GLOBAL PHYLOGEOGRAPHYOF THE WAHOO

(Acanthocybium solandri)WITH NOTES ON OTHER GLOBALLY DISTRIBUTED FISHES

Tim Theisen, Brian BowenWilliam Lanier, John Baldwin

November 2008

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements• Kim Holland• Raul Miranda• Sue Graves• Joe Smith• Ron Duquesnay• Alan DeSilva

• Sid Johnson• Guy Harvey• Bill Horan• Jim Franks• Rich McBride• Alan Card

Numerous Captains, Mates, and Anglers

MARFIN Grant No.: NA17FF2886Funding Amount: $165,276

Award Period: From 10/01/02 to 9/30/05

Daly-Engel et al. in progress

Theisen et al. 2008

Wahoo Barracuda

GLOBAL PHYLOGEOGRAPHY PROJECTSIN THE ToBo

(TOONEN/BOWEN) LAB AT HIMB

Lemon SharkSchultz et al. In press

BARRIERS TO DISPERSALFOR COASTAL AND PELAGIC FISHES

MANAGEMENT UNITS TEND TOBE LARGE AND INTERNATIONAL

Voris 2000 J. Biogeography

Graves 1998 J Heredity

Graves 1998 J Heredity

GLOBAL PHYLOGEOGRAPHYWHALE SHARK

Castro, Karl, Bowen et al. 2007

Atlantic

Northeast Pacific

Northwest Pacific

Western Indian

Eastern Indian

H6

H3

H5

H1H8 H9

H2

H7

H41H34

H44H38

H25

H21

H22H29

H17H26

H16

H28

H15

H24

H20 H18

H23 H14

H36

H13

H35

H32

H37

H10

H42

H43

H31H30

H39

H33

H19

H12

H11

H40

H4

H27

φST = 0.107 (P < 0.001) between Atlantic and Indo-Pacific populations

Table 6. Population structure in globally distributed and pelagic fishes.

Common andScientific Name Method

SignificantSummary

F stat. Geographic scale of structure Citation

Whale shark Rhincodon typus mtDNA φST = 0.107 Atlantic vs Indo-Pacific Castro et al. 2007

Basking shark Cetorhinusmaximus mtDNA FST and φST =

negative and N.S.No structure detected Atlantic vs Pacific;

Indian Ocean not sampled Hoelzl et al. 2006

Blacktip shark Carcharhinuslimbatus

mtDNAmicrosats

mtDNA

φST = 0.350φST = 0.007

φST = 0.612

intra-western Atlantic

eastern Atlantic vs Indo-Pacific

Keeney et al. 2005

Keeney and Heist 2006

Shortfin makoIsurus oxyrinchus

mtDNA

microsats

FST = 0.347FST = 0.105 - 0.173

FST = N.S.RST = 0.0106

north Atlantic vs south AtlanticAtlantic vs Pacific

Atlantic vs Pacific

Heist et al. 1996

Schrey and Heist 2003

Scalloped hammerheadSphyrna lewini mtDNA φST = 0.749 Atlantic vs Indo-Pacific Duncan et al. 2006

White shark Carcharodoncarcharias

mtDNAmicrosats

FST = 0.810 Š0.890

FST = N.S.

eastern vs western Indian Oceaneastern vs western Indian Ocean Pardini et al. 2001

White marlin Tetrapturusalbidus

microsatsmtDNA

FST = 0.004φST = 0.040

north vs south Western Atlanticwestern North Atlantic vs Caribbean Graves and McDowell 2006

Blue marlinMakaira nigricans

allozymesscnDNAmtDNA

microsatsmtDNA

FST = 0.077FST = 0.086φST = 0.250

φST = 0.146φST = 0.217

Atlantic vs Pacific

Atlantic vs Pacific

Buonaccorsi et al. 1999

Buonaccorsi et al. 2001b

Striped marlin Tetrapturusaudax

AllozymesmtDNA

FST = 0.018N/R

eastern vs western Pacificeastern vs western Pacific

Morgan 1992Graves and McDowell 1994

SailfishIstiophorus platypterus

mtDNAallozymesmtDNA

microsats

N/RFST = 0.023

N/RN/R

Atlantic vs Indo-PacificAtlantic vs Pacific

intra-Pacific, intra-IndianAtlantic vs Indo-Pacific, Indian vs Pacific

Graves and McDowell 1995Morgan 1992

Graves and McDowell 2003Graves and McDowell 2003

N/R = statistical value not reported.

Table 6 (cont). Population structure in globally distributed and pelagic fishes.

SwordfishXiphias gladius

mtDNAmtDNA

mtDNA

mtDNA

mtDNA

CAM intron

φST = 0.087φST = 0.024

N/R

φST = 0.014 - 0.032

φST = 0.038

FST = 0.340

Atlantic vs Mediterranean vs Indo-Pacificwestern North Atlantic vs South Atlantic

Mediterranean vs Atlantic vs Pacific

intra-Pacific

Indian vs western Pacific

northern vs southern Atlantic

Alvarado-Bremer et al. 2005

Rosel and Block 1996

Reeb et al. 2000

Lu et al. 2006

Chow et al. 2007

Mola, Mola mola

southern Mola,Mola ramsayi

mtDNA

mtDNA

N/R

N/R

Atlantic vs Pacific

Atlantic vs PacificBass et al. 2005

Skipjack tunaKatsuwonus pelamis mtDNA FST = 0.017 Indian vs Pacific Menezes et al. 2006

Yellowfin tunaThunnus albacares

AllozymesmtDNA

N/RφST = 0.070

Atlantic vs indo-PacificAtlantic vs Pacific

Ward et al. 1997Ely et al. 2005

Bigeye tunaThunnus obesus mtDNA φST = 0.220 Atlantic vs Indian/Pacific Martinez et al. 2006

AlbacoreThunnus alalunga

mtDNAmtDNA

N/RφST = 0.041

Atlantic vs PacificMediterranean vs Atlantic vs Pacific

Chow and Ushiama 1995Vi–as et al. 2004

Bluefin tunaThunnus thynnus

microsatsmtDNA

FST = 0.006φST = 0.013

West Atlantic vsEast Atlantic/Mediterranean

Broughton and Gold 1997Carlsson et al. 2007

WahooAcanthocybium solandri

mtDNA

mtDNA,LDHA6 intron

N.S.

N.S.

Atlantic vs central Pacific

Global

Garber et al. 2005

Present Study

N/R = statistical value not reported.

• Acanthocybium solandri• Wahoo, Ono, Peto, Cavala• Large, pelagic marine fish.• Inhabits tropical and subtropical waters.• Single species with circum-global distribution.• High trophic level piscivorous predator• Bycatch

• Weigh over 160 lbs and 7 feet in length.• 1yr-15lbs, 2yr-28lbs, 3 yr-40lbs, 4yr-50lbs• Males mature 8lbs, females mature 12lbs• Reproductive May –

September (Atlantic)• 90 lbs female produce 45 million eggs.• Diet of fish (>97%), Invertebrates, squid (<3%)

Wahoo Length to Weight RelationWahoo Length to Weight Relation

Weight(pounds)

Length (inches)

y = 5E-05x3.3785

R2 = 0.9153n = 851

y = 3E-05x3.5463

R2 = 0.9395n = 362 females

y = 2E-05x3.6021

R2 = 0.9354n = 280 males

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

John Baldwin, Tim Theisen unpublished.

intron six of lactate dehydrogenase-A (ldhA6)10 locations, N = 213FST = 0.0125, P = 0.106

mtDNA cytochrome b (Cytb)13 locations, N = 322 φST < 0.0001, P = 0.634

Results show extensive sharing of haplotypes andno significant structure across the wahoo's entire global range

Wahoo OnoAcanthocybium solandri

Table 4. The mtDNA (Cytb) sample size, haplotype diversity (h), nucleotide diversity (¹) , meannumber of observed pairwise differences (θ), FuÕs F value and corresponding P value, andmismatch distribution parameter estimates (age measured in years with 1 generation Å 3.75years). * Least square procedure did not converge after 1800 steps.

FuÕs F Mismatch DistributionSampling

site N h(SD)

¹(SD)

θ F Pτ

(age)θ0

(NeFt=0)θ1

(NeFt=1)

Bermuda 34 0.938(0.017)

0.007(0.004) 3.93 -3.20 0.101 4.47

(712,118)0.000

(0)45.059

(0.602x106)

Western NorthAtlantic 88 0.901

(0.016)0.006

(0.003) 3.54 -8.00 0.012 4.44(706,706)

0.000(0)

14.175(0.645x106)

Gulf of Mexico 35 0.905(0.024)

0.006(0.003) 3.35 -3.03 0.095 4.22

(671,690)0.001(42)

16.970(0.720x106)

Caribbean 73 0.914(0.014)

0.006(0.004) 3.68 -7.62 0.018 4.49

(714,664)0.000

(0)18.025

(0.765x106)

Eastern AtlanticOcean* 8 0.964

(0.077)0.007

(0.004) 3.89 -2.55 0.046 * * *

Indian Ocean 29 0.892(0.036)

0.006(0.003) 3.27 -2.05 0.125 3.85

(569,821)0.000

(0)23.960

(1.017x106)

WesternNorth Pacific* 13 0.949

(0.051)0.005

(0.003) 3.15 -4.94 0.001 * * *

Western SouthPacific 8 0.964

(0.077)0.006

(0.004) 3.71 -2.68 0.043 5.12(814,940)

0.000(0)

25.346(1.076x106)

Central NorthPacific 16 0.967

(0.036)0.007

(0.004) 4.13 -6.97 0.001 4.78(760,345)

0.000(0)

39.658(1.683x106)

Eastern NorthPacific 18 0.961

(0.034)0.007

(0.004) 4.18 -7.34 Ü0.001 4.82(306,685)

0.001(42)

43.728(1.856x106)

Global 322 0.918(0.009)

0.006(0.003) 3.595 -25.62 Ü 0.001 4.34

(689,993)0.001(42)

19.233(0.816x106)

Wahoo mtDNA cytochrome b network:25 closely related haplotypes

Graves 1998 J Heredity

Natural history of wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri)indicates extensive dispersal

Wahoo produce buoyant eggs and spawn in the vicinity of open-ocean currents (Wollman 1969, Hogarth 1976,

Brown-Peterson et al. 2000). Adults travel long distances, as demonstrated by an individual tagged in the Hawaiian Islands and recaptured 198 days later

at a distance of 2,747 km (NMFS 1999). Adult wahoo have also been reported to engage in seasonal

movements that exceed 1000 km (Franks 1998; Oxenford et al. 2003).

But no genetic structure doesn’t mean no stock structure:Genetic units are always stocks, but stocks are not always genetic units

Ecosystem Management?

Ecosystem Management?

Not for migratory and dispersive pelagics

Scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini)

Overall φST

= 0.748, P < 0.0001 Among oceans φST

= 0.598, P < 0.0098

Within oceans φST

= 0.519, P < 0.0001 primarily associated with oceanic barriers

(migration across oceans M ≈ 0), with much less structure along continental margins (M > 10)

Duncan et al. 2006

15

4

22

6

2

23

16

15

14

9

8

5

24

AtlanticIndianPacificIndo-Pac

1918

20

21

Sphyrna lewinihaploptype

# 1

17

12

10

11

13

3

7

DUNCAN ET AL. 2006