report sample pages

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Textile Media Services

Automotive

Composites From steel to carbon

and from glass to grass

1st edition

November 2011

By Adrian Wilson

Editor: Geoff Fisher

Publisher: Judy Holland

ISBN 978-0-9565-2388-4

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Conte

nts

ContentsForeword ..........................................................................................................................3

Chapter 1: Introduction: a paradigm shift ........................................................................7

Chapter 2: Global automotive production ....................................................................15

Chapter 3: Composites overview ..................................................................................21

Chapter 4: The composites market ................................................................................31

Chapter 5: Carbon fibre overview..................................................................................37

Chapter 6: The carbon fibre market ..............................................................................41

Chapter 7: Carbon fibre automotive applications ..........................................................47

Chapter 8: Carbon fibre producers ................................................................................67

Chapter 9: Glass fibre overview ....................................................................................91

Chapter 10: The glass fibre composites market ..........................................................101

Chapter 11: Glass fibre composite automotive applications ........................................103

Chapter 12: Leading glass fibre manufacturers............................................................113

Chapter 13: Natural fibre composites overview ..........................................................131

Chapter 14: The natural fibre composites market ........................................................151

Chapter 17: Composites recycling ..............................................................................177

Glossary........................................................................................................................185

List of tables ................................................................................................................199

Company index ............................................................................................................201

5© 2011 Textile Media Services Ltd

Automotive Composites: From steel to carbon and from glass to grass

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Chapter 1:Introduction: a paradigm shift

The global automotive industry’s annual turnover is now approaching a value of €2trn.

To put this in context, the UK, the sixth-richest country in the world, was worth an esti-

mated €1.5trn in 2010, and France as the fifth largest, €1.7trn.

The world’s vehicle population is now more than 1bn (while in 2011, the world’s popu-

lation is estimated to hit 7bn). But there is currently a sense that this huge industry is

poised to change as never before, opening up a wide range of new opportunities.

The key issues driving this change most certainly include the ongoing global shift in mass

vehicle manufacturing centres from the US, Europe and Japan, to developing countries,

notably China and to a lesser extent India, and the attendant migrations in both the markets

and the balances of power between the automotive manufacturers.

China

Just six years ago, in 2005, it was widely predicted that China would account for approx-

imately 50% of automotive growth in Asia between 2006 and 2010, and that some 6.5m

vehicles would be made in the country in 2010.

This turned out to be something of an underestimate, and as automotive production col-

lapsed in the US, Western Europe and Japan, 8.9m light vehicles were produced in China

in 2008.

China then became the world’s largest car market in 2009, when sales in the country

climbed by 45% and production reached 13.6m units. In 2010, China’s production of cars

and commercial vehicles was 18.3m units.

Economic crisis

The economic crisis of the past few years also continues to have far-reaching effects on

the automotive industry and the way it operates globally. At the same time, massive efforts

are required to harmonise requirements and technology, with marked differences from

one country to another, resulting from different public policies, local conditions, infra-

structures and economies of scale.

Beyond this, however, are environmental and social concerns that call for a paradigm

shift – not only in the way the automotive industry is structured, but also in what it is

producing.

Safety and environment

The two key factors influencing this – improving safety and reducing environmental im-

pact – are nothing new in themselves, but while today there are more vehicles on the road



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© 2011 Textile Media Services Ltd 31

Chapter 4:The composites market

As has been established, the global composites industry is now producing an annual 8m

tonnes of product, worth an estimated €60bn in 2010, and with an average value of €7.2

per kg. However, the per kg value of that product currently differs widely from region to

region.

With a 36% market share by value and 35% by volume, the value of North American

composites production is estimated at €22bn, equating to an average unit price of €8.2 per

kg. Overall production volume in 2010 was 2.7m tonnes.

In the EMEA (Europe, Russia, the Middle East and Africa), 2m tonnes were produced,

33% of the market by value and 22% by volume, with a value of €20bn and an average

unit price of €8.4 per kg.

In Asia-Pacific and the rest of the world (including Australia and South America), the av-

erage unit price of composites is much lower, at €5.5 per kg. The 3.3m tonnes produced

in these regions in 2010 had a value of €18bn, representing 43% of the market by volume,

but just 31% by value.

This is explained by the increasing use of primarily carbon composites in higher-end ap-

plications in North America and EMEA – most notably so far in aerospace and wind en-

ergy – with consequently higher prices.

Growth similarly varies greatly by sector, with the smaller markets – by volume, though

certainly not added value – continuing to grow rapidly. Between 2004 and 2008, for ex-

ample, the wind energy market grew from 102,000 tonnes to 322,000 tonnes.

Wind Energy

By individual region, composites for wind energy grew from 70,000 tonnes to 123,000

tonnes in Europe between 2004 and 2008.

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Table 9: The composites market, 2010

Production Production Share by Share by Average volume value volume value unit price

(m tonnes) (€bn) (%) (%) (€/kg)

North America 2.7 22 35 36 8.2EMEA 2.0 20 22 33 8.4Asia/Rest of world 3.3 18 43 31 5.5

World 8.0 60 100 100 7.2

Source: JEC Composites

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Chapter 7:Carbon fibre automotive

applicationsCarbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) has a wealth of benefits as a material for a vehicle

body. It is extremely corrosion resistant and does not rust, giving it a far longer lifespan

than metal. Complex corrosion protection measures are unnecessary and CFRP retains its

integrity under all climatic conditions.

In its dry, resin-free state, CFRP can be worked almost like a textile, and as such allows

a high degree of flexibility in how it is shaped. The composite only gains its rigid, final

form after the resin injected into the lattice has hardened.

The high tear resistance along the length of the fibres also allows CFRP components to

be given a high-strength design by following their direction of loading. To this end, the

fibres are arranged within the component according to their load characteristics. By over-

laying the fibre alignment, components can also be strengthened against load in several

different directions.

As a result, the components can be given a significantly more efficient and effective de-

sign than is possible with any other material. The ability of CFRP to absorb energy is

also unique.

Formula 1 and beyond

At the beginning of the 1960s, Lotus introduced the monocoque to Formula 1 (F1) racing

by placing thin plates around the bars of the car frame to increase the stiffness of the

chassis.

During the 1970s, aluminium was mostly used for these constructions, but when they

proved to be not as resistant as required to deal with the downforce of the wings, a self-

supporting chassis made with carbon fibre was introduced, initially by McLaren – the

McLaren MP4/1.

This offered an unbeatable combination of strength and lightness. It had an immediate dy-

namic impact, with John Watson winning the 1981 British Grand Prix at Silverstone. It

also proved an effective safety cell – Watson walked away from a dramatic high-speed

crash at Monza, Italy, later that season. Within a few years, every other Formula 1 team

had followed suit and today, most parts of the racing car chassis – the monocoque, sus-

pension, wings and engine cover – are built with carbon fibre.

The chassis is usually the first part of the car to be built, owing to the amount of time re-

quired, and F1 teams generally use the prepreg-in-autoclave method involving carbon fi-

bres, a pre-impregnated epoxy resin and an aluminium honeycomb layer, which is

sandwiched between two layers of carbon fibre.

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Chapter 8:Carbon fibre companies

Japan’s Big Three – Toray Industries, Toho Tenax and Mitsubishi Rayon

The production of viscose (rayon) fibres in the early part of the 20th century, followed by

the advent of synthetic fibres, can be considered the pivotal period in the industrial awak-

ening of Japan, and led to the growth and development of three highly diversified multi-

corporations of today – Toray Industries, Teijin (the parent company of Toho Tenax since

2007) and Mitsubishi Rayon.

Toray first emerged as a producer of rayon staple fibre in the late 1920s, before diversi-

fying into synthetic fibres and other businesses. The Azuma Rayon plant, which was es-

tablished even earlier, in 1915, spawned today’s Teijin empire, while its subsidiary Toho

began separate rayon production in the 1930s, as did Mitsubishi Rayon (then known as

Shinko Jinken).

As detailed in Chapter 6, these three Japanese groups now account for a significant per-

centage of global carbon fibre production, with Toray claiming a leading share of 34%.

There is a notable drive by the research and development (R&D) departments of all three

companies to develop faster moulding processes for carbon fibre reinforced plastic

(CFRP).

Toray Industries

With 2010 sales of US$18.5bn, Toray’s activities by business segment and percentage of

sales for the year to March 2011 are shown in Table 26.

Because the Japanese fiscal calendar falls awkwardly (the year ends on 31 March), it is

worth noting that 2010 sales for all Japanese companies showed results for only the first

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Business Net sales (¥bn) %

Fibres and Textiles 584.1 38.6Plastics and Chemicals 382.3 24.5IT-related Products 262.0 16.9Carbon Fiber Composites 67.0 3.7Environment and Engineering 178.2 11.8Life Science and Other 52.4 4.5Total 1,526.0 100.0

1 year ended 31 March

Source: Toray Industries



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Chapter 11:Glass fibre composite

automotive applicationsAs noted in Chapter 3, the transportation industry accounts for around 28% of all com-

posite end-uses worldwide, and as high as 43% in some regions. The bulk of this con-

sumption, however, is currently in public and industrial transportation vehicles, where

applications include:

• large panels for trailer walls;

• floor panels for railway carriages;

• truck cabins;

• exterior body moulding;

• bus body shells;

• cargo containers.

The lightweight, high-strength, corrosion resistance and design flexibility afforded by

glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) translate into greater fuel efficiency, dimensional sta-

bility, greater cargo/passenger capacity, lower manufacturing costs, lower maintenance

costs, enhanced aesthetics and parts consolidation in such applications.

A company such as Acrosoma (formerly Composittrailer) based in Belgium, for example,

has made a considerable number of composite transportation trailers and containers with

materials based on a patented process, which combines pultrusion with an adapted version

of the tufting technology generally used for the production of carpets.

This gives the company continuous production of around 150 m2 per hour, or 250,000 m2

annually, of continuous quality product. The resulting material is lightweight, with high

buckling resistance, strength and stiffness.

The full benefits of composites in the goods transportation sector, meanwhile, are defined

by Martin Marietta Composites in Table 39. These advantages are particularly relevant

when considering the challenges faced by the trucking industry, including:

• fuel costs;

• driver shortages and retention;

• government regulations in respect of weight, emissions, fuel economy and hours of

service;

• congestion;

• motorway maintenance.

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Chapter 12: Leading glass fibre

manufacturersOwens Corning

Following the completion of its acquisition of Saint-Gobain’s Reinforcements and Com -

posite Fabrics businesses for US$640m in November 2007, Owens Corning considerably

strengthened its position as the market leader in glass reinforcements and composites.

The company operates within two segments – Composites, (which includes the Rein-

force ments and Downstream businesses) and Building Materials, (which includes the In-

sul ation, Roofing and Other businesses).

Composites accounted for approximately 37% of total net sales in 2010.

Like many other companies, Owens Corning’s performance bounced back in 2010 follow -

ing the recession years of 2008 and 2009, and in its latest report it was predicting an in-

crease in earnings before interest and taxation (EBIT) of 25% in 2011 for the Com posites

business.

Owens Corning’s glass fibre materials can be found in more than 40,000 end-use appli-

cations within seven primary markets:

• power and energy;

• housing;

Table 41: Owens Corning: financial performance, 2006-2010

(US$m) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Net sales 5,399 4,978 5,847 4,803 4,997Net earnings (loss) 407 95 -813 64 933

Source: Owens Corning

Table 42: Owens Corning Composites business: financial performance,2006-2010

(US$m) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Net sales 1,382 1,695 2,363 1,633 1,906EBIT 108 123 208 -33 175

Source: Owens Corning

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Chapter 15: Natural fibre

automotive applicationsThe return of the utilisation of natural fibres in automotive applications began in the

1990s, initially in Europe, and a few years later in North America.

Car makers started advanced developments on door panels, headliners, package trays,

dashboards and trunk liners based on natural fibre composites with a thermoplastic or

thermoset matrix, challenging mainly glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) composites.

Of particular influence was the introduction of the door panels in the Mercedes-Benz E

Table 54: Examples of established natural fibre automotive components,Europe

Manufacturer Models Applications

Audi A2, A3, A4, Avant, A8, Seat backs, side and back door Roadster, Coupé panels, boot lining, hat rack,

spare tyre liningBMW 3, 5, 7 Series and others Door panels, headliner panel,

boot lining, seat backsDaimler/Mercedes-Benz A, C, E and S Series Door panels, windshield/

dashboard, business table, pillarcover panel

Fiat Punto, Brava, Marea, VariousAlfa Romeo 146, 156

Ford Mondeo CD 162, Focus Door panels, B-pillar, boot linerLotus Eco-Elise Sisal carpets, hemp Class A

panelsMercedes-Benz Trucks various Internal engine cover, engine

insulation, sun visor, interior insulation, bumper, wheel box, roof cover

Peugeot New model 406 Seat backs, parcel shelfRenault Clio Rear parcel shelfRover Rover 2000 and others Insulation, rear storage shelf/

panelSaab various Door panelsSeat various Door panels, seat backsToyota Brevis, Harrier Door panels, seat backsVauxhall Astra, Vectra, Zafira Headliner panel, door panels,

pillar cover panel, instrument panel

Volkswagen Golf, Passat, Bora, Fox Door panel, seat back, boot lid finish, boot liner

Volvo C70, V70 Seat fillings, cargo floor tray

Source: ADAS

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List of tablesTable 1: Current production of materials used in vehicle manufacturing, 2010 ..................11

Table 2: Global production of cars and commercial vehicles, 1997-2010............................15

Table 3: Top 20 car and commercial vehicle producing countries, 2009-2010 ....................16

Table 4: Primary EU car and commercial vehicle production, 2009-2010 ..........................17

Table 5: World ranking of vehicle manufacturers, 2010 ......................................................18

Table 6: Contribution of the automotive industry to global economies, 2009 ......................19

Table 7: Basic composites manufacturing processes ............................................................23

Table 8: Composites manufacturing processes by volume requirement ..............................24

Table 9: The composites market, 2010..................................................................................31

Table 10: The composite market by region and end-use application, 2010 ..........................32

Table 11: Use of composites in wind energy applications, 2004-2008 ................................32

Table 12: Use of composites in aerospace applications, 2008-2014 ....................................33

Table 13: Composites growth by end-use sector, 1999-2010................................................34

Table 14: Structure of the composites final processing industry, 2010 ................................35

Table 15: Comparative densities of materials ......................................................................37

Table 16: Estimated carbon fibre demand, 2006-2023..........................................................41

Table 17: Materials required for rotor blades in the wind power industry, 2020 ..................42

Table 18: Global nameplate capacities of small-tow PAN-based carbon fibre production

facilities, 2009-20131 ........................................................................................................43

Table 19: Global nameplate capacities of large-tow PAN-based carbon fibre production

facilities, 2009-2013 ..........................................................................................................44

Table 20: Global nameplate capacities of small and large-tow PAN-based carbon fibre

production facilities, 2009-2013 ........................................................................................44

Table 21: Global nameplate capacities of pitch-based carbon fibre production facilities,

2009-2013 ..........................................................................................................................45

Table 22: Key McLaren achievements with carbon fibre, 1981-2012 ..................................49

Table 23: Composites development at Lamborghini, 1983-2010 ........................................51

Table 24: Cost comparison of autoclave prepregs v RTM Light ..........................................52

Table 25: Advantages and drawbacks of RTM versus autoclave prepregs ..........................52

Table 26: Toray Industries, net sales by business segment, 2011..........................................67

Table 27: Toray Group, net sales, 2006-2011........................................................................68

Table 28: Teijin Group: annual turnover by business, 2011..................................................70

Table 29: Mitsubishi Rayon: financial performance, 2006-2010..........................................73

Table 30: SGL Group: financial performance, 2005-2010....................................................75

Table 31: SGL CFC: financial performance, 2008-2010 ......................................................75

Table 32: SGL CFC: sales by customer industry, 2010 ........................................................80

Table 33: Hexcel composites employed in the automotive sector ........................................82

Table 34: Hexcel: net sales by division, 2008-2010..............................................................84

Table 35: Hexcel: composite materials product breakdown ................................................85

Table 36: Hexcel: products for its three key end-use markets ..............................................86

Table 37: Zoltek: financial performance, 2006-2010............................................................88

Table 38: Glass grades and key properties ............................................................................93

Table 39: chief advantages of GFRP in industrial transportation/trucking ........................104

Table 40: SABIC LGF-PP dashboards by standard injection moulding ............................106

Table 41: Owens Corning: financial performance, 2006-2010 ..........................................113

Table 42: Owens Corning Composites business: financial performance, 2006-2010 ........113

Table 43: Johns Manville acquisitions, 1993-2001 ............................................................118

Table 44: PPG Industries: sales by division, 2010 ..............................................................122



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Table 45: PPG Industries: financial performance by business segment, 2009-2010 ..........122

Table 46: PPG Glass business, sales, 2006-2010 ................................................................122

Table 47: PPG Industries: financial performance, 2006-2010 ............................................124

Table 48: AGY end-markets and key applications ..............................................................128

Table 49: AGY: financial performance, 2007-2010 ............................................................129

Table 50: Mechanical characteristics of flax, hemp and competing fibres ........................132

Table 51: Top ten flax producing countries by production volume, 2010 ..........................132

Table 52: Worldwide hemp growing areas, 2009................................................................133

Table 53: Natural fibre composites production estimates, Europe, 2010 and 2020............152

Table 54: Examples of established natural fibre automotive components, Europe ............155

Table 55: Advantages and disadvantages of natural fibre composites ................................156

Table 56: Natural fibre component weight per vehicle ......................................................157

Table 57: Borgers: locations, 2010......................................................................................173

Table 58: Borgers: turnover, 2005-2010..............................................................................173


© 2011 Textile Media Services Ltd200

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AA Schulman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Abeking & Rasmussen Rotec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79

Acrosoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

ADAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155,157

Adherent Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

Adtranz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Aerodyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

Affordable Recycled Carbon Fibres (AFRECAR) .180

AFT Plasturgie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

American Composites Manufacturers

Association (ACMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23,24

Advanced Composites Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Advanced Composites Group (ACG) . . . . . .40,61,180

Advanced Composites Research Centre . . . . . . . . . .54

Agrofibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

AGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93,102,112,115,123,125-129

AGY Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128-129

AGY US . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125,126,127-128

Ahlstrom Glass Fibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Airbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10,33,69,83,84,86,88,178

Aircraft Fleet Recycling Association (AFRA) . . . .178

Alberta Innovates – Technology Futures (AITF) . .159

Alcoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Alfa Romeo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

Anhui JAC Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Anshan Sinocarb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Apache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118

API . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

Applications Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61

Aptec Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168,169

Archer Daniels Midland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Aston Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Audi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62,80,100,106,155,158,162,173

Automotive Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Automotive Components Holding . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Automotive Composites Consortium (ACC) . . . . .112

Avantium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

AvtoVaz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Azuma Rayon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

B3B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102,110,115,119-121

Bad Emden Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Badische Naturfaseraufbereitung (BaFa) . . . . . . . .172

BASF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109

Bayer MaterialScience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158

Beijing Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Benteler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60,75,79

Benteler-SGL-Automotive-Composite . . . . . . . .79,80

Bentley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Berkshire Hathaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116,117

Bioamber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

BioCar Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Birla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Bluestar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44

BMCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

BMW Group . . . . . . . . .17,18,54-57,72,73,80,81,106,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108,155,157,158,162,173,179

Boeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10,33,57,61,69,83,88,180

Bombardier Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Borgers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158,161,172-176

Brabham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

Brembo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Brembo SGL Carbon Ceramic Brakes . . . . . . . . . . .80

Bright Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Brilliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Bugatti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80

Byd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

CCallaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53

Cam Elyaf Sanayi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

CAMISMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Carbide/Graphite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

CarboTech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Cavac Biomatériaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

CFA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

CFK-Valley Stade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

Chana Automobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Chang’an Automobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Changzhou New Chang Hai Glass Fiber . . . . . . . .102

Chen Zhou Gonow Nanyan Chifeng Motor Vehicle 18

Chery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Chevrolet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

China Fiberglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

Chongqing Lifan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Chongqing Polycomp International (CPIC) . .101,123

Chrysler Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17,18,58,106,111

Cimteclab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

Citroën . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61,163

CJSC Holding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Claesson Koivisto Rune . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

CleanMould . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

Coca-Cola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

Combine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Composite One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Composittrailer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

Corning Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

Cytec Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40,45,73

DDaimler . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,57,68,80,109,155,157,173

Dallara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Danone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154

David Hart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Denel Saab Aerostructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75

Denso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

Dibiten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118

Dieffenbacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99,100

Docklands Light Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

Dongfeng Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

DSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

DSM Engineering Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

Dunlop Aerospace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59

DuPont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148

DuPont Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149

Eë-Auto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

EADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69,83

Com

pan

y i

ndex

Company index

SAMPLE ONLY



Ecobrake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168,169

EKL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Environment Agency (UK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

EPL Composite Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105

Ergon Nonwovens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118

European Bioplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153

European Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119,139

European Composites Industry Association

(EuCIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101,182

European Composites Recycling Company (ERC) 182

European Confederation of Flax & Hemp

(CELC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13,131,132,133,152,171

European Friction Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

European Glass Fibre Producers Association . . . . .101

European Industrial Hemp Association

(EIHA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151,172

Evonik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Exeltherm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118

FFaurecia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162-163,164

FAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Federal Ministry of Education & Research (DE) . .72

Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR) . . . .159

Ferrari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57,80

Fiat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,106,155

Filon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

Firebird Advanced Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

Fischer Composite Technology (FCT) . . . . . . . . . . .80

Force Protection Europe (FPE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

Ford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16,17,18,57,71,106,107,111,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155,159,163-166,173,180

Fraunhofer Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

Fraunhofer ICT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183

Fuji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Fuji Heavy Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Fujian Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

GGeely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

General Motors (GM) . . .16,17,18,62,80,111,171,173

General Motors India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

General Motors Ventures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Genin & Cie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85

Germanischer Lloyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

Gienomatica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

GlassFibreEurope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101,181

Glotech Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Gordon Murray Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

Grace Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

Grafil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43,73

Great Lakes Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Great Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Greenes Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

Grupo Antolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Gurit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

HHafei Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Hambleside Danelaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

Hebei Guigu Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Hemp Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168,172

HempFlax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172

Hennepverwerkingsbedrijf Dunagro . . . . . . . . . . . .172

Herbert

ich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

Hexcel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40,61,80-86

Hexcel Fibers SL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

Hindustan Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

HITCO Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Hoechst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74,117,118

Honda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17,18

Huntsman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

HW Johns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Hyosung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Hyundai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,106

IInternational Cars & Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Isuzu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

JJacob Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Jaguar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Japan Carbon Fiber Manufacturers

Association (JCFMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40

JEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31,32,34,35,42,43,44,45

Jiangnan Automobile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Jiangsu Jiuding New Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Jiangxi Changhe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Jiangxi Dahua Fiberglass Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Jiangxi Jiangling Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Jiaxing Sini-Dia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Jilin Jiyan High Tech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Jilin Tanh Carbon Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Johns Manville . . . . . . . . . . .102,116-119,123,171,182

Johns-Manville Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Johnson Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72,156

JSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

Jushi Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102,123

KKafus Bio-Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Kemrock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43,44

Keramchemie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Kia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

KraussMaffei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161

KTM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62

Kümpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

Kuozui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

LLamborghini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51-54,80

Land Rover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

Lanxess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Laroche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

Lexus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17,68,72

Lignotock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

LOF Glass Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Lotus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47,155

MMagna Steyr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99

Mahindra & Mahindra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,115,136

Main Union Industrial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

MAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Manville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Manville Covering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Manville Personal Injury & Property Damage

Settlement Trusts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Martin Marietta Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103,104

Maruti Udyog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

SAMPLE ONLY



Mazda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,158

McLaren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47,48-50

McLaren Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

McLaren Technology Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Mercedes-Benz . . . . . . . . . .17,48,57,68,100,106,109,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155,157,158,162,164,173

Mercedes-Benz Trucks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

Mesa Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118

Metabolix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

MGP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Milled Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

Ministry of Defence (UK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112

Mitex Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118

Mitsubishi Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

Mitsubishi Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,138,164

Mitsubishi Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Mitsubishi Rayon . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44,54,55,67,72-73

Motive Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158,159

MRC SGL Precursor (MSP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

NNational Composites Certification and Evaluation

Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41

National Science Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

NatureWorks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

NEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

NetComposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167

New York Stock Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

Newport Adhesives & Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Nippon Graphite Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45

Nissan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17,18

Nord Bitumi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118

Nova-Institut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152

North American Bus Industries (NABI) . . . . . . . .104

NRG Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117

OOICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16,17,18,19

Olbrich CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173

Opel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106,136,171,173

Owens Corning . . . . . .91,94,98,102,111,113-116,119,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125,126,171,182

Owens-Corning Fiberglas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

Owens Corning India (OCIL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

Owens Corning North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125

Owens Corning Veil Reinforcements . . . . . . . .93,102

Owens Corning-Vetrotex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

Owens-Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114

Oxeon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

PPanasonic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135,147

P+D Glass Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Pechiney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Peugeot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155,162

PFG Fiber Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

PFG Fiber Glass Corp Chia Yi Hsien . . . . . . . . . . .123

PFG Fiber Glass (Kunshan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101,123

PG Lawton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Plasan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Plascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

Plastic Omnium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

Polgraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Porcher Industries Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129

Porsche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,58,59,80,184

PPG Fiber Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

PPG Industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102,121-124

PPG Industries Fiber Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102,123

PPG Sinoma Jinjing Fiber Glass (ZIBO) . . . . . . . .123

Process for Advanced Management of

End-of-life Aircraft (PAMELA) . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

Proton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

PSA Peugeot Citroën . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,161

PTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

PTT Chemical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

PTT MCC Biochem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

QQinhuangdao Fangyuan Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

RRange Rover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106,162

Recycled Carbon Fibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

Red Bull Racing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64

ReFiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

Renault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,155,163,171,173

Ringsdorff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

RK Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Robert Eller Associates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Rongcheng Huatai Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Rover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

R+S Technik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172,173,176

RTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

SSaab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155,162

SAB WABCO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

SABIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43,106,107

SAI Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

SAIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Saint-Gobain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113,114

Saint-Gobain Vetrotex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Schuller International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155,173

SGL Carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

SGL Group . . . . . .40,41,43,44,54,58,60,72,73-79,179

SGL Kümpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78

SGLACF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Shandong Kaima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Shanghai Carbon Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Shanghai Grace Fabric Kingboard Fiber Glass . . .102

Shanxi Hengtian New Textile Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Shinko Jinken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Sichuan Xinwanxing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Siemens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73

Siemens Plania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Sierracin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

SigmaKalon Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

SIGRI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Sinke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Sinosteel Jiangcheng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Skloplast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118

Skoda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106,173

Smart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109,162

Södra Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

Soficar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Solegear Bioplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159

Solvay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Steinachglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118

Subaru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68

Com

pan

y i

ndex

SAMPLE ONLY



Suzuki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

TTaishan Fiberglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101,123

Tarbes Advanced Recycling and Maintenance

Aircraft Company (TARMAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . .178

Tasso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118

Tata Motors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,136

Techni Lin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

Technical Fibre Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

Technical University of Aachen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

Technology Strategy Board . . . . . . . . . . .167,169,180

Tecnaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146,167,168

Teijin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67, 69-72,117,147

Teijin Mirai Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70

Telles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

TenCate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

TenCate Advanced Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40,64

Tesla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63

Ticona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107,108

Toho Tenax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67,69-72,180

Tokai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Toray Advanced Materials Korea (TAK) . . . .42,43,45

Toray Composites America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

Toray Industries . . . . . . . . . . .40,42,43,44,57,63,67-69

Toyota Motor . . . .16,17,18,63,68,72,135,142,155,173

Trabant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

TransFurans Chemicals (TFC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144

Transmare Compounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

UUnited States Automotive Materials Partnership . . .58

United States Council for Automotive Research . . . . .

(USCAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

University of Applied Arts & Sciences, Hanover . .153

University of Exeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168

University of Nottingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180

University of Waterloo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164

Unitika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

U-Pica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

US Air Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

US Department of Agriculture (USDA) . . . . .142,146

US Department of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

VVauxhall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155

Vehma International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58

Vestas Wind Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83

Vetrotex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119,182

Vicarb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Volkswagen (VW) . . . . . . .16,18,106,155,162,164,173

Volvo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18,106,155,164,173

WWästberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143

Web Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .117,118

Weihai Tuozhan Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Weyerhaeuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58,141

World Steel Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

ZZEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74

Zhongful Shenying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

Zhuhai Fuhua Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Ziyang Nanjun Motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18

Zoltek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40,44,58,87-90

Zoltek Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87,89-90SAMPLE ONLY

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