glossary - "indonesian / malay texts and...

GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY

aabad centuryabang older brotherAbdullah name (m)Aborigin AborigineAbu Bakar Sultan of the Malaysian state of

Johor from the middle to end of the 19th

centuryacara programAceh city, located at the northern tip of the

island of Sumatra, in the province of Acehada to have, to exist; there is, is; mengadakan

to hold, organise; diadakan to be held;keadaan situation

adalah to be (am, is, are, was, were); onceupon a time

Adam Malik Former Vice President ofIndonesia

adat traditions, customs; traditional; adatkebiasaan day to day behaviour, customs; bersifat adat traditional, customary

adik younger brother or sister; adik-beradikyounger brothers and sisters

adil just, fair; mengadili to judge, try; peng-adilan court; the trying, judging of; tidakadil unjust; ketidakadilan injustice

Adipati Surabaya regent of the city state ofSurabaya which reached the height of itspower during the late 16th century

administrasi administrationadoi ouchAdriatik Adriatic; Laut Adriatik Adriatic Seaadu domba: mengadu-dombakan to divide

and ruleaduh damnAfrika Africa; Afrika Selatan South Africa;

Afrika Tengah Central Africaagak rather; agak cepat rather early, earlier

than expected; agak pagi early in themorning; agak sore early in the afternoon;teragak to hesitate

agama religion; keagamaan religiousagar in order to, in order that, so thatAgustus AugustAhad SundayAh Lan name (f)ahli member; ahli bahasa linguist; ahli fisik

physicist; ahli sains scientist; ahli pelayar-an sailor; ahli psikologi psychologist

Ah Long name (m)Ahmad name (m)aib shameair water; air bah floodAishah name (f)ajak to inviteajar: mengajar teaching, to teach; mengajar-

kan to teach something to someone; meng-ajari to teach someone; pelajari to study,learn something; mempelajari to study,learn something; belajar to study, learn;pengajaran the teaching of; pelajaraneducation, studies, lessons; pelajar student

Ajat name (m)aju: diajukan to be directed atakademi academy, collegeakan will, marker of future tense; with regard

to; akan datang forthcoming; akan tetapihowever, nevertheless

akar root, tuberakhir final, end; akhirnya finally, in the end;

mengakhiri to put an end to, to bring to anend

akibat because of, due to; resultaktif activeaktivitas activityaku I, me, my; diakui to be recognised,

acceptedakuisisi to acquirealam: alam sekitar environment; mengalami

to experience; pengalaman experience;berpengalaman to have experience

alamat addressalas: alasan reason, causealat instrument; alat senjata weaponAli Sadikin former governor of Jakartaalir: mengalir to flowAllah Godalmari wardrobeam publicama together, short for samaAmad name (m)aman peaceful; mengamankan to pacify;

pengaman peacemakerambil to take; mengambil to take; mengambil

430 An Indonesian and Malay Grammar for Students (Mintz)

GLOSSARY

bahagian to take part; mengambil langkahto take steps to; mengambil masa to taketime; mengambil peranan to play a role;diambil to be taken

ambulan ambulanceambulans ambulanceAmerika Serikat United States of AmericaAmerika Syarikat United States of AmericaAmin name (m)Aminah name (f)Amir name (m)Amirudin name (m)Ampang former mining village located in the

vicinity of Kuala Lumpur, now fullyabsorbed within the city

amplop envelopeanai-anai termites, white antsanak child; son, daughter; anak bongsu/ anak

bungsu youngest child in the family, lastborn; anak kapal crew; anak sulung oldestchild, firstborn; anak tertua oldest child,firstborn; peranakan those of mixedparentage who have adopted Indonesiancustoms; Tionghoa Peranakan those ofmixed Chinese and Indonesian parentagewho have adopted Indonesian customs

Ananda name (m)ancam: ancaman threatanda youAnda youandai: seandainya assuming, even ifaneh strangeanggap: dianggap to be consideredanggar: anggaran estimate, calculation;

budgetanggota memberanggur: menganggur to be unemployedangin air, wind; angin tayar tyre pressure;

makan angin to go on holidayangkasa space; angkasa lepas outer space;

angkasa luar outer spaceangkat to lift raise; berangkat to leave, depart;

keberangkatan departure; keberangkatanpulang the return home; diangkat to belifted, raised; tidak terangkat unable to belifted angkatan group, force; AngkatanKaryawan Aktif Kuala Lumpur Active

Artists Group of Kuala Lumpur; AngkatanLaut Navy

ang pau a small red envelope, filled withmoney, usually given by the Chinese onNew Year's Day to unmarried men andwomen

anjing dogantar to accompany, send; mengantar to send,

accompany; diantar to be sent; pengantarmedium for presenting something; bahasapengantar a language which is the mediumof instruction

antara between; antara bangsa international;di antara among, between

antre to queue, line upanut: menganut to follow (a particular

religion); penganut religious followerAnwar name (m)apa what; apa-apa anything, whatever; apa

pun whatever, anything, any; apa saja what-ever, anything; mengapa why

apabila when, whenever, duringapakah question particle; whether, is thereapalagi moreover, what moreapel appleapi fire; kereta api train; berapi fieryapit to squeeze; pengapit clamp; apitan clampApril AprilArab Arab, Arabicarah direction; pengarah directorArif name (m)Arjuna one of the five Pandavas, a hero of the

Hindu epic, Mahabarataarsitektur architecturearti meaning; berarti to mean, implyasal origin, originating from; asalkan as long

as; berasal to come from, originate fromasam sourAsia Asia; Asia Tenggara Southeast Asiaasing foreignaskar soldierasli original, Orang Asli AboriginalsAsmah name (f)aspirin aspirinAsrul name (m)Astuti name (f)asuh: mengasuh to watch over, care for a child

An Indonesian and Malay Grammar for Students (Mintz) 431

GLOSSARY

atas above, on, over; ke atas about, regarding;atasan boss, superiors

atau or; atau pun orAtlantik Atlantic; Lautan Atlantik Atlantic

Oceanatur: mengatur to arrange; aturan arrange-

ment; beraturan to have a particulararrangement or order; peraturan the ar-rangement of, rules of

aula auditorium, lecture hall, lecture theatreaur bamboo (type)Australi AustraliaAustralia Australiaautomatik automatic; secara automatik

automaticallyawak you; body, self; awak kapal crewawal early; lebih awal early; titik awal starting

point, early stageawan cloudawas watch out, be carefulayah fatherayo let'sAyub name (m)Aziz name (m)Azizah name (f)

bBaba referring to Chinese men who have

become acculturated to Malay customsbabe fatherbaca to read; membaca to read; dibaca to be

read; membacakan to read something forsomeone; pembaca reader

badan bodybagai: bagaimana how, how is; berbagai

various; sebagai asbagi for; to make, cause someone to do

somethingbagi to divide, divided by; dibagi to be

divided; terbagi divided; bagian part,division; sebagian a part of, some

baginda his/her majestybagus goodbah: air bah floodbahagi to divide, divided by; dibahagikan to

be divided; terbahagi divided; bahagianpart, section; sebahagian a part of, some;

sebahagian besar a large part, majoritybahas: pembahasan discussion; perbahasan

debatebahasa language; bahasa Inggeris English;

bahasa Inggris English; bahasa pengantar(antar/hantar) language of instruction,medium of instruction; juru bahasa linguist;berbahasa to speak a language

bahawa thatbahaya dangerous; membahayakan to en-

danger; berbahaya dangerous; merbahayadangerous

bahkan moreover, evenbahwa thatbaik good; baik-baik well, carefully; baik ...

mahupun either ... or, both ... and; baik ...maupun either ... or, both ... and; denganbaik well; lebih baik better; membaiki torepair, improve; diperbaiki to be repaired,improved; perbaikan repair; terbaik best;kebaikan goodness; sebaiknya should,ought to, preferably

baja fertiliserbaju clothes, clothing; shirt; berbaju to wear

particular clothesbakar: dibakar to be burnt; terbakarnya the

burning of; kebakaran fireBakar name (m)balai hall; balai pertemuan meeting hallbalak: membalak to process timberBali Indonesian island to the west of Javabalik to return; back; balik kerja to return to

work; ditarik balik to be revoked; mem-bawa balik to bring back; membalikkan tooverturn something; terbalikkan to overturnsomething; menterbalikkan to overturnsomething; sebaliknya the other wayaround, but on the contrary

Baljit name (m/f)Bambang name (m)ban tyrebandar city; bandar raya major city; bandar

udara airportbandara airport, short for bandar udarabanding: berbanding dengan compared to;

dibanding compared to; dibandingkan tobe compared to


GLOSSARY

Bandung city in the province of Central Javabang Moslem call to prayerbang, short for abang 'older brother', used as

a term of addressbangkang: pembangkang oppositionbangkit to rise upbangku benchbangsa race, nationality; kebangsaan nationalbangun to get up; to build; bangun-bangun as

soon as one gets up; membangun todevelop; dibangun to be built, developed;pembangunan the construction of; bangun-an building

banjir flood; dibanjiri to be floodedbank bankBantik ethnic group of the Minahasa area of

north Sulawesibantu: membantu to help; pembantu servant;

bantuan helpbanyak many, a lot of; banyak kali many

times, often, frequently; terbanyak largest;kebanyakan majority, most of; sebanyak asmuch as, to an amount of

bapa fatherbapak father; Mr.barang thing; barang apa whatever, anything;

barang di/ke mana wherever, anywhere;barang siapa whoever, anyone; barangbila whenever, anytime; barang-barangthings; barang dagangan merchandise,trade goods; sebarang any

barat westbaris: barisan row, linebaru new; only, just; only then, before; baru

saja just now; baru sekarang just now;baru tadi a sort while ago; membarui torenew, restore; dibarui to be restored;diperbarui to be renewed

bas busbasah wet, damp, moist; bagi basah to

moisten; kasi basah to moistenbasikal bicycle; berbasikal to ride a bicycleBatak general name for related ethnic groups

located primarily in the province ofNorthern Sumatra

batal: batalkan to cancel; dibatalkan to becancelled

batang rod; numerical classifier for long rod-like objects such as pencils, trees, cigarettes,candles, teeth; also roads and rivers;sebatang a, one; batang-batang kayu treetrunks

batas: terbatas limited, restricted; perbatasanborder, limit

batu stone; membatu to turn to stonebau smell; berbau to smellbawa to carry, bring, take; bawa kereta to

drive a car; bawa mobil to drive a car;membawa to bring, carry; dibawa to bebrought; membawakan to bring, carry forsomeone; to present (as a story line);pembawa acara emcee, spokesperson

bawah: di bawah below, beneath, underneath;orang bawahan workers, employees; thoseof lesser status

bayang: bayangan imaginationbayar to pay; membayar to pay; dibayar to be

paid; bayaran paymentbayi baby, infantbeban burdenbeberapa several, a number of; beberapa lama

a whilebeca trishawbecak trishawbeda: berbeda different; berbeda-beda to differ

from one another; berbeda dengan differentfrom; perbedaan difference

bedug drum (type)beg bagbegini like thisbegitu like that; so much, so many;

consequently, therefore; tidak begitu no somuch as

bekas formerbekerja to workbelah: sebelah side; next (as in 'next door'); in

the vicinity of, around; di sebelah kanan onthe right side; di sebelah kiri on the leftside; di sebelah lain on the other side of; disebelah sana on the other side of

belajar to study, learnbelakang: di belakang at the back, behind;

terkebelakang backward; kebelakanganlast, past; belakangan last, past


GLOSSARY

Belanda Holland, the Netherlands; orangbelanda the Dutch

belanja to spend; to go shopping; perbelanja-an expense

belas teens; sebelas eleven; belasan teensbeli to buy; beli barang to go shopping;

membeli to buy; dibeli to be bought; beli-kan to buy something for someone;membelikan to buy something for someone;pembeli buyer

beliau his/her, used for respected members ofthe community

belok to turnbelum not yet; sebelum beforebenang threadbenar: membenarkan to permit; dibenarkan

to be permitted; kebenaran permission;sebenarnya actual, real; in actuality, inreality

benci annoyedbenda thingbensin petrolbentar: sebentar a moment, sebentar lagi in a

momentbenteng fortificationbentuk form, curve; numerical classifier used

for curved objects such as rings, hooks benua continentberacun poisonousberamai-ramai all togetherberangkat to leave, departberani brave; berani-berani to have the nerve

to do somethingberapa how many, how much; berapa hari

bulan what date is it; berapa jam howmany hours; jam berapa what time is it;pukul berapa what time is it; tidak berapanot as much as; seberapa as much as

berapi fieryberarti to mean, implyberas rice (husked, but uncooked)berasal to come from, originate fromberat heavy, serious; berat hati suspiciously,

hesitatingly; memberatkan to make thingsworse, more serious; keberatan difficulty,seriousness, heaviness; beratnya weight

beraturan to have a particular arrangement or

orderberbagai variousberbahasa to speak a language; berbahasa

Indonesia to speak Indonesianberbahaya dangerousberbaju to wear particular clothesberbanding dengan compared toberbasikal to ride a bicycleberbau to smellberbeda different; berbeda dengan different

from; berbeda-beda to differ from oneanother;

berbeza different; berbeza-beza to differ fromone another

berbicara to speakberbuah to bear fruitberbual to converseberbuat to act, behave in a particular wayberbulan-bulan to go on for months and

monthsberbunyi to make a sound, noisebercadang to planbercakap to speak; bercakap-cakap to chat,

conversebercucuk tanam to cultivate unirrigated fieldsbercuti to take leave, go on holidaysberdagang to tradeberdasarkan to be based onberdatangan to come from various placesberdiam to keep quiet; berdiam diri to keep

one's mouth shutberdiam to live, resideberdiri to standberdua to be two in allberehat to restberencana to make plans, to plan toberfikir to thinkbergantung pada to depend onbergaul to mix, associate with, socialise withbergayut to hang, be suspendedbergerak to movebergilir-gilir to take turnsberguna useful; to be of useberharga to cost, have a price ofberhasil to succeed; berhasilnya the success ofberhati-hati to be carefulberhenti to stop; pemberhentian the cessation


GLOSSARY

of, the stopping of;berhentikan to stop somethingberhubungan to possess a particular relation-

shipberi to give; to make, cause someone to do

something; beri jalan to give way (to an-other vehicle); memberi to give; memberijalan to give way (to another vehicle); mem-beri kesan to have an effect on; diberi to begiven; berikan to give something to some-one; memberikan to give something tosomeone; diberikan to be given to

beribu-ribu thousandsberisi to be filled withberisikan to be filled withberita newsberitahu to tell, inform, advise; memberitahu

to tell, inform, advise; pemberitahuan noticeberjabatan to hold a particular positionberjalan to walk; berjalan-jalan to walk

around; berjalan kaki to walk, go on footberjanji to promiseberjasa to serveberjaya to succeed; berjayanya the success ofberjumpa to meetberkahwin to get marriedberkali-kali repeatedlyberkata to speak, sayberkawin to get marriedberkebolehan capableberkelah to go on a picnicberkelakuan to act, behaveberkelanjutan to go on and on; to be contin-

uousberkembang to developberkenaan with regard toberkenalan to know one anotherberkendaraan to use a vehicleberkenderaan to use a vehicleberkesan effectiveberketurunan to possess a particular line of

descentberkubur to be buriedberkurangan to be lacking, lessberladang to farm unirrigated fieldsberlainan to differ from one anotherberlaku to happen, occur

berlalu to occur, happen; to pass byberlangsung to last; to take placeberlanjutan to go on and on, to be continuousberlarian to run in no particular directionberlarut-larut to go on and on, continueberlarutan to go on and on, continueberlatar belakang to have as its backgroundberlatih to practiseberlauk to have as a main dishberlengan to have sleevesberlian diamondberlibur to go on holidayberlumpur to be muddybermain to playbermakam to be buriedbermakna to have a particular meaningbermaksud to mean, implybermandikan to be bathed inberminggu-minggu to go on for weeks and

weeksbermula to beginbermunculan to appear from no one particular

sourcebermusuh to be enemiesbernama to be namedbernasib baik to be luckyberpakaian to wearberpandu guidedberpantang to abstain from something

forbiddenberpendidikan to be educatedberpenduduk to possess inhabitants, to be

inhabitedberpengalaman to have experienceberpengaruh influentialberperang to go to warberpindah to moveberpisah to separate from one anotherbersahabat to be friendsbersaingan to compete with one anotherbersalin to give birthbersama together, jointbersama-sama togetherbersambungan to possess a continuation, to be

serialisedbersandar to leanbersanding part of the Malay marriage ritual in


GLOSSARY

which the bride and groom sit side by sideon a raised dais

bersatu to be united, joined togetherbersaudara to be brothersbersefahaman to understand one anotherbersekutu federatedbersenam to exercisebersendirian individuallybersepeda to ride a bicyclebersesuaian to be in accordance withbersetuju to agreebersiap to get readybersifat possessing the qualities of; bersifat

adat traditional, customary; bersifat bisniscommercial; bersifat dialek dialectal;bersifat eksport for export; bersifat indivi-dual individual; bersifat kompatibel-mundur backward compatible; bersifat pe-lampau extreme; bersifat sejagat global

bersih clean; Bersih Pantai Javanese festivalin which honour is paid to the gods of thesea; membersihkan to clean; dibersihkanto be cleaned; kebersihan cleanliness

bersimpati sympatheticbersuami to have a husbandbersuamikan to be married to a particular

husbandbersungguh-sungguh hard, diligentlybertamasya to go on a picnicbertambah to increasebertanam to be a planterbertani to work the land, to be a farmerbertanyakan to ask aboutbertebaran to be spread aboutbertemu to meetbertengkar to arguebertolak to leavebertujuan to possess a particular objective,

goalbertulisan to possess a particular type of

writingbertunang to be engagedbertunangan to be engaged berturut-turut consecutivebertutur to speakberubah to changeberukuran to have a measurement of

berumah to have a houseberumur to be a particular ageberunding to discuss, negotiateberusaha to make an effort toberwakil to be represented (by someone)besar big; membesar to get bigger; dibesarkan

to be raised, brought up; terbesar largest;pembesar high ranking officials, leaders;kebesaran greatness, splendour, bigness;besar-besaran in a big way; besarnyabigness, size

besi metalbesok tomorrowbeta I, your humble servantbetapa howBetawi Batavia, former name for Jakartabetul really, truly; very; betul-betul really,

truly, verybeza: berbeza different; berbeza-beza to differ

from one anotherbiar let; biar kita let's; biarkan to leave alone;

dibiarkan to be left alone, neglectedbiarpun even though, althoughbiasa usual, ordinary; kebiasaan customs;

biasanya usuallybiaya cost, fundingbibi auntbibir lipbicara to speak; bicarakan to talk about;

berbicara to speak; pembicaraan discus-sion; pembicara speakers

bidang the field ofbijaksana: kebijaksanaan policybiji seed; numerical classifier used for all fruits

and small round objects such as seeds, balls(also eggs, sweets and crockery in Malaysia);sebiji a, one

bijih ore; bijih timah tin orebil bill, accountbila when, whenever; bila-bila whenever,

anytime; bila pun whenever, anytimebilah blade; numerical classifier used for sharp,

bladed weapons such as knives, axes,spears; sebilah a, one

bilang to say; to tell; bilang sama to tell some-one

bilik room; bilik mandi bathroom; bilik tidur


GLOSSARY

bedroombina: dibina to be built; pembinaan the

construction ofbinatang animalbincang: bincangkan to talk about; per-

bincangan discussionbioskop cinema, movie theatrebis busbisa can, to be able to; might, could possiblybisnis business; bersifat bisnis commercialbisu: membisu to keep quietbius: obat bius drugsblitz camera flashbodoh stupidBogor city in the province of West Javabohong to lie, a liebola ball; bola tangkis badminton bolak-balik to go back and forthboleh can, to be able to; boleh deh it's all right;

boleh juga it's all right; membolehkan toenable, allow; berkebolehan capable

bomba: kereta bomba fire enginebongsu: anak bongsu youngest child in the

family, last bornborang formborong wholesale; diborong to be bought up;

pemborong buyerbos bossbosan bored, fed up; membosankan boringbrek brakeBrunei country located on the island of BorneoBu, short for ibu 'mother', used as a term of

address, Mrs.buah fruit; numerical classifier used for objects

of indefinite size or shape, such as buildings,vehicles, furniture, books; sebuah a, one;buah-buahan various types of fruit;berbuah to bear fruit

bual: berbual to conversebuang: membuang to throw; dibuang to be

got rid ofbuat to do, make; membuat to do, make;

dibuat to be made; berbuat to act, behavein a particular way; perbuat to do; memper-buat to do, make; pembuatan the makingof; perbuatan deed, action; buatan product,artificial

bubar to be disbanded; terbubar disbandedbudak childbudaya culture; kebudayaan cultureBuddha Buddha; agama Buddha BuddhismBudi name (m)bujang bachelor; membujang to live the life of

a bachelorbuka to open; membuka to open; terbuka to be

open, exposed tobukan no, not; isn't it (tag question); bukan

saja not only; bukannya it isn't thatbukit hillbukti evidencebuku bookbulan month, moon; berbulan-bulan to go on

for months and months; bulanan monthlybulat round; kebulatan roundness; bulatan a

circlebulu feathers, fur; bulu tangkis badmintonbumi Earth, ground, soil; Bumi Manusia 'This

Earth of Mankind", novel by Pramoedya;dikebumikan to be buried

Bumiputera Sons of the Soil, referring to thenative inhabitants of Malaysia, primarily theMalays and the ethnic groups of Sabah andSarawak such as the Dayak

bunga flower; bunga emas flowers of gold,refers to the tribute sent by the sultans in thenorthern states of the Malay peninsula tothe King of Siam

bungkus to package, wrap; dibungkus to bewrapped; bungkusan package; sebungkusa pack of

bungsu: anak bongsu youngest child in thefamily, last born

bunuh to kill; bunuh diri to kill oneself, tocommit suicide; membunuh to kill; mem-bunuh diri to kill oneself, to commitsuicide; terbunuh to be killed; pembunuhkiller, murderer

bunyi noise, sound; berbunyi to make a sound,noise

bursa bursary; Bursa Mahasiswa Student Storeburu: memburu to huntburuh labourburuk bad (things); keburukan badnessburung bird


GLOSSARY

butir grain; numerical classifier used for small,round objects such as jewels, beads, bullets(also eggs and spices such as cloves,cardamom in Indonesia); sebutir a, one

butuh: dibutuhkan to be needed, necessary,required; kebutuhan requirements, needs

ccabai chillicabang branchescabe chillicadang: bercadang to plancakap to speak; bercakap to speak; bercakap-

cakap to chat, conversecalon candidate, nomineecampak: tercampak to be thrown; dicampak

to be throwncampur to mix; plus; campur tangan to inter-

fere; campuran mixedcangkir cup; secangkir a cup ofcantik beautiful; kecantikan beautycapai: mencapai to achieve, reach; dicapai to

be achieved, reachedcapek tiredcara way, method; secara by way ofcari to look for; mencari to look for; dicari to

be sought, looked forcat paint; mengecat to paintcawan cup; secawan a cup ofCecep name (m)cedera injuredcek check; mengecek to checkcelaka misfortune; kecelakaan accidentcelana pants, trouserscepat quickly; early; agak cepat rather quick,

earlier than expected; mencepatkan tospeed something up; mempercepat to speedsomething up; mempercepatkan to speedsomething up

cerdas clever, quick-witted; kecerdasan clever-ness, intelligence

cerita story; ceritakan to narrate, tell a storycermat carefulcermin window, mirror; cermin depan wind-

screencerpen short storyChandra name (m)

Chandran name (m)Cheng Guan name (m)Chu Yuan Chinese poet living in China during

the 3rd century BCcik Misscikgu blend of encik 'Mr' and guru 'teacher',

used as a term of address for primary andsecondary school teachers

Cik Ja name (f)Cina China, Chinese; Negeri Cina Chinacincin ringcinta lovecoba to try, attempt, experiment; please;

mencoba to try; percobaan the attempt to;cobaan trial, ordeal, attempt

cocok suitable; secocok suitablecokelat chocolatecoklat chocolatecontoh examplecorak patterncowok mancuaca weathercuai careless, negligentcuba to try, attempt, experiment; percubaan

the attempt to; cubaan trial, ordeal, attemptcuci to clean; tukang cuci a cleaner; dicuci to

be washed; pencuci a cleanercucuk to poke pierce; bercucuk tanam to

cultivate unirrigated fieldscukai taxcukup enoughcuma only, justcurah: mencurahkan to pour out, to

concentrate oncuri to steal; mencuri to steal, rob; pencuri

robbers; kecurian the theft stealing of, to berobbed of; curian that which is stolen

curiga suspicion; dicurigai to be suspectedCut Meutia one of the female fighters of Aceh

who opposed the Dutch in late 19th andearly 20th century

Cut Nyak Dhien one of the female fighters ofAceh who opposed the Dutch in late 19th

and early 20th centurycuti holiday, leave, vacation; cuti am public

holiday; bercuti to take leave, to go onholidays


GLOSSARY

ddadah drugsdadak: mendadak to be suddenDadang name (m)daerah regiondaftar list, register; pendaftar registrardagang trade; berdagang to trade; perdagang-

an trade; pedagang trader; dagangan fortrade; barang dagangan merchandise

daging meatdah, short for sudah, already, had beendahan branchDahlan name (m)dahulu previously, before, earlierdaif powerlessdaki: mendaki to climb mountainsdalam in, inside, into; mendalam deep, prob-

ing; terkedalam inland, inside; pedalamanthe interior; sedalam to a depth of

dalang puppet master, presenter of wayang;perpetrator

dan andDanan name (m)dapat can, to be able to, to manage to; sedapat

mungkin as far as possible; sedapat-dapat-nya as much as possible

dapat to get, obtain; to find; mendapat to get;mendapatkan to get, obtain; didapat to befound; terdapat to get, to be found; we get,there is, are; pendapat opinion

dapur stove; kitchendarat land; mendarat to land; daratan an

expanse of landdari from, of; daripada from, than; instead of,

besides, in addition to, short for selaindaripada

darjah gradedasar policy; basis; sekolah dasar primary

school; berdasarkan to be based ondatang to come, arrive; berdatangan to come

from various places; kedatangan arrival;pendatang immigrant

datuk grandfather; title of honour; DatukBandar Mayor

daun leafDayak general name for various ethnic groups

living in Kalimantan or Borneo

debat: perdebatan debatededah: terdedah to be exposedDedi name (m)degil stubborn; kedegilan stubbornnessdeh particle used to take the edge off a

commanddekat near, close; mendekat to draw near;

memperdekat to bring things closer together;mendekatkan to bring one thing closer toanother; memperdekatkan to things closertogether; mendekati to draw near to

delapan eightdemi by; satu demi satu one by onedemikian such as this, like that, similarly;

consequently, as a result; walaupundemikian nevertheless, however

denai track, traildenda a fine; kena denda to be fined; didenda

to be fineddengan with, and, bydengar to hear, to listen to; dengarkan to listen

to; dengarin to listen to; mendengar hear-ing; to listen, hear; didengar to be heard;mendengarkan to listen to; terdengar to beheard, overheard; pendengar listener,audience; kedengaran to be heard

dengking: mendengking-dengking to speakdisrespectfully

Denpasar city, capital of the province of Balidepan front; next (as in 'next week'); di depan

in frontderajat level, status, degree; derajat sosial

social statusderas fast; heavy (rain)Des name (m)desa village; pedesaan rural areasdesak: desakan pressureDesember Decemberdetik secondDevi name (f)dewa goddessdewan hall; dewan kuliah lecture theatre,

lecture hall; Dewan Mahasiswa StudentAssociation

Dewi name (f)di at, by, in, on; di mana where; di sana there;

di sini here; di situ there


GLOSSARY

dia he, she; him, her; his, hersdiadakan to be heldDiah name (m)diajukan to be directed atdiakui to be recognised, accepteddialek dialect; bersifat dialek dialectaldiam quiet, to be quiet; diam-diam on the sly,

in secret; pendiam one who is quietdiam: mendiami to reside in; berdiam to live,

reside; kediaman residencediambil to be takenDiana name (f)dianggap to be considereddiangkat to be lifted, raised; to be promoteddiantar to be sentdia orang they, them, theirdibaca to be readdibagi to be divideddibahagikan to be divideddibakar to be burntdibanding compared todibandingkan to be compared todibangun to be built, developeddibanjiri to be floodeddibarui to be restoreddibatalkan to be cancelleddibawa to be broughtdibayar to be paiddibeli to be boughtdibenarkan to be permitteddiberi to be givendiberikan to be given todibersihkan to be cleaneddibesarkan to be raised, brought updibiarkan to be left alone, neglecteddibina to be builtdiborong to be bought updibuang to get rid ofdibuat to be madedibungkus to be wrappeddibutuhkan to be needed, necessary, requireddicampak to be throwndicapai to be achieved, reacheddicari to be sought, looked fordicuci to be washeddicurigai to be suspecteddidapati to be found

didenda to be fineddidengar to be hearddidih: mendidih to boildidik: pendidikan education; berpendidikan to

be educated, to have an educationdiduga to be suspecteddidukung to be supporteddifikirkan to be thought about, considereddiganggu to be bothered, disturbeddigital digitaldigolongkan to be classifieddigulingkan to be overthrowndigunakan to be useddihadiahkan to be presented as a giftdihantar to be sentdiheret to be dragged, toweddihidangkan to be serveddihukum to be sentenceddiikatkan to be tied to somethingdiikuti to be followeddiimpor to be importeddiimport to be importeddiinterogasi to be interrogated, questioneddiizinkan to be permitteddijadikan to be made intodijaga to be looked after, watched overdijangka to be anticipateddijatuhi to be brought down (as a court sen-

tence)dijelaskan to be cleareddijemput to be inviteddijual to be solddijumpai to be founddik, short for adik 'younger brother or sister',

used as a term of addressdikasi izin to be permitteddikatakan to be saiddikebumikan to be burieddikehendaki to be desired, wanteddikenal to be known, recogniseddikenali to be known, recogniseddikenalkan to be introduced todikerjain to be played out, trickeddikerjakan to be worked ondiketahui (ketahu) to be knowndikirim to be sentdikunjungi to be visited


GLOSSARY

dikupas to be peeleddikurung to be enclosed, kept indilahirkan to be borndilakukan to be carried outdilancarkan to be launcheddilanda to be struck, hitdilanggar to be struckdilangsungkan to be carried outdilantik to be elected, chosendilemparkan to be throwndiletakkan to be placeddilihat to be viewed, seendimajukan to be developeddimakan to be eatendi mana where; see manadimarahi to be scoldeddimasuki to be entereddimengerti to be understooddimiliki to be owneddimuat to be fit in; to appear (as in a newspaper

column)dimulai to be started, begundimusnahkan to be destroyedDina name (f)dinding walldingin colddini hari before dawn, in the early hours of the

morningdipakai to be useddipandang to be seen, vieweddipanggil to be calleddipangku to be held in the lapdipantangkan to be forbiddendipastikan to be determined, ascertaineddipegang to be helddiperbaiki to be repaired, improveddiperbarui to be reneweddipercaya to be believed, thoughtdipercayai to be believed, thoughtdiperlukan to be required, needed, necessarydipermainkan to be played out, tricked,

deceiveddiperoleh to be obtaineddiperpanjang to be extendeddipertimbangkan to be considereddipikirkan to be thought about, considereddipilih to be chosen

dipinang to be courteddipindahkan to be moveddipinjam to be borroweddipisahkan to be separated fromdiplomatik diplomaticDiponegoro Prince of Mataram who led the

fight against the Dutch in the early 1800'sdipukul to be hit, struckdipulihkan to be improveddiraja royaldiramalkan to be predicteddirampas to be stolendirektur directordiri oneself, self; diriku myself; dirimu your-

self; dirinya himself, herself; sendiri alone;oneself, himself, herself, itself; sendirianalone

diri: dirikan to build, erect; berdiri to stand;terdiri dari to comprise, consist of; pendirifounder

disambung to be followed by, continueddisambut to be welcomed, observed, celebrateddisebabkan because, due todisebutkan to be mentioneddisediakan to be prepareddiselenggarakan to be carried outDisember December disepak to be kicked with the side of the footdiserang to be attackeddisifatkan to be described as, to be considereddisimpan to be keptdisoal to be interrogated, questioneddisokong to be supporteddisuruh to be told to do somethingdisyaki to be suspectedditabrak to be hit, struckditanami to be planted withditandatangani (tanda+tangan) to be signedditanggalkan to be removedditangkap to be caught, capturedditapis to be filteredditarik to be pulled, towed; ditarik balik to be

revoked; ditarik kembali to be revokedditembak to be shotditentang to be opposedditerima to be acceptedditetapkan to be determined, ascertained


GLOSSARY

ditimbangkan to be consideredditinggalkan to be left behind, left outditolak to be refuseddituangkan to be pouredditugaskan to be assigned (to work), to be

given a particular taskditujukan to be directed atditunggu to be awaiteddituturkan to be spokendiundang to be inviteddll etc, short for dan lain-laindoang only, justdokter doctor; kedokteran medicinedoktor doctor; kedoktoran medicinedoktoranda (f), postgraduate degree, similar to

a mastersdoktorandus (m), postgraduate degree, similar

to a mastersdomino dominodompet walletdong particle added to a sentence to show

emphasis, also used to take the edge off acommand

dongeng legenddorong to push; mendorong to encouragedosen university lecturerdra, short for doktoranda (f), used as a titledrama dramadrs, short for doktorandus (m), used as a titledua two; dua setengah two and a half; berdua

to be two; kedua both; the second; yangkedua the second keduanya both of them;kedua-duanya both of them

duduk to sit; mendudukkan to seat someone;menduduki to sit on, occupy; pendudukinhabitant, population; berpenduduk topossess inhabitants, be inhabited; keduduk-an position, standing

duga: diduga to be suspectedduit moneydukung: didukung to be supporteddulu earlier, ago, before, last time; first, for a

while; duluan first; dulunya before, earlierdunia worldduri thorn; durian fruit (type)duta ambassador; kedutaan embassy

eedar: mengedarkan to distribute, circulate;

pengedar distributor, disseminatorEdi Yusup name (m)efektif effectiveehwal matters, events, affairseja: ejaan spellingekonomi economy, economicekor tail; numerical classifier used for animals,

fish, insects; seekor a, oneeksport export; bersifat eksport for exportelak: mengelakkan to avoid, to keep some-

thing from happeningemak motheremas gold; tukang emas goldsmithempat four; empat tiga seperempat four and

three quarters; empat tiga suku four andthree quarters; perempat quarter, fourth;seperempat one quarter, a fourth; perempat-an intersection; keempat the fourth; ke-empat-empat the four of

enak delicious; seenak as delicious asenam sixencik Mr.enggan to refuseEnggano island off the northwestern coast of

Sumatraengkau you; engkau orang you (plural)England EnglandEni name (f)enjin engineentah who knowsepal appleerang: mengerang to groanEropa EuropeEropah Europeerti: mengerti to understand; dimengerti to be

understoodesa oneesok tomorrowEuis name (f)

ffaham to understand; memahami to under-

stand; fahaman understanding; sefahamanmutual understanding; bersefahaman to


GLOSSARY

understand one anotherFaridah name (f)fasih fluentFatimah name (f)Fauzi name (m)Fauziah name (f)Februari Februaryfikir to think; memikir to think; fikirkan to

think about; difikirkan to be thought about,considered; berfikir to think;

filem filmFilipina Philippinesfilm filmfisik physics; ahli fisik physicistfitnah slander; memfitnah to slander;

pemfitnah slandererflash camera flashflat flat, apartmentformulir formfoto photo; tukang foto photographerFrancis Light British captain in Malaya during

the late 18th century, recognised by theBritish as the founder of Penang

gGabenor Jeneral Governor Generalgadis young womangaduh: pergaduhan argumentgagal to fail; kegagalan failuregaib to disappeargaji salary; orang gaji servantgalak: menggalakkan to encouragegali: menggali to diggambar picture; tukang gambar photographergampang easyganggu to annoy, bother, disturb; meng-

ganggu to disturb, bother; diganggu to bebothered, disturbed; gangguan disturbance

Gani name (m)gantung: bergantung pada to depend on;

tergantung pada to depend ongara-gara just because (of)garam saltgarang fiercegarpu forkgas gasgasing top

gaul: bergaul to mix, associate with, socialisewith; pergaulan social interaction

gawai work; pegawai office workergayut: bergayut to hang, be suspendedGede name (m)gedung buildinggelap dark; kegelapan darkness; kegelap-

gelapan somewhat darkgelas drinking glassgelimpang: tergelimpang sprawlinggelincir to slip, slidegemar to enjoy; menggemari to enjoy some-

thinggembira happy; dengan gembira happily;

menggembirakan to be joyful, happygemuk fatgencat: gencatan cessation, limitation; gencat-

an senjata arms limitation, cease-firegenerasi generationgerak: gerak-geri movements; gerak-gerik

movements; bergerak to move; pergerakanmovement, mobility

gergaji a sawgesa: tergesa-gesa to rushghaib to disappearghairah: mengghairahkan to arouse; peng-

ghairah tempterGhani name (m)gigil: menggigil to shivergigit to bite; menggigit to bitegila crazy; kegila-gilaan somewhat crazygilir: bergilir-gilir to take turnsgimana what about, how about (it)gini, short for begini 'like this'; segini like this,

as much as thisgolong: digolongkan classified; penggolongan

classification; golongan groupGopal name (m)goreng fried, to frygores: goresan scratchesgoyang: tergoyang-goyang to swing, sway

back and forthgratis freegrup groupgua I, me, mygubernur Governor; Gubernur Jenderal

Governor General


GLOSSARY

gudang warehouse; Gudang Garam popularbrand of clove cigarettes in Indonesia

gue I, me, mygugur to die in battleguling: menggulingkan to overthrow; di-

gulingkan to be overthrownguna to use; in order to; menggunakan to use;

digunakan to be used; berguna useful, tobe of use; penggunaan the using of; per-gunaan the use of; pengguna consumer;kegunaan the usefulness of

guntur thunder; hujan guntur thunderstormgunung mountain; gunung berapi volcano;

pegunungan, pergunungan mountainous,mountain range

guru teacher; guru besar headmaster; perguru-an place for teaching; Maktab perguruanTeacher's College; keguruan that related toteaching

hhabis finished, to finish; terhabiskan to be

finished; sehabis after; sehabis itu after thathad limit; terhad limited, restrictedhadap: menghadapi to face, confront; ter-

hadap on, regarding, with regard to, abouthadiah gift; dihadiahkan to be presented as a

gifthadir to attend; menghadiri to attend; kehadir-

an arrivalhafal: menghafal to memorisehairan shocked, amazedhak rights; hak ulayat tanah regional land

rightshakim judgeHakka Chinese ethnic grouphal thing, matter, affair, respect; hal ehwal

affairs, mattershalaman garden; pagehalang to block, obstruct; menghalangi to

block, obstruct; terhalang to be obstructed,frustrated; halangan obstruction

Halida name (f)Halimah name (f)hamba I, your humble servantHamid name (m)hampir almost

Hamzah name (m)hantar to send, accompany; menghantar to

accompany, send; dihantar to be sent;menghantarkan to send; pengantar mediumfor presenting something; bahasa pe-ngantar a language which is the medium ofinstruction

hanya only, justhanyut to get washed awayhapus: menghapuskan to eliminateharap to hope; mengharapkan to hopeharga price, cost; berharga to cost, have a

price ofhari day; hari bulan date; hari depan the

future; hari-hari every day; hari ini today;Hari Kebangsaan National Day; hariandaily; sehari a day; sehari-hari daily

Hartono name (m)harus must, to have to; harusnya should,

ought toHashim name (m)hasil result, outcome, produce; berhasil to

succeed; berhasilnya the success of;keberhasilan success

Hassan name (m)hati liver, emotional heart; berat hati sus-

piciously, hesitatingly; memperhatikan topay attention to, notice; berhati-hati to becareful; perhatian attention

haus thirstyhb date, short for hari bulanhelai sheet; numerical classifier used for thin,

flat objects such as cloth, clothing, blankets,paper; also leaves, a strand of hair; sehelaia, one

hendak to intend to; to, in order to; meng-hendaki to need; kehendak wish, desire;kehendaki to desire, want, wish for; dike-hendaki to be desired, wanted; hendaklahshould, ought to; hendaknya should, oughtto

henti to stop; menghentikan to stop some-thing; berhenti to stop; berhentikan to stopsomething; terhenti to come to an unin-tentional stop; penghentian the stopping of;pemberhentian the cessation of, the stop-ping of; perhentian stop; perhentian bas


GLOSSARY

bus stop; perhentian bis bus stop heran shocked, amazedheret to pull; diheret to be pulledhidang: dihidangkan to be served; hidangan

serving, food that is servedhidu: terhidu to inhalehidup to live; hidupkan to put on (as a light);

penghidupan life, way of living;kehidupan life

hijau greenHijrah: Tahun Hijrah Moslem calendarHijriah: Tahun Hijriah Moslem calenderhilang lost; to lose; kehilangan the loss of; to

losehindar: menghindari to avoidHindia Belanda Dutch East IndiesHindu Hindu; agama Hindu Hinduismhingga: sehingga up to, until, so thathinggut: terhinggut-hinggut to sway back and

forthhirau: menghiraukan to pay attention tohisap: menghisap to suck, sip; menghisap

rokok to smokeHisyam name (m)hitam blackhitung to count, calculatehodoh uglyhoki hockeyHokkien Chinese ethnic grouphonorer honoraryhospital hospital; Hospital Besar General

Hospitalhubung: menghubungi to connect; hubungan

relationship, relations, connection; ber-hubungan to possess a particular relation-ship; perhubungan communication, thecommunication with; sehubungan in con-nection with

hujan rain; hujan guntur thunderstorm; kenahujan to get caught in the rain; kehujananto be caught in the rain

hujung endhukum: dihukum to be sentenced; hukuman

sentencehulu: penghulu head of a villagehuni; menghuni to reside in; penghuni

resident

Husaini name (m)Hussein Onn former Prime Minister of

Malaysiahuta territorial family unit of the Batak people

of northern Sumatrahutan forest, junglehutang debtHutomo name (m)

iI I, me, myia yesia he, she, itiaitu that is to sayialah to be (is, are, was, were)ibu mother; Mrs; ibu bapa parents; ibu mertua

mother-in-law; ibu kota national capital;ibu negara national capital; ibu negeri statecapital

Ida name (f)Idrus name (m)ijin permissionikan fish; ikan asam pedas hot and sour fishikat: diikatkan to be tied to somethingikhlas sincereikut to follow, to be included; also; ikut serta

to take part; mengikut to follow; ikuti tofollow; mengikuti to follow something;diikuti to be followed; pengikut follower

ilmu science, knowledge; ilmu hisab math-ematics; ilmuwan scientist

imigran immigrantimigrasi immigrationimpor: diimpor to be importedimport: diimport to be importedincar: mengincar to set one's sights onindah beautiful; keindahan beautyIndia Indiaindividu individualindividual: bersifat individual individualIndonesia Indonesia; Indonesia Raya Great

Indonesia, national song of IndonesiaIndra name (f)industri industry; pengindustrian industrialinformasi informationingat to remember; mengingat to remember;

ingatkan to remind; mengingatkan to


GLOSSARY

remind, warn; mengingati to remindsomeone about doing something; teringatremembered, recalled; to recall, remember;ingatan memory, thoughts

Inggeris EnglishInggris English, British; Englandingin to intend to, want to; for, in order to;

keinginan desireini this, theseinsinyur engineer; keinsinyuran engineeringinsya Allah God willingintegrasi integrationinternasional internationalinterogasi interrogation; diinterogasi to be

interrogated, questionedinstitut institute; Institut Keguruan Teacher's

CollegeIpoh city in the northern Malaysian state of

Perakir, short for insinyur engineer, used as a titleirigasi irrigationIrvan name (m)isi to fill; berisi to be filled with; berisikan to

be filled withIslam IslamIsmail name (m)Isnin Mondayistana palaceisteri wife; memperisteri to take someone as a

wife; memperisterikan to marry off one'sson

istimewa specialistirahat to restistri wife; memperistri to take someone as a

wife; memperistrikan to marry off one'sson

itu that, thoseizin permission; dikasi izin to be permitted;

diizinkan to be permitted

jjabat: menjabat to hold a particular office;

jabatan office, position; Jabatan PendaftarRegistrar's Office; berjabatan to hold aparticular office or position; pejabat office;Pejabat Pos Post Office

jadi consequently, so, therefore, thus; to turn

out, succeed; menjadi to become; menjadi-jadi to increase; menjadikan to make into;dijadikan to be made into; terjadi to occur,happen; kejadian event

jadual schedulejadwal schedulejaga watch out; menjaga to guard, watch over;

dijaga to be looked after; penjaga watch-man

jagat: sejagat global, universal; bersifatsejagat global

jago: jagoan herojahat bad; penjahat criminal; kejahatan crimejahit to sew; tukang jahit tailorjajah: penjajah colonialist, occupier; penjajah-

an colonial rule; jajahan colony, subjuga-ted area

Jakarta Capital of Indonesia, located in thewestern part of the island of Java

Jakun Aboriginal group of PeninsularMalaysia

jalan road, street; to walk, to go ahead; to run,function; jalan raya highway; menjalan-kan to run, carry out; berjalan to walk;berjalan-jalan to walk around; berjalankaki to walk, go on foot; perjalanan trip;dalam perjalanan on the way; jalannyahis, her walk

jam watch, clock; hour, o'clock; jam berapawhat time; berapa jam how many hours;jam loceng alarm clock; sejam one hour

Jamadilakhir sixth month of the Moslemcalendar

Jamadilawal fifth month of the Moslemcalendar

jaman eraJames Brooke representative of the British in

Sarawak who became the "White Raja" ofthe territory during the 19th century; hisdescendants ruled the area until the end ofthe Second World War

jamu: perjamuan reception; jamuan foodserved at a reception; reception, dinnerparty

jangan don't, to not (do something); jangan-jangan let it not be that; I hope it won't bethat


GLOSSARY

jangka: dijangka to be anticipatedjanji to promise; berjanji to promise; per-

janjian agreement, treatyJanuari Januaryjarang rare, rarelyjaring netjarum needlejasa service (as to the community); berjasa to

servejatuh to fall; menjatuhkan to impose, bring

down (as a sentence, judgement); dijatuhito be brought down (a sentence, judgement)

jauh far; jauhkan to move something furtheraway; menjauhi to move further awayfrom; sejauh as far as

Jawa Java, Javanese; Jawa Tengah CentralJava Jawa Timur East Jawa

jawab to answer; menjawab to answer;jawaban an answer; jawapan an answer

jawat: jawatan office, positionjaya: berjaya to succeed; berjayanya the

success of; kejayaan successjejas: menjejaskan to hinder, to adversely

affectjelas clear; dijelaskan to be clearedjelata: rakyat jelata the ordinary, common

peoplejelek uglyjembat: jembatan bridgejemput: menjemput to invite; dijemput to be

invitedjemu to be tired, bored, fed up of doing

somethingjenayah crimejendela windowJenderal General; Jenderal de Kock Dutch

General who devised the FortificationSystem during the war against Diponegoroon Jawa during 1820's

jenguk: menjenguk to look in on, pay a visit tojenis kind, typeJepang Japan, JapaneseJepun Japan, JapaneseJerman German, GermanyJeya name (f)jika ifjimat: menjimat to save (money); jimatkan to

save (money)jiran neighbourJohor southern-most state in Peninsular

Malaysiajual to sell; menjual to sell; dijual to be sold;

menjuali to sell a variety of things; pen-jualan the sale of; penjual salesperson,seller

juang: perjuangan battle, struggle; pejuangfighter, warrior

juga also, too, as well; anyhow, anyway, stillJulai JulyJuli JulyJumaat FridayJumadilakhir sixth month of the Moslem

calendarJumadilawal fifth month of the Moslem

calendarJumat Fridayjumlah total numberjumpa to meet; to find; berjumpa to meet;

dijumpai to be foundJun JuneJuni Junejuru agent prefix; juru bahasa interpreter; juru

cakap spokesperson; juru rawat nurse;juru terbang pilot

jurutera engineer; kejuruteraan engineeringjuta million; sejuta one million

kKaamatan New Year's celebration of the

Kadazan and Murut peoples of Sabahkabin cabinkaca glass; kaca depan windscreenkacau to annoy, bother, disturb; mengacau to

disturb, bother; pengacau agitator;kekacauan disturbance

kad card; kad kredit credit card; kad pe-ngenalan (kenal) identity card

kadang-kadang sometimes-kah interrogative (question) suffix; orkahwin to get married; mengahwini to marry

someone; berkahwin to get married; per-kahwinan marriage

kail fishhook


GLOSSARY

kain cloth; kain songket stiff, richly embroider-ed cloth worn over the upper part oftrousers, part of Malay formal dress for men

kaji: mengaji to praykak, short for kakak 'older brother' or 'older

sister', used as a term of addresskakak older sister; older brother or sister;

kakak laki-laki older brother; kakakperempuan older sister

kakek grandfatherkaki foot, leg; numerical classifier used for

objects with stems such as flowers, mush-rooms; also umbrellas; sekaki a, one; kakilima sidewalk

kaki tangan staffkala time, occurrence; ada kalanya there are

timeskalang: kalangan sphere of; those associated

withkalau if; kalau tidak salah If (I'm) not mis-

taken; kalau-kalau if there is the possibilitythat

kali times (mathematical formula); time,occurrence; kali ini this time; lain kali nexttime; berkali-kali repeatedly; sekali once,at the same time; very; sekali lagi again;sekalian all; at the same time

kali river (Javanese); Kali Brantas river flow-ing through the western part of East Java,toward the city of Surabaya; Kali Mas riverflowing through the city of Surabaya inEast Java

Kalimantan Borneo; Kalimantan BaratIndonesian province on the island ofBorneo; Kalimantan Tengah Indonesianprovince on the island of Borneo

kalung necklacekamar room; kamar mandi bathroom; kamar

tidur bedroomKamboja Cambodiakami we (exclusive), us, ourkamis Thursdaykampit sackkampung village; perkampungan villages,

rural areaskampus campuskamus dictionary

kan isn't it (tag question), short for bukankanak-kanak childrenkanan right sidekancil mousedeerkandung enclosureKanton Chinese ethnic groupkantor office; Kantor Administrasi Administra-

tion Office; Kantor Pos Post Officekantuk: mengantuk to be sleepykapal boat; kapal angkasa lepas space craft;

kapal angkasa luar, space craft kapalperang warship; kapal terbang aeroplane

kapan when; kapan pun whenever, anytime;kapan saja whenever, anytime; kapan-kapan at some time

karang: perkarangan yard, compoundkarena because (of), due to; karena apa whykarib close (as friends)Karo one of the Batak peoples of northern

Sumatrakartu card; kartu kredit credit card; kartu

penduduk identity card, residency cardkarung sackkarya artistic work; berkarya to produce an

artistic work; karyawan performer, artistkasi to make, cause someone to do somethingkasih love; kekasih a loved one; kasihan what

a pity, shamekasta castekasut shoekata to say; katakan to say somethingkata word; to say; katakan to say something;

mengatakan to say something; dikatakanto be said; berkata to speak, say; perkataanword

katil bedKatolik Catholickau you; kau orang you (plural)kaum group; Kaum Padri Islamic clergymen

in the Minangkabau region of Sumatra whofought to impose a stricter interpretation ofIslam

kawan friendkawasan region, areakawin to get married; kawin masuk one of the

traditional ways of marriage among theAmbonese in Indonesia; the husband be-


GLOSSARY

comes part of the wife's family; kawin larielopement, one of the traditional ways ofmarriage among the Ambonese in Indonesia;mengawini to marry someone; berkawin toget married; perkawinan marriage

kaya rich; sekaya as rich askayu wood; kayu landasan sleepers, ties; kulit

kayu barkke to-ke or, variant of -kahkeadaan situationkeagamaan religiouskebaikan goodnesskebakaran firekebangsaan nationalkebanyakan majority, most ofkebas numb, to fall asleep (a limb)kebelakangan last, pastkebenaran permissionkeberangkatan departure; keberangkatan

pulang the return homekeberatan difficulty, seriousness, heavinesskeberhasilan successkebersihan cleanlinesskebesaran greatness, splendour; bignesskebiasaan customs; adat kebiasaan day to day

behaviour, customskebijaksanaan policykebudayaan culturekebulatan roundnesskeburukan badnesskebutuhan requirements, needskecantikan beautykecelakaan accidentkecerdasan cleverness, intelligence; ke-

cerdasan buatan artificial intelligencekecewa disillusioned; kekecewaan dis-

appointmentkecil smallkecoa cockroachkecurian the theft of, stealing; to be robbed ofKedah state in the northwest of Peninsular

Malaysiakedai shop, store; Kedai Mahasiswa Student

Storekedatangan arrivalkedegilan stubbornness

kedekut stingykedengaran to be heardkediaman residencekedokteran medicinekedoktoran medicinekedua both; the second; yang kedua the

second; keduanya both of them; kedua-duanya both of them

kedudukan position, standingkedutaan embassykeempat the fourth, the four ofkeempat-empat the four ofkegagalan failurekegelapan darkness; kegelap-gelapan some-

what darkkegila-gilaan somewhat crazykegunaan the usefulness ofkeguruan that related to teachingkehadiran arrivalkehendak desire, wishkehendaki to desire, want, wish forkehidupan lifekehilangan the loss of; to losekehujanan to be caught in the rainkeindahan beautykeinginan desirekeinsinyuran engineeringkejadian event, occurrencekejahatan crimekejam cruel, meankejap: sekejap a moment; sekejap lagi in a

momentkejayaan successkejuruteraan engineeringkejut: terkejut to be surprisedkek, short for kakek 'grandfather', used as a

term of addresskekacauan disturbancekekasih a loved onekekecewaan disappointmentkekenyangan fullness (after eating)kekotoran dirtinesskekuasaan power, mightkekuatan strengthkekurangan lacking, the lack of; to lack, be

short ofkelah: berkelah to go on a picnic


GLOSSARY

kelahiran born inkelakuan behaviourkelanjutan extension, continuationKelantan state in the northeast of Peninsula

Malaysiakelaparan hunger; to go hungrykelas class, classroom; kelas atasan upper

class; kelas menengah (tengah) middleclass

kelihatan to be seen kelihatannya to look, seem, appear to be;

kelihatannya begitu so it seemskelima the fifthkelmarin tomorrow; the day before yesterdaykelompok groupkeluar to leave, go out, come out; terkeluar to

accidentally come outkeluarga familykemacetan jam; kemacetan lalu lintas traffic

jamkemajuan progresskemalangan accidentkemarau dry seasonkemarin yesterdaykemas neat, tidy; kemaskan to straighten upkemasukan to be entered bykematian death; to be bereavedkembali to return; again; back; ditarik kembali

to be revoked; membawa kembali to bringback; kembalikan to return something

kembang to develop; mengembangkan todevelop something; berkembang todevelop; perkembangan development

kembara: mengembara to travelKemboja Cambodiakemelesetan recessionkemenangan victorykementerian ministry; Kementerian Hal

Ehwal Luar Negeri Ministry of ForeignAffairs; Kementerian Luar Negeri Ministryof Foreign Affairs

kemerdekaan independencekemerosotan recessionkemiskinan povertykempes punctured, flat (a tyre)kemudi rudder; mengemudi to drive; pe-

ngemudi driver;

kemudian then, afterwardskemukakan to presentkemungkinan possibilitykena to have to; to hit, to incur; kena denda to

be fined; kena hujan to get caught in therain; kena langgar to be struck; kenamarah to be scolded; kena paku to getcaught on a nail; kena pukul to get hit,struck; kena rampok to get robbed; kenarompak to get robbed; kena tabrak to gethit, struck; kena tembak to get shot; kenatipu to be fooled, tricked, deceived; kenatunggu to have to wait; kenakan to impose(as a fine); mengenakan to impose (as afine); mengenai to hit; about; berkenaanwith regard to

kenal to know; mengenal to know, recognise;dikenal to be known, recognised; mengenal-kan to introduce; dikenalkan to be introduc-ed; memperkenalkan to introduce someoneor something; dikenali to be known, re-cognised; berkenalan to know one another;terkenal known; perkenalan the acquain-tance with; kenalan acquaintance

kenapa whykencang strong (wind), fastkendali guided, controlled; pengendalian

controlkendara: kendaraan vehicle; berkendaraan to

go by vehiclekendera: kenderaan vehicle; berkenderaan to

go by vehiclekenyang full (from eating); kekenyangan full-

nesskepada to, intokepal: mengepalkan to clench the fistkepala head; kepala sekolah headmasterkepanasan heatkepemilikan ownershipkepentingan interests, importancekepercayaan beliefkepergian departurekeperluan needs, necessities, requirementskeping sheet; numerical classifier used for thin,

flat, somewhat stiff objects such as woodenboards (also a piece of paper, a photograph,a slice of bread, parcels of land in


GLOSSARY

Malaysia); sekeping a, onekepiting crabkepulangan the return ofkepulauan archipelagokepunyaan possession, ownershipkeputih-putihan somewhat whitekeputusan decision, resultkera monkeykerabat family; kaum kerabat family, kin, clankerajaan government, kingdom; Kerajaan

Persekutuan Federal Governmentkerana because, due; karena apa whykerani clerk; kerani besar chief clerkkeras hard, harsh; strong; serious; loud; keras-

keras very loudkereta car; kereta api fire; kereta bomba fire

enginekering dry; mengering to drykeringat sweatkeris kris, Malay swordkerja work, to work; kerjakan to work on

something; mengerjakan to work onsomething; dikerjakan to be worked on;kerjain to play a trick on, deceive; dikerja-in to played out, tricked; bekerja to work;pekerjaan work; pekerja worker

kertas paper; kertas ujian examination paperkerusi chairkesalahan mistakes, wrongs, errorskesan track, trace; memberi kesan to have an

effect on; berkesan effectivekesatuan the unity ofkesejahteraan welfarekeselamatan securitykesemutan numb; to fall asleep (a limb)kesenian artskesian what a pity, what a shamekesimpulan conclusionkesulitan difficultykesusahan difficultykesusasteraan literatureketabrak to hit, bump, crash intoketagih an addictketahui to know aboutketakutan fear; to be afraid ofketam crabketan glutinous rice, sticky rice

ketat tightketemu to meetketerangan explanationketidakadilan (tidak+adil) injusticeketiga thirdketika when, duringketinggalan balance, remainder; to be left

behindketinggian heightketua head, leaderketuai to head, leadketuk: mengetuk to poundketul lump; numerical classifier used for firm,

generally small objects such as stones; (alsoMalay and Chinese cakes, pieces of meat,soap, bread rolls in Malaysia); seketul a,one

keturunan descentKhadijah name (f)Khamis Thursdaykhas specialkhawatir to worrykhianat: mengkhianati to betray; pengkhianat

traitorkhidmat to serve; perkhidmatan service,

facilitykikir stingykilang factorykilo kilo, kilogramKim Sim name (f)kini now; masa kini the present timekira to think; to count, calculate; sekiranya in

the event thatkiri leftkirim to send; kirim salam to send regards,

greetings; dikirim to be sent; pengirimanthe sending of; pengirim sender

kisah storykita we (inclusive), us, ourKit Weng name (m)kitar: sekitar around, in the vicinity ofklasik classicalkobis cabbagekok particle denying a previous speaker's

implication or beliefKoko name (f)kolam pond; kolam renang swimming pool


GLOSSARY

kolej collegekoma commakomisi commission; commissariat; Komisi

Jenderal Commissariat Generalkompatibel compatible; bersifat kompatibel-

mundur backward compatiblekontot stubbykopi coffeekoran newspaperkorban victimkota city; kota besar major citykotak box, pack; sekotak a pack ofkotor dirty; kotoran dirt; kekotoran dirtinesskoyak: terkoyak-koyak ripped, tornkrama Javanese speech level used when

speaking to people one is not well acquaint-ed with, and those of the same or higher ageor status

kredit creditKristen Christian, ProtestantKristian Christian-ku me, mykuala confluence of rivers; Kuala Lumpur

city, capital of MalaysiaKuantan town in the eastern Malaysian state of

Pahangkuasa power, strength; kekuasaan power,

mightkuat strong; loud; kuat-kuat very loud;

kekuatan strengthkubis cabbagekubur grave; menguburkan to bury; berkubur

to be buried; penguburan the burial of;perkuburan place of burial, cemetery

kuda horse; kuda-kudaan rocking horsekue cakekuih traditional Malay cakeskukus to steam; kukusan steamerkuliah class, university lecture; dewan kuliah

lecture theatre, hallkulit skin; kulit kayu barkkumpul to gather together; mengumpul to

gather; kumpulan groupkunci key; terkunci lockedKun Fu Tze Confucius; agama Kun Fu Tze

Confucianismkuning yellow; menguning to turn yellow

kunjung: mengunjungi to visit; dikunjungi tobe visited;

kuntum bud; numerical classifier used forflowers, buds; sekuntum a, one

Kuo Yi national language of China, Mandarinkupas: dikupas to be peeledkurang not so (as 'big', 'small'), to not quite (be

able to do something); less, minus; kurangajar rude; kurang baik not so good, poor;kurang daripada less than; kurang lebihmore or less, approximately; kurang senangunhappy; mengurangkan to reduce, lessen;mengurangi to reduce, lessen; berkuranganto be lacking, less; kekurangan lacking, thelack of; to lack, be short of

kursi chairkursus coursekurung: dikurung to be enclosed, kept inkurus thin

llabuh long (low to the ground); pelabuhan

portlabu-labuan squashlada black pepperladang upland fields, unirrigated agricultural

fields; berladang to cultivate upland fields;peladang cultivator of unirrigated fields

lafal to utterlafaz to utterlagi still, yet, again; more; lagi pula moreover,

furthermore; lagi pun moreover,furthermore; lagi tidak still isn't; tidak ...lagi not anymore

lagu song-lah suffix used to show emphasis and to take

the edge off a commandlahir to be born; melahirkan to give birth to;

dilahirkan to be born; kelahiran birth, bornin

Laila name (f)lain another, other, different; lain daripada

different from; lain kali next time; melain-kan but rather, but instead; berlainan todiffer from one another; selain daripadabesides, instead of; in addition to

laki-laki boy, man


GLOSSARY

lakon: pelakon actorlaksana: melaksanakan to implement, carry

out; pelaksana implementerlaku: melakukan to carry out; dilakukan to be

carried out; berlaku to happen, occur; pe-laku actor; kelakuan behaviour; berkelaku-an to act, behave

lalai careless, negligentlalu to pass by; ago, last; then, afterwards; lalu

lintas traffic; melalui to go by, pass by;berlalu to occur, happen; to pass by; terlalutoo, very

lama long time; sudah lama for a long time;tahan lama to last a long time; selama fora particular length of time, for as long as

lambat late; slow, slowly; terlambat latelampau excessive, overdone, too much; pe-

lampau an extremist; lampu light; lampu besar headlightlancar fluent; melancarkan to facilitate, to

make things run more smoothly; to launch;dilancarkan to be launched

landa: dilanda to be struck, hitlandas: landasan right-of-way, path; kayu

landasan sleepers, tieslanggar to be hit, struck; melanggar to bump

into; dilanggar to be hit, struck; kenalanggar to get hit, struck

langgar to bump intolangit skylangkah stepLangkawi Island group in the northern state of

Kedah, just south of the Thai borderlangsung at all; straightaway, immediately

berlangsung to last; to take place;dilangsungkan to be carried out

lanjut further; melanjutkan to continue, ex-tend; lanjutan an extension, continuation;berlanjutan to go on and on, to be continu-ous; kelanjutan an extension, continuation;berkelanjutan to go on and on, to becontinuous; selanjutnya subsequent, further

lantai floorlantik: melantik to appoint, elect, choose;

dilantik to be elected, chosen lanun piratelap: mengelap to wipe

lapan eightlapang open, free; lapangan field; lapangan

terbang airportlapar hungry; kelaparan hunger; to go hungrylapis: lapisan level, layerlara cares, worries; illnesslarang: melarang to prohibit, forbid; pelarang-

an prohibition; larangan prohibitionlaras: selaras parallellari to run; melarikan to run off with some-

thing; melarikan diri to escape; berlarianto run in no particular direction; pelarianescapee, refugee

larut: berlarut-larut to go on and on; ber-larutan to go on and on

latar belakang background; berlatar belakangto have as its background

latih to practise; melatih to train someone;berlatih to practise; pelatih trainer, trainee;latihan practice, drill; an exercise

lauk main dishes served with rice; lauk-pauka variety of such dishes; berlauk to have asa main dish

laut ocean, sea; Laut Adriatik Adriatic Sea;Laut Cina Selatan South China Sea; lautanthe seas, oceans; Lautan Atlantik AtlanticOcean

lawan: melawan to fight, opposelawat: melawat to visit; pelawat visitor, guest;

lawatan visitlayan: pelayanan service, facilitylayang-layang kitelayar sail; pelayaran sailing; ahli pelayaran

sailorlazim usual; lazimnya usuallylebat dense; heavy (rain)lebih more; lebih baik better; lebih dulu earlier,

before; lebih kurang more or less, approx-imately

ledak: meledak to explode; ledakan explosionLeela name (f)lelah tiredlelaki boy, manlemah weak; melemahkan to weakenLeman name (m)lemari wardrobelembaga board, council; perlembagaan con-


GLOSSARY

stitutionlembah valleylembar strand; numerical classifier used for

thin, fine objects such as thread, wire, astrand of hair (also cloth, leaves, pages,paper in Indonesia); selembar a, one

lembut soft, gentlelempar: dilemparkan to be thrownlengan sleeve; berlengan to have sleeveslengkap complete; selengkapnya completelylepas last; past, ago; to be released melepas to

see off, escort; terlepas to escapelesen licenceletak to put, place; letakkan to put something

down; diletakkan to be placed; terletak tobe located

letih tiredLetnan Gubernur Lieutenant Governorletup: letupan explosionlewat to pass by; late (after a set time); lewat

petang late in the afternoonlho particle indicating surpriseliar wildlibat: terlibat to be involved inlibur: berlibur to go on a holiday; liburan

holidaylicin slipperylihat to look at; melihat to look at, see; me-

lihat-lihat to glance at, have a look around;dilihat to be viewed, seen; kelihatan to beseen; kelihatannya to look, seem, appear tobe

lilit circumference; lilitan circumferencelima five; perlima a fifth; kelima fifthLim Kim Leng name (m)Lim Sui Lan name (f)lindung: melindungi to protect; perlindungan

protection, shelter; pelindung protectorlingkung: lingkungan hidup environmentlinguistik linguisticslintah leechlintas: melintas to cross (as a road)Lintau town in the Minangkabau region of

West Sumatra, location of a number ofbattles during the Clerical Wars

lipas cockroachlipur: pelipur lara, penglipur lara traditional

Indonesian/Malay storyteller; one whomakes you forget your cares

loceng bell, alarm; jam loceng alarm clocklogat dialectloghat dialectlombong mine; melombong to mine; pe-

lombong minerlompat: melompat to jumplonggar loose, loose fittingLop name (m)lorong lane, pathlu you, yourluar outside; luar negeri overseas; di luar

outside; keluar to go out, come out, leaveluas wide; meluaskan to widen; memperluas

to widen; memperluaskan to widenlubang hole; lubang jarum eye of a needleluka: melukakan to wound, cut; melukai to

wound, cutlukis: seni lukis painting; pelukis painter,

artist; lukisan paintinglulus to pass (as an exam)lumpur mud; berlumpur muddylupa to forgetluput to disappearluruh: seluruh all, all over, throughoutlusa day after tomorrow

mmaaf to forgive; maafkan to pardon, excusemabuk drunkMac Marchmacam like; macam ini like this; macam itu

like thatmacet: jammed; kemacetan a jam; kemacetan

lalu lintas traffic jamMadura island province to the immediate north

of the eastern end of Javamadya Javanese speech level; madya antara,

madya krama, madya ngoko Javanesespeech levels

maghrib sunsetmagrib sunsetMaha Esa the Great One; Tuhan yang Maha

Esa the one and only Godmahal expensive; semahal as expensive asmahasiswa university student


GLOSSARY

mahkamah court; Mahkamah Agung HighCourt; Mahkamah Tinggi High Court

mahu to want; to intend to, to, in order to;mahupun as well as; either ... or, both ...and, short for baik ... mahupun

main to play; bermain to play; memainkan toportray, play; permainkan to play a trickon; dipermainkan to be played out, tricked,deceived; pemain player; mainan toy

majalah magazinemajlis council, receptionmaju to go ahead, progress; progressive; di-

majukan to be developed; kemajuanprogress

maka then, consequently; makanya conse-quently, therefore

makam grave; memakamkan to bury; ber-makam to be buried; pemakaman theburial of; permakaman place of burial,cemetery

makan to eat; to hold (as brakes); to take(medicine); makan angin to go on holiday;makan nasi to eat a meal; makan masayang lama to take a long time; makan ubatto take medicine; makan waktu yang lamato take a long time; memakan to eat;memakan masa to take time; memakanwaktu to take time; dimakan to be eaten;makanan food

Makassar city in the province of SouthSulawesi, now known as Ujung Pandang

makcik auntmakin to increase; semakin to increase,

become more and moremakna meaning; bermakna to have a

particular meaning, to be meaningfulmaksud meaning, implication; bermaksud to

mean, implymaktab college; Maktab Perguruan Teacher's

Collegemalah even, but on the contrarymalam night; malam ini tonight; malam-

malam late at night; malam semalam lastnight; malam tadi last night; tadi malamlast night; semalam yesterday

malang unfortunate; kemalangan accidentmalaria malaria

Malaysia MalaysiaMalik name (m)malu shy, ashamed, embarrassed; embar-

rassment; pemalu one who is shymampir to drop bymampu to be able to, capablemana where, which; mana-mana anywhere,

wherever; any, any which one, whichever;mana saja anywhere, wherever; any, anywhich one, whichever; di mana where; di/ke mana pun wherever, anywhere, anyplace; di/ ke mana saja wherever, any-where, any place; ke mana to where; yangmana pun whichever, any which one

mandi to bathe; bermandikan to be bathed inmangkok bowlMangkunegaran the principality of Solo or

Surakarta manis sweetmantera prayersMantik name (m)manusia mankind, humankind, humanmarah angry; kena marah to get scolded;

dimarahi to be scolded; marahan to havean argument; pemarah one who is easilyangered

Maret Marchmari to come here; mari kita let'sMariam name (f)Maringan name (f)markah grademas term of address for Javanese menmasa time, when; masa kini the present time;

memakan masa to take time; pada masawhen; semasa while, during; dari semasake semasa from time to time

masak to cook; tukang masak a cook; me-masak to cook; pemasak a cook

masalah problemMasehi: Tahun Masehi Western calendarMashudi name (m)masih still, yet; masih sore early in the even-

ingmasing-masing respectivemassa massmasuk to enter; memasukkan to put something

inside; memasuki to enter a particular


GLOSSARY

place; dimasuki to be entered; termasukincluding; kemasukan to be entered by

masyarakat society, peoplemasyhur renownMat, short for Ahmad, name (m)mata eye, eyes; mata hari sun; mata kuliah

subject in school; semata only, purelyMataram Central Javanese kingdom reaching

the height of its power during the 17th

century under the rule of Sultan Agungmatematika mathematicsmati dead; to die; si mati the corpse; kematian

death; to be bereavedmau to intend to, want to; for, in order to;

maupun as well as; either ... or, both ...and, short for baik ... maupun

mayat body, corpseMaznah name (f)mbak term of address for Javanese womenmedan field; medan pertempuran field of

battleMedan city in the province of North Sumatramedia media; media massa mass mediamedium a mediumMegawati name (f)Mei MayMei Lan name (f)Mei Li name (f)meja table; meja dapur kitchen tablemaksud meaning, intentionmelahirkan to give birth, to give birth tomelainkan but rather, but insteadMelaka state located in the southwest of

Peninsular Malaysiamelaksanakan to implement, carry outmelakukan to carry out, domelalui to go by, pass bymelancarkan to facilitate; to make things run

more smoothlymelanggar to bump intomelanjutkan to continue, extendmelantik to appoint, elect, choosemelarang to prohibit, forbidmelarikan run off with something; melarikan

diri to escapemelatih to train someonemelawan to fight, oppose

melawat to visitMelayu Malay; bahasa Melayu Malay lang-

uage; orang Melayu Malays; Tanah Me-layu Malaya

meledak to explodemelemahkan to weakenmelepas to see off, escortmeleset: kemelesetan recessionmelihat to look at, seemelihat-lihat to glance at, to have a look aroundmelindungi to protectmelintas to cross (as a road)melombong to minemelompat to jumpmeluaskan to widenmelukai to wound, cutmelukakan to wound, cutmemahami (faham/paham) to understandmemainkan to portray; to playmemakai (pakai) to use, wearmemakamkan to burymemakan to eat; memakan masa to take time;

memakan waktu to take timememancing (pancing) to go fishingmemang indeed, really, of course; memang-

nya what do you actually think, believememanggil (panggil) to callmemanjang (panjang) to become longermemanjangkan (panjang) to lengthenmemaparkan (papar) to relate, tell about,

presentmemasak to cookmemastikan (pasti) to determine, ascertainmemasuki to enter a particular placememasukkan to put something insidemembaca to readmembacakan to read something for someonemembahayakan to be dangerous, to endangermembaiki to repair, improvemembalak to process timbermembalikkan to overturn somethingmembangun to developmembantu to helpmembarui to renew, restoremembawa to bring, carry; membawa kereta to

drivemembawakan to bring, carry for; to present (as


GLOSSARY

a story line)membayar to paymembeli to buymembelikan to buy something formembenarkan to permitmemberatkan to make things worse, more

seriousmemberi to give; memberi jalan to give way

(to another vehicle); memberi kesan tohave an effect on

memberikan to give something tomemberitahu to tell, informmembersihkan to cleanmembesar to get biggermembisu to keep quietmembolehkan to enable, allowmembosankan boringmembuang to throwmembuat to do, makemembuka to openmembunuh to kill; membunuh diri to kill

oneself, to commit suicidememburu to huntmemegang (pegang) to holdmemeluk (peluk) to embracememenangi to defeatmementaskan (pentas) to stagememenuhi (penuh) to fulfilmemerintah (perintah) to rulememerintahkan (perintah) to order, commandmemfitnah to slandermemijak (pijak) to step onmemikir (fikir) to thinkmemilih (pilih) to choose memimpin (pimpin) to leadmemindahkan to transfer someone or some-

thingmemindakan (pinda) to amendmeminjam (pinjam) to borrowmeminjami (pinjam) to lend tomeminjamkan (pinjam) to lend something tomeminta to ask for, requestmemohon to pray, requestmemotong (potong) to cutmempedulikan to pay attention tomempelajari to study, learn somethingmempengaruhi to influence

memperbaiki to repair, improvememperbarui to renew, restorememperbuat to do, makemempercepat to speed something upmempercepatkan to speed something upmemperdekat to bring one thing closer to

something elsememperdekatkan to bring one thing closer to

something elsememperhatikan to play attention to, to noticememperisteri to take someone as a wifememperisterikan to marry off one's sonmemperistri to take someone as a wifememperistrikan to marry off one's sonmemperkenalkan to introduce someone or

somethingmemperluas to widenmemperluaskan to widenmemperoleh to acquire, obtainmemperpanjang to lengthen, extendmemperpanjangkan to lengthenmempersuami to take someone as a husbandmempersuamikan to marry off one's daughtermempertahankan to defendmempertunjukkan to have something shownmemperuntukkan to set something aside formempunyai to have, own, possessmemuaskan (puas) satisfying, to satisfymemukul (pukul) to strike, hitmemulai to begin, startmemulakan to begin, start somethingmemulihkan (pulih) to improvememungut (pungut) to pick, gather, collectmenabrak (tabrak) to bump intomenabung (tabung) to save moneymenahankan (tahan) to hold backmenaikkan to raise, liftmenakuti (takut) to be fearful ofmenakutkan (takut) to be frighteningmenamatkan (tamat) to put an end tomenambah (tambah) to increase somethingmenambahi (tambah) to add tomenambahkan (tambah) to add something tomenanam (tanam) to plantmenang to win; memenangi to defeat; pe-

menang winner; kemenangan victorymenangis (tangis) to cry


GLOSSARY

menangkap (tangkap) to catch, capturemenanti to waitmenantikan to wait for someonemenantu son or daughter-in-law; menantu

perempuan daughter-in-lawmenanyakan (tanya) to ask aboutmenari (tari) to dancemenawan (tawan) to capturemenayangkan (tayang) to show (as a film)mencapai to achieve, reachmencari to look formencepatkan to speed something upmencoba to trymencurahkan to pour out; to concentrate onmencuri to steal, robmendadak to be suddenmendaki to climb mountainsmendalam deep, probingmendapat to getmendapatkan to get, obtainmendarat to landmendekat to draw nearmendekati to draw near tomendekatkan to bring one thing closer to

anothermendengar hearing, to hearmendengarkan to listen tomendengking-dengking to speak disre-

spectfullymendiami to reside inmendidih to boilmendorong to encouragemenduduki to sit on; to occupymendudukkan to seat someonemenelan (telan) to swallow; menelan per-

belanjaan to cost, consume a particularamount of money; menelan biaya to cost,consume a particular amount of money

menelepon (telepon) to telephonemenemui (temu) to meetmenemukan (temu) to findmenengah (tengah) middle; sekolah

menengah high schoolmenengking-nengking (tengking) to speak dis-

respectfully tomenentukan (tentu) to determine, ascertainmenenun (tenun) to weave

menepikan (tepi) to brush asidemenerima (terima) to receivemenerkam (terkam) to pouncemengacau (kacau) to disturb, bothermengadakan to hold, organisemengadili to judge, trymengadu-dombakan to divide and rulemengahwini (kahwin) to marry someonemengajar teaching, to teachmengajari to teach someonemengajarkan to teach something to someonemengaji (kaji) to praymengakhiri to put an end to, to bring to an endmengakuisisi to acquiremengalami to experiencemengalir to flowmengamankan to pacifymengambil to take; mengambil bahagian to

take part; mengambil langkah to take stepsto; mengambil masa to take time;mengambil peranan to play a role

menganga to be agapemenganggur to be unemployedmengantar to send, accompanymengantuk (kantuk) sleepymenganut to follow (a particular religion)mengapa whymengasuh to watch over, care for (a child)mengatakan (kata) to saymengatur to arrangemengawini (kawin) to marry someonemengecat to paintmengecek to checkmengedarkan to distribute, circulatemengelakkan to avoid, to keep something

from happeningmengelap to wipemengembangkan (kembang) to develop

somethingmengembara (kembara) to travelmengemudi (kemudi) to drivemengemukakan (kemuka) to presentmengenai (kena) about; to hitmengenakan (kena) to impose (as a fine)mengenal (kenal) to know, recognisemengenalkan (kenal) to introducemengepalkan (kepal) to clench the fist


GLOSSARY

mengerang to groanmengerikan to be frighteningmengering to drymengerjakan (kerja) to work on somethingmengerti to understandmengetahui to know aboutmengetuai (ketua) to lead, headmengetuk (ketuk) to poundmenggalakkan to encouragemenggali to digmengganggu to disturbmenggembirakan to be joyful, happymengghairahkan to arousemenggigil to shivermenggigit to bitemenggulingkan to overthrowmenggunakan to usemenghadapi to face, confrontmenghadiri to attendmenghafal to memorisemenghalangi to block, obstructmenghantar to accompany, sendmenghantarkan to sendmenghapuskan to eliminatemengharapkan to hopemenghendaki to needmenghentikan to stop somethingmenghindari to avoidmenghiraukan to pay attention tomenghisap to suck, sip; menghisap rokok to

smokemenghubungi to connectmenghuni to reside inmengikut to followmengikuti to follow somethingmengincar to set one's sights onmengingat to remembermengingati to remind someone about doing

somethingmengingatkan to remind, warnmengkhianati to betraymengobrol to chatmengolah to processmengomel to grumble, complainmengorak to unfastenmenguasai (kuasa) to control

mengubah to change, amendmenguburkan (kubur) to burymengucapkan to say, uttermengukir to carvemengumpankan to use as baitmengumpul (kumpul) to gathermengundi to votemenguning (kuning) to turn yellowmengunjungi (kunjung) to visitmenguntukkan to set something aside formengurangi (kurang) to reduce, lessenmengurangkan (kurang) to reduce, lessenmengusahakan to run, managemengusir to drive away, drive offmeniduri (tidur) to sleep with, to sleep onmenidurkan (tidur) to put someone to bedmenilaikan to appraise, evaluatemeninggal (tinggal) to diemenipu (tipu) to cheat, deceive, trickmenirukan (tiru) to imitate, copymenit minutemenjadi to be, to becomemenjadi-jadi to be increasingmenjadikan to makemenjaga to guard, watch overmenjalankan to run, carry outmenjatuhkan to impose, bring down (as a

judgement, sentence)menjauhi to move further away frommenjawab to answermenjejaskan to hinder, to adversely affectmenjemput to invitemenjenguk to look in, pay a call onmenjimat to save (money)menjual to sellmenjuali to sell a variety of thingsmenolak (tolak) to refusemenolong (tolong) to helpmensyarahkan to deliver a lecturemensyukuri to give thanks tomental mentalMentawai Island off the northwest coast of

Sumatramenterbalikkan to overturn somethingmenteri minister; menteri besar chief minister;

Menteri Luar Negeri Foreign Minister; Per


GLOSSARY

dana Menteri Prime Minister; kementerianministry; Kementerian Hal Ehwal LuarNegeri Ministry of Foreign Affairs;Kemen-terian Luar Negeri Ministry of Foreign Affairsmenuai (tuai) to harvestmenukar (tukar) to change; menukar ban to

change a tyremenular (tular) to spread (as a disease)menulis (tulis) to writemenulisi (tulis) to write onmenuliskan (tulis) to write something onmenumpang (tumpang) to get a liftmenung: termenung to look down pensivelymenunggu (tunggu) to wait, to wait formenunjukkan (tunjuk) to showmenurunkan (turun) to drop off (as

passengers), to lowermenurut (turut) according tomenutupi (tutup) to cover, provide formenyadari (sadar) to realise, be aware ofmenyaksikan (saksi) to witnessmenyalak (salak) to barkmenyambut (sambut) to welcome, greet,

celebratemenyangka (sangka) to think, assumemenyangkut (sangkut) to touch upon, relate

to, involvemenyanyi to singmenyapa (sapa) to greetmenyatukan (satu) to unitemenyebabkan (sebab) to causemenyeberang (seberang) to cross (roads,

rivers)menyebut (sebut) to mentionmenyedari (sedar) to realise, be aware ofmenyediakan (sedia) to preparemenyedihkan (sedih) to saddenmenyekat (sekat) to block, preventmenyelamatkan (selamat) to savemenyelesaikan (selesai) to finish, completemenyelidiki (selidik) to investigatemenyeluruh (seluruh) to be widespreadmenyenangkan (senang) comfortable; to

facilitate, make things easiermenyepak (sepak) to kick with the side of the

footmenyerah (serah) to surrender

menyerahkan (serah) to submit something tomenyerang (serang) to attackmenyesuaikan (sesuai) to adjustmenyewa (sewa) to rentmenyewakan (sewa) to rent something outmenyimpan (simpan) to save, keep, put awaymenyokong (sokong) to supportmenyopir (sopir) to drivemenyuburkan (subur) to enrich, fertilisemenyukai (suka) to like; lebih menyukai to

prefermenyulitkan (sulit) to make things difficult formenyuruh (suruh) to give an ordermenyusahkan (susah) to make things difficult

formenziarahi to go on a pilgrimagemerah redmeracuni to poisonmerampok to robmerantau to travel abroad, immigratemerapikan to straighten up, neatenmerasa to feelmerata widelymerata-rata everywheremerayakan to celebratemerayau-rayau to wander aboutmerayu to appealmerbahaya dangerousmerdeka independent; to gain independence;

kemerdekaan independencemerebak to spendmerebut to seizemereka they, them, theirmerencanakan to planmerindukan to miss (emotionally)merokok to smokemerompak to robmerosot to decline, deteriorate; kemerosotan

recessionMersing town in the east coast Malaysian state

of Pahangmertua in-laws; ibu mertua mother-in-lawmerugikan to bring a loss tomeruncing to become more intense, to reach

a crisismerupakan to be (is, are, was, were); to form,

to be in the form of


GLOSSARY

mesin enginemeskipun even though, althoughmesti must, to have to; semestinya should,

ought tomesyuarat meetingmeter metreMeulaboh town in the state of Aceh, site of a

major battle between the Dutch and theAcehnese

mewah luxurious, luxuriouslymewarisi to inheritmeyakinkan to ascertainmilik: dimiliki to be owned; pemilik owner;

pemilikan ownership, possessionkepemilikan ownership

milimeter millimetremimpi dream; to dreamMinah name (f)Minahasa name comprising various Indonesian

ethnic groups located in North SulawesiMinangkabau ethnic group, located primarily

in the province of West Sumatra, recognisedfor its system of matrilineal descent

minggu week, Sunday; minggu depan nextweek; minggu lepas last week; berminggu-minggu to go on for weeks and weeks;mingguan weekly

minit minuteminoritas minorityminta to ask for, request; meminta to ask for,

requestminum to drink; to take (medicine); minum

obat to take medicine; minuman a drink;minuman keras alcoholic beverages

minyak oil, petrol; minyak hitam engine oilmisal: misalnya for examplemiskin poor; kemiskinan povertymobil car; mobil pemadam (padam) kebakar-

an fire enginemoden modernmodern modernmogok strikemohon: memohon to pray, requestmotorsikal motorcycle-mu you, yourmuat to fit; dimuat to be fit in, to appear (as in

a newspaper column)

mubaligh preachermubalih preachermuda young; pemuda a youth, young manmudah easy, easilyMuharam first month of the Moslem calendarmuka face; page; kemukakan to present;

mengemukakan to presentmula to begin; mula-mula first; memulakan

to begin something; mulai to begin; me-mulai to start, begin; dimulai to be begun;bermula to begin; permulaan beginning;semula again

mulut mouthmuncul to appear; bermunculan to appear

from no one particular sourcemundur backward; to reverse, go backward;

bersifat kompatibel-mundur backwardcompatible

Mun Fui name (m)mungkin possible, probable; sedapat mungkin

as far as possible; kemungkinan possibilitymurah cheap; murahan somewhat cheapmuram gloomy, depressedmurid pupil, studentMusa name (m)museum museummusik musicmusim season; musim hujan rainy season;

musim kemarau dry seasonmusnah destroyed; dimusnahkan to be des-

troyedMustafa name (m)mustahak importantmusuh enemy; bermusuh to be enemies; per-

musuhan enmitymutiara pearl; train running from Jakarta to

Surabaya on the island of Javamutu qualitymuzium museum

nNabilah name (f)nabrak, to bump into, colloquial form of me-

nabrak (tabrak)nafas breath; tahan nafas to hold one's breathnaik to ride, to take (transportation); to rise, go

up; menaikkan to raise, lift


GLOSSARY

nak, short for hendak, to want to, intend to;for, in order to; marker of intended or futureaction

nak, short for anak 'child', used as a term ofaddress

nakal naughtynama name; nama pangkal primary name,

family name; bernama to be namednampak to see; to seem, appear; nampaknya

to seem appear, looknamun nevertheless, howevernangkap to catch, capture, colloquial form of

menangkap (tangkap)nanti later: menanti to wait, to await; me-

nantikan to wait for someonenasi rice; nasi goreng fried rice; makan nasi

to eat a mealnasib fate, fortune; nasib baik good luck, for-

tune; bernasib baik to be lucky, fortunatenasional nationalNazir name (m)ndak, variant form of tidak, no, notnegara country, state; Negaraku My Country,

national song of Malaysia; senegara as aunited country

negeri state; Negeri-Negeri Melayu BersekutuThe Federated Malay States; Negeri-NegeriSelat the Straits Settlements; ibu negeristate capital

nek, short form of nenek 'grandmother', usedas a term of address

nelayan fishermannenek grandmotherngambil to take, colloquial form of mengambilngan isn't it (tag question), variant form of kannganga open-mouthed; menganga to be agapengapain whyngeri frightening; mengerikan to be frighteningnggak no, not; isn't it (tag question), variant

form of tidakngikutin to follow, colloquial form of

mengikutingintip to spy on, to watch on the sly, col-

loquial form of mengintipngoko Javanese speech level, used when

speaking to those one knows well, or thoseyounger or of lower status

ngomel to grumble, complain, colloquial formof mengomel

ngomong to speak, converse, colloquial formof mengomong

ni this, short for ininiaga trade; urus niaga businessNias island off the northwest coast of Sumatranih this, variant of ininilai grade, value; menilaikan to appraise,

evaluate; penilaian appraisal, evaluation; penilai appraiser, valuer

nipis thinnolong to help, colloquial form of menolong

(tolong)nomad nomadnona Missnonton to watch, observe, see (as a movie),

colloquial form of menonton (tonton)Nopember NovemberNordin name (m)novel novelNovember Novembernuklear nuclearnuklir nuclearnumpang to share in doing something;

numpang tanya to stop someone to ask asquestion; colloquial form of menumpang(tumpang)

-nya his, her; him, her; them, their; you; yang... -nya whose

nyah Mrs, short for nyonyanyaman freshNyamidin name (m)nyanyi: menyanyi to sing; penyanyi singernyata: ternyata clearly, obviouslyNyoman name (m); Nyoman Gunars leading

Balinese painternyonya Mrs; also referring to Chinese women

who have become acculturated to Malaycustoms

Nurhayati name (f)

oobat medicine; obat bius drugs; minum obat

to take medicineobrol: mengobrol to chatOgos August


GLOSSARY

Oktober Octoberolah: mengolah to process; pengolah processoroleh by, used in passive sentences; oleh

karena, oleh kerana because, due to; olehsebab because, due to

oleh: memperoleh to acquire, obtain; diper-oleh to be obtained

oli engine oilOmar name (m)omel: mengomel to grumble, complainongkos fare, costoposisi oppositionorak: mengorak to unfastenorang person, people; someone, someone

else's; numerical classifier used for people;Orang Asli Aboriginals; orang banyak thepublic; Orang Laut general name for ethnicgroups in Indonesia who live along thecoast; orang ramai the public; orang tuaparents, elders; engkau orang you (plural);kau orang you (plural); seorang alone,someone

otomatis automatic; secara otomatisautomatically

Ot-Siang one of the Dayak peoples ofKalimantan in Indonesia

ppabrik factorypacar boyfriend, girlfriend; pacaran to be

intimatepada to; by, at, on, duringpadahal whereaspadam: pemadam extinguisher; pemadam

kebakaran fire extinguisherpadang field, meadowpadi rice (unhusked, still growing in the field);

padi bukit hill ricePadri Priest, clergy; Kaum Padri Islamic

clergymen in the Minangkabau region ofSumatra who fought to impose a stricterinterpretation of Islam

pagi morning; pagi-pagi early in the morning;pagi sekali very early in the morning; pagitadi earlier this morning; tadi pagi earlierthis morning

paham: memahami to understand

pahlawan heropajak taxPak, short for bapak 'father', used as a term of

address, Mrpakai to use, to wear; memakai to use, wear;

dipakai to be used, worn; pakaian clothes,clothing; berpakaian to wear particularclothes

Pak Ajo name (m)pakcik unclepaket packagePak Kumis name (m)Pak Long name (m)Pakpak one of the Batak peoples of northern

Sumatrapaksa: terpaksa to have to, be forced topaku nail; kena paku to get caught on a nailpaling mostpalma palmpaman unclepamer: pameran exhibitionpanas hot; di tengah panas in the heat of the

day; panaskan to heat; kepanasan heat;panasnya the heat of, temperature

pancat punctured, flat (a tyre)pancing: memancing to go fishingpandai smart, clever; sepandai as clever aspandang: pandang-memandang to observe

one another; dipandang to be seen, viewed;pemandangan views; pandangan view

pandu: berpandu guided; pemandu driverpanen harvestpanggil to call; memanggil to call; dipanggil

to be called; panggilkan to call somethingfor someone

panggung theatre; panggung wayang cinema,movie theatre

pangkal basic; nama pangkal primary name,family name; pangkalan base

pangku: dipangku to be held in the lappanjang long; memanjang to become longer;

memanjangkan to lengthen; memper-panjang to lengthen, extend; diperpanjangto be extended; memperpanjangkan tolengthen, extend; sepanjang along, along-side of; for a particular length; during,throughout


GLOSSARY

pantai beach, coastpantang forbidden; dipantangkan to be forbid-

den; berpantang to abstain from somethingforbidden

pantas fast, quicklypantas should, ought to; sepantasnya should,

ought to; it is proper thatpapan boardpapar: memaparkan (papar) to relate, tell

about, presentpara collective plural markerparagraf paragraphparah seriousparawisata touristparit ditchpartai political party; Partai Buruh Labor

Partyparti party; Parti Buruh Labor PartyPasan ethnic group of the Minahasa area of

north Sulawesipasang to put on (as a light)pasang pair; numerical classifier used for

things that come in pairs such as shoes, ear-rings; also two people, animals; sepasanga, one; a pair of

pasar market; pasaran marketspasir sandpasti certainly, sure; memastikan to determine,

ascertain; dipastikan to be determined,ascertained

pasuk: pasukan team, troop, forcepatah broken (as a bone); a break; numerical

classifier used for words, phrases or pro-verbs; sepatah a, one; patah balik to turnback

patik I, your humble servantpatut should, ought to; patutnya should, ought

to; sepatutnya should, ought topayung umbrellaPeak Lim name (f)pecah shattered; pecahnya to break out (as

war)pedagang traderpedalaman the interiorpedas spicy hotpedesaan rural areaspeduli to pay attention to; tidak peduli to not

pay attention to, to not care; pedulikan tocare about, pay attention to; mempedulikanto pay attention to

pegang: memegang to hold; dipegang to beheld

pegawai officialpegun: terpegun to be startledpegunungan mountainouspejabat office; Pejabat Pos Post Officepejuang fighter, warriorpekerja workerpekerjaan workpelabuhan portpeladang cultivator of unirrigated fieldspelajar studentpelajaran education; studies, lessonspelajari to study, learn somethingpelakon actorpelaksana implementerpelaku actorpelampau an extremist; bersifat pelampau

extremepelan slowlypelarangan prohibitionpelarian escapee, refugeepelatih trainer, traineepelawat visitorpelayanan servicepelayaran sailing; ahli pelayaran sailorpelindung protectorpelipur lara traditional Indonesian story teller;

one who makes you forget your carespelombong minerpelosok cornerspeluang opportunity, chancepeluk: memeluk to embrace, to follow a

particular religion; pemeluk follower of aparticular religion

pelukis painter, artistpeluru bullet; peluru berpandu guided missile;

peluru kendali guided missilepemadam (padam) extinguisher; pemadam

kebakaran fire extinguisherpemain playerpemakaman the burial ofpemalu one who is shypemandangan (pandang) views


GLOSSARY

pemandu (pandu) driverpemarah one who is easily angeredpemasak a cookpembaca readerpembahasan discussionpembangkang oppositionpembangunan the construction ofpembantu servantpembawa acara emcee, spokespersonpembeli buyerpemberhentian the cessation of, the stopping

of; pemberhentian kerja lay-offs, redun-dancy

pemberitahuan (beritahu) noticepembesar high ranking officials, leaderspembicara speakerspembicaraan discussionpembinaan the construction ofpemborong buyerpembunuh killer, murdererpembunuhan murder, killingpemeluk (peluk) follower of a particular

religion, one who embraces somethingpemenang winnerpemergian (pergi) departurepemerintah (perintah) governmentpemerintahan (perintah) government, adminis-

trationpemfitnah slandererpemilihan (pilih) the choosing of; pemilihan

umum general electionpemilik ownerpemilikan ownership, possessionpemilu general election, short for pemilihan

umumpemimpin (pimpin) leaderpemrogram (program) programmerpemuda a youthpemungutan (pungut) the collecting, picking

up of; pemungutan suara referendumpenambahan (tambah) the increasing of,

addition ofpenambang (tambang) minerpenapis (tapis) filterpenat tiredpencen pensionpencil: terpencil isolated

pencuri robber, thiefpendaftar registrarpendapat opinion; sependapat to share the

same opinionpendatang immigrantpendek shortpendengar listener, audiencependiam one who is quietpendidikan educationpendiri founderpendita masterpenduduk inhabitant, populationpenebangan (tebang) the felling of (trees)penelitian (teliti) investigationpenemuan (temu) the discovery ofpeneroka pioneerpengacau (kacau) agitatorpengadilan court; the trying, judging ofpengajaran the teaching ofpengalaman experiencepengaman peacemakerpengantar (antar/hantar) medium for presen-

ting something; bahasa pengantar a lang-uage which is the medium of instruction

pengantin bride, bridegroom; pengantin lelakibridegroom

pengapit clamppengarah directorpengaruh influence; mempengaruhi to influ-

ence; berpengaruh influentialpengedar distributor, disseminatorpengemudi (kemudi) driverpengendalian (kendali) controlpengghairah tempterpenggolongan classificationpengguna consumerpenggunaan the using ofpenghentian the stopping ofpenghidupan life; way of livingpenghulu head of a villagepenghuni residentpengikut followerpengindustrian industrialpengirim (kirim) senderpengiriman (kirim) the sending ofpengkhianat traitorpenglipur lara traditional Malay storyteller;


GLOSSARY

one who makes you forget your carespengolah processorpenguburan (kubur) the burial ofpengukir carverpengungsi refugeepenilai appraiser, valuerpenilaian appraisal, evaluationpenimbang (timbang) weighing scalespening to have a headachepeningkatan (tingkat) the rise ofpenjaga watchmanpenjahat criminalpenjajah colonialist, occupierpenjajahan colonial rulepenjual salesperson, sellerpenjualan the sale ofpenjuru cornerpensel pencilpensil pencilpensiun pensionpensyarah lecturerpentadbir administratorpentas stage; mementaskan to stagepenting important; kepentingan interests, im-

portance; terpenting most importantpenuh full; terpenuhi to be fulfilled; tidak ter-

penuhi disregarded, unfulfilled; sepenuh-nya complete, completely

penulis (tulis) writerpenumpang (tumpang) passengerpenunggu (tunggu) spiritpenuntut (tuntut) university studentpenutur (tutur) speakerpenyakit (sakit) diseasepenyanyi singerpenyatuan (satu) the uniting ofpenyebab (sebab) reasonpenyelesaian (selesai) resolutionpenyelidikan (selidik) researchpenyesuaian adjustmentpenyokong (sokong) supporterpenyuruh (suruh) commanderpenziarah pilgrimpeperangan warpeperiksaan examinationperabot furnitureperacun poisoner

perahu Malay sailing vessel (type)peran: peranan roleperanakan those of mixed parentage who have

adopted Indonesian customs; Tionghoa Per-anakan those of mixed Chinese and Indo-nesian parentage who have adopted Indo-nesian customs

Perancis French, Franceperang war; perang saudara civil war; ber-

perang to go to war; peperangan warperangkap trapperantau immigrantperasan to noticeperaturan the arrangement of, rules ofperayaan celebrationperbahasan debateperbaikan repairperbaiki to repairperbatasan border, limitperbedaan differenceperbelanjaan expenseperbincangan discussionperbuat to doperbuatan deed, actionpercaya to believe, to trust; dipercaya to be

believed, thought; dipercayai to be believed,thought; kepercayaan belief

percobaan the attempt topercubaan the attempt topercuma freeperdagangan tradePerdana Menteri Prime Ministerperdebatan debateperempat quarter, a fourthperempatan intersectionperempuan girl, womanperencanaan planperenggan paragraphpergaduhan argumentpergaulan social interactionpergerakan movement, mobilitypergi to go; pemergian departure; kepergian

departureperguruan place for teaching; Maktab per-

guruan Teacher's Collegeperhatian attentionperhentian stop; perhentian bas bus stop;


GLOSSARY

perhentian bis bus stopperhubungan communication, the communica-

tion withperiksa to examine; peperiksaan examinationperinci: terperinci further, in more detailperintah order, command; memerintahkan to

order, command; pemerintahan government,administration; pe-merintah government

perintis pioneerperisai shieldperiuk pot; periuk api land mineperjalanan trip; dalam perjalanan on the wayperjamuan receptionperjanjian agreement, treatyperjuangan battle, struggleperkahwinan marriageperkampungan villages, rural areasperkara respects, matters, thingsperkarangan yard, compoundperkataan wordperkawinan marriageperkembangan developmentperkenalan the acquaintance withperkhidmatan service, facultyperkuburan place of burialperlahan-lahan slowly; soft, lowperlembagaan constitutionperlima fifthperlindungan protectionperlu to need, require; diperlukan to be requir-

ed, needed, necessary; keperluan needs,necessities, requirements

permainan gamepermainkan to place a trick onpermaisuri queenpermakaman place of burialpermulaan beginningpermusuhan enmitypernah once, has been; tidak pernah never,

would neverperpuluhan decimal pointperpustakaan librarypersahabatan friendshippersaingan competitionpertengahan the middle, centrepesan to ask someone to get something; to

order (as in a restaurant)

persatuan association, group; PersatuanPelajar Student Association

persekutuan federation, federatedperselisihan misunderstandingpersenjataan arms, weaponsperserikatan organisation; Perserikatan Bangsa-

Bangsa United Nationspersis exactlypersoalan questionpersyaratan requirementpertama firstpertama-tama firstly, at firstpertambahan the increase inpertandingan contest, competitionpertanian agriculturepertanyaan questionpertelingkahan argumentpertempuran battlepertemuan meetingpertiga a thirdpertikaian argumentpertolongan helppertubuhan organisation; Pertubuhan Bangsa-

Bangsa United Nationspertunjukan show, the showing ofperubahan changesperumahan housingperundingan talks, negotiationsperusahaan industryperut stomachperwakilan delegation, representationpesat fast, rapid, quickpesawah rice planterpesawat: pesawat terbang aeroplanepeserta participantpesilat Malay martial arts expertpesta partypesuruh messenger, delegatepetang afternoonpetani farmerpetapa asceticpetir thunder; ribut petir thunderstormpetunjuk sign, direction markerpewaris heirpiala trophy cuppihak faction, sidepijak: memijak to step on; terpijak to be acci-


GLOSSARY

dentally stepped onpikir to think; pikirkan to think about; dipikir-

kan to be thought about, consideredpiknik picnicpilem filmpilih to choose; memilih to choose; dipilih to

be chosen; pemilihan (pilih) the choosingof; pemilihan umum general election; pilih-an choice; pilihan raya general election

pimpin: memimpin to lead; pemimpin leaderpinang betel nut; Pulau Pinang Penangpinang: dipinang to be courtedpinda: memindakan to amendpindah to move; memindahkan to transfer

someone or something; berpindah to move;dipindahkan to be moved

pinggan plate, dishpinjam to borrow; meminjam to borrow; di-

pinjam to be borrowed; pinjamkan to lendsomething to; meminjamkan to lend some-thing to; pinjami to lend to; meminjami tolend to

pintu doorpiring plate, dishpisah: berpisah to separate from one another;

dipisahkan to be separated frompisang bananapisau knifepohon treepokok tree; main, primary; pokok pem-

bicaraan main topic of discussion; pokokpembahasan main topic of discussion

pola patternpolis policepolisi policepolitik politicsPol Pot former Cambodian leaderpondok booth, shed; pondok telefon telephone

boothPonosakan ethnic group of the Minahasa area

of north SulawesiPortugis Portuguese, Portugalpos postpotong to cut; minus; numerical classifier used

for objects cut from a main piece such aspieces of cake, meat, bread; memotong tocut; potongan slice; sepotong a, one

potret portraitPrakash name (m)Pramoedya Indonesian novelistPrancis French, Franceprangko postage stamppresiden presidentpribumi native inhabitantsprofesor professorprogram programme; pemrogram programmerproses processProtestan Protestantproyek projectpsikologi psychology; ahli psikologi psycho-

logistpuan Mrs.puas satisfying; memuaskan satisfying, to

satisfypucuk shoot; numerical classifier used for

letters, firearms; sepucuk a, onePuja Pantai festival in honour of the spirits of

the sea held by the Malays in the states ofKelantan and Terengganu

pukul o'clock; to hit, strike; pukul berapa whattime is it; kena pukul to get hit struck; me-mukul to strike, hit; dipukul to be hit,struck; pukulan a blow, strike

pula also, toopulang to return home; pulang kerja to return

to work; pulangkan to return something;kepulangan the return of; pulangnya his,her return home

pulau island; Pulau Pinang Penang; PulauSpratly a chain of atolls in the South ChinaSea the sovereignty of which in contestedby China and the surrounding SoutheastAsian nations; kepulauan archipelago

pulih: memulihkan to improve; dipulihkan tobe improved

puluh ten; perpuluhan decimal point; puluhantens; sepuluh ten

pulut glutinous rice, sticky ricepun even; also, toopuncak summit, the height ofpungut: memungut to pick gather, collect;

pemungutan the collecting, picking up of;pemungutan suara referendum

puntung stump; numerical classifier used for


GLOSSARY

short, stubby objects such as tree stumps,cigarette butts; sepuntung a, the

punya to have, to own, possess; mempunyai tohave, own, possess; kepunyaan possession,ownership

pupu: sepupu cousinpupuk fertiliserpusat centre, centralpustaka book; perpustakaan libraryputar to turn; putar kembali to turn backputih white; keputih-putihan somewhat whiteputra princeputri princessputus to snap, break; keputusan decision,

result; putusnya the break in

rRabiulakhir fourth month of the Moslem

calendarRabiulawal third month of the Moslem

calendarRabu Wednesdayracun poison; meracuni to poison; beracun

poisonous; peracun poisonerradio radioRaffles: see Thomas Stamford Raffles Rafidah name (f)ragu-ragu suspiciousRahim (m)raja king; Raja Abdullah leader of the Malays

who, in the middle of the 19th century,established a mining village at the site ofwhat is now Kuala Lumpur; Raja Dharma-wangsa King of the East Javanese Kingdomfrom the late 10th to the early 11th century;Raja Kuripan, Daha and Gagelang thethree royal brothers in the historical narra-tive Hikayat Panji Semirang; Raja Permai-suri Agong the Queen; Raja Siam TheKing of Siam; diraja royal; kerajaangovernment, kingdom; Kerajaan Persekutu-an Federal Government

Rajan name (m)rajin diligent, industrious; dengan rajin

diligently, industriouslyrakyat populace, people, subjects; rakyat jelata

the common, ordinary people

Ramadan ninth month of the Moslem calendarramai crowded; many; beramai-ramai all

togetherramal: diramalkan to be predicted; ramalan

prediction; ramalan cuaca weather forecastRaman name (m)Ramayana Hindu epic poem relating the

adventures of Ramachandra, the seventh ofVishnu's incarnations

rambut hair; rambutan fruit (type)rame-rame all together, everyone, variant of

ramai-ramaiRamli name (m)rampas: dirampas to be stolenrampok: merampok to rob, stealrancang: rancangan planrangkai: rangkaian chainRani name (f)ranjau: ranjau darat land mineRanjit name (m)rantau: merantau to travel abroad, immigrate;

perantau immigrantranting twigsrapat meetingrapi: merapikan to straighten up, neatenrasa to feel, taste; merasa to feel; rasanya to

seem, appearRashid name (m)rata: merata widely; merata-rata everywhereratus hundred; ratusan hundreds; seratus one

hundredRaub town in the northern part of the Malay-

sian state of PahangRavi name (m)rawat to nurse, care for; juru rawat nurseraya great; merayakan to celebrate; perayaan

celebrationrayau: merayau-rayau to wander aboutrayu: merayu to appealRazak name (m)rebah to lie flat on the ground, to collapse onto

the groundrebak: merebak to spreadrebut: merebut to seizereda to lessen, stop (as rain)rehat: berehat to restRejab seventh month of the Moslem calendar


GLOSSARY

rekening account, billrel railway right-of-wayrelatif relativelyrem brakerencana plan; berencana to make plans;

merencanakan to plan; perencanaan planrendah low; sekolah rendah primary schoolrendang meat dish (type, dry with grated,

roasted coconut)renggang strainedrepublik republic; Republik Indonesia the

Republic of Indonesiaresiden resident; Sistem Residen Resident

System, an administrative system used byBritish in Malaya

resmi official; secara resmi officiallyrestoran restaurantRetno name (f)ribu thousand; beribu-ribu thousands; ribuan

thousands; seribu one thousandribut storm; ribut petir thunderstormrindu to miss; merindukan to miss (emotionally)ringan light (not heavy)ringgit Malaysian currencyRM abbreviation for ringgit Malaysia the

Malaysian currencyroh spiritRohana name (f)rokok cigarette; merokok to smokerombong: rombongan tour group, excursion

groupRomesh name (m)rompak: merompak to robrosak brokenRosalinda name (f)Rosdiana name (f)Rosli name (m)Rosnah name (f)Rosni name (f)rosot: merosot to decline, deteriorateRp abbreviation for rupiah, the Indonesian

currencyruang space, room; ruangan space, roomrugi: merugikan to bring a loss toRukiah name (f)rumah house; rumah panjang longhouse;

rumah-rumahan play house; rumah sakit

hospital; Rumah Sakit Umum GeneralHospital; rumah tangga household; be-rumah to have a house; perumahan housing;serumah together in one house

rumit difficult, complexrumput grassruncing: meruncing to become more intense,

to reach a crisisrunding: berunding to discuss, negotiate;

perundingan talks, negotiationsrupa form, appearance; merupakan to be (is,

are, was, were); to form, to be in the formof; serupa the same as

rupiah Indonesian currencyrusak brokenRusia RussiaRuslan name (m)Russia Russiarusuh: rusuhan disturbance

sSaad name (m)saat when, time; second; pada saat at the timeSabah East Malaysian state located on the

northern part of the island of Borneosabda to speakSabtu Saturdaysadar: menyadari to realise, be aware ofSafar second month of the Moslem calendarsah legalsahabat friend; bersahabat to be friends; per-

sahabatan friendshipsaham sharessaing: bersaingan to compete with one

another; persaingan competitionsains science; ahli sains scientistsaja only, justsakit ill, sick; sakit teruk seriously ill; penyakit

diseasesaksi witness; menyaksikan to witnesssakti supernatural, magicalsalah wrong, incorrect; kesalahan mistakes,

wrongs, errorssalah: salah satu one of; salah sebuah one of

the (things); salah seorang one of thepeople; salah seekor one to the animals

salak: menyalak to bark


GLOSSARY

salam greetings, regards; kirim salam to sendone's regards

Salim name (m)salin: bersalin to give birthsaling mutually, one to the othersama and, with; same; sama ada whether;

sama dengan same as, equal to; samasekali at all; sesama the same, among them-selves; bersama together, joint; bersama-sama together

Samad name (m)sambil whilesambung: disambung to be followed;

sambungan a continuation; bersambunganto possess a continuation, to be serialised

sambut: menyambut to welcome, greet, cele-brate; disambut to be welcomed, observed,celebrated

sampai until; to reach, arrive; sampai-sampaias soon as one arrives; sampaikan to send;sesampai upon arriving

samping: di samping beside, next to, alongsideof; besides, instead of; in addition to

sampul: sampul surat envelopeSamy name (m)sana theresanak-saudara relativessandar: sandarkan to lean something; ber-

sandar to leansanding: bersanding part of the Malay

marriage ritual in which the bride andgroom sit side by side on a raised dais

sang honorific particlesangat verysanggup: sesanggupnya as well as possible, to

the best of one's abilitysangka: menyangka to think, assumesangkut: menyangkut to touch upon, relate to,

involve; tersangkut to get caught (as on anail)

Sanglang town in the northeastern Malaysianstate of Kedah

Santi name (f)Saodah name (f)sapa: menyapa to greetSarawak East Malaysian state located on the

island of Borneo

sarung sarongsasar: sasaran targetsastera: kesusasteraan literaturesate sataysatu one; satu demi satu one by one; satu dua

pertiga one and two thirds; satu sama lainmutually, one to the other; satu-satunya theone and only; satu setengah one and a half;menyatukan to unite; bersatu to be united,joined together; penyatuan the uniting of;persatuan association, group; kesatuan theunity of; satuan units

saudara brother, sister; you; saudara-mararelatives; sanak-saudara relatives; ber-saudara to be brothers

saudari sister; yousawah rice field; bersawah to be a rice planter;

pesawah rice planterSawah Lunto mining area in the province of

West Sumatrasawat: pesawat instrument, machine; pesawat

terbang aeroplanesaya I, me, mysayur vegetable; sayur-sayuran a variety of

vegetablesse- prefix indicating similarity; tidak se- not so

much asseandainya assuming, even ifsebab because; reason, cause; sebab apa why;

menyebabkan to cause; disebabkan because,due to; penyebab reason; sebabnya reason,cause

sebagai assebagian part of, some; sebahagian besar a

large part, majoritysebahagian a part of, somesebaiknya should, ought to, preferablysebaliknya the other way around; but on the

contrarysebanyak as much as, to an amount ofsebar: tersebar to be spread aboutsebarang anysebatang a, one; numerical classifier, see batangsebelah side; next (as in 'next door'); in the

vicinity of, around; di sebelah kanan on theright side; di sebelah kiri on the left side; disebelah lain on the other side of; di sebelah


GLOSSARY

sana on the other side ofsebelas elevensebelum before; sebelumnya before, previoussebenarnya actual, real; in actuality, in realitysebentar a moment, sebentar lagi in a momentseberang on the other side of (roads, rivers);

seberang laut overseas; menyeberang tocross (roads, rivers)

seberapa as much assebuah a; numerical classifier for objects of

indeterminate shapesebungkus a pack ofsebut: menyebut to mention; disebutkan to be

mentioned; tersebut that, the aforementionedsecangkir a cup ofsecara by way ofsecawan a cup ofsecocok suitablesedalam to a depth ofsedang middle, medium; to be in the process

of; sedangkan whereassedap delicious; sesedap as delicious assedapat-dapatnya as much as possiblesedapat mungkin as far as possiblesedar: menyedari to realise, be aware ofsedia ready, prepared; menyediakan to pre-

pare; disediakan to be preparedsedih sad; menyedihkan to saddensedikit a little bit of, a fewseekor a, one; numerical classifier, see ekorseenak as delicious assefahaman mutual understandingsegala allsegera immediatelysegini like thissehabis after; sehabis itu after thatsehari a day sehari-hari dailyseharusnya should, ought tosehat healthysehelai a sheet of; see helaisehingga up to, until; so thatsehubungan in connection withsejahtera: kesejahteraan welfaresejak since, from; sejak itu since thensejam one hoursejarah history

sejauh as far assejuk coldsejuta one millionsekali once, at the same time; very; sekali lagi

againsekalian all; at the same timesekalipun even though, althoughsekarang nowsekat: menyekat to block, preventsekaya as rich assekejap a moment, sekejap lagi in a momentsekeping a piece of; see kepingsekiranya in the event thatsekitar around, in the vicinity ofsekolah school; sekolah dasar primary school;

sekolah menengah (tengah) high school;sekolah rendah primary school

sekotak a pack ofsekutu partner; bersekutu federated; persekutu-

an federationselain daripada besides, instead of; in addition

toselalu always; selalunya alwaysselama for a particular length of time, for as

long asselamat safe; menyelamatkan to save; ke-

selamatan securitySelangor central west-coast state of Peninsular

Malaysiaselanjutnya subsequent, furtherselaras parallel toSelasa Tuesdayselatan south, southernselenggara: diselenggarakan to be carried outselengkapnya complete, completelyselepas after; selepas itu after thatselesa comfortableselesai finished, completed; selesaikan to

finish, complete; menyelesaikan to finish,complete; penyelesaian resolution

selidik: menyelidiki to investigate pe-nyelidikan research, investigation

selisih: perselisihan misunderstandingseluar pants, trousersseluruh all, all over, throughout; menyeluruh

widespreadsemahal as expensive as


GLOSSARY

semak undergrowthsemakin to increase; to become more and moresemalam yesterdaySemang Aboriginal group of Peninsula

Malaysiasemangka watermelonsemasa while, during; dari semasa ke semasa

from time to timesemata only, purelysemayam residencesembilan ninesemenanjung peninsula; Semenanjung Malay-

sia Peninsular Malaysia; SemenanjungTanah Melayu the Malay Peninsula

sementara temporary, temporarily; while,whereas

semestinya should, ought tosempadan border, limitsempat to have the chance, opportunity to; to

be in time forsempena dengan on the occasion ofsempit narrowsemua all; everyonesemula againsemut ant; kesemutan numb, to be asleep (a

limb)senam: bersenam to exercisesenang easy, easily; to like, to be happy to do

something; kurang senang unhappy; me-nyenangkan comfortable; to facilitate,make things easier

senapang rifle, gunsendiri alone: oneself, himself, herself, itself;

sendirian alone; bersendirian individuallysendok spoonsenegara as a united countryseni art; seni lukis painting; kesenian artsSenin Mondaysenior senior, leadingsenjata weapon; alat senjata weapon; per-

senjataan arms, weaponsSenoi Aboriginal people of the Malay

peninsulaseorang alone, someonesepak to kick with the side of the foot; sepak

bola soccer; sepak takraw game (type,played with a rattan ball); menyepak to kick

with the side of the foot; disepak to bekicked with the side of the foot

sepandai as clever assepanjang along, alongside of; for a particular

length; during, throughoutsepantasnya should, ought to; it is proper thatsepatu shoesepatutnya should, ought tosepeda bicycle; sepeda motor motorcycle;

bersepeda to ride a bicyclesependapat to share the same opinionsepenuhnya completeseperempat one quarter, fourthseperti like, as; seperti biasa as usualsepi quiet, tranquilSeptember Septembersepucuk a, one; numerical classifier, see pucuksepuluh tensepupu cousinserah: menyerah to surrender; menyerahkan

to submit something to; terserah suitable,all right

serak: terserak to be spread aboutserang: menyerang to attack; serangan attack;

diserang to be attackedseratus one hundredSeremban city, capital of the west coast

Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilanseribu one thousandserikat federation; perserikatan organisation;

Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa UnitedNations

sering often, frequentlyserta including, together with, along with, also;

while; ikut serta to take part; pesertaparticipant

serumah together in one houseserupa the same assesama the same; among themselvessesampai upon arrivingsesanggupnya as well as possible; to the best

of one's abilitysesat to lose one's waysesedap as delicious assesiapa whoever, anyonesesuai in accordance with, suitable; me-

nyesuaikan to adjust; bersesuaian to be in


GLOSSARY

accordance with; penyesuaian adjustmentsesuatu somethingsesudah after; sesudah itu after thatsesuku one quartersetahu as far as one knowssetahun one yearsetelah after; setelah itu after thatsetem postage stampsetempat localsetengah one half; setengah umur middle

aged, mature agedsetiap each, every; setiap kali each time, every

timesetuju to agree; bersetuju to agreeseumur the same age assewa to rent, hire; menyewa to rent; menyewa-

kan to rent something out; sewakan to rentout, hire out

sewaktu during, while; sewaktu-waktu fromtime to time

Shahnon name (m)Shakuntala name (f)Shantha name (f)Shariah name (f)si nominal particlesial: sialan damnSiam Siam, Thailandsiang noontime, daytime, during the daysiap ready; bersiap to get readysiapa who, whom; siapa pun anyone, whoever,

anyone's; siapa saja whoever, anyone;siapa-siapa anyone, whoever; anyone's;sesiapa whoever, anyone

siasat strategysibuk busysidai: tersidai to be hung on the line to drysifat attitude, characteristic, property, quality;

bersifat possessing the qualities of; disifat-kan to be described as, to be considered

sih emphatic particle, also serving to makequestions and requests more polite

sihat healthysilam long ago, in the past; zaman silam in

past ages, a long time agosilat Malay martial arts; pesilat Malay martial

arts expertSIM drivers licence, short for Surat Izin

Mengemudi (kemudi) Simalungan one of the Batak peoples of

northern Sumatrasimpan to put away, keep; menyimpan to save,

keep, put away; disimpan to be keptsimpang intersectionsimpati sympathy; bersimpati sympatheticsimpul knot; kesimpulan conclusionSingapura Singaporesinggah to stop by, drop insinggung: tersinggung offendedsini heresistem system; Sistem Benteng Fortification

System; Sistem Residen Resident SystemSita name (f)Siti name (f)situasi situationSivam name (m)soal question, the question of; disoal to be

interrogated, questioned; persoalanquestion; soalnya the problem is, thequestion is

Sofiah name (f)Sofiyan name (m)sok particle showing pretensesokong: menyokong (sokong) to support;

disokong to be supported; penyokong sup-porter

Solo city in the province of Central Javasongket cloth (type); see kain songketsopan polite; sopan-santun politesopir driver; menyopir to drivesore afternoon, evening; sore-sore late in the

afternoon; masih sore early in the eveningsosial socialSriwijaya Kingdom in Sumatra, near the

present city of Palembang, South Sumatra,founded about 682 AD

staf staffstasiun stationstatus statusstesen stationsuai: sesuai in accordance withsuami husband; suami-isteri husband and

wife; suami-istri husband and wife; mem-persuami to take someone as a husband;mempersuamikan to marry off one's


GLOSSARY

daughter; bersuami to have a husband;bersuamikan to be married to a particularhusband

suara voicesuatu a; sesuatu somethingsub-etnik sub-ethnicsubjektif subjectiveSubri name (m)sudah already; has been; particle showing the

perfective aspect sesudah after; sesudah ituafter that

sudi to be willingsudu spoonsuka to like; menyukai to like; lebih menyukai

to prefersukarela voluntary; secara sukarela

voluntarilysuku quarter, fourth; sesuku one quartersuku clan; suku keluarga family clanSulawesi Celebes, island in the Indonesian

archipelagosulit difficult; menyulitkan to make things

difficult for; kesulitan difficultysultan sultan; Sultan Agung head of the

Kingdom of Mataram in Java during theearly 17th century; Sultan Puasa leader ofthe Malays who came to Kuala Lumpurfrom Sumatra during the mid 19th century

sulung: anak sulung oldest child, firstbornchild

Sumatra western-most island in the Indonesianarchipelago; Sumatra Utara North Sumatra

sumbang: sumbangan contributionsumber sourcesunat circumciseSunda Kelapa former name for Jakartasungai river; Sungai Gombak river flowing

through Kuala Lumpur; Sungai Kelangriver flowing through Kuala Lumpur

sungguh very; sungguh-sungguh hard, dili-gently; bersungguh-sungguh hard, dili-gently

sungguhpun even though, althoughsunyi quiet, lonelysupaya so that, in order thatSurabaya city in the province of East Javasurat letter; Surat Izin Mengemudi (kemudi)

driver's licence; surat kabar newspaper;surat khabar newspaper

surga heavensuria sun; solar; tenaga suria solar energySurinder name (f)suruh to tell someone to do something; me-

nyuruh to give an order, command; disuruhto be told to do something; penyuruh com-mander; pesuruh messenger

surut to recede (water, tides)surya sun; solar; tenaga surya solar energysusah difficult; susah hati to be unhappy;

menyusahkan to make things difficult for;kesusahan difficulty

susun: tersusun to be ordered, arranged, com-posed of

sutradara directorSwee Lan name (f)Syaaban eighth month of the Moslem calendarSyaban eighth month of the Moslem calendarsyak: disyaki to be suspectedsyarah: mensyarahkan to deliver a lecture;

pensyarah lecturer; syarahan lecturesyarat regulation; persyaratan requirementsyarikat federationSyawal tenth month of the Moslem calendarsyukur: mensyukuri to give thanks tosyurga heaven

ttabrak to hit, strike, bump into; kena tabrak to

get hit, struck; menabrak to bump into;ditabrak to be hit, struck; ketabrak to hit,bump, crash into

tabung: menabung to save moneyTabut Islamic festival in Indonesia in honour

of Hasan Husain, held on the 10th day ofMuharam.

tadbir: pentadbiran administrationtadi earlier; tadi malam last night; tadinya

before, earliertagih to be addicted to; ketagih an addicttahan to withstand; tahan lama to last a long

time; tahan nafas to hold one's breath; me-nahankan to hold back; mempertahankanto defend; tertahan to be delayed, detained;tahanan custody, imprisonment


GLOSSARY

tahu to know; ketahui to know about;mengetahui to know about; diketahui to beknown; setahu as far a one knows

tahun year; tahun berapa in which year;tahun depan next year; Tahun HijrahMoslem calendar; Tahun Masehi theWestern calendar; Tahun Hijriah Moslemcalendar; tahunan annually; setahun oneyear

Tai Chi Chinese movement exercise (type)tajam sharptajuk topictak no, isn't it (tag question), short for tidak;

tak usah it doesn't pay (to do something)taksi taxitakut afraid; to be afraid of; menakutkan to be

frightening; menakuti to be fearful of;ketakutan fear, to be afraid of

tali cord; tali air irrigationtamadun civilisationtamasya celebration, event, spectacle;

bertamasya to go on a picnictamat finished, completed; to finish, complete;

menamatkan to put an end totambah to add, increase; plus; menambah to

increase something; menambahkan to addsomething to; menambahi to add to; ber-tambah to increase; penambahan theincreasing of, adding of; pertambahan theincrease in, addition to; tambahan anaddition

tambang mine; penambang minertambang faretampak to seem, appear, look; tampaknya to

seem, appear to betamu visitor, guest; tetamu guest, visitortanah land, ground, soil; Tanah Melayu

Malayatanam to plant; Tanam Paksa Culture System,

a system of forced agriculture implementedby the Dutch in Java in early 19th century;tanam-tanaman plants; menanam to plant;ditanami to be planted with; bertanam toplant; tanaman plant

tanda sign, symbol; tanda tangan signature;ditandatangani to be signed

tandas to state

tanding: pertandingan contest, competitiontangan hand, armtangga step; tetangga neighbourtanggal date; tanggal berapa what date is ittanggal: ditanggalkan to be removedtangis tears; menangis to crytangkai handle (as of a cup)tangkap to capture, catch; menangkap to

capture, catch; ditangkap to be caught,captured

tangkis: bola tangkis badminton; bulu tangkisbadminton

tani: bertani to work the land, be a farmer;pertanian agriculture

tanpa withouttante aunttanya to ask; menanyakan to ask about;

bertanyakan to ask about; pertanyaanquestion

tapa: petapa ascetictapi buttapis to filter; ditapis to be filtered; penapis

filter; tapisan a filter, filteredtari: menari to dance; tarian a dancetarik: ditarik to be pulled, towed; ditarik balik

to be revoked; ditarik kembali to berevoked

tarikh date, erataruh to put placetas bagtaukeh owner (of a shop)tawan: menawan to capturetayang: tayangkan to show a film;

menyayangkan to show a filmtayar tyretebal thicktebang: penebangan the felling of (trees)tebar: bertebaran to be spread abouttebu sugar canetegas firm, strongteguh firm, strongtegun: tertegun to be startedtegur to greetteh teatekan: to press; tekanan pressureteknologi technologyteksi taxi


GLOSSARY

telah already; has been; setelah after; setelahitu after that

telan: menelan (telan) to swallow; menelanperbelanjaan to cost, consume a particularamount of money; menelan biaya to cost,consume a particular amount of money;tertelan to accidentally swallow

telefon telephone; to telephonetelepon telephone; telefon umum public

telephone; menelepon to telephonetelevisi televisiontelevisyen televisiontelinga eartelingkah: pertelingkahan argumentteliti: penelitian investigationtelur eggteman friendTemasik former name of Singaporetemasya celebration, event, spectacletembak to shoot; kena tembak to get shot;

ditembak to be shottembakau tobaccotembikai watermelontembok walltempat place; tempat asal place of origin;

tempat tidur bed; tempat tinggal place ofresidence; tempatan local; setempat local

tempo timetempur: pertempuran battletemu: temukan to find; menemukan to find;

menemui to meet; temui to meet; bertemuto meet; ketemu to meet; penemuan thediscovery of; pertemuan meeting

tenaga energy; tenaga kerja workers, work-force; tenaga pekerja workers, workforce;tenaga suria solar energy; tenaga suryasolar energy

tenang calm, peacefultengah middle, central; to be in the process of

doing something; tengah hari noon, noon-time; tengah malam midnight; di tengah-tengah right in the middle; di tengah jalanin the middle of the road, while on the way;menengah middle; pertengahan themiddle, centre; setengah one half; se-tengah umur middle aged, mature aged

tenggara southeast

tengkar: bertengkar to arguetengking: menengking-nengking to speak dis-

respectfullytengok to look attentang about, regarding; ditentang to be

opposed; tentangan oppositiontentara armytentera armytentu certainly; menentukan to determine,

ascertain; tertentu specific, particulartenun: menenun to weaveTeo-Chiu Chinese ethnic groupTeocu Chinese ethnic grouptepat exactly; tepat pada waktunya on timetepi: di tepi alongside of, next to, beside; di

tepi-tepi right alongside; menepikan tobrush aside

teragak to hesitateterang bright, clear; keterangan explanation,

clarificationterangkat to be liftedterbagi to be divided intoterbahagi to be dividedterbaik bestterbakarnya the burning ofterbalikkan to overturn somethingterbang to fly; juru terbang pilotterbanyak largestterbatas limited, restrictedterbesar largestterbubar disbandedterbuka to be open to, exposed toterbunuh to be killedtercampak to be thrownterdapat to get, to be found; we get, there is,

areterdedah to be exposedterdengar to be heard, overheardterdiri dari to comprise, consist oftergantung pada to depend ontergelimpang sprawlingtergelincir to slip, slidetergesa-gesa to rushtergoyang-goyang to swing, sway back and

forthterhabiskan to be finishedterhad limited, restricted


GLOSSARY

terhadap on, regarding, with regard to; aboutterhalang to be obstructed, frustratedterhenti to come to an unintentional stopterhidu to inhaleterhinggut-hinggut to sway back and forthterima to receive, accept; menerima to receive;

diterima to be acceptedteringat remembered, recalled; to recall,

rememberterjadi to occur, happenterjun to diveterkam: menerkam to pounceterkebelakang backwardterkedalam inland, insideterkejut to be surprisedterkeluar to accidentally come outterkenal knownterkoyak-koyak ripped, tornterkunci lockedterlalu too, veryterlambat lateterlepas to escapeterletak to be locatedterlibat to be involved intermasuk includingtermenung to look down pensivelyternyata clearly, obviouslyterpaksa to have to, be forced toterpegun to be startledterpencil isolatedterpenting most importantterpenuhi to be fulfilled; tidak terpenuhi dis-

regarded, unfulfilledterperinci further, in more detailterpijak to accidentally step ontersangkut to get caughttersebar to be spread abouttersebut that, the aforementionedterserah suitable, all rightterserak to be spread abouttersidai to be hung on the line to drytersinggung offendedtersusun to be ordered, arranged, composed oftertahan to be delayed, detainedtertegun to be startledtertelan to accidentally swallowtertentu specific, particular

tertidur to fall asleeptertinggal to be lefttertipu to be fooled, tricked, deceivedtertua oldest; anak tertua oldest child in the

family, firstborntertuduh accusedtertutup closedterucap to be unintentionally utteredteruk serious (an accident, an illness)terus straightaway; to continue, continuallyterutama main, primarytetamu guest, visitortetangga neighbourtetap still; fixed, permanent; ditetapkan to be

determined, ascertainedtetapi but; however, neverthelessTeuku Umar leader of the Acehnese in their

struggle again the Dutch during the late 19th

centurytgl date, short form of tanggalThai Thai; negeri Thai ThailandThomas Stamford Raffles British represen-

tative in Malaya in the early 19th century,known as the British founder of Singapore

tiap each, every; tiap-tiap each, every; tiap-tiapkali each time, every time; setiap each,every, setiap kali each time, every time

tiba to arrive; tiba-tiba suddenly; tibanya thearrival of

tidak no, not; isn't it (tag question); tidakbegitu not as much as; tidak berapa not asmuch as; tidak hanya not only; tidak lamalagi shortly, in a short time; tidak se- not asmuch as; tidak usah it doesn't pay (to dosomething)

tidur to sleep, to go to bed; tidurkan to putsomeone to bed; menidurkan to putsomeone to bed; meniduri to sleep with, tosleep on; tertidur to fall asleep

tiga three; tiga empat perlima three and fourfifths; Tiga-5 brand of Malaysian cigarette;tiga seperempat three and a quarter; tigasesuku three and a quarter; pertiga a third;ketiga third

tikai: pertikaian argumenttikar mattim team


GLOSSARY

timah tin; bijih timah tin oretimbang to weigh; ditimbangkan to be

weighed, considered; dipertimbangkan tobe considered; penimbang weighing scales;timbangan weighing scales

timbul to arisetimur east; Timur Tengah Middle EastTina name (f)tindak to act; tindakan actiontinggal to stay, live; meninggal to die; tinggal-

kan to leave something out, behind; di-tinggalkan to be left behind, left out;tertinggal to be left; ketinggalan balance,remainder; to be left behind

tinggi high, tall; ketinggian height; tingginyaheight, the height of

tingkah laku behaviourtingkat level; peningkatan the rise ofTini name (f)Tionghoa Chinesetipis thintipu to fool, trick, deceive; kena tipu to be

deceived, fooled; menipu to cheat, deceive,trick; tertipu to be tricked, fooled, deceived

tiru: menirukan to imitate, copytitik dot, decimal point; titik awal starting

point, early stageToba one of the Batak peoples of northern

SumatraToh name (m)tok, short for datuk 'grandfather', used as a

term of addresstoko shop, storetolak to push; minus; menolak to refuse;

ditolak to be refused; bertolak to leavetolong to help; please; tolong-menolong to

help one another; menolong to help;pertolongan help

tombak lanceTono name (m)topik topictotok term applied to full-blooded Indonesians

and to those who have assimilated fully toIndonesian customs

Toulour, Toumbulu, Tounséa, Tountemboanethnic groups of the Minahasa area ofNorth Sulawesi

traktat: treaty; Traktat London Treaty ofLondon

tu, that, short for itutua old; dark (colours); tertua oldest; anak

tertua oldest child in the family, firstborn;ketua leader, head; ketuai to lead, head;mengetuai to lead, head; mertua in-laws;ibu mertua mother-in-law

tuai: menuai to harvesttuan Mr; tuan rumah homeowner, hosttuang: dituangkan to be pouredtubuh body; pertubuhan organisationtuduh: tertuduh accusedtugas task, job; ditugaskan to be assigned (to

work); to be given a particular tasktuh that, variant of ituTuhan Godtuju: ditujukan to be directed at; tujuan aim,

goal, objective; bertujuan to possess aparticular objective; setuju to agree

tujuh seventukang craftsperson; tukang cuci cleaner;

tukang emas goldsmith; tukang foto photo-grapher; tukang gambar photographer;tukang jahit tailor; tukang masak cook;tukang sepatu cobbler, shoemaker

tukar to change; tukar tayar to change a tyre;menukar to change something

tular: menular to spread (as a disease)tulat three days from nowtulis to write; tulis-menulis to write to one

another; menulis to write; tuliskan to writeabout; menuliskan to write something on;menulisi to write on; tulisan writing, script;bertulisan to possess a particular type ofwriting, script; penulis writer

tumbuh to grow; tumbuh-tumbuhan plantstumpang to share in; tumpang bertanya to

stop someone to ask a question; me-numpang to get a lift; penumpang pas-senger

tumpul dulltunang: tunangan one who is engaged to be

married; bertunangan to be engagedtunggu to wait; menunggu to wait, to wait for;

ditunggu to be awaited; penunggu spirittunjuk: tunjukkan to show, point out; me-


GLOSSARY

nunjukkan to show; mempertunjukkan tohave something shown; pertunjukan show,the showing of; petunjuk sign, directionmarker

Tun Razak Former Prime Minister of Malaysiatuntut: penuntut university studentturun to climb down, to get off (as a bus); to

fall (as rain); turunkan to lower something;menurunkan to drop off (as passengers); tolower; keturunan descent; berketurunanto possess a particular line of descent

turut to follow; menurut according to; ber-turut-turut consecutive

tutup to close; menutup to cover, provide for;tertutup closed

tutur; dituturkan to be spoken; bertutur tospeak; penutur speaker

uuang moneyubah: ucapkan to say, utter; mengubah to

change, amend; berubah to change; per-ubahan changes

ubat medicine; makan ubat to take medicineubi kayu cassavaucap: mengucapkan to utter; terucap to be

unintentionally utteredudah, short for sudah, already, has beenudang prawnsudara air, atmosphere, skyUdin name (m)uji: ujian test, examujung endukir: mengukir to carve; pengukir carverukur to measure; ukuran measurement; ber-

ukuran to have a measurement ofular snakeulas covering; numerical classifier used for the

meaty seeds of fruits such as durian,jackfruit, cempedak; also a clove of garlicand sections of plants which grow in asimilar manner; seulas a, one

ulayat regional; hak ulayat tanah regionalland rights

Umar name (m); Umar Wirahadikusumaformer Vice President of Indonesia

umpan bait; mengumpankan to use as baitumum general, public; pada umumnya in

general, generallyumur age; setengah umur middle aged,

mature aged; berumur to be a particularage; seumur the same age as

undang: diundang to be invitedundang-undang lawundi: mengundi to voteundur to reverse, go backwardungsi: pengungsi refugeeuniversitas universityuniversiti universityuntuk to, in order to, for; menguntukkan to set

something aside for; memperuntukkan toset something aside for

untung to be luckyupacara ritual, celebrationurus: urus niaga business; urusan affairs,

mattersusah: tak usah, tidak usah it doesn't pay (to do

something)usaha effort; mengusahakan to run, manage;

berusaha to make an effort to; perusahaanindustry

Usha name (f)usia ageusir: mengusir to drive away, drive offustad religious teacherustaz religious teacherutama main, primary; terutama main, primaryutara north

vVan der Capellen Governor General of the

Dutch East Indies during the early 19th

centuryvariasi variationversi-versi versionVietnam Vietnamvisual visualVOC Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie,

The Dutch East India Companyvokal vocalVyner Brooke last of the three members of the

Brooke family to rule Sarawak, ruling from


GLOSSARY

1917 until 1946 when the country wasturned over to British administration

wwafat to die (royalty, priests)Wah Kit name (m)wajah appearance, expressionwakaf donationwakil delegate, representative; wakil presiden

vice president; berwakil to be represented(by someone); perwakilan representation

waktu time, when; waktu itu at that time;memakan waktu to take time; pada waktuwhen; sewaktu during, while; sewaktu-waktu from time to time

walaupun although, even though; walaupundemikian however, nevertheless

Wali Kota mayorwang moneywangi fragrant, nicewanita womanwaris: mewarisi to inherit; pewaris heirwarna colourwarta reports; warta berita news reportWayan name (m)wayang shadow puppets; movie, film; wayang

gambar movie, film; wayang golek showusing fully rounded puppets

wilayah districtWindows Microsoft computer operating system

yya yes; isn't it (tag question)yaitu that is to sayyakin certain, sure; meyakinkan to ascertainyakni this is to say, that isyang relative pronoun; who, that; yang ini this

one; yang itu that one; yang mana which;yang ... -nya whose

Yang DiPertuan Agong the Malaysian KingYani name (f)Yap Ah Loy Chinese merchant and successful

tin miner who helped in the initial estab-lishment and development of Kuala Lumpur

Yasmin name (f)Yono name (f) you you, yourYuen San name (f)yuk let's, variant of ayoYuni name (f)Yusuf name (m)

zZainah name (f)Zainal name (m)zaman eraziarah pilgrimage; menziarahi to go on a

pilgrimage to; penziarah pilgrimZulhijah twelfth month of the Moslem

calendar


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