giovanni boniolo
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"Tre considerazioni su scienza e morale naturalizzata"TRANSCRIPT
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Giovanni Boniolo
Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Milano Scuola Europea di Medicina Molecolare (SEMM) – Milano
Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO) - Milano
Tre considerazioni su scienza e morale naturalizzata
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Volume 1
Snake charmer, Black Mamba and the
evolutionary biology
Volume 2
Copperhead, Black Mamba and the genetics
Volume 3
Cottonmouth, Black Mamba and the
epigenetics
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Volume 1
Snake charmer, Black Mamba and the evolutionary biology
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Comportamenti social i (prendersi cura di sè, prendersi cura degli altri prossimi, prendersi cura degli altri
distanti, attaccamento coniugale, cooperazione fiducia negli altri)
Morale
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“Si ammette generalmente che gl i animali superiori sono dotati di memoria, attenzione, associazione e anche di una certa immaginazione e ragione. Se questi poteri, che differiscono molto nei diversi animali, sono passibil i di svi luppo allora non sembra troppo improbabile per le facoltà più complesse che le più alte forme di astrazione, autocoscienza, ecc., si siano evolute attraverso lo svi luppo e la combinazione delle più semplici” (The Descent of Man, p. 593). “La seguente proposizione mi sembra estremamente probabile; cioè che qualsiasi animale, dotato di istinti social i ben marcati, compresi quell i verso i genitori e i f igl i , acquisterebbe inevitabilmente un senso morale o una coscienza, non appena i suoi poteri intel lettuali fossero divenuti tanto svi luppati, o quasi altrettanto che nell’uomo” (The Descent of Man, p. 602).
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“Poiché non possiamo distinguere tra i motivi, classifichiamo tutte le azioni di una certa classe come morali, se compiute da un essere morale” (The Descent of Man, p. 612). “Un essere morale è colui che è in grado di r if lettere sulle sue azioni passate e sui loro moventi, di approvarne alcune e di disapprovarne altre; e i l fatto che l’uomo sia un essere che certamente merita questo appellativo, costituisce la distinzione principale tra lui e gl i animali inferiori” (The Descent of Man, p. 969).
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la moralità non è una proprietà intrinseca del comportamento in generale o di un qualche comportamento particolare, ma dipende dal fatto che una certa azione viene svolta da un agente morale e/o viene giudicata da un agente morale, cioè da un agente capace di giudizi morali sul comportamento.
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1 . comportamento
giudizio morale sul comportamento
2. condizioni abil itanti la capacità morale
giudizi morali
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condizioni abil itanti la capacità morale condizioni neurofisiologiche (la struttura) che, a posteriori, possiamo ipotizzare essere tal i da consentire la capacità individuale di formulare e applicare giudizi morali (la funzione). tal i condizioni abil itanti non appartengono all’uomo perché è un essere privi legiato, in qualsiasi senso lo si voglia intendere, ma solo per via di eventi casuali lungo la sua evoluzione fi logenetica ossia, i comportamenti non sono né intrinsecamente morali né intrinsecamente immorali. Ciò che è morale è i l giudizio dell’agente morale su di essi.
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Volume 2
Copperhead, Black Mamba and the genetics
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I l fenotipo comportamentale è influenzato dal genotipo?
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In caso di malattie monogeniche umane
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In caso di tratti poligenici o multifattorial i?
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Oxytocin (OXT) location 20p13
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comportamento
giudizio morale sul comportamento
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Volume 3
Cottonmouth, Black Mamba and the epigenetics
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The Hattori Hanzo sword Generally EPIGENETICS is that part of post-genomic biology that studies at molecular level how the environment affects the gene regulation. We intend epigenetic as something closely l inked with either DNA methylation or chromatin modifications.
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DNA methylation has to do with the addition of a methyl group either to cytosine or to adenine (two of the four DNA bases), and it enters the play of gene regulation
methyl group
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Chromatin denotes the complex and highly dynamic network of DNA, RNA and proteins packed together in chromosomes within cell nuclei.
In chromatin, DNA is packaged around nucleosomes, each composed of two copies each of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, H4.
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Nucleosomes are not only architectural devices for genome packaging, since they can be chemically modified, especial ly on their protruding tai ls, by a variety of enzymes that add or remove, in a t ightly regulated fashion, specific chemical moieties (acetyl, methyl, phosphate, and ubiquitin).
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Post-translational modifications make histones into docking sites for other proteins, which eventually assemble complex multimeric effector complexes that transcribe genes and process their transcripts.
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EPIGENETICA può essere anche vista come un modo per catturare la relazione fra natura (geni) e cultura (ambiente)
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We intend epigenetic also to refer to al l those phenomena that are persistent over many generations (of cells or l iv ing beings) independent of the underlying DNA sequence: cells with the same genotype could have different phenotypes, and these phenotypes were stable over many generations. Phenotypes are established in a parental cell or in a parental l iv ing being, no doubt through the interplay of genetic and environmental factors, but when the cells or the l iving beings reproduce, these phenotypes persist despite the fact that the original genetic sequence which contributed to that phenotype may have meanwhile changed, or been replaced, or simply lost.
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epigenetica del fenotipo comportamentale
geni + ambiente
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comportamento
giudizio morale sul comportamento
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nuovamente, r if lettendo sulle basi epigenetiche del fenotipo comportamentale non possiamo inferire nulla sulla morale, ma forse
ritroviamo con abiti nuovi ciò che già sapevamo: più che parlare di morale, si dovrebbe avere un comportamento che
consideriamo moralmente sostenibile.