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GIS TOOLS FORWATER,

WASTEWATER,ANDSTORMWATER SYSTEMS

U.M. SHAMSI


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Data and software are the two most important tools for developing GIS applica-

tions. GIS Tools for Water, Wastewater, and Stormwater Systems presents a step-by-

step approach covering GIS application case studies, examples, and costs associated

with hardware, software, data conversion, and implementation. It addresses a broad

range of GIS issues, from basic definitions to specific applications, teaching how to uti

lize GIS tools and implement them in a practical and cost-effective manner in the field

of water, wastewater, and stormwater management.

Written in textbook format with stylistic focus on the inductive presentation of

examples before principles, this book provides state-of-the-art information about the

tools required to develop GIS applications for water, wastewater, and stormwater sys

tems. This book is geared toward any professional involved in the management and

operation of water, wastewater, and stormwater systems, as well as civil and environ-

mental project engineers and project managers. With a substantial number of pic-

tures, diagrams, graphs, and illustrations, this book is also suitable for use in the clas

room. Each chapter begins with learning objectives and ends with a chapter summar

and practice problems that can be used as assignments for the student.

About the Author

Uzair Shamsi, Ph.D., P.E., is a senior technical manager with USFilter Engineerin

and Construction in Pittsburgh, and an adjunct assistant professor at the University

Pittsburgh, where he teachers GIS and hydrology. Dr. Shamsi has 18 years of water

and wastewater engineering experience through teaching, research, and consulting. A

recipient of ASCEs Excellence in Civil Engineering Education (ExCEEd) training, hehas given more than 30 lectures and written more than 60 published papers in the

areas of hydrologic and hydraulic modeling and GIS applications.

This book is a must read for anyone involved in implementing a GIS for water orwastewater utility. Being the first published reference book on this topic, it would be avaluable addition to your reference library. I like the cookbook style of the book whichis quite appropriate for utility professionals. The book is filled with numerous examples of GIS applications in the water industry that are both current and practical. Theextensive listings of GIS data, software, and the Internet resources will help you tobuild the right kind of GIS for your system.

John Lucey

Executive Vice President & General Manager

USFilter Engineering & Construction


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Experts believe that in the near future most water, wastewater,and stormwater system professionals will be using the GIS in

the same way they have used a word processor or spread-sheet.

PREFACE

ABOUTTHIS BOOK

Its a Monday morning in March 2002 in the Cleanwater City, populationapproximately 10,000 people. Bill, the wastewater treatment plant

operator enters his office when the phone rings. The call is from a sewer

customer who is complaining about his basement flooding. Bill

immediately starts the City GIS and enters the customer address. GISzooms to the resident property and shows all the sewers and manholes in

the area. Bill highlights the sewer segment adjacent to the customer

property, launches the work order module, and completes a work order forTV inspection. The export button saves the work order form and a map of

the property and adjacent sewers in a Microsoft Word file. Bill e-mails

the Word file to the Citys sewer cleaning contractor. The entire process,

from the time the customer called, took about 15 minutes. This bookpresents the tools required to accomplish applications like this.

More than 80% of all the information used by water, wastewater, and

stormwater utility companies is geographically referenced, that is, a keyelement of the information is its location relative to other geographicfeatures and objects. An information system is a framework that provides

answers to questions from a data resource. A Geographic Information

System (GIS) is a special type of information system in which the datasource is a database of spatially distributed features and procedures to

collect, store, retrieve, analyze, and display the geographic data.

The typical local government office contains hundreds of maps displaying

municipal boundaries, voting districts, property lines, roads, zoning areas,

school bus routes, land use, soil types, topography, streams, flood plains,

water lines, sanitary sewers, storm drains, and so on. Paper maps, afterall, have been the traditional method of storing and retrieving

geographically referenced information. The sheer number, range of types,

and diversity of maps used by municipalities are evidence of theimportance geographically referenced information plays in our day-to-day

operations. Unfortunately, the wide variety of maps and the diversity of

their scales and designs at our disposal make it extremely difficult toaccess, use, and maximize the value of the information they contain. GIS


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Chapter1 GIS BASICS

Over the last decade, GIS use has growndramatically in government, utilities, business,and academia where it is being used for manydiverse applications. Consequently, a variety ofGIS terms and definitions has developed.

GIS Definition as a Link Between a Map and a Database


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Table 2-1. Vector GIS Software: Professional / Large Systems

Software Version /Year

Price Range(US$)

VendorWeb site

ArcGIS 8.1/2001 1,500-19,000

ArcInfo 7.2/1998 17,000-19,000

ESRI,

Redlands,California

www.esri.com

GeoMedia Pro 4.0/2000 7,000-8,000

MGE

(requiresMicroStation)

8.0/2001 4,000-6,000 +

4,000-5,000 forMicroStation

Intergraph,

Huntsville,

Alabama

www.intergraph.com

Smallworld

3.1 50,000-60,000 Smallworld

Systems,Cambridge, UK

www.smallworld-us.com

Table 2-2. GIS Software: Desktop / Small Systems

SoftwareVersion /

YearPrice Range

(US$)Vendor Web site

ArcView

8.1 / 20013.2 / 1998

1,400-1,6001,100-1,300

PC ArcInfo

4.0 / 2000 3,000-4,000

ArcCAD

(requires

AutoCAD)

11.4.1 400-600 +3,500-4,000 for

AutoCAD

ESRI,Redlands,

California

www.esri.com

Autodesk Map(requires

AutoCAD)

2000i 4,000-5,000(including

AutoCAD)

Autodesk,San Rafael,

California

www.autodesk.com

GeoGraphics

(requires

MicroStation)

8.0 1,500-1,8000 +4,000-5,000 for

MicroStation

Bentley Systems,Exton,

Pennsylvania

www.bentley.com

GeoMedia

4.0 1,400-1,600 Intergraph, Hunts-ville, Alabama

www.intergraph.com

MapInfo

Professional

6.0 1,400-1,600 MapInfo Corp.,

Troy, New York

www.mapinfo.com

Maptitude 4.1 500-700 Caliper Corp.,

Newton,

Massachusetts

www.caliper.com

Geo/SQL 5.5 250-350 Geo/SQL

Technologies,

Calgary, Canada

www.geosql.com


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RDBMSSOFTWARE

A database management system (DBMS) is a computer program for

organizing the information in a database. A relational database allows

accessing information from different tables without joining them together

physically. A relational database management system (RDBMS) is aDBMS with the ability to access data organized in tabular files that can be

related to each other by a common attribute.

In the past, data retrieval using the sequential search method was slow.

Therefore, geographic data were stored in map (graphic) files rather than

in databases. Today, faster computers have eliminated the speed problem

and new spatial indexing techniques are available to expedite the searches.

Suppose you want to located a manhole by its ID number. Todays

databases do not start with manhole number 0001 and keep looking until

the required manhole is found. A variety of indexing measures make the

search process much faster than a sequential search. Now suppose you

want to locate all the manholes within a given sewershed. To accomplish

this, old systems performed a point-in-polygon geometric calculation to

determine if the manhole coordinates were contained within the

coordinates defining the sewershed boundary. The new spatial indexing

system first selects the manholes that have an index number similar to the

sewershed. This set is then passed to a traditional point-in-polygonroutine to determine which manholes are in the sewershed (Limp, 2001a).

As user databases have become larger, with more concurrent users, it has

been a natural transition to use database management system technology

to store geographic data. To have open access to geographic information

in the GIS database, the DBMS should be open. Initially, most GIS

database systems were proprietary. Fortunately, they are now embracing

industry standards and using popular systems such as Oracle and

Microsoft. For example, Intergraph released a new product in 2000 that

integrates GeoMedia, Oracle Spatial, and the Oracle Workspace Manager

feature of the Oracle database to allow multiple users to work on projects

in the same geographic area (Murphy, 2000a). Open access to data in

databases allows users to take advantage of DBMS technology to store

and manage data, to support multiple users and applications concurrently

on the same database, and to integrate heterogeneous data at the desktop.Using DBMS to store and manage data provides a superior solution for

backup/recovery, replication, failover remote synchronization, and multi-

user access (ESRI, 2000).

Suppose your maintenance department is using your water system layer to

enter field inspection results. If the engineering department tries to access

the water layer while the maintenance department is using it, they will get

file already in use error. This problem is solved by middleware

software like ESRIs Spatial Database Engine (SDE) described in Chapter


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Creative application developers are the people who dream with

their eyes wide open.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

The learning objective of this chapter is to become familiar with majorapplication development software products. Major topics discussed in thischapter include

! Application development software

! Image processing software

! Internet GIS software

! Database management software

! Statistical analysis software

! Document management software

! AM/FM/GIS software

! Computer modeling software

APPLICATION DEVELOPMENTSOFTWARE

GIS application software is used to run GIS applications, such as hydraulic

modeling or work order management. Like GIS production software,

there are many types of GIS applications software, not all of which can be

listed here. Some representative examples are given in this chapter.

GIS applications are developed by extending the core capabilities of a GIS

software. Creative application developers can find something useful in aGIS package and turn it into something innovative. The two methods for

developing GIS applications are GIS customization and programming.

GIS customization mainly changes the default GIS user interface byadding new tools and menus that perform news tasks. The customization

capability of a GIS software package is the key to developing applications

using this method. Customization is appropriate for small applications.For larger applications, new computer programs must be written and

linked to GIS. Many applications use a combination of both methods.

Basic GIS applications and customization, such as adding a new button or

a menu, may be achieved without programming. However, advanced

applications, such as creating a link to a computer model, almost always

require some programming using a scripting language. A scriptinglanguage is a programming language that is (usually) embedded in another

product, such as Microsofts Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) or

Autodesks AutoLISP. Scripts are small computer programs written in a


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Chapter5 INTERNETGIS

Chapter 2. GIS Development Software

Can you download a free basemap for your GISmapping project from the Internet? Will it beaccurate enough for your GIS project? Read on tofind the answer!

Pennsylvania Spatial Data Access (PASDA) Web Site Allows Users to Clickon a Map of USGS Quadrangle Boundaries to Retrieve GIS Data.


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UniqueSys

temID

ValveID

ValveType

Size

Status

Directionto

Open

Installation

Year

ValveID

TypeofMa

intenance

WorkOrde

rNo.

IssuedDate

Completion

Date

Completed

By

Remarks

V-3-786 V-3-786

Valve Database Table Valve Maintenance History Table

Figure 6-1. Linking GIS and External Tables in Relational Databases

Figure 6-2. Linking Manhole Theme Table and External Manhole Inspection Table in ArcView


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2. Interface integration method

3. Integration method

Figure 7-2 shows the differences among these methods.

Figure 7-2. Three Methods of GIS Applications in Computer Modeling

INTERCHANGE METHOD

The interchange method employs a batch process approach to interchange(transfer) data between a GIS and a computer model. In this method, there is

no direct link between the GIS and the model. Both the GIS and the model

are run separately and independently. The GIS database is pre-processed to

extract model input parameters, which are manually copied into a model

input file. Similarly, model output data are manually copied in the GIS to

create a new layer for presentation mapping purposes. Script programming

is not necessary for this method, but it may be done to automate some


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Figure 8-5. 3D Mapping of Water Distribution Network Model

SELF EVALUATION

1. Prepare a list of GIS applications for water distribution systems.

2. What is remote sensing and how does it help water distribution systems?

3. How is satellite imagery used to create a land use map?

4. How can you use 3D data in a GIS to support the tasks related to

hydraulic modeling?

5. Does your water distribution system hydraulic model use GIS data?

How?


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LEARNING OBJECTIVE

The learning objective of this chapter is to illustrate GIS applications for

wastewater systems with a special emphasis on needs analysis and

mapping. Major topics discussed in this chapter include

Sewer system mapping

Digital orthophotos

Global positioning system (GPS)

Needs analysis

Case studies

PHILADELPHIA S COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW (CSO) PLAN

Application area CSO program support

Reference Byun and Marengo, 2001

Project Status Ongoing in 2001

GIS software ArcInfo and ArcView

Other software 1. RUNOFF block of EPAs Storm Water Management Model (SWMM),

model component developed to simulate both the quantity and quality

of runoff in a drainage basing and routing of flows to the major sewer

lines;

2. Extended Transport (EXTRAN) block of SWMM, a hydraulic flow

routing model for open channel and/or closed conduit systems; and

3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Storage, Treatment, Overflow, Runoff

Model (STORM), a planning-level model which is applied for quantity

and quality analysis of urban watersheds and storage/treatment

alternative screening.

GIS data CSO regulators, sewersheds, sewers, manholes, hydrologic features, water

pollution control plants, TIGER/Line data

Hardware Dell Precision Workstation 410

Study area City of Philadelphia (Pennsylvania, USA)

Organization Philadelphia Water Department Office of Watersheds and Camp Dresser &

McKee, Inc.

In 1994, the U.S. EPA issued the National CSO Control Policy through the

National Pollution Discharge Elimination (NPDES) permit program. Since

then, the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) has developed a

comprehensive CSO compliance program in an effort to improve

Philadelphias water environment and meet NPDES permit conditions. The


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STORMWATER SYSTEM APPLICATION EXAMPLES

Typical applications of GIS for stormwater systems include:

Watershed stormwater management

Planning: assessment of the feasibility and impact of system expansion

Floodplain mapping and flood hazard management

Mapping work for Stormwater National Pollution and Discharge

Elimination System (NPDES) permit requirements

Hydrologic and hydraulic (H&H) modeling of combined and storm

sewer systems, including

Automatic delineation of watersheds and sewersheds;

Model simplification or skeletonization (i.e., reducing the number

of manholes and conduits to be included in the H&H model);

Estimating stormwater runoff from the physical characteristics of

the watershed (e.g., land use, soil, surface imperviousness, and

slope); and

Estimating surface elevation and slope from digital elevation model

(DEM) data.

Documenting field work, including

Work order management using a point-and-click approach;

Inspection and maintenance of stormwater system infrastructure,such as pipes, manholes, culverts, catch basins, inlets, outfall

structures, and headwalls;

TV inspection of sewers;

Sewer cleaning;

Flow monitoring and sampling; and

Smoke and dye testing.

H&H modeling, planning, and mapping applications of GIS were presented

in, Chapter 7 (Modeling Integration), Chapter 8 (Water SystemApplications), and Chapter 9 (Wastewater System Applications),

respectively. This chapter will focus on the stormwater management

applications of GIS.


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(legal lots, zoning/OCP codes), and the water system information (water

mains and model nodes). In all, demand for more than 50,000 lots was

calculated and spatially connected to the water system model.

Figure 11-1. ArcView GIS Layers Used for Estimating Water Demand

MAP INFO AND WATERCAD LINKAGE IN RAROTONGA

Application GIS and hydraulic model linkage for data transfer

Project Status Completed in 2000

Reference Dawe and Schlzel, 2001

GIS software MapInfo Professional 5.5, MapBasic, Vertical Mapper 2.5

Other software Microsoft Access (database software), WaterCAD (hydraulic modeling

software), AutoCAD (drafting software)

GIS data Digital Terrain Model (DTM), land use, user demand, network physical

characteristics, aerial photographs

Hardware PC, server, printer


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GIS WEB SITES

The Internet can overwhelm you with information, but just getting tons of

new information might not be a good idea. Too much information can bog

you down, and though the Internet brings a world of geographic

information to your desktop, it is still up to you to select the rightinformation. Useful GIS websites include

" Directions Magazine www.directionsmag.com

" ESRIs GIS information www.gis.com

" GeoCommunity www.geocomm.com

" GeoSpatial Solutions www.geospatial-online.com

" GIS Applications www.GISApplications.com

" GIS Hydro (University of

Texas)

www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/

" GIS Water ResourcesConsortium

www.crwr.utexas.edu/giswr/

" GIS WWW resources list www.geo.ed.ac.uk/home/giswww.html

" GISHydro (University ofMaryland)

www.gishydro.umd.edu/welcome.htm

" GISLinx (categorizedGIS links)

www.gislinx.com

" Spatial Hydrology www.spatialhydrology.com

" Spatial Odyssey wwwsgi.ursus.maine.edu/gisweb/

" Virtual GIS Library campus.esri.com/campus/library/

SEARCH ENGINES

8 GeoCommunity search.geocomm.com

8 GIS INFOMINE infomine.ucr.edu/search/mapssearch.phtml

GEOGRAPHIC DATA CLEARINGHOUSES AND GEOPORTALS

One of the best ways to discover GIS data is through geographic data

clearinghouses on the Web. Clearinghouses promote a more open market

in which GIS data with superior characteristics can be selected overinferior data. State, regional, nonprofit, and professional organization GIS

data clearinghouse Web sites are the most valuable source of free local

spatial data. Popular clearinghouse sites include


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Page A-2

CAM Computer Aided Mapping

CASE Computer Aided Software Engineering

CFS Cubic Feet per Second

CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read Only Memory

CGM Computer Graphic Metafile

CIP Cast Iron Pipe

CMP Corrugated Metal Pipe

COE Corps of Engineers

COM Component Object Model

CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture

CPSRM Chesters Penn State Runoff Model

CSO Combined Sewer Overflow

CTG Composite Theme Grid

DAK Data Automation Kit

DBMS Data Base Management System

DDE Dynamic Data Exchange

DEM Digital Elevation Model

DEP Department of Environmental Protection

DFIRM Digital Flood Insurance Rate MapDIB Device Independent Bitmap

DIME Dual Independent Map Encoding

DIP Ductile Iron Pipe

DLG Digital Line Graph

DRG Digital Raster Graphic

DTED Digital Terrain Elevation Model

DOQ Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle

DOQQ Digital Orthophoto Quarter Quadrangle

DR3M Distributed Routing Rainfall Runoff Model

DTM Digital Terrain Model

DXF Drawing Exchange Format

EDC EROS Data Center

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