global health and georesources management in nigeria an aeseda penn state/ibadan partnership...

Global Health and Georesources Global Health and Georesources Management in Nigeria Management in Nigeria

An AESEDA Penn State/Ibadan An AESEDA Penn State/Ibadan PartnershipPartnership

Fogarty/NIH R25 TW007730 Fogarty/NIH R25 TW007730 10/1/2006 – 9/30/200910/1/2006 – 9/30/2009

11Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership

COLLLEGE OF EARTH AND MINERAL SCIENCES

THE ALLIANCE FOR EARTH SCIENCES, ENGINEERING,

AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

Robert Crane, Ph.D.Director of AESEDA


Niger Delta: Prospect and PerilNiger Delta: Prospect and Peril

PetroleumPetroleum ProspectsProspects in N-Deltain N-Delta

Poverty-amidst-PlentyPoverty-amidst-Plenty ParadoxParadox

The The opportunityopportunity

The The anxietyanxiety33Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership

Niger Delta: Niger Delta: epitome of debacleepitome of debacle

Source: National Geographic, February 2007 44Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership

AESEDA: AESEDA: Partnership for Partnership for promoting promoting WealthWealth and and HealthHealth of of Niger DeltaNiger Delta

• SolutionSolution: Capacity : Capacity

BuildingBuilding

• KeyKey: : EducationEducation55Fogarty Global Health FrameworkFogarty Global Health FrameworkPSU/Ibadan PartnershipPSU/Ibadan Partnership

Niger Delta AreaNiger Delta Area


Niger DeltaNiger DeltaHome to more than 10 million Home to more than 10 million people from Delta, Rivers and people from Delta, Rivers and Baylesa States in Nigeria.Baylesa States in Nigeria.The main ethnic group: IjawsThe main ethnic group: IjawsOther ethnic groups: Isokos, Other ethnic groups: Isokos, Urhobos, Itsekiri, Ikot Abasi, Oron, Urhobos, Itsekiri, Ikot Abasi, Oron, Mbo, Ibibio, Anang, Efik and Mbo, Ibibio, Anang, Efik and Kwale peopleKwale peopleMajor human occupations:Major human occupations:

Primary occupations: farming and Primary occupations: farming and fishingfishingSecondary occupations: textile Secondary occupations: textile weaving, boat carving etc.weaving, boat carving etc.Tertiary occupation: trade and Tertiary occupation: trade and commerce, transportationcommerce, transportation

Oil exploration has become the Oil exploration has become the major production activity in the major production activity in the region:region:

2 million barrels of oil are 2 million barrels of oil are extracted everyday in the Niger extracted everyday in the Niger Delta areaDelta area


Niger Delta AreaNiger Delta Area

Low relief and poor ground Low relief and poor ground drainage (responsible for the drainage (responsible for the paucity of settlements)paucity of settlements)Air, water and environmental Air, water and environmental pollutionpollutionWater-related diseases and Water-related diseases and waste disposal practices waste disposal practices constitute serious problems in constitute serious problems in the areathe areaDiseases affecting the Niger Diseases affecting the Niger Delta people include: worm Delta people include: worm infestation, gastroenteritis, infestation, gastroenteritis, hypertension, and sexually hypertension, and sexually transmitted diseases transmitted diseases especially among adolescentsespecially among adolescents


Global Health and Georesources Global Health and Georesources Workshop: Niger DeltaWorkshop: Niger Delta

Reverend Engineer Ette Etteh:Reverend Engineer Ette Etteh:Advisory Board of Global Health Advisory Board of Global Health and Georesources Managementand Georesources ManagementProvided an emic view of the Provided an emic view of the issues germane to the Niger issues germane to the Niger Delta peopleDelta people

Overview of the Niger Delta Overview of the Niger Delta Problem:Problem:

PollutionPollutionNegligenceNegligenceUnemploymentUnemploymentLoss of livelihood (e.g Ijaw Loss of livelihood (e.g Ijaw people of Niger Delta relied on people of Niger Delta relied on fishing as a source of livelihood. fishing as a source of livelihood. With the presence of oil With the presence of oil companies, many fishermen lost companies, many fishermen lost their source of livelihood)their source of livelihood)PovertyPovertyIncreased prevalence of Increased prevalence of diseases including HIV/AIDS and diseases including HIV/AIDS and skin diseasesskin diseases


Global Health and Georesources Global Health and Georesources Workshop: Niger DeltaWorkshop: Niger Delta

Public Health ChallengesPublic Health ChallengesPrevalence of most diseases is unknownPrevalence of most diseases is unknown

Georesources ChallengesGeoresources ChallengesLevel of metal in drinking waterLevel of metal in drinking waterLevel of metal in soil contentLevel of metal in soil contentAcid rain problemsAcid rain problemsHeavily polluted seaHeavily polluted sea

Other ChallengesOther ChallengesGovernanceGovernanceSocioeconomic issuesSocioeconomic issuesGender and povertyGender and poverty

Nigerian Universities as Solution centersNigerian Universities as Solution centersCapacity BuildingCapacity Building


Global Health and Georesources Global Health and Georesources Management CoursesManagement Courses

Five major themes were identified:Five major themes were identified:– Diseases and Health ConditionsDiseases and Health Conditions– Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues– Capacity BuildingCapacity Building– Research MethodologyResearch Methodology– Technology, Policy and PracticeTechnology, Policy and Practice


Diseases and Health ConditionDiseases and Health Condition

– MalariaMalaria– TuberculosisTuberculosis– HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS– Skin conditionsSkin conditions– Respiratory problemsRespiratory problems– CancerCancer– Reproductive IssuesReproductive Issues


Environmental IssuesEnvironmental Issues

– Exposure to pollutantsExposure to pollutants– Level of metal in soil, in waterLevel of metal in soil, in water– Water and SanitationWater and Sanitation– Climate change and adaptationsClimate change and adaptations– Environmental impact assessmentEnvironmental impact assessment– Environmental epidemiologyEnvironmental epidemiology– Environmental educationEnvironmental education– Environmental governance/communicationEnvironmental governance/communication– Land reclamationLand reclamation


Capacity BuildingCapacity Building

– EmpowermentEmpowerment– Participation/stakeholderParticipation/stakeholder– LeadershipLeadership– Needs assessmentNeeds assessment– Poverty alleviationPoverty alleviation– Adaptive technologyAdaptive technology– Behavioral changeBehavioral change– Youth resiliencyYouth resiliency– Gender issuesGender issues– Conflict resolution/managementConflict resolution/management– Indigenous knowledge Indigenous knowledge – Intersectoral collaborationIntersectoral collaboration


Research MethodologyResearch Methodology

– Complex systems approachComplex systems approach– Ecosystems approachEcosystems approach– Scenario thinkingScenario thinking– ModelingModeling– GISGIS– Laboratory WorkLaboratory Work– Evaluation/Monitoring/SurveillanceEvaluation/Monitoring/Surveillance– Field ResearchField Research– Quantitative and Qualitative approachQuantitative and Qualitative approach– Research EthicsResearch Ethics


Technology, Policy and PracticeTechnology, Policy and Practice

– Remediation: Bio and phyto-remediationRemediation: Bio and phyto-remediation– Land reclamationLand reclamation– Waste to wealthWaste to wealth– Green designGreen design– Water sanitationWater sanitation– Adaptive technologyAdaptive technology– Indigenous knowledgeIndigenous knowledge– Climate changeClimate change– Air quality managementAir quality management– Sustainable miningSustainable mining


Global Health and Georesources Global Health and Georesources Management CoursesManagement Courses

Conceptual Framework:Conceptual Framework:Students trained with trans-disciplinary knowledgeStudents trained with trans-disciplinary knowledge

Students concerned about issues and solutionsStudents concerned about issues and solutions

Holistic approach to issues of importance to global Holistic approach to issues of importance to global health and georesources managementhealth and georesources management


Some Workshop participantsSome Workshop participants

Reverend Engineer Ette Etteh:Reverend Engineer Ette Etteh:Civil Engineer, Advisory Board MemberCivil Engineer, Advisory Board Member

University of IbadanUniversity of IbadanDr. Catherine Olufunke Falade: Chairperson of the Local Organizing Dr. Catherine Olufunke Falade: Chairperson of the Local Organizing Committee of the workshopCommittee of the workshopProvost of the College of Medicine: Professor Akinyinka OmigbodunProvost of the College of Medicine: Professor Akinyinka OmigbodunVice Chancellor of the University of Ibadan: Professor Oulfemi BamiroVice Chancellor of the University of Ibadan: Professor Oulfemi BamiroProfessor J.D. Adeniyi: Advisory Board memberProfessor J.D. Adeniyi: Advisory Board memberProfessor Sirdhar: Professor of Environmental HealthProfessor Sirdhar: Professor of Environmental HealthProfessor Gbadegesin: Professor of GeographyProfessor Gbadegesin: Professor of Geography

Penn State University: Penn State University: Director of AESEDA: Professor AdewummiDirector of AESEDA: Professor AdewummiDirector of Global Health and Georesources Management: Professor Director of Global Health and Georesources Management: Professor Collins AirhihenbuwaCollins AirhihenbuwaDr. Petra Tschakert: Assistant professor of GeographyDr. Petra Tschakert: Assistant professor of GeographyDr. Zhengmin Qian: Assistant professor of environment and Dr. Zhengmin Qian: Assistant professor of environment and occupation sciencesoccupation sciences


Lower Mississippi DeltaLower Mississippi Delta


BackgroundBackground

The Lower Mississippi The Lower Mississippi Delta region of Delta region of Arkansas, Louisiana Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi and Mississippi includes 36 counties includes 36 counties closely connected to closely connected to the Mississippi river. the Mississippi river.



The region is predominantly rural and the The region is predominantly rural and the rural population is;rural population is;– 55% in Arkansas55% in Arkansas– 24% in Louisiana24% in Louisiana– 69% in Mississippi 69% in Mississippi

(Casey, 2004)(Casey, 2004)



The Delta region is often considered a The Delta region is often considered a region of contrasts between great potential region of contrasts between great potential and pervasive problems. and pervasive problems.

There are numerous assets to draw from There are numerous assets to draw from in the region, including fertile land, water in the region, including fertile land, water and a warm climate for agricultural and a warm climate for agricultural production. production.



But despite its great potential, the Lower But despite its great potential, the Lower Mississippi Delta is also characterized as a Mississippi Delta is also characterized as a region with;region with;– High levels of underdevelopmentHigh levels of underdevelopment– High rates of poverty and unemploymentHigh rates of poverty and unemployment– Substantial deficits in educationSubstantial deficits in education– Poor nutrition and inadequate access to health care Poor nutrition and inadequate access to health care

(Green et al, 2006, Hall et al., (Green et al, 2006, Hall et al., 2004). 2004).


PopulationPopulation

It is estimated that 8.9 It is estimated that 8.9 million people reside in million people reside in the Lower Mississippi the Lower Mississippi Delta region (HAC, 2005).Delta region (HAC, 2005).

But, over a ten year span, But, over a ten year span, (1990-2000), the LMD (1990-2000), the LMD region has experienced a region has experienced a slow growth in population slow growth in population compared to the rest of compared to the rest of the nation. the nation.

Population based on 1970-2000 U.S. Census Data.



Racially, the region is as diverse as its natural Racially, the region is as diverse as its natural resources.resources.

White Americans make-up two-thirds of the region’s White Americans make-up two-thirds of the region’s populationpopulationAfrican Americans comprise 31 percent, a rate twice the African Americans comprise 31 percent, a rate twice the national level which is12 percent national level which is12 percent Latino’s comprise 2 percent of the LMD’s population (a rate Latino’s comprise 2 percent of the LMD’s population (a rate smaller than it is nationwide)smaller than it is nationwide)American Indians, Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiians, American Indians, Alaskan Natives, Native Hawaiians, Asians and Pacific Islanders combined comprise the Asians and Pacific Islanders combined comprise the remaining 1.9 percent of the region’s total population remaining 1.9 percent of the region’s total population (HAC, 2005)(HAC, 2005)


Educational characteristicsEducational characteristics

Approximately, one-quarter of the LMD residents Approximately, one-quarter of the LMD residents age 25 and over do not have high school age 25 and over do not have high school education compared to 20 percent of for the education compared to 20 percent of for the nation (HAC, 2005). nation (HAC, 2005).

Among African Americans, 36 percent never Among African Americans, 36 percent never completed high school and only 11 percent have completed high school and only 11 percent have a college degree or higher (HAC, 2005)a college degree or higher (HAC, 2005)


Economic CharacteristicsEconomic Characteristics

Despite the vast array of natural resources, the Despite the vast array of natural resources, the Lower Mississippi Delta region remains a Lower Mississippi Delta region remains a depressed area economically (NPS, 2001). depressed area economically (NPS, 2001).

Delta region has been referred to as a Third Delta region has been referred to as a Third World country in the heart of America (Parham, World country in the heart of America (Parham, et al. 2007).et al. 2007).

It is estimated that residents of the Delta It is estimated that residents of the Delta experience extreme rates of poverty that are experience extreme rates of poverty that are much higher than the national level. much higher than the national level.


Economic CharacteristicsEconomic Characteristics

Over eighteen percent of LMD’s Over eighteen percent of LMD’s populations are living in povertypopulations are living in poverty

Over one-third of the region’s Over one-third of the region’s African American residents live African American residents live in poverty in poverty

Female-headed households Female-headed households with children experience with children experience extreme levels of poverty as 47 extreme levels of poverty as 47 percent of these households percent of these households have incomes below the have incomes below the poverty level poverty level

(HAC, 2005)(HAC, 2005)


Critical issues in HealthCritical issues in Health

The Lower Mississippi Delta region ranks high The Lower Mississippi Delta region ranks high nationally among the poorest in the nation with nationally among the poorest in the nation with respect to rates of chronic disease morbidity and respect to rates of chronic disease morbidity and mortality (Yardick et al., 2001). mortality (Yardick et al., 2001).

In a study conducted by Smith et al. (1999), the In a study conducted by Smith et al. (1999), the authors found that the prevalence rates of authors found that the prevalence rates of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and high obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol were higher in the states of the Delta cholesterol were higher in the states of the Delta region than in other states. region than in other states.


Critical Issues in healthCritical Issues in health

Recently, the findings from the 2005 BRFSS data Recently, the findings from the 2005 BRFSS data suggests that there is an increase in self-reported suggests that there is an increase in self-reported prevalence of chronic disease in these three states when prevalence of chronic disease in these three states when

compared to the U.S.compared to the U.S.

Prevalence (%) United States %

Arkansas %(CI)

Louisiana% (CI)

Mississippi% (CI)

Hypertension 25.5% 29.0% (27.6-30.4)

29.4% (27.5-31.3)

33.3% (31.-34.9)

Overweight & Obesity

61.4% 64.7% (63.1-66.3)

64.7% (62.5-66.9)

67.3% (65.5-69.1)

Diabetes 7.3% 8.1% (7.3-8.9)

9.2% (8.1-10.3)

9.8% (8.9-10.7)


Natural ResourcesNatural ResourcesLMD region provides LMD region provides habitat and ecological habitat and ecological support for a wide variety support for a wide variety of flora, fauna, and of flora, fauna, and aquatic species integral aquatic species integral to the health of the North to the health of the North American continent. American continent.

Significant bird and water Significant bird and water fowl migration corridor fowl migration corridor


Mineral Exploration and ExtractionMineral Exploration and Extraction

In the Lower Mississippi region, In the Lower Mississippi region, petroleum is the dominant petroleum is the dominant mineral produced in this region mineral produced in this region (NPS, 2001).(NPS, 2001).

Productions of petroleum and Productions of petroleum and petrochemicals have added to a petrochemicals have added to a continuing pollution problem in continuing pollution problem in the Delta the Delta

Oil slick in the lower Mississippi Delta of southeast Louisiana.

(Suncoast weather quarterly, 2004)


FisheriesFisheriesThe Mississippi river supports one of the most diverse fisheries in the world The Mississippi river supports one of the most diverse fisheries in the world as at least 183 species of freshwater fish live in the Delta (NPS, 2001). as at least 183 species of freshwater fish live in the Delta (NPS, 2001).

But, approximately, 6% of the native fish species in the Delta are found on But, approximately, 6% of the native fish species in the Delta are found on the endangered, threatened, or special concern of the US Fish and Wildlife the endangered, threatened, or special concern of the US Fish and Wildlife service (NPS, 2001)service (NPS, 2001)


Water QualityWater Quality

Water from the Lower Water from the Lower Mississippi River Mississippi River plays a significant role plays a significant role in; in;

ConsumptionConsumptionIndustrialIndustrialAgricultural Agricultural production. production.

Environmental Environmental Protection Agency Protection Agency has identified the has identified the LMD region as an LMD region as an area of significant area of significant concern regarding concern regarding surface and ground surface and ground water qualitywater quality


ConclusionConclusion

The Lower Mississippi Delta is a paradoxical The Lower Mississippi Delta is a paradoxical region whereby dynamic natural resources exist region whereby dynamic natural resources exist next to pervasive underdevelopment, depressed next to pervasive underdevelopment, depressed economies and substantial deficits in education, economies and substantial deficits in education, poverty and unemployment. poverty and unemployment.

Efforts should be made to address the unmet Efforts should be made to address the unmet needs of the LMD region. needs of the LMD region.


ReferencesReferencesCasey, P, Horton, J, Bogle, M., Fomby, B., & Forsyt, W. (2004) Self-reported health of residents of the Casey, P, Horton, J, Bogle, M., Fomby, B., & Forsyt, W. (2004) Self-reported health of residents of the Mississippi Delta.Mississippi Delta. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and the Undeserved, 15 Journal of Health Care for the Poor and the Undeserved, 15 (4), 645-662. (4), 645-662. Green, J. J. & Nylander, A. B. (2006) A community based framework for understanding problems and Green, J. J. & Nylander, A. B. (2006) A community based framework for understanding problems and exploring alternatives: connecting underemployment, poverty and access to health care in the Mississippi exploring alternatives: connecting underemployment, poverty and access to health care in the Mississippi Delta. Rural Poverty Research Center Working Paper Series, Retrieved from Delta. Rural Poverty Research Center Working Paper Series, Retrieved from http://www.rprconline.org/WorkingPapers/WP06-02.pdfhttp://www.rprconline.org/WorkingPapers/WP06-02.pdfHall, H.I., Jamison, P. M., Coughlin, S. S. & Uhler, R. (2004) Breast and cervical cancer screening among Hall, H.I., Jamison, P. M., Coughlin, S. S. & Uhler, R. (2004) Breast and cervical cancer screening among Mississippi Delta Women.Mississippi Delta Women. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Undeserved, 15 Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Undeserved, 15 , 375-389, 375-389Housing Assistance Council, 2005. “Housing in the Lower Mississippi Delta.” Retrieved from Housing Assistance Council, 2005. “Housing in the Lower Mississippi Delta.” Retrieved from http://www.ruralhome.org/manager/uploads/missdelta.pdf.http://www.ruralhome.org/manager/uploads/missdelta.pdf.National Parks Services (2001) Draft heritage study and environment assessment-Lower Mississippi Delta National Parks Services (2001) Draft heritage study and environment assessment-Lower Mississippi Delta Region. Retrieved from http://www.nps.gov/history/delta/dhsea.htmRegion. Retrieved from http://www.nps.gov/history/delta/dhsea.htmParham, G. P. & Scarinci, I.C. (2007) Strategies for achieving healthy energy balance among African Parham, G. P. & Scarinci, I.C. (2007) Strategies for achieving healthy energy balance among African Americans in the Mississippi Delta. Americans in the Mississippi Delta. Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice and PolicyPreventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice and Policy , , 4 (4), 1-10.4 (4), 1-10.Yardrick, K., Horton, J., Stuff, J., McGee, B., Bogle, M., Davis, L. et al. (2001) Perceptions of community Yardrick, K., Horton, J., Stuff, J., McGee, B., Bogle, M., Davis, L. et al. (2001) Perceptions of community nutrition and health needs in the Lower Mississippi Delta: A key informant approach. nutrition and health needs in the Lower Mississippi Delta: A key informant approach. Journal for Nutrition and Journal for Nutrition and Education, 33,Education, 33, 266-277 266-277Smith, J., Lensing, S., Horton, J. A., Lovejoy, J., Zaghloul, S., Forrester, I., McGee, B. B., & Bogle, M. L. Smith, J., Lensing, S., Horton, J. A., Lovejoy, J., Zaghloul, S., Forrester, I., McGee, B. B., & Bogle, M. L. (1999) Prevalence of self-reported nutrition-related health problems in the Lower Mississippi Delta. (1999) Prevalence of self-reported nutrition-related health problems in the Lower Mississippi Delta. American American Journal of Public Health, 89(9),Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1418-1421 1418-1421Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance (2005) Chronic Disease Indicators. Retrieved from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance (2005) Chronic Disease Indicators. Retrieved from http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/cdi/Default.aspxhttp://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/cdi/Default.aspxLower Mississippi River Conversation Committee (1996) Watershed Indicators. Retrieved from Lower Mississippi River Conversation Committee (1996) Watershed Indicators. Retrieved from http://www.lmrcc.org/Overall%20Watershed.htmhttp://www.lmrcc.org/Overall%20Watershed.htm


global health and georesources management in nigeria an aeseda penn state/ibadan partnership...

Documents

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niger delta peopleoverview

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ndelta poverty

georesources workshop

skin diseases

transmitted diseases