6794 0.2Sub 4 33.5479 -86.0746 1.0Sub 5 32.7051 -84.6634 0.1Sub 6 33.3773 -82.6188 0.1Sub 7 34.2522 -82.8363 N/ASub 8 34.1956 -81.0980 0.1


Transmission Line Data

Line From Bus

To Bus Voltage(kV-LL)

Length (miles)

Resistance (ohm/phase)

1 2 3 345 77.18 3.5122 2 17 345 77.47 3.5253 15 4 500 87.51 1.9864 17 16 345 102.54 4.6655 4 5 500 103.31 2.3456 4 5 500 103.31 2.3457 5 6 500 131.05 2.9758 5 11 500 154.57 3.5099 6 11 500 63.59 1.44410 4 6 500 205.57 4.66611 15 6 500 128.81 2.92412 15 6 500 128.81 2.92413 11 12 500 102.39 2.32414 16 20 345 88.98 4.04915 17 20 345 152.53 6.940


Transformer Data

Name TypeResistance

W1 (Ohms/phase)

Bus No.Resistance

W2 (Ohms/phase)

Bus No.

T1 GSU w/ GIC BD 0.1 2 N/A 1

T2 GY-GY-D 0.2 4 0.1 3T3 GSU 0.1 17 N/A 18T4 GSU 0.1 17 N/A 19T5 Auto 0.04 16 0.06 15T6 GSU 0.15 6 N/A 7T7 GSU 0.15 6 N/A 8T8 GY-GY 0.04 5 0.06 20T9 GY-GY 0.04 5 0.06 20

T10 GSU 0.1 12 N/A 13T11 GSU 0.1 12 N/A 14T12 Auto 0.04 4 0.06 3T13 GY-GY-D 0.2 4 0.1 3T14 Auto 0.04 4 0.06 3T15 Auto 0.04 15 0.06 16


GIC Calculations for Uniform 1 V/km E Field

TRANSFORMER WINDING GIC FORNORTHWARD

E FIELD(AMPS/PHASE)

GIC FOREASTWARD

E FIELD(AMPS/PHASE)

T1 HV 0.00 0.00T2 HV 1.75 -6.93T2 0.59 -5.18T3 HV 19.27 -31.52T4 HV 19.27 -31.52T5 SERIES 18.09 -34.84T5 COMMON 23.31 -18.22T6 HV -9.55 59.03T7 HV -9.55 59.03T8 HV -27.68 -17.87T8 -18.84 6.98T9 HV -27.68 -17.87T9 -18.84 6.98

T10 HV 10.15 22.35T11 HV 10.15 22.35T12 SERIES 7.24 -21.73T12 COMMON 0.99 -8.63T13 HV 1.75 -6.93T13 0.59 -5.18T14 SERIES 7.24 -21.73T14 COMMON 0.99 -8.63T15 SERIES 18.09 -34.84T15 COMMON 23.31 -18.22


Graphical Representation – 1 V/km Eastward Field


Computing GIC values for other E fields

• Two methods exist for computing GICs due to “non unity” electric fields.1. Enter the new E field data into the line models and re-

compute the corresponding GIC, or2. Compute the resulting GIC using:

{ }

(Amps) field E Northward V/km1 to due GIC(Amps) field E Eastward V/km1 to due GIC

(radians) vector field E of angle (V/km) field E of magnitude

(Amps) GIC of valuenew where,

==

=

=

=

+=

N

E

new

NEnew

GICGIC

EGIC

cosGICsinGICEGIC

θ

θθ


Using the COM Server

• Program can be “driven” using Matlab, Excel, etc.• Very useful in GIC calculations.

– Allows for dynamic analysis, i.e. entire storm scenarios can be evaluated – not just a particular E field.

– Allows the use of built in graphing capability, etc.


Using the COM Server

• Program can be “driven” using Matlab.

OpenDSS Commands

OpenDSS Commands


1 in 100 Year Storm Scenario

43 43.5 44 44.5 45 45.5 46-10

0

10

20

UT(Hours)

EN F

ield

(V/k

m)

43 43.5 44 44.5 45 45.5 46-20

0

20

UT(Hours)

EE F

ield

(V/k

m)


GIC Flows for 1 in 100 Year Storm

43 43.5 44 44.5 45 45.5 460

20

40

UT(Hours)

|E| (

V/k

m)

Geoelectric Field

43.5 44 44.5 45 45.5-200

0

200

UT(Hours)

GIC

(Am

ps/P

hase

) GIC - Transformer #3


GIC Flows for 1 in 100 Year Storm (Close Up)

44 44.05 44.1 44.15 44.20

5

10

15

20

UT(Hours)

|E| (

V/k

m)

Geoelectric Field

44 44.05 44.1 44.15 44.2

-200

-100

0

100

200

UT(Hours)

GIC

(Am

ps/P

hase

)

GIC - Transformer #3


Live Software Demo

Source: http://grundyhome.com/blog/archives/2008/11/28/how-to-generate-innovative-ideas/


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