glossary introductionbbresources.s3.amazonaws.com/sites/3/buildup4_wb_append...goose /zig/ antzar...

�Build up 4 Basque © B Burlington Books

ocean /'Nim/� ozeanooffice /'FcBg/� bulegooptician /FU'WBim/� optikooven /'Jdm/� labeplate /UoMW/� platerpost office /'UNgW�FcBg/� postetxereporter /pB'UGWL/� kazetari, berri-biltzaileriver /'pBdL/� ibaisailor /'gMoL/� marinelsausage /'gFgBb/� saltxitxascarf /gYEc/� bufanda; musuzapisink /gBnY/� konketasofa /'gLHcL/� sofastadium /'gWCBXiLl/� estadiosweater /'grCWL/� jertseswimsuit /'grBlgIW/� bainujantzitablecloth /'WMVoYoFe/� mahai-oihaltheatre /'eBLWL/� antzerkitiger /'WOZL/� tigrevacuum cleaner /'dDYqHLl�YoAmL/� xurgagailuvalley /'dDoi/� haranwatch (n) /rFa/� erlojuyoghurt /'qFZLW/� jogurt

Unit �

amusement park /L'lqIhlLmW�UEY/� jolas-parke

backpack /'VDYUDY/� motxila, bizkar-zakubeach /VAWi/� hondartzaboarding card /'VGXBn�YEX/� ontziratze-txartelcable car /'YMVo�YE/� teleferikocamera /'YælLpL/� kameracampsite /'YælUgOW/� kanpaldi-gunecastle /'YEgo/� gazteluchurch /WiKa/� elizaclimber /'YoOlL/� eskalatzailecredit card /'YpCXBW�YEX/��kreditu-txarteldiary /'XOLpi/� agenda; egunkaridump /XJlU/� zabortegiessay /'CgM/� saiakera, idazlanheadquarters /kCX'YrGWLh/� bulego nagusi, egoitzahuman rights /kqIlLm�'pOWg/� giza-eskubideakincrease /Bm'YpAg/� handitu, haziitems /'OWLlh/� gaiak, objektuaklitter /'oBWL/� zabormarket /'lEYBW/� merkatu

introdUction

actor /'DYWL/� antzezleairport /'CLUGW/� aireportuart gallery /'EW�ZDoLpi/� arte-aretoastronaut /'DgWpLmGW/� astronautabakery /'VMYLpi/� okindegibath /VEe/� bainuontzibeans /VAmh/� babarrunak, indabakbelt /VCoW/� gerrikobiscuit /'VBgYBW/� gailetabread /VpCX/� ogibroccoli /'VpFYLoi/� brokolibus station /'VJg�gWMim/� autobus-geltokibutcher’s /'VHaLh/� harategibutter /'VJWL/� gurinchair /aS/� aulkichef /iCc/� sukaldaricinema /'gBmLlL/� zinemacliff /YoBc/� labar; amildegicupboard /'YJVLX/� armairucurtains /'YKWBmh/� errezelak, gortinakdentist /'XCmWBgW/� dentistadepartment store /XB'UEWlLmW�gWG/� saltoki handiakdesert /'XChLW/� basamortudishwasher /'XBirFiL/� ontzi-garbigailudoctor /'XFYWL/� sendagile, medikuearrings /'BLpBnh/� belarritakoakegg /CZ/� arrautzaelectric kettle /BoCYWpBY�'YCWo/� irakingailu elektrikoengineer /CmbB'mBL/� ingeniarifactory /'cæYWpi/� lantegifield /cAoX/� zelaifish /cBi/� arrainforest /'cFpBgW/� basofridge /cpBb/� hozkailufruit /cpIW/� frutaglass /ZoEg/� edalontzihair dryer /'kCL�XpOL/� ile-lehorgailuhairdresser /'kCLXpCgL/� ile-apaintzailejungle /'bJnZo/� oihanlake /oMY/� lakulamp /oDlU/� lanparalibrary /'oOVpLpi/� liburutegimuseum /lqI'hALl/� museomusic shop /'lqIhBY�iFU/� musika-denda

GLoSSArY

�

glossary

Build up 4 Basque © B Burlington Books

mobile phone /lNVOo�'cNm/� telefono mugikormoney belt /'lJmi VCoW/� gerriko poltsamonument /'lFmqHlLmW/� monumentu, oroigarrimurderer /'lKXLpL/� hiltzailenational park /mDimLo�'UEY/� parke nazionalnecklace /'mCYoLg/� lepokopack (v) /UDY/� maleta egin / (maletan) sartupassport /'UEgUGW/� pasaporteport /UGW/� portupub /UJV/� taberna, pubresort /pB'hGW/� turismo-gunesquare /gYrS/� enparantza, plazastormy /'gWGli/� nahasi, istilutsusuitcase /'gIWYMg/� maletasurvey /'gKdM/� inkesta, ikerketatonne /WJm/� tonatop /WFU/� gailur, tontorvisitors’ centre /'dBhBWLh�gCmWL/� bisitari-gunevolunteer /dFoLm'WBL/� boluntarioyouth hostel /'qIe�kFgWo/� gazte-aterpetxe

Unit �alarm /L'oEl/� alarmaarrest /L'pCgW/� atxilotube worth /VA�'rKe/� merezi izan / balio izancatch /YDa/� harrapatu, atzituclue /YoI/� aztarnacomplain /YLl'UoMm/� kexatucriminal /'YpBlBmo/� gaizkile, kriminaldrawer /XpG/� tiraderaelderly/'CoXLoi/� adineko, adin handikoevidence /'CdBXLmg/� froga(k)examine /BZ'hDlBm/� arakatu, aztertufingerprint /'cBnZLUpBmW/� hatz-markafootprint /'cHWUpBmW/� oinatzguard /ZEX/� zainduinvestigate /Bm'dCgWBZCBW/� ikertularge /oEb/� handi, garrantzitsulobby /'oFVi/� hall, sarreramess /lCg/� anabasa, nahaspilanature reserve /'mMaL�pBhKd/� erreserba naturalpiece of art /UAg�Fd�'EW/� artelanpunishment /'UJmBilLmW/� zigorreception desk /pB'gCUim�XCgY/� harrera-lekureward /pB'rGX/� ordainsarirobber /'pFVL/� lapur

robbery /'pFVLpi/� lapurretaroll /pNo/� biraka joan; erori

run away /pJm�L'rCB/� ihes eginsafe (adj) /gMc/� segurusafe (n) /gMc/� kutxa gotorscreen /gYpAm/� pantailasearch /gKa/� bila ibili, arakatusecurity guard /gB'YqHLpLWi ZEX/� zinpeko zaindarishoot /iIW/� tiro eginsolve /gFod/� konpondusteal /gWAo/� lapurtususpect /'gJgUCYW/� susmagarrisuspicious /gL'gUBiLg/� susmagarrivictim /'dBYWBl/� biktimawaterhole /'rGWLkNo/� aska, putzuweapon /'rCULm/� armawitness /'rBWmLg/� lekuko

Unit 3advertisement /LX'dKWBglLmW/� iragarkiamazingly /L'lMhBnoi/� harrigarriroamusing /L'lqIhBn/� dibertigarri, jostariarticle /'EWBYo/� artikuluatmosphere /'DWlLgcR/� girobest-seller list/VCgW'gCoL�oBgW/� salduenen zerrendablog /VoFZ/� blogbook/film review /'VHY/'cBol�pBdqI/� liburu / pelikula baten kritika / komentario

career /YL'pBL/� ibilbide profesionalcinnamon /'gBmLlLm/� kanelacomic /'YFlBY/� komiki, istorio-aldizkaricomplicated /'YFlUoBYMWBX/� korapilatsucreative /YpA'MWBd/� sortzailecritical /'YpBWBYo/� kritikodepressing /XB'UpCgBn/� apalgarri, etsigarridisability /XBgL'VBoLWi/� minusbaliotasuneducational /CXjH'YMiLmo/� hezigarriencourage /Bm'YJpBb/� adoretu, animatuencouraging /Bm'YJpBbBn/� adore-emaileencyclopedia entry /BmgOYoL'UAXiL�CmWpi/� entziklopediako sarrera

entertaining /CmWL'WCBmBn/� entretenigarri, atseginfail /cMo/� huts egin, porrot eginflour /'coPL/� iringenre /'jEmpL/� generoimaginative /B'lDbBmLWBd/� irudimen handikoinstruction manual /Bm'gWpJYim�lDmqHLo/� eskuliburu

label /'oCBVo/� etiketalaundry /'oGmXpi/� garbitegiletter /'oCWL/� gutun

3

glossary


management /'lDmBblLmW/� kontrolmidnight /'lBXmOW/� gauerdinoon /mIm/� eguerdinovel /'mFdo/� nobela, eleberrinutrition fact /mqI'WpBim�cæYW/� elikatze-balioplay (n) /UoM/� antzerki-lanpoem /'UNBl/� poesia, olerkirecipe /'pCgLUi/� (sukaldeko) errezetareport (n) /pB'UGW/� txostenrescue /'pCgYqI/� erreskatatuscholar /'gYFoL/� ikastunscience fiction /gOLmg�'cBYim/� zientzia-fikzioserious /'gBLpiLg/� seriosingle /'gBno/� ezkongabeskill /gYBo/� abilezia, trebeziasucceed /gLY'gAX/� lortu, arrakasta izantext message /'WCsW�lCgBb/� testu-mezutravel guide /'Wpædo�ZOX/� bidaia-gidaritrend /WpCmX/� joera, modaunusual /Jm'qIjHLo/� bitxi, ezohikowebsite /'rCVgOW/� webguneyoungster /'qJngWL/� gazte

Unit 4anesthetic /DmLg'eCWBY/� anestesia, anestesikobandage /'VDmXBb/� hesgailu, bendabeat (n) /VAW/� taupadabone /VLHm/� hezurbrass /VpEg/� latoibreathe out /VpAf�'PW/� arnasa botacarbon dioxide /YEVNm�XO'FYgOX/� karbono-dioxido

clay /YoCB/� buztincotton /'YFWm/� kotoicrack /YpDY/� pitzatu, zartatudefinitely /'XCcBmLWoi/� ezbairik gabedevelopment /XB'dCoLUlLmW/� aurrerapendiscovery /XB'gYJdLpi/� aurkikuntzadisease /XB'hAh/� gaixotasundrop /XpFU/� erori, jausi, botafist /cBgW/� ukabilfizzy /'cBhi/� gasdun, burbuilatsugerms /bKlh/� germenak, mikrobioakget rid of /ZCW�'pBX�Fd/� gainetik kenduglass /ZoEg/� beira, kristalgold /ZLHoX/� urreheart /kEW/� bihotzheat /kAW/� berotu

injury /'BmbLpi/� zaurileather /'oCfL/� larrulift /oBcW/� altxatulung /oJn/� birikamelt /lCoW/� urtu, deseginmould /lNoX/� lizunmuscle /'lJgo/� giharpainful /'UCBmco/� mingarripaper /'UMUL/� paperpatient /'UMimW/� gaixo; pazientzia handikoperform /UL'cGl/� gauzatu, burutuplastic /'UoDgWBY/� plastikoporcelain /'UGgLoBm/� portzelanapot /UFW/� kazolaprocedure /UpL'gAbL/� bitartekotza; prozedurarole /pLHo/� paper, rolrub out /pJV�'PW/� ezabaturubber /'pJVL/� goma, kautxusanitation /gDmB'WMim/� garbitasun, desinfekziosilk /gBoY/� zetasilver /'gBodL/� zilarsmallpox /'glGoUFYg/� nafarreristove /gWNd/� berogailusulphur /'gJocL/� sufresurgery /'gKbLpi/� kirurgiasurgical /'gKbBYo/� kirurgikosyrup /'gBpLU/� sirop, almibartonic /'WFmBY/� toniko, suspergarritreatment /'WpAWlLmW/� tratamendutyre /'WOL/� pneumatikovaccine /'dDYgAm/� txertowax /rDYg/� argizariwood /rHX/� egurwool /rHo/� artile

Unit 5alarming /L'oElBn/� kezkagarricarousel /YDpL'gCo/� zaldiko-maldiko, karruselchild-friendly /'WiOoXcpCmXoi/� umeentzako egokituchildhood /'WiOoXkHX/� haurtzarocoffee grounds /'YFci ZpPmXh/� kafe-hondardeforestation /XAcFpB'gWMim/� baso-soiltzedrought /XpPW/� lehorteendangered animals /BmXMmbLX�'DmBlLoh/� galtzeko zorian dauden animaliak

equation /B'YrMjm/� ekuaziofabulous /'cDVqLoLg/� sekulako, primerako

4

glossary


flood /coJX/� uholdeglobal warming /ZoNVo�'rGlBn/� munduaren berotze

go round /ZLH�'pPmX/� biratuheadmaster /kCX'lEgWL/� (eskolako) zuzendariheatwave /'kAWrMd/� bero-boladahunger /'kJnZL/� gosehurricane /'kJpBYLm/� urakanimpossible /Bl'UFgLVo/� ezinezkoimpressive /Bl'UpCgBd/� harrigarriinappropriate /BmL'UpNUpiLW/� desegokiinconvenient /BmYLm'dAmiLmW/� desegokilitter /'oBWL/� zabormelting /'lCoWBn/� urtzen ari denanightmare /'mOWlS/� amesgaiztoplant /UoEmW/� landare; lantegipollution /UL'oIim/� kutsadurapredict /UpB'XBYW/� aurresan, aurreikusiprovide /UpL'dOX/� hornitu, eskainipump (n) /UJlU/� ponpapump (v) /UJlU/� ponpaturecycling /pA'gOYoBn/� birziklaketarenewable energy /pB'mqILVo�CmLbi/� energia berriztagarri(ak)

sensitive /'gCmgLWBd/� sentikortank /WDnY/� depósito, depositu, tangaterrible /'WCpLVo/� lazgarrituna /'WqImL/� tunaunforgettable /JmcL'ZCWLVo/� ahaztezinunfortunately /Jm'cGaLmLWoi/� zoritxarrez, tamalezurgent /'KbLmW/� premiazkowildfire /'rOoXcOL/� su birringarriwildlife /'rOoXoOc/� fauna eta flora

Unit 6amazing /L'lMhBn/� harrigarri; sinestezinannounce /L'mPmg/� iragarriapologise /L'UFoLbOh/� desenkusatube in shape /VA�Bm�'iMU/� sasoi onean egonbreak a record /VpMY�L�'pCYGX/� errekorra hautsichallenge /'WiDoLmb/� erronkachampion /'aDlUiLm/� txapelduncitizen /'gBWBhm/� hiritarcoach /YNWi/� entrenatzailecomplain /YLl'UoMm/� kexatu

county /'YPmWi/� konderri

decide /XB'gOX/� erabaki

dye /XO/� tindatuembarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/� lotsatutaexplain /BY'gUoMm/� azaldufinish line /'cBmBi�oOm/� helmugaground floor /'ZpPmX�coG/� beheko solairuhead /kCX/� zuzendarihope /kNU/� espero izaninform /Bm'cGl/� jakinarazi, berri emanjail /bMo/� kartzelalatest /'oMWBgW/� azken, berrienmatch /læWi/� partidaparticipant /UE'WBgBULmW/� parte-hartzailerace /pMg/� lasterketaraise /pMh/� bildu; altxaturealise /'pALoOh/� ohartu, konturatureferee /pCcL'pA/� jokozain, arbitrorefuse /pB'cqIh/� ukatu, ezetz esanreport (v) /pB'UGW/� (zerbaiten) berri emanscore a goal /gYG�L�'ZNo/� gola eginsmoke signals /'glNY�gBZmLoh/� ke-seinaleakspread /gUpCX/� hedatu, zabaldusurf the Internet /gKc�fL�'BmWLmCW/� Interneten nabigatu

talent /'WDoLmW/� talentu, gaitasuntax /WæYg/� zergateam /WAl/� taldetown crier /WPm�'YpOL/� pregoilariwarn /rGm/� ohartaraziwinner /'rBmL/� irabazle

Unit 7amphibian /Dl'cBViLm/� urlehortarant /DmW/� inurribat /VDW/� saguzarbear /VCL/� hartzbend /VCmX/� tolestuchimpanzee /aBlUDm'hA/� txinpantzeclearly /'YoBLoi/� argirocompete /YLl'UAW/� lehiatucondition /YLm'XBim/� gaixotasunconduct /'YFmXJYW/� burutu, gauzatucrab /YpDV/� karramarrocrocodile /'YpFYLXOo/� krokodilocrow /YpN/� beledonkey /'XFnYi/� astofast /cEgW/� bizkor, azkar-azkargently /'bCmWoi/� kontu handiz

5

glossary


goat /ZNW/� akergoose /ZIg/� antzargradually /'ZpDbHLoi/� pixkanaka, poliki-polikihen /kCm/� oilohook /kHY/� kakohousehold items /'kPgkLHoX�OWLlh/� etxerako gaiak

loud /oPX/� ozenmake sense /lMY�'gCmg/� zentzua izanmammal /'lDlo/� ugaztunnormally /'mGlLoi/� normaleanpatiently /'UMimWoi/� patxadazpeacock /'UAYFY/� paumapolitely /UL'oOWoi/� adeitasunez, gizabidezproperly /'UpFULoi/� egokisheep /iAU/� ardi(ak)short-term memory /'iGWWKl�lClLpi/� epe laburreko memoria

sperm whale /'gUKl�rMo/� kaxalotespider /'gUOXL/� armiarmasquirrel /'gYrBpLo/� urtxintxa, katagorristraight /gWpMW/� zuzenstrangely /'gWpMmboi/� era bitxiansuddenly /'gJXLmoi/� bat-bateantracing paper /'WpCBgBn�UMUL/� kalko-paperupside down /JUgOX�'XPm/� buruz beherawire /'rOL/� alanbre, burdin hari

Unit 8ambition /Dl'VBim/� anbizio, nahibe certain /VA�'gKWm/� seguru / ziur egon be the first /VA�fL�'cKgW/� lehena izanbeak /VAY/� (animaliaren) mokobeat (v) /VAW/� menperatu, garaitubeg /VCZ/� erregutubrave /VpMd/� ausartdefeat (n) /XB'cAW/� porrot, hutsegitedetermined (adj) /XB'WKlBmX/� zirt edo zarteko, bipil

disappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/� desengainatuta, etsitadishonour /XBg'FmL/� desohoreeast /AgW/� ekialdeequipment /B'YrBUlLmW/� ekipamendu, materialexplore /BY'gUoG/� esploratuexplorer /BY'gUoGpL/� esploratzaile

face problems /cMg�'UpFVoLlh/� arazoei aurre egin

finch /cBma/� txonta (hegaztia)

frozen /'cpNhm/� izoztugeographical features /bAL'ZpDcBYLo�cAaLh/� elementu geografikoak

get nervous /ZCW�'mKdLg/� urduri jarrigive up /ZBd�'JU/� utzi, amore eman (~ hope: itxaropena galdu)

go on /ZLH�'Fm/� jarraituinfluential /BmcoH'Cmio/� eragin handiko, izen handiko

journey /'bKmi/� bidaiamedical school /'lCXBYo�gYIo/� medikuntza-fakultate

mile /lOo/� milianame /mMl/� deitu, izena jarrinorth /mGe/� iparNorwegian /mG'rAbm/� norvegiaron your own /Fm�qG�'Nm/� zure kasa / kabuzprize /UpOh/� sariproud /UpPX/� harroreach your destination /pAa�qG�XCgWB'mMim/� zure helmugara iritsi

route /pIW/� ibilbide, biderun out of /pJm�'PW�Fd/� (zerbaiten) faltan geldituset out /gCW�'PW/� irten, abiatusleeping bag /'goAUBn�VDZ/� lozakusouth /gPe/� hegoSouth Pole /gPe�'UNo/� Hego Polostick /gWBY/� makilatxosucceed /gLY'gAX/� lortu, arrakasta izansurvive /gL'dOd/� bizirik ateratheory /'eBLpi/� teoriathrow out /epN�'PW/� kanporatu, kaleratutravel by land / air / sea/Wpædo�VO�'oDmX/'CL/'gA/� lehorreko garraioan / hegazkinean / itsasontzian bidaiatu

variety /dL'pOLWi/� dibertsitate, aniztasun

voyage /'dQBb/� (itsasontzian) bidaiawest /rCgW/� mendebalwonder /'rJmXL/� nork bere buruari galdetu

Unit 9amused /L'lqIhX/� entretenitu (he was not ~: ez zion graziarik egin)

annoyed /L'mQX/� haserre, minduta (get ~: haserretu, mindu)

antisocial /DmWi'gNio/� antisozialappointment /L'UQmWlLmW/� hitzordu (make an ~: hitzordua eskatu)

behaviour /VB'kMdqL/� jokaerabill /VBo/� fakturabridge /VpBXj/� zubi, lotura

6

glossary


chat /aDW/� berriketan egin, txateatu

confused /YLm'cqIhX/� zurtuta (get ~: nahaspilatu)

connect /YL'mCYW/� konektatu, harremanetan jarridelighted /XB'oOWBX/� poz-pozik, zoratzen

energetic /CmL'bCWBY/� kementsu, energiaz beteta

enthusiastic /BmeqIhi'DgWBY/� gogotsuexhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/� nekatuta, jotagive a rest /ZBd�L�'pCgW/� atseden emangreet /ZpAW/� agurtuhang out /kæn�'PW/� denbora pasatuhardly /'kEXoi/� kasik, iaheadache /'kCXMY/� buruko minignore /BZ'mG/� ezikusiarena egin, ez jakininteract /BmWLp'DYW/� elkarreraginirritable /'BpBWLVo/� suminkorisolate /'OgLoMW/� isolatu, bakartukeep in touch /YAU�Bm�'WJWi/� harremanetan egonlaptop computer /'oDUWFU�YLlUqIWL/� ordenagailu eramangarri

lift /oBcW/� altxatu, jasoline /oOm/� (telefonoko) linealog on /oFZ�'Fm/� (Internetera) konektatulonely /'oNmoi/� bakarrik, bakartimark /lEY/� emaitza, (eskolako) kalifikaziomiserable /'lBhpLVo/� zoritxarreko, dohakaberequire /pB'YrOL/� eskatu, behar izanschoolwork /'gYIorKY/� etekin akademikoshare /iS/� partekatu, banatu

shocked /iFYW/� harrituta, txundituta

sweat /grCW/� izerdituupset /JU'gCW/� gaitzituta, haserre (get ~: gaitzitu, haserretu)

7Build up 4 Basque © B Burlington Books

introdUction Unit

Classroom languageI forgot my pen. /O�cLZFW�lO�'UCm/� Boligrafoa ahaztu zait.Can you repeat that, please? /YLm�qI�pB'UAW�fDW�UoAh/� Berriro esan dezakezu hori, mesedez?How do you spell (jealous)? /kP�XL�qI�gUCo�('XjCoLg)/� Nola idazten da (jealous)?Should we read pages (22 and 23)? /iLX�ri pAX�UCBbBh�(WrCmWi 'WI�LmX�WrCmWi 'epA)/� (22. eta 23.) orrialdeak irakurri behar genituzke.

Unit �

Getting aroundHow do I get to the (port)? /kP�XI�O�'ZCW�WI�fL�(UGW)/� Nola irits naiteke (portura)?How far is it? /kP�'cE�Bh�BW/� Zer distantzia dago bertara?Turn left. /WKm�'oCcW/� Ezkerretara biratu.Go straight. /ZLH�'gWpMW/� Zuzen jarraitu.How many would you like? /kP�'lCmi rHX�qI�oOY/� Zenbat nahi zenituzke?I’d like (six) tickets. /OX�oOY�('gBYg)�WBYBWg/� (Sei) txartel nahi nituzke.I’d like a double room. /OX�oOY�L�'XJVo�pIl/� Biko logela nahi nuke.It’s (£60) a night. /BWg�('gBYgWi�UPmXh)�L�mOW/� Gau bakoitzeko (60 libera) da.

Making plansWhy don’t we (visit a museum)? /rO�'XNmW�ri (dBhBW�L�lqIhALl)/� Eta (museo batera joango bagina)?How about (Madame Tussauds)? /'kP�LVPW�(lDXLl�WHgGXh)/� Zer iruditzen zaizu (Madame Tussauds)?Let’s (go to the theatre), too. /oCWg�(ZCH�WL�fL�'eBLWL)�WI/� Goazen (antzerkira) ere.

Unit �

Talking about past eventsWhat were you doing (yesterday evening)? /rFW�rL�qI�XIBn�(qCgWLXM�'AdmBn)/� Zertan aritu zinen (atzo arratsaldean)?

Who was with you? /kI�rLh�'rBf�qI/� Nor zegoen zurekin?What were you wearing? /rFW�rL�qI�'rCLpBn/� Zer zeneraman soinean?

InterviewingWhat happened? /rFW�'kDULmX/� Zer gertatu zen?What were you doing when (the suspect took out a gun)? /rFW�rL�qI�'XIBn�rCm�(fL�gJgUCYW�WHY�PW�L�ZJm)/� Zer ari zinen egiten (susmagarriak pistola atera zuenean)?

What did the (robbers steal)? /rFW�XBX�fL�(pFVLh�'gWAo)/� Zer (lapurtu zuten lapurrek)?Can you describe the (robbers)? /YLm�qI�XB'gYpOV�fL�(pFVLh)/� (Lapurrak) deskriba ditzakezu?What were they wearing? /rFW�rL�fM�'rCLpBn/� Nola zihoazen jantzita?

Unit 3

Agreeing and disagreeingWhat?! I can’t believe it! /rFW�O�YEmW�VB'oAd�BW/� Zer?! Ezin dut sinetsi!Well, that’s true. /rCo�'eDWg�WpI/� Ba, egia da.How can you say that? /kP�YLm�qI�'gM�eDW/� Nola esan dezakezu hori?Sorry, but I just don’t feel that way. /gFpi�VLW�O�bJgW�XNmW�'cAo�fDW�rM/� Barkatu, baina ez dut uste horrela denik.

SPEAKinG GUidE


Making recommendationsHave you read (Twilight)? /kLd�qI�pCX�('WrOoOW)/� Irakurri duzu (Arrastiri)?It’s about (a girl and a boy). /BWg�L'VPW�(L�ZKo�LmX�L�VQ)/� (Mutil eta neska) bati buruzkoa da.The characters are (students). /�fL�'YæpLYWLh�E�(gWqIXmWg)/� Pertsonaiak (ikasleak) dira.The plot is (exciting). /�fL�'UoFW�Bh�(BYgOWBn)/� Argumentua (zirraragarria) da.It’s very (entertaining). /BWg�'dCpi (CmWLWCBmBn)/� Oso (entretenigarria) da.

Unit 4

Discussing an objectExcuse me, what’s this? /BY'gYqIg�lA�rFWg�fBg/� Barkatu, hau zer da?Here, have a look. /kBL�kLd�L�'oHY/� Eman begiratu bat.It was made in (Italy). /BW�rLh�lMX�Bm�('BWLoi)/� (Italian) egin zen.What is it made of? /rFW�Bh�BW�'lMX�Fd/� Zerekin dago egina?It’s (beautiful), but it’s very (expensive). /BWg�('VqIWBco)�VLW�BWg�dCpi (BY'gUCmgBd)/� (Zoragarria) da, baina oso (garestia).

Talking about a processIs (Spanish) spoken in (Argentina)? /Bh�('gUDmBi)�gULHYLm�Bm�(EXjm'WAmL)/� (Argentinan) gaztelaniaz hitz egiten al dute?

Were (vaccines) invented by (Jenner)? /rL�('dDYgAmh)�/BmdCmWBX�VO�('bCmL)/� (Jennerrek) asmatu al zituen txertoak?

Unit 5

Making predictionsI think I’ll (go to Paris) this year. /O�eBnY�Oo�(ZCH�WL�'UDpBg)�fBg�qR/� Uste dut (Parisera joango naizela) aurten.I’m sure (Sue) will (help us). /Ol�'iHL�(gI)�rBo�(kCoU�Jg)/� Ziur nago (Suek) (lagunduko digula).I predict (drought) will (end) one day. /O�UpB'XBYW�(XpPW)�rBo�(CmX)�rJm�XM/� Egunen batean (lehortea) (bukatuko dela) iragartzen dut.

I imagine (pollution) will (increase). /O�B'læbBm�(ULoIim)�rBo�(BmYpAg)/� (Kutsadura) (areagotu egingo dela) iruditzen zait.

Discussing imaginary situationsIf I (were you), I would (use renewable energy). /Bc�'O�(rL�qI)�O�rHX�(qIh�pBmqILVo�CmLbi)/� Nik (zure tokian), (energia berriztagarriak erabiliko) nituzke.

Unit 6

Expressing an opinionPersonally, (I would love to try it).�/'UKgLmLoi (O�rHX�oJd�WI�WpO�BW)/� Niri, hain zuzen, (ikaragarri gustatuko litzaidake probatzea).

In my opinion, (it was amazing). /Bm�lO�L'UBmqLm�(BW�rLh�LlMhBn)/� Nire iritziz, (sekulakoa izan zen).If you ask me, (it’s a dangerous idea). /Bc�qI�'EgY�lA�(BWg�L�XMmbLpLg�OXR)/� Nire iritzia jakin nahi baduzu, (ideia arriskutsua da).

Reporting a news itemI heard / read about�(a robbery).�/O�kKX/pCX�LVPW�(L�'pFVLpi)/� (Lapurreta bati) buruz zerbait entzun / irakurri dut.

The reporter /�article said that�(he gave unusual punishments).�/fL�pB'UGWL/'EWBYo�gCX�fDW�(kA�ZMd�JmqIjHLo�

UJmBilLmWg)/� Kazetariak // artikuluak esaten zuen (ohiz kanpoko zigorrak ezartzen zituela).The writer explained that (he gave fines for playing loud music). /fL�'pOWL�BYgUoMmX�fDW�(kA�ZMd�cOmh�cG�

UoMn�oPX�lqIhBY)/� Idazleak adierazi zuen (isunak jartzen zituela musika ozen jartzeagatik).

speaking guide


Unit 7

Expressing possibility and certaintyDefinitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/� Jakina / Ezbairik gabe.Probably. /'UpFVLVoi/� Agian.That’s one possibility. /eDWg�'rJm�UFgLVBoLWi/� Posibilitate bat litzateke hori.I doubt it. /O�'XPW�BW/� Zalantza egiten dut.No way! /mN�'rM/� ¡Ni hablar! / Ezta pentsatu ere!

Describing people, places and thingsIt’s an (animal) that (lives in swamps). /BWg�Dm�('DmBlo)�fDW�(oBdh�Bm�grFlUg)/� (Zingiretan bizi den) (animalia) da.Is it a (crocodile)? /Bh�BW�L�('YpFYLXOo)/� (Krokodiloa) da?

Unit 8

Reacting to suggestionsThat’s a nice idea! /eDWg�L�mOg�O'XR/� Ideia ona da hori!Why didn’t I think of that? /rO�XBXmW 'O�eBnY�Fd�fDW/� Nolatan ez ote nuen hori pentsatu?I’d rather not. /OX�'pEfL�mFW/� Aukeran nahiago ez.You must be joking! /qI�lJgW�VA�'bNYBn/� Txantxetan arituko zara, ezta?

Making decisionsWe have to /�We�don’t have to (take a computer).�/�ri 'kLd�WI�/ri 'XNmW�kLd�WI�(WMY�L�YLlUqIWL)/� (Ordenagailua eraman) beharra dugu / beharrik ez dugu.

We must remember /�We mustn’t forget (sunscreen).�/�ri �'lJgW�pBlLlVL/ri 'lJgmW�cLZCW�(gJmgYpAm)/� Gogoan izan behar dugu (eguzkitako krema) eramatea / ezin dugu ahaztu.

Don’t you think we should (take a camera)? /'XNmW�qI�eBnY�ri iLX�(WMY�L�YælLpL)/� Ez zaizu iruditzen (kamera hartu) beharko genukeela?

It might be a good idea to (take toothpaste). /BW�'lOW�VA�L�ZHX�OXR�WL�(WMY�WIeUCBgW)/� Agian ideia ona da (hortzetako pasta eramatea).

I can’t live without (a mobile phone). /O�'YEmW oBd�rBfPW�(L�lNVOo�cNm)/� Ezin naiz (telefono mugikorrik) gabe bizi.

Unit 9

Expressing preferencesI don’t really like (watching TV). /O�'XLHmW�pBLoi oOY�(rFaBn�WA�dA)/� Egia esan, ez zait (telebista ikustea) gustatzen.Don’t you just love /�hate�(rock music)?�/'XNmW�qI�bJgW�oJd/kMW�(pFY�lqIhBY)/� (Rock musika) ez duzu gustuko / gorroto duzu?

Actually, I prefer (R & B). /'DYWiToi O�UpBcK�(E�mX�VA)/� Egia esan, nahiago dut (R & B).I’d much rather (meet friends). /OX�'lJa�pEfL�(lAW�cpCmXh)/� Askoz ere nahiago dut (lagunekin elkartzea).

Making comparisons(Mobile phones) are better than (other phones). /('lNVOo�cNmh)�E�VCWL�fLm�('JfL�cNmh)/� (Telefono mugikorrak) (beste telefonoak) baino hobeak dira.

(My laptop computer) is the best (computer in the world). /(lO�'oDUWFU�YLlUqIWL)�Bh�fL�VCgW�(YLlUqIWL�Bm�fL��

rKoX)/� (Nire ordenagailu eramangarria) (munduko ordenagailu) onena da.(Diane) is more (enthusiastic) than (Ben). /(XO'Dm)�Bh�lG�(BmeqIhiDgWBY)�fLm�('VCm)/� (Diane) (Ben) baino (gogotsua)goa da.

(His brother) is the most (antisocial person I know). /(kBh�'VpJfL)�Bh�fL�lNgW�(DmWigNio�UKgm�O�mN)/� (Haren anaia) (ezagutzen dudan pertsona antisozial)ena da.

Yes, but it’s / they’re too (expensive)./'qCg�VLW�BWg/fS�WI�(BY'gUCmgBd)/� Bai, baina (garesti)egia da / (garesti)egiak dira.

speaking guide

INTRODUCTION

Present Simple ohiko ekintzak eta egia orokorrak deskribatzeko erabiltzen da, eta gustuak, iritziak zein ordutegiak azaltzeko.I often go swimming after school. (Sarri joaten naiz igeri egitera eskola ondoren.)My sister cleans her room every Sunday. (Nire arrebak igandero garbitzen du bere gela.)They love dogs. (Ikaragarri gustatzen zaizkie txakurrak.)

Baiezko eran -s gehitzen zaio 3. pertsona singularrari; ondorengo aditzei, ordea, -es:• ss, sh, ch eta x batez bukatzen direnei: pass ➝ passes wash ➝ washes teach ➝ teaches mix ➝ mixes• o batez bukatzen direnei: do ➝ does go ➝ goes • kontsonantea + y bukaera dutenei. Kasu honetan y, i bilakatuko da: study ➝ studies carry ➝ carries baina play ➝ plays

Ezezko era aditzaren aurrean don’t / doesn’t kokatuz eratzen da.I don’t play volleyball. (Ez naiz boleibolean ibiltzen.)

Galderetan do ala does + subjektua + aditza dugu hurrenkera. Gogoan izan erantzun motzek izenordain subjektua soilik eramaten dutela + do / does ala don’t / doesn’t, erantzunaren arabera.Do you study French? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. (Frantsesa ikasten duzu? Bai. / Ez.)

Hitz egiten ari garen bitartean gertatzen ari diren ekintzak deskribatzen ditu. To be orainaldian dela + -ing amaiera duen aditz nagusiarekin osatzen da. Ezezkoan not edo n’t erantsiko diogu to be aditzari.They are painting the wall. (Horma pintatzen ari dira.)I’m not cooking dinner. (Ez naiz ari afaria prestatzen.)

Galderetan subjektua to be aditzaren ondoren doa, eta erantzun motzetan am, is eta are aldaerak bakarrik erabiltzen dira, baiezko edo ezezko forman.Are they doing their homework? Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t. (Etxeko lanak egiten ari al dira? Bai. Ez.)

Aditzari -ing bukaera gehitu aurretik, ondorengo ortografia-arauak jarraitu behar ditugu:• Aditza e mutuaz bukatzen bada, e galdu egiten du:

come ➝ coming• Silaba bakarreko aditza bada eta bokala + kontsonantea baditu amaieran, azken kontsonantea bikoizten da:

fit ➝ fitting• l batez amaitzen bada, hau bikoiztu egiten da:

travel ➝ travelling• Bi silabaduna bada eta bigarrengoan badu azentua, azken kontsonantea bikoizten da:

permit ➝ permitting• ie bukaera badu, bi hizki horiek y batez ordeztuko dira:

lie ➝ lying

Present Continuous aldiarekin gehien erabiltzen diren denbora-esamoldeak hauek dira: now, right now eta at the moment.

Present Continuous

Present Simple

GRammaR appeNDIx

10 Build up 4 Basque © B Burlington Books

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Simple.

1. Mybabysisteralways (smile)atme.

2. you (buy)CDsatthatmusicshop?

3. Myparents (notdrink)coffeeinthemorning.

4. GeorgeandDave (listen)tojazzmusic.

5. Linda often

(notwin)swimmingcompetitions.

6. Bill (know)yourfriends?

7. Tom (carry)allhisbookstoschooleveryday.

8. yourfather

(drive)aredcar?

Check Yourself!2 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�

brackets.�Use�the�Present�Continuous.

1. Thegirlsinmyclass

(plan)apartynow.

2. MrsGraham (notteach)usmathsrightnow.

3. yourparents

(cook)dinnernow?

4. Who (shout)rightnow?

5. He (repair)thewashingmachineatthemoment.

6. you (jog)intheparknow?

7. What you (do)rightnow?

8. They (notstudy)geographyatthemoment.

Present Simple eta Present Continuous aditz-denboren

arteko aldea

Present Simple aditz-denborak ohikoak diren ekintzak adierazten ditu; Present Continuous aldiak, berriz, hitz egiteko unean gertatzen ari dena eta egunerokotasuna apurtzen duena ere adierazten du.I often play basketball, but now I’m playing football. (Sarritan jokatzen dut saskibaloian, baina orain futbolean ari naiz.)

Kontuan izan denbora-esamoldeek bien arteko desberdintasuna argitzen laguntzen digutela.

Aditz estatikoakSentimenduak, gustuak eta desioak adierazteko erabiltzen ditugu. Egoerak adierazten dituzte eta ez ekintzak. Horregatik, ez dira forma iraunkorretan erabiltzen.Kevin likes watching crime films. (Kevini polizia-pelikulak ikustea gustatzen zaio.)

Answers, see page 30

3 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Simple�or�the��Present�Continuous.

1. Adam (play)theelectricguitarrightnow.

2. thechildrenusually (ride)theirbikesintheafternoon?

3. Myfriend (notgo)tosleepbefore12o’clockattheweekend.

4. Eric (listen)tohisfavouriteCDnow?

5. BobandJack (notsmile)atthemoment.

6. Rhoda (watch)basketballgameseverySaturday.

7. We (sail)onabigshipnow.

8. you (want)anewcomputergame?

Grammar appendix


Past Simple

Past Simple aditz-denbora iraganeko ekintzak adierazteko eta istorioak lehenaldian kontatzeko erabiltzen da. Horregatik, esaldian ekintza noiz gertatu zen adieraziko duen denbora-esamolderen bat erabili ohi da (in 2003, yesterday, last month, two weeks ago, etab.).Anne had lunch on the beach yesterday. (Annek hondartzan bazkaldu zuen atzo.)

Gogoan izan aditz erregularrei -ed bukaera gehitzerakoan, ondorengo ortografia-arauak jarraitu behar direla:

• Aditza e mutuaz amaitzen bada, d gehituko dugu soilik: hate ➝ hated love ➝ loved• Kontsonantea + y amaiera dutenek, y hori i batez ordeztuko dute: cry ➝ cried try ➝ tried baina play ➝ played• Silaba bakarrekoak badira eta bokala + kontsonantea badute amaieran, kontsonantea bikoizten dute, w eta

x kontsonanteak salbu: plan ➝ planned stop ➝ stopped baina fix ➝ fixed• Bi silabadunak badira, azentua azkenekoan daramatenak eta bokala + kontsonantea dutenak amaieran,

azken kontsonantea bikoizten dute: prefer ➝ preferred regret ➝ regretted baina listen ➝ listened• l amaiera dutenek, kontsonante hau bikoiztuko dute: travel ➝ travelled cancel ➝ cancelled

Aditz irregularrak desberdinak dira, eta buruz jakin behar dira berauen lehenaldiko formak.

Ezezkoa aditzaren aurretik didn’t kokatuz osatzen da, eta singularreko nahiz pluraleko pertsona guztientzat berdina da.The man didn’t find his passport. (Gizonezkoak ez zuen bere pasaportea aurkitu.)

Galderak egiteko, subjektuaren aurrean did jarriko dugu. Gogoan izan erantzun motzek izenordain subjektuarekin aski dutela, gero, erantzunaren arabera, did edo didn’t gehituta.Did you take your credit card? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. (Zure kreditu-txartela hartu al zenuen? Bai. / Ez.)

Galdetzailea daramaten galderak ere berdin eratzen dira, hura hasieran jarrita.What did she eat in the restaurant? (Zer jan zuen jatetxean?)

UNIT 1

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�below.�Use�the�Past�Simple.

notdo•notintroduce•stay•buynottake•go

1. We atabeautifulresort.

2. I tothebeachyesterday.

3. He anyphotographs.

4. They theirhomeworklastMonday.

5. She anewsuitcaseforherholiday.

6. You metoyourbrother.

2Write�questions�with�the�words�below.

1. they/enjoy/thetennismatch/yesterday

2. histeacher/shout/athim

3. where/yoursister/buy/thosejeans

4. you/kiss/yourmother/thismorning

5. when/yourbrother/come/home

6. what/yourfather/cook/fordinner/lastnight

12

Grammar appendix


Used to

Used to egiturak lehenaldiko forma bakarrik du, eta oinarrizko forman doan aditza darama beti ondoren. Iraganean ohikoak ziren baina gaur egun gertatzen ez diren ekintzak edo egoerak deskribatzen ditu. Euskaratzerakoan, ohikotasuna adierazteko “-t(z)en” edo “-t(z)en ohi” hauta dezakegu.He used to write a diary. (Egunkaria idazten zuen.)Baiezkoan, lehenaldiko forma bakarrik duenez, singularreko eta pluraleko pertsona guztiek forma bera dute.We used to live near a castle. (Gaztelu baten ondoan bizi ohi ginen.)

Ezezko era betiko moduan osatzen da, didn’t ezarriz, eta orduan used aditzak bukaerako d galtzen du.They didn’t use to go to church. (Ez ziren elizara joaten.)

Eta galderetan did kokatuko dugu lehenik, subjektuaren eta use to egituraren aurretik.Did you use to go to the beach on Sundays? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. (Hondartzara joaten zinen igandeetan? Bai. / Ez.)


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Past�Simple.

1. We (eat)chocolatecakeyesterday.

2. Myparents (notwatch)thefilmonTVlastnight.

3. MrsGordon (explain)theproblem?

4. He (notrepair)thedishwasher.

5. theaeroplane (land)ontime?

6. Lisa (wear)hercyclingshoestwodaysago.

7. Thatman (notstop)attheredlight.

8. When you (arrive)inLondon?

Check Yourself!


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�correct�form�of�used to.

1. Myparents (live)inEngland.

2. I (noteat)broccoli,butnowIdo.

3. you (ski)whenyouwereyounger?

4. Mygrandmother (buy)fruitinthatmarket.

5. yourfriends (listen)totheBackstreetBoys?

6. Whenmysisterwasyounger,she (notdrink)coffee.

7. Mybrother (study)French.

8. thestudents (wear)uniformsatyourschool?

Check Yourself!

Grammar appendix


Lehenaldiko une zehatz batean gertatzen ari zena adierazteko erabiltzen da; eta lehenaldiko aldibereko bi ekintza luze edo gehiago deskribatzeko, while edo as erabiliz ekintzak lotzeko. Was / were aldaerekin + -ing bukaeradun aditz nagusiarekin osatzen da.The police officer was investigating a robbery yesterday morning. (Polizia lapurreta bat ikertzen ari zen atzo goizean.)The robber was hiding while the police officer was looking for him. (Lapurra ezkutatuta zegoen polizia haren bila zebilen bitartean.)

Ezezkoetan not (edo n’t) gehituko diegu was eta were aldaerei.She wasn’t talking to the victim. (Ez zen biktimekin hitz egiten ari.)

Galderetan was ala were + subjektua + -ing amaieradun aditza dugu egitura. Erantzun motzetan izenordain subjektua eta was / were ala wasn’t / weren’t erabiliko dugu.Were you looking for a clue? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t. (Arrasto bila al zenbiltzan? Bai. / Ez.)Galdetzailea daramaten galderak berdin osatzen dira, baina galdetzaileak hasieran kokatuta.What was the suspect doing an hour ago? (Zertan ari zen susmagarria orain dela ordubete?)

UNIT 2


Check Yourself!

Past Continuous

1� Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�below.�Use�the�Past�Continuous.

jog•stand•try•examine•nothold•nottalk

1. Thepoliceofficer theevidenceforhoursafterthecrime.

2. Thesuspect tohidewhenthepoliceofficerwalkedintotheroom.

3. Therobber aweaponatthetimeoftherobbery.

4. thevictim intheparkat8o’clocklastnight?

5. Thewitness onhismobilephoneatthetimeofthecrime.

6. Where thesecurityguard at4o’clockyesterday?

Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Past�Continuous.

1. Sam (notclean)hisroomathalfpasteight.

2. Ellen (write)alettertohergrandparentsfiveminutesago.

3. yourbrother (swim)inthepoolyesterdayafternoon?

4. Thegirls (notstudy)fortheirexamanhourago.

5. SusieandMark (have)dinnerat7o’clockyesterdayevening?

6. We (visit)theartmuseumattwoo’clockintheafternoon.

7. What you (do)at9o’clocklastnight?

8. I (hide)underthebedatthetimeoftherobbery.

14

Grammar appendix


Past Simple delakoak ekintza esaldian zehazturiko denboran hasi eta bukatu zela adierazten du; Past Continuous deituak, kontrara, iraganean gertatzen ari ziren ekintza luzeak deskribatzen ditu.Elkarrekin erabiltzen dira, ekintza luzeren bat gertatzen ari zenean gauza labur bat jazo zela adierazteko. Ekintza laburrenak when eramango du eta aditza Past Simple aldian. Ekintza luzeak while edo as juntagailuak eta aditza Past Continuous aldian.I was sleeping when I heard a strange noise. (Lotan nengoenean zarata arraro bat entzun nuen.)While I was sleeping, I heard a strange noise. (Lotan nengoela zarata arraro bat entzun nuen.)

2Circle�the�correct�answers.

1. Thesecurityguardsearched/wassearchingmybagwhentherobberenteredthebank.

2. Thesmallchildwaspullinghismother’sarmwhilesheheld/washoldingthebaby.

3. Whileourteacherwasexplainingthemathsproblem,aboywasfalling/fellfromhischair.

4. Wedothelaundry/weren’tdoingthelaundrywhilemymotherwascookingdinner.

5. Iwasn’tsleepingwhenyoucalled/werecalling.

Check Yourself!Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.

1. Whilemyfather (clean)thehouse,mymother

(cook)dinner.

2. Tina (chat)withherfriendswhenhermother

(call)her.

3. you (jump)onmybedwhileI

(have)ashower?

4. Thechildren (tell)horrorstorieswhenthey

(hear)aloudnoise.

5. Where you (go)whenyou

(see)theaccident?

6. Mybrother (notwash)thedisheswhilemysister

(do)thelaundry.

7. Ned (hold)hisbabysisterwhenshe

(start)tocry?

8. MrEvans (notwatch)thefootballgamewhen

MrsEvans (come)home.


Past Continuous eta Past Simple aditz-denboren arteko aldea

Grammar appendix


Present Perfect Simple

Present Perfect Simple aldia ondorengo kasuetan erabiltzen da:• iraganekoak izan arren, oraindik ondorioak agerian dituzten ekintzekin. My best friend has written me a letter. (Nire lagun onenak eskutitza idatzi dit. [hemen dago])

• noizbait gertatutako ekintzekin, noiz hori zehaztu gabe dagoenean. I have read many entertaining novels. (Nobela entretenigarri asko irakurri ditut.)

• lehenaldian hasi eta oraindik jarraipena duten ekintzekin. Horregatik, aditz-denbora hau itzultzerakoan, orainaldia hautatzen da batzuetan.

People have used paper money since the 10th century. (Jendeak X. mendeaz geroztik darabiltza billeteak.)

• ekintza burutu berriekin. Kasu honetan just erabiliko dugu laguntzailearen eta partizipioaren artean. I have just found the perfect travel guide. (Oraintxe aurkitu dut bidaia-gida egokia.)

Egitura hau du have ala has + aditz nagusiaren partizipioa (-ed bukaeraduna, erregularra bada). Gogoan izan have laguntzailearen forma uztartua ’ve dela, eta has aldaerarena ’s.

Ezezkoan not edo n‘t gehituko diegu have/has aldaerei.I haven’t seen many good advertisements. (Ez ditut iragarki on asko ikusi.)

Galderetarako have ala has + subjektua + partizipioa erabiliko dugu, eta erantzun motzetan nahikoa da izenordain subjektua + have ala has, baiezkoan ala ezezkoan.Have you ever flown in a helicopter? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. (Helikopteroan ibili al zara inoiz? Bai. / Ez.)

Present Perfect Simple aldiarekin asko erabiltzen dira denbora-esamolde hauek: already, always, never, ever, yet, just, for eta since. Hauek guztiak, yet, for eta since kenduta, have eta partizipioaren artean jartzen dira.They’ve never met each other. (Inoiz ez dute elkar ezagutu.)I haven’t seen Brad since 2008. (Ez dut Brad ikusi 2008az geroztik.)

UNIT 3

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Perfect�Simple.

1. I (noteat)breadfortwoweeks.

2. Ourvisitors just

(arrive).

3. Mymother (visit)Japanseveraltimes.

4. Tony (notride)abikesince2007.

5. Liz (notdo)herhomeworkyet.

2 �Write�questions�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Present�Perfect�Simple.�

1. you/ever/be/toItaly

2. yourteacher/ever/teach/Year10

3. Bill/feed/thedog/sinceyesterday

4. you/see/thenewhorrorfilm/yet


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Perfect�Simple.

1. Bob (sing)inabandfortwoyears.

2. Mike (nothave)ashoweryet.

3. youever (meet)Ronny?

4. I (notbuy)Judyapresentyet.

5. Thechildren (go)tobed.

6. she (leave)forLondonyet?

7. Myfriend just (win)therace.

8. We ever (notbe)inEngland.

Check Yourself!

16

Grammar appendix


Present Perfect Simple aditz-denborak orainaldiarekin lotura du; Past Simple aditz-aldiarekin adierazten ditugun ekintzek ez diote orainaldiari eragiten.

Present Perfect Simple aldiarekin erabiltzen diren denbora-esamoldeek ez dute adierazten ekintza noiz gertatu zen; Past Simple aldiarekin erabilitakoek, aldiz, gertatu zireneko une zehatza azaltzen dute.I have already cooked the chicken. (Prestatu dut jada oilaskoa.)I cooked the chicken yesterday. (Atzo prestatu nuen oilaskoa.)

3Write�sentences�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Present�Perfect�Simple�or�the�Past�Simple.

1. PoliceOfficerThomas/protect/us/fromthecriminal/lastweek/.

2. MrsReed/plan/theannualdanceparty/severaltimes/.

3. thebus/notpass/FirstStreet/yet/.

4. yourfamily/go/totheswimmingpool/yesterday/?

5. they/nottouch/theglassitems/intheshop/yesterday/.

6. yourgrandfather/ever/drive/alorry/?

4Circle�the�correct�time�expression.

1. Lastweek,/Recently,athiefstolemymother’sfavouritenecklace.

2. Didyousleepatthecampsitelastsummer/sincethesummer?

3. Ihaven’tfinishedmyprojectyesterday/yet.

4. Wehavestudiedforthetesttwodaysago/fortwodays.

5. Thebanddidn’tplayrockmusicyesterday/yet.

6. HasNancytwominutesago/justleft?


Circle�the�correct�answers.

1. Ididn’tread/haven’treadtheinstructionmanualyet.

2. Mybrotherbought/hasboughtanewcomputerlastweek.

3. Didyouenjoy/Haveyouenjoyedtheconcertlastnight?

4. MrCampbelldrew/hasdrawnsomeamusingpicturessincelastmonth.

5. Haveyoulookedonthewebsiteyesterday/yet?

6. Wedidn’ttake/haven’ttakenourcameratotheamusementparkyesterday.

7. Youhavejust/tenminutesagogivenmeagreatidea.

8. Thepolicearrested/havearrestedthethieftwohoursago.

Check Yourself!

Present Perfect Simple eta Past Simple aditz-denboren

arteko aldea

Grammar appendix


Boz pasiboa orainaldian eta lehenaldian

Boz pasiboaren bitartez, aditzak adierazten duen ekintza nabarmenduko da, eta nork ala zerk burutu duen isilduko, ez delako garrantzitsua, bistakoa delako edo ezezaguna delako. Euskaratzerakoan, aditza boz aktiboan uztea hobesten da, forma inpertsonalak hautatuz edo hitzen hurrenkera aldatuz.

To be aditza orainaldian edo lehenaldian + aditz nagusiaren partizipioarekin eratzen da.Rice is grown in Asia. (Asian arroza landatzen da.)Silver was used as money a long time ago. (Antzina zilarra erabiltzen zen dirutzat.)

Ezezkoan not edo n’t gehituko diogu to be aditzari, eta galderetan to be subjektuaren aurrera mugituko dugu.Gold and silver aren’t found in the sea. (Urrea eta zilarra ez dira itsasoan bilatzen.)Is English spoken in Hong Kong? (Hong Kong-en ingelesa hitz egiten al da?)

Esaldiaren bukaeran adieraziko dugu ekintza nork ala zerk burutu duen, by preposizioaren ondotik.The first vaccine was created by Edward Jenner. (Lehenengo txertoa Edward Jenner-ek sortu zuen.)

UNIT 4

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Simple�Passive,�affirmative�and�negative.

1. Beforepeoplecanenteranaeroplane,theirsuitcases (search).

2. Everyyear,ourphotographs (take)byMrStevens.

3. Silk always (notuse)tomaketies.

4. Beforeasuspect (arrest),thepoliceexaminetheevidence.

5. Pancakes (make)withflourandwater.

6. Houses usually (notbuild)withwoodthesedays.

2Write�questions�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Present�Simple�Passive.�

1. thefloors/usually/sweep/intheevening

2. meat/sell/inthisshop

3. when/yourplants/water

4. yourcarpets/clean/withavacuumcleaner

5. howoften/yourdog/feed

3Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�below.�Use�the�Past�Simple�Passive.

give•wash•order•steal•design

1. Theseclothes byafamousfashiondesigner.

2. Allthedishes beforeIleft.

3. Thepatient treatmentforhisdisease.

4. Fivepizzas forthepartylastnight.

5. Nomoney fromherhandbag.

18

Grammar appendix


4Change�the�words�in�bold�to�make�negative�sentences.�Use�the�words�in�brackets.

1. Hispaintingwasshowninanartgallery.(amuseum)

2. Thecurtainswerewashedinthesink.(thewashingmachine)

3. TheMonaLisawaspaintedbyDaVinci.(Renoir)

4. Vegetableswereeatenbyeveryone.(beans)

5. Hisarmwasbrokeninthebasketballgame.(foot)

6. The HobbitwaswrittenbyJ.R.R.Tolkien.(J.K.Rowling)

5Write�questions�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�Past�Simple�Passive.

1. Yesterday/sing/bytheBeatles

2. when/thesesandwiches/make

3. thecriminals/give/fairpunishments

4. theWorldCup/watch/bymanypeople

5. where/thesalmon/cook


Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Present�Simple�Passive�or�the�Past�Simple�Passive.�

1. Swimsuits (notsell)inthisdepartmentstoreinthewinter.

2. Hundredsofcars (steal)lastyear.

3. thatTVprogramme (watch)bymanychildreneveryday?

4. Histyres (change)everyyear.

5. Theirbeds (notmake)yesterday.

6. thistextmessage (send)aweekago?

7. Newtreatmentsfordiseases (discover)allthetime.

8. theseprojects (see)byyourteacherlastweek?

Check Yourself!

His painting wasn’t shown in a museum.

Grammar appendix


Etorkizuna

• Will gertatuko den ustea dugun zerbaitetaz iragarpenak egiteko erabiltzen da, promesak egiteko eta hitz egiteko unean hartu ditugun bat-bateko erabakiak adierazteko.

Baiezko eran subjektuarekin uztartzen da (’ll) eta ezezkoan not partikularekin (won’t). Galderetan subjektuaren aurrera mugitzen da; erantzun motzetan izenordain subjektua + will ala won’t erabiliko dugu.

Many people will suffer from global warming in the future. (Jende askok pairatuko du munduaren berotzea etorkizunean.)

We won’t solve the problem of deforestation in a decade. (Baso-soiltzearen arazoa ez dugu hamarkada batean konponduko.)

Will you win the race? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t. (Lasterketa irabaziko al duzu? Bai. / Ez.)

• Be going to gure plan edo egitasmoei buruz hitz egiteko erabiltzen da eta “-t(z)era joan” egituraz balia gaitezke itzultzerakoan.

I’m going to recycle these bottles. (Botila hauek birziklatzera noa.)

• Present Continuous etorkizun zentzuarekin, etorkizun hurbilean ziurtasun osoz, aurrez aldetik finkatuak izan baitira, gertatuko diren egitasmoak adierazteko erabiltzen da.

I’m visiting the museum this afternoon. (Gaur arratsaldean museoa bisitatzera noa.) Garrantzitsua da ekintza noiz gertatuko den aipatzea, batez ere Present Continuous etorkizun zentzuarekin

darabilgunean, orainaldia badirudi ere, etorkizuneko zerbait iragartzen baitu.


1. Don’tworry.Thepolicewillcatch/won’tcatchthethief.

2. Iamgoingtotake/aregoingtotakemycamera.Iwanttotakephotographs.

3. Hewillforget/won’tforgethispassport.Healwaysremembersit.

4. Myfather’slawyerwillknow/won’tknowtheanswer.Let’saskhim.

5. Weisleaving/areleavingat8am.Pleasebeready.

6. Sheisn’tgoingtosweep/aren’tgoingtosweepthefloor.She’sgotavacuumcleaner.

7. Wemuststoppollutingsowewilldestroy/won’tdestroyourplanet.

8. Myparentswillbe/won’tbefurious.Ibroketheirfavouriteporcelainplate.

Check Yourself!


UNIT 5

1Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�tenses�listed.

will

1. Bob (win)thecompetition.Heswimsveryfast.

2. Mymother (notbuy)theseshoes.They’retooexpensive.

3. I (catch)theball.Youcanthrowittome.

be going to

4. We (notpark)ourcarhere.

5. He (repair)myshoestomorrow.

PresentContinuous

6. We (stay)inayouthhostelinParistomorrow.

7. Lenny (nottake)abigsuitcaseonhistripnextweek.

20

Grammar appendix


Baldintzazko lehena eta bigarrena

Baldintzazko lehenak, adierazitako baldintza betez gero, zer gertatuko den adierazten du. Baiezko era honela da if + Present Simple baldintzazko perpausean eta will + aditzoina ondorioan.If I’m hungry, I’ll eat some fish. (Gose banaiz, arrain pixka bat jango dut.)Ezezko era osatzeko, orainaldian doan aditza, etorkizunean doana edo biak ezezta ditzakegu.If we don’t eat, we will be hungry. (Jaten ez badugu, gose izango gara.)If we eat, we won’t be hungry. (Jaten badugu, ez gara gose izango.)If you don’t study for the exam, you won’t pass. (Azterketarako ikasten ez baduzu, ez duzu gaindituko.)

Baldintzazko bigarrenak orainaldiarekin loturiko baldintza hipotetikoak adierazten ditu. Egitura hau du if + Past Simple baldintzan eta would (edo ’d laburtua) + aditzoina ondorioan. Baldintzazko perpauseko aditza to be denean, were aldaera erabiliko da pertsona guztiekin.If I were a fashion designer, I’d use recycled materials. (Moda-diseinatzailea banintz, material birziklagarriak erabiliko nituzke.)

Ezezko era osatzeko, baldintzazko lehenaren aukera berak ditugu.If we didn’t use cars, there would be less pollution. (Autorik erabiliko ez bagenu, kutsadura gutxiago egongo litzateke.)

Aholkuak emateko If I were you formula erabiltzen da beti (“Ni(k) zure tokian”).If I were you, I would be careful. (Ni zure tokian, kontuz ibiliko nintzateke.)

2Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�First�Conditional.

1. He (have)anaccidentifhe (drive)fast.

2. Ifyou (notwork)hard,you (notget)goodmarks.

3. Ifwe (recycle)plasticbottles,we (have)lesslitter.

4. Hermother (make)uspancakesifwe (getdressed)quickly.

3Complete�the�sentences�with�the�verbs�in�brackets.�Use�the�Second�Conditional.

1. Ben (play)basketballifheweretaller.

2. Ifwedidn’thaveadrought,we (notworry)aboutusingwater.

3. IwouldvisityouifI (have)thetime.

4. Ifyourfather (run)everyday,hismuscleswouldn’thurt.


FirstConditional

1. Mumwillcookforyouifyoudo/willdotheshopping.

2. Ifyouaskyourteacher,shehelp/willhelpyou.

3. Iftheymove/willmovetotheUSA,wewon’tseethemforalongtime.

4. Isweep/willsweepthefloorifyouwashthedishes.

SecondConditional

5. Myparentsbought/wouldbuythatcarifitweren’texpensive.

6. IfPaulenteredthecompetition,hewon/wouldwin.

7. IfIdidn’thave/wouldn’thaveabasketballgame,Iwouldcleanmyroom.

8. Theywouldworkintheshoppingcentreiftheydidn’tlive/wouldn’tlivefaraway.

Check Yourself!


Grammar appendix


Zehar estiloa adierazpen-perpausetan

UNIT 6

Zehar estiloa norbaitek esandakoa kontatzeko erabiltzen da, baina pertsona horrek erabilitako hitz berberak errepikatu gabe. Normalean say aditza lehenaldian dela osatuko dugu, ondoren osagarri zuzenaren funtzioa beteko duen that batez hasitako perpausa daramala. Estilo zuzenaren ezaugarri diren komatxoak kendu egiten dira eta aditza nola izenordain subjektua aldatu egiten dira. Tell aditzaren lehenaldia ere erabil dezakegu, ondoren zehar osagarria duela.“I’m finishing the match,” Sharon said. (estilo zuzena)Sharon said that she was finishing the match. (Sharonek esan zuen partida bukatzen ari zela.)“The race is on Wednesday,” the coach said to me. (estilo zuzena)The coach told me that the race was on Wednesday. (Entrenatzaileak esan zidan lasterketa asteazkenean zela.)

Zehar estiloari sarrera egiten dion aditza lehenaldian doanez, menpeko perpauseko aditz-aldiak atzera-jauzia egiten du, hau da, Present Simple aldia Past Simple bilakatuko da; Present Continuous, berriz, Past Continuous; etorkizuneko will partikula would, etab. Edutezko izenordainek, erakusleek, aditz modalek eta denbora- nola leku-esamoldeek ere aldaketak jasaten dituzte. Ikusi ondorengo adibideak:“I’m watching TV,” Kate said. ➝ Kate said that she was watching TV. (Katek esan zuen telebista ikusten ari zela.)“I must study for my exams today,” Pam said. ➝ Pam said that she had to study for her exams that day. (Pamek esan zuen azterketetarako ikasi beharra zuela egun hartan.)“We’ll start the new unit tomorrow,” the teacher said. ➝ The teacher said that we would start the new unit the following day. (Irakasleak esan zuen unitate berriarekin hurrengo egunean hasiko ginela.)

1Complete�the�sentences�with�the�correct�form�of�the�verbs.

1. Ninasaid,“Iusuallyeatcornflakesinthemorning.”

Ninasaidthatsheusually cornflakesinthemorning.

2. Mybrotherssaid,“Wearewatchingthefootballgame.”

Mybrotherssaidthatthey thefootballgame.

3. “Youmustbrushyourteethtwiceaday,”saidthedentist.

ThedentistsaidthatI myteethtwiceaday.

4. ThewomanonTVsaid,“By2050,mostcountrieswilluserenewableenergy.”

ThewomanonTVsaidthatby2050,mostcountries renewableenergy.

5. “Myfriendsdon’tlikerapmusic,”saidJohn.

Johnsaidthathisfriends rapmusic.

2Change�the�direct�speech�sentences�to�reported�speech.

1. “It’sabeautifulday,”saidmymother.

2. Ericsaid,“Mysisterdoesn’trunfast.”

3. Thegirlssaid,“Wemustwalkquicklyorwe’llbelate.”

4. “Iamdoingmyhistoryhomework,”saidTom.

5. Juliasaid,“Iwillprobablycomehomeatteno’clock.”

22

Grammar appendix


3Complete�the�sentences�with�the�correct�time�expressions.

1. Tinasaid,“ChrisandDianewillbeingoodshapebynextyear.”

TinasaidthatChrisandDianewouldbeingoodshapeby .

2. “Itwillrainnextweek,”saidthereporter.

Thereportersaidthatitwouldrain .

3. Isaid,“Youcan’ttakemycameratoday.”

Isaidthatyoucouldn’ttakemycamera .

4. “Iamreadinganinterestingbooknow,”saidMia.

Miasaidthatshewasreadinganinterestingbook .

5. Myparentssaid,“Wearen’tstayinginahoteltomorrow.”

Myparentstoldusthatweweren’tstayinginahotel .

4Change�the�direct�speech�sentences�to�reported�speech.

1. Mothersaid,“Tommyisapologisingtohissisternow.”

2. Lindasaid,“Ihopetobreakarecordnextweek.”

3. “Youmustinformusofyourplanstomorrow,”myparentssaid.

4. “Theaudiencewillenjoytheconcerttonight,”saidthemusician.

5. Fathersaid,“Deanisrefusingtodohishomeworktoday.”


1. IsaidthatIwascleaningmyroomnow/then.

2. Shetoldusthatherfamilyhad/haslunchinthesamerestauranteverySaturday.

3. Motherexplainedthatthechildrenusuallywatch/watchedTVafterschool.

4. ThesalespersonsaidthatIcan/couldbuyanewjacketforonly€20.

5. WesaidthatLaurawouldwinthegymnasticscompetitionnextweek/thefollowingweek.

6. ThereportersaidthatthespaceshuttlewasreturningtoEarththenextday/tomorrow.

7. Wesaidthatwewerewearing/arewearingjeansforthepartythatnight.

8. TheytoldmethatImust/hadtotakemypassportwithme.

Check Yourself!


Grammar appendix


Erlatibozko izenordainak

UNIT 7

Erlatibozko izenordainek menpeko perpausei hasiera ematen diete eta, aldi berean, aurrekaria deitzen den izenari buruzko informazioa ematen. Aurrekariaren jarraian kokatzen dira eta subjektu edo osagarri funtzioa izan dezakete (azken kasu honetan, isildu egiten dira, gehienetan, berbaldian.)

Who nahiz that bata zein bestea erabil daitezke aurrekaria pertsona denean.I like people who / that can solve problems. (Arazoak konpontzen dakien jendea gustatzen zait.)He’s the person (who / that) I want to talk to. (Hura da solaskide izan nahi dudan pertsona.)

Which eta that gauzei eta animaliei buruz aritzerakoan erabiltzen dira.The bat is an animal that / which lives in a cave. (Saguzarra haitzuloan bizi den animalia da.) The horse is the animal (which / that) I like the most. (Zaldia da gehien gustatzen zaidan animalia.)

Where, berriz, aurrekaria lekua denean erabiltzen da.This is the place where I buy fruit. (Hau da fruta erosten dudan lekua.)

1 �Complete�the�sentences�with�who,�which�or�where.

1. Thatisthenecklace hergrandmothergaveher.

2. Theboy scoredthewinninggoalismybestfriend.

3. Wevisitedtheplace myparentsmet.

4. Theperson isstandingnexttomymotherisafamousastronaut.

5. Theplate IboughtinBelgiumismadeofporcelain.

2Combine�the�sentences�with�who�or�which.

1. Imetaman.Heknowsyourmother.

2. Wetookphotographsofasquirrel.Itwaseatinganut.

3. Simonisahairdresser.Hecutsthehairofmanyfamouspeople.

4. Iboughtsomegoldearrings.Theywilllooknicewithmynecklace.


1. Lisaworeadresswhich/whohadpinkflowersonit.

2. Thatisthebuildingthat/whereIlive.

3. Sheisthegirlwhich/wholikesTony.

4. Thisisthecitywhich/whereIwasborn.

5. Jimisthetallestmanthat/whichIknow.

6. Wearegoingtoseethefilmwho/whichyousawlastweek.

7. Heistheboywho/whichhelpedme.

8. Iknowthepeoplewhere/wholiveinthehousenexttoyours.

Check Yourself!


24

Grammar appendix


Some eta any-tik eratorritako hitzak

Someone (norbait), somewhere (nonbait) eta something (zerbait) baiezko esaldietan erabiltzen dira; anyone, anywhere eta anything ezezkoetan eta galderetan. Begira esaldi hauetan esanahia nola aldatzen den:There wasn’t anyone in the classroom. (Ez zegoen inor gelan.)I can’t find my book about crocodiles anywhere. (Ezin dut krokodiloei buruzko nire liburua inon topatu.)I haven’t got anything to do. (Ez dut ezer egiteko.)Does anyone want a sandwich? (Norbaitek nahi al du sandwich bat?)Are you going anywhere this afternoon? (Ba al zoaz norabait gaur arratsaldean?)Do you want anything to drink? (Zerbait edan nahi duzu?)

Gogoan izan esaldiko subjektu direnetan, aditza singularrean daramatela.


1. Someone/Anyoneisplayingtheviolinrightnow.

2. Thereisn’tsomething/anythingtoeatinmyhouse.

3. IknowthatIputmyhomeworksomewhere/anywhereinmyschoolbag.

4. Doessomeone/anyoneknowtheanswer?

5. I’vegotsomething/anythingspecialforyou.


1. Hedidn’tbring…toeat. a. something b. anything c. anywhere

2. Therewasn’t…frommyclassattheparty. a. someone b. somewhere c. anyone

3. Shedid…differenttoherhair. a. something b. someone c. somewhere

4. Myfriendwenttoanamusementpark…intheUSA. a. anyone b. someone c. somewhere

5. I’veneverspokento…inyourclass. a. anyone b. anything c. anywhere

6. Isthere…thatIcangetagoodcupofcoffee? a. something b. somewhere c. anywhere

7. Imet…fromJapanyesterday. a. someone b. anyone c. somewhere

8. Let’shave…todrinkbeforewegoout. a. somewhere b. something c. anything


4 �Complete�the�sentences�with�some�or�any�compounds.

1. Didyoutell aboutmyparty?

2. Motheriscooking deliciousfordinner.

3. Iamlookingfor tohelpme.

4. Didyoudo excitinglastweekend?

5. Wewanttostay nearthebeach.

Check Yourself!

Grammar appendix


Modalak

UNIT 8

Aditz bereziak dira, 3. pertsona singularrean -s bukaerarik hartzen ez dutenak eta jarraian beti aditzoina daramatenak. Ez dira jokatzen, not edo n’t laburtua gehituta soilik osatzen dute ezezko era; eta subjektuaren aurrean kokatuta, galderak.

• Can “jakin” esangura du gaitasuna adierazten duenean, eta “ahal izan” posibilitatea edo baimena adierazten duenean. James can play the piano very well. (Jamesek oso ondo daki pianoa jotzen.) You can rent a boat to go across Lake Victoria. (Txalupa aloka dezakezu Victoria lakua zeharkatzeko.)

• Could can modalaren lehenaldia da. Gaitasuna eta posibilitatea adierazten ditu lehenaldian. Kate could swim when she was only two years old. (Katek bazekien igeri egiten bi urte besterik ez zituela.) They couldn’t explore that route. (Ezin izan zuten ibilbide hori esploratu.)

Galderetan baimena edo mesedeak eskatzeko ere erabiltzen da, baina can baino jasoagoa da. Could you lend me your sleeping bag for my journey? (Utzi al zeniezadake lozakua nire bidaiarako?)

• Should aholkuak emateko eta gure ustez egin behar litzatekeena adierazteko erabiltzen da. You should buy a new map. (Mapa berria erosi behar zenuke.)

• Must “behar izan” esangura du eta obligazioa edo zerbait egitea beharrezkoa edo oso komenigarria dela adierazten du. We must take appropriate equipment. (Ekipamendu egokia eraman beharra dugu.)

• Mustn’t zerbait ezin dela egin adierazten du, ez delako zuzena edo debekatua dagoelako. We mustn’t swim in this river. (Ezin dugu ibai honetan igeri egin.)

• Have to aditzak “behar izan” esangura du eta obligazioa edo zerbait egiteko beharra adierazten du, beste irtenbiderik ez dagoelako. Aditz hau jokatu egiten da, horregatik jotzen dute batzuek erdi modaltzat. Gogoan izan 3. pertsona singularra has to dela. Paul has to get up early every day. (Paulek goiz jaiki behar du arratsaldero.) It is a dangerous route. They have to come back. (Bide arriskutsua da. Itzuli beharra dute.)

Ezezko era don’t / doesn’t have to + aditzoinarekin osatzen da, eta “ez izan zertan” edo “ez beharrik izan” esangura du. You don’t have to come back until five o’clock. (Ez daukazu zertan itzuli bostak arte.)

Galderak egiteko do ala does + subjektua + have to + aditzoina dugu egitura.Do I have to take my passport? Yes, you do. / No, you don’t. (Pasaportea eraman beharra dut? Bai. / Ez.)

• May (“daitekeena da”, “agian”, “behar bada”) eta might (“gerta liteke”, “litekeena da”) posibilitatea adierazten dute; bigarrenak, ordea, ekintza gauzatzeko posibilitate gutxiago dagoela adierazten du. Galderetan may baimena edo mesedeak era jasoan eskatzeko erabiltzen da. We may reach our destination tomorrow. (Agian bihar iritsiko gara gure helmugara.) I might visit you next summer. (Litekeena da nik zu bisitatzea datorren urtean.) May I use your camera? (Erabil dezaket zure kamera?)

26

Grammar appendix



1. Mybrothercan/shouldplaybasketballforhours.Henevergetstired.

2. MrsThomsonmustn’t/can’tcook.MrThomsonalwayspreparesdinner.

3. Myteacherwasbusyandcan’t/couldn’thelpmeyesterday.

4. Youshould/mustn’thelpyourgrandmothercarryherbags.

5. Ishouldn’t/mustbehomeby12o’clockormymotherwillbeangry.

6. Wecouldn’t/mustn’tsleeplatetomorrow.We’llmisstheclasstrip.

7. Can/Shouldyouexplainthehomeworktome?

8. Wemustn’t/mustfinishourprojectbyFriday.Ourteacherwon’tacceptitnextweek.

9. Can/Couldhereadwhenhewasfiveyearsold?

10. Should/Couldwebringanythingtothepartytonight?

2Complete�the�sentences�with�the�affirmative�or�negative�form�of�have to.

1. I walktodaybecausemyparentscan’tdriveme.

2. You buynewshoes.You’vegotenoughshoes.

3. Someone washthedishes.Alltheplatesaredirty.

4. She getupearly.There’snoschooltoday.

3Complete�the�sentences.�Use�the�correct�form�of�can,�could,�should,�must�or�have to.

1. mymotherrideabikewhenshewasagirl?

2. Yourfather parkhiscarhere.It’sillegal.

3. Iwearmyblackshirtormywhiteone?Whichlooksbetter?

4. He traveltotheUSA.Hehasn’tgotapassport.

5. You walkquickly.We’vegotalotoftime.


1. Itmay/maynotraintoday.It’scloudy.

2. Thebabyiscrying.Shemight/mightnotbehungry.

3. Imight/maynotfinishontime,butI’lltry.

4. May/MightIwearyourjacket?


1. Can/MustIhavesomethingtoeat?I’mhungry.

2. Wecouldn’t/mightgotothebeachtoday.It’sabeautifulday.

3. Heshould/can’tbeanactor.He’sgottalent.

4. Sheshouldn’t/shouldwearthathat.Itdoesn’tlooknice.

5. Youmightnot/don’thavetoshout.Icanhearyou.

6. May/MustIuseyourphone?Myphoneisbroken.

7. Ourteamcould/hastopractisealot.We’renotverygood.

8. Myfathercan/couldrunquicklywhenhewasyoung.

Check Yourself!


Grammar appendix


Konparatiboa eta superlatiboa

Egitura konparatiboa eta superlatiboa egoki osatzeko kontuan izan behar dugu darabilgun adjektiboa motza ala luzea den.

• Adjektibo motzek -er / -est bukaerak hartzen dituzte. Gainera, konparatiboarekin than erabiltzen da eta superlatiboarekin the. Peter is stronger than Alex. (Peter Alex baino indartsuagoa da.) You’re the cleverest person in your class. (Ikasgelako pertsonarik argiena zara.)

Bukaera hauek, -er / -est, egoki gehitzeko, ondorengo ortografia-arauak jarraitu behar dira: - E mutuaz amaitzen bada, r edo st gehituko dugu soilik: wide ➝ wider nice ➝ nicest - Bokala + kontsonantea baditu bukaeran, kontsonantea bikoizten da: hot ➝ hotter fat ➝ fattest - Kontsonantea + y amaieraduna bada, y hori i batez ordeztuko dugu: ugly ➝ uglier pretty ➝ prettiest baina shy ➝ shyer, shyest

• Adjektibo luzeak ez dira aldatzen, baina aurretik more / the most daramate. Travelling is more exciting than staying at home. (Bidaiatzea etxean gelditzea baino zirraragarriagoa da.) Kevin is the most creative student in the school. (Kevin da irudimen gehien duen ikaslea eskolan.)

Adjektibo irregularrek ez dute araurik jarraitzen konparatiboa eta superlatiboa osatzeko.good ➝ better ➝ the best (on, hobe, onen); bad ➝ worse ➝ the worst (txar, txarrago, txarren)

Gogoan izan: bi gauza konparatzeko eta berdinak edo desberdinak direla esateko (not) as + adjektiboa + as egitura erabiliko dugu, eta “bezain … da” edo “ez da ... bezain…” itzuliko dugu. Liz is as old as Tina. (Liz Tina bezain zaharra da.) The book is not as good as the film. (Liburua ez da pelikula bezain ona.)

UNIT 9

1Write�sentences�with�the�words�below.�Use�the�comparative�form�of�the�adjectives.

1. Africa/is/big/Australia

2. Dan/is/a/good/student/Kyle

3. mybrothers/are/annoying/yoursisters

4. Liz’ssister/is/old/herbrother

5. ourdogs/are/happy/ourcats

2Complete�the�sentences�with�the�adjectives�in�brackets.�Use�the�superlative�form.

1. Myfatherhasgot (ugly)clothesI’veeverseen.

2. IthinkthatPenélopeCruzis (beautiful)womanintheworld.

3. Thisis (bad)bookIhaveeverread.

4. Tomis (amusing)boyIknow.

5. Laurais (young)childinmyfamily.

28

Grammar appendix


3Complete�the�questions�with�the�adjectives�in�brackets.�Use�the�comparative�or�superlative�form.

1. Whois (nice)personyouknow?

2. Whichbuildingis (tall)theSearsTower?

3. Whatis (funny)filmyouhaveeverseen?

4. Whois (short)Dan?

5. Whichschoolhasgot (good)footballteam?

4Complete�the�sentences�with�the�adjectives�in�brackets.�Use�as�…�as�or�not as�…�as.

1. Mygrandmotheris (old)mygrandfather.Mygrandmotheris70yearsoldandmygrandfatheris75.

2. Mybrotheris (energetic)mysister.Theyneversitdown.

3. Lilyis (antisocial)Donna.Donnahasn’tgotanyfriendsandLilyhasgotafewfriends.

4. Youthhostelsare (expensive)resorts.

5. Ourgardenis (big)ourneighbour’sgarden.Bothgardensare250squaremetres.


1. Thatroutelookstoodangerous/notdangerousenough.Let’sgoadifferentway.

2. Theshirtischeaperthan/thecheapestthetrousers.Theshirtcostsonly€20.

3. MrSmithisstrangerthan/thestrangestteacherwehaveeverhad.

4. Tonyisasintelligentas/notasintelligentashisbrother,butheisn’tstupid.

5. Thesciencemuseumwasmorecrowdedthan/themostcrowdedthehistorymuseumbecausetherewasaspecialexhibitionabouttheheart.

6. Laura’sroomisasmessyas/notasmessyasDean’sroom.Theirmotherisveryangry.

7. Ican’thearthemusic.Itistooloud/notloudenough.

8. Lisaismorepopularthan/themostpopulargirlintheclass.

Check Yourself!


Too adjektibo baten aurrean kokatzen da, adjektiboak adierazitako ezaugarria gehiegizkoa dela azalduz, eta “…-egi” esangura du.This maths exercise is too difficult for me. (Matematikako ariketa hau zailegia da nirezat.)

Enough adjektiboaren ondoren kokatzen da eta “aski, nahiko” esan nahi du.Pam is old enough to travel alone. (Pam nahiko heldua da bakarrik bidaiatzeko.)

Kontrara, not + adjektiboa + enough egiturak zerbait nahikoa ez dela adierazten du, hau da, “ez behar bezainbeste” itzul dezakegu.Pam is not old enough to travel alone. (Pamek ez du behar bezainbesteko heldutasunik bakarrik bidaiatzeko.)

too ... / (not) ... enough

5Complete�the�sentences�with�the�adjectives�in�brackets.�Use�too�…�or�not�…�enough.

1. Thesepotatoesare (hot).IthinkI’llputthembackintheoven.

2. I’m (tired)togoouttonight.Let’sgoouttomorrownight.

3. Itis (warm)togoswimmingtoday.Maybewecangonextweek.

4. Thisfilmis (long).Iamnotgoingtowatchthewholefilm.

5. Heis (tall)toplaybasketballfortheteam.He’sonly1.6metrestall.

Grammar appendix


Introduction, page 11, Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Simple eta Present Continuous aditz-denboren arteko aldea 1. 1. smiles 5. doesn’t…win 2. Do…buy 6. Does…know 3. don’tdrink 7. carries 4. listen 8. Does…drive

2. 1. areplanning 5. isrepairing 2. isn’tteaching 6. Are…jogging 3. Are…cooking 7. are…doing 4. isshouting 8. aren’tstudying

3. 1. isplaying 5. aren’tsmiling 2. Do…ride 6. watches 3. doesn’tgo 7. aresailing 4. Is…listening 8. Do…want

Unit 1, page 13, Past Simple 1. ate 5. Did…land2. didn’twatch 6. wore3. Did…explain 7. didn’tstop4. didn’trepair 8. did…arrive

Unit 1, page 13, Used to 1. usedtolive 5. Did…usetolisten2. didn’tusetoeat 6. didn’tusetodrink3. Did…usetoski 7. usedtostudy4. usedtobuy 8. Did…usetowear

Unit 2, page 14, Past Continuous 1. wasn’tcleaning 5. Were…having2. waswriting 6. werevisiting3. Was…swimming 7. were…doing4. weren’tstudying 8. washiding

Unit 2, page 15, Past Continuous eta Past Simple aditz-denboren arteko aldea 1. wascleaning,wascooking2. waschatting,called3. Were…jumping,washaving4. weretelling,heard5. were…going,saw6. wasn’twashing,wasdoing7. Was…holding,started8. wasn’twatching,came

Unit 3, page 16, Present Perfect Simple 1. hassung 5. havegone2. hasn’thad 6. Has…left3. Have…met 7. has…won4. haven’tbought 8. haven’t…been

Unit 3, page 17, Present Perfect Simple eta Past Simple aditz-denboren arteko aldea 1. haven’tread 5. yet2. bought 6. didn’ttake3. Didyouenjoy 7. just4. hasdrawn 8. arrested

Unit 4, page 19, Boz pasiboa orainaldian eta lehenaldian 1. aren’tsold 5. weren’tmade2. werestolen 6. Was…sent3. Is…watched 7. arediscovered4. arechanged 8. Were…seen

Unit 5, page 20, Etorkizuna 1. willcatch 5. areleaving2. amgoingtotake 6. isn’tgoingtosweep3. won’tforget 7. won’tdestroy4. willknow 8. willbe

Unit 5, page 21, Baldintzazko lehena eta bigarrena 1. do 5. wouldbuy2. willhelp 6. wouldwin3. move 7. didn’thave4. willsweep 8. didn’tlive

Unit 6, page 23, Zehar estiloa adierazpen-perpausetan1. then 5. thefollowingweek2. had 6. thenextday3. watched 7. werewearing4. could 8. hadto

Unit 7, page 24, Erlatibozko izenordainak 1. which 5. that2. where 6. which3. who 7. who4. where 8. who

Unit 7, page 25, Some eta any-tik eratorritako hitzak 1. b 3. a 5. a 7. a2. c 4. c 6. c 8. b

Unit 8, page 27, Modalak 1. Can 6. May2. might 7. hasto3. should 8. could4. shouldn’t5. don’thaveto

Unit 9, page 29, Konparatiboa eta superlatiboa, too ... / (not) ... enough 1. toodangerous 5. morecrowdedthan2. cheaperthan 6. asmessyas3. thestrangest 7. notloudenough4. notasintelligentas 8. themostpopular


CHeCK YOURSeLF! aNSWeR KeY


BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) EUSKARA

be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ izan beat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ jobecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ bihurtu, bilakatubegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ hasibend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ tolestu, okertubet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apustu eginbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ kosk egin, hozka eginbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ odola jarioblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ putz eginbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ apurtubring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ ekarribuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ eraikiburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ errebuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ erosicatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ harrapatu, hartuchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ aukeratucome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ etorricost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ kostatucut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ moztudig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ aitzurtu, zuloa egindo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ egindraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ marraztudream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ amets egindrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ edandrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ gidatueat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /AWm/ janfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ erorifeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ elikatufeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentitufight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ borrokatufind /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ aurkitufly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ hegan eginforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ ahaztuforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ barkatufreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ izoztuget /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ lortu, jasogive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /ZBdm/ emango /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ joangrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ hazihang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ esekihave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kæX/ edukihear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ entzunhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ ezkutatuhit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ johold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ eutsihurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ zauritu, min emankeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gorde, mantenduknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ jakin, ezagutulay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ jarri, hedatulead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ zuzendu, gidatu

IRREGULAR VERB LIST

32

IRREGULAR VERB LIST


BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) EUSKARA

learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ ikasileave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ utzi, irten lend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ prestatulet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ baimena eman, utzilie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ etzanlie /oO/(regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ gezurra esanlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ piztulose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ galdumake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ eginmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ esan nahi izanmeet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ elkar ezagutu, bildupay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ ordainduput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ jarri, ipiniread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ irakurriride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ gainean ibiliring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ deiturise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ jaso, altxaturun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ korrika eginsay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ esansee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ ikusisell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ saldusend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ bidaliset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ ezarri, ipinishake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ eragin, astindushine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ distiratushoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ tiro eginshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ erakutsishut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ itxi sing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ abestusink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ urperatu, hondoratusit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ eserisleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ lo eginsmell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ usainduspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /gULHYLm/ hitz eginspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ letreiatuspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastatu, igarostand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ zutik egonsteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ lapurtustick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ itsatsisweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ erratzatu, eskobatuswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ igeri egintake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ hartuteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ irakatsitear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ urratu, zartatutell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ esan, kontatuthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ pentsatuthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ jaurti, botaunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ ulertuwake up /rMY'JU/ woke up /rLHY'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm'JU/ esnatuwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ jantzita eramanwin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ irabaziwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ idatzi


IDATZITAKOA ERREPASATU (Checking your work)

LETRA LARRIA(Capital letters)

Letra larriz idazten dira:• esaldi bateko lehen hitza. Wehadagreatholiday.• pertsona-izenak eta tituluak. ThisisMrsLucySmith.• herriak, hiriak, herrialdeak, nazionalitateak eta hizkuntzak. Dover,Moscow,China,French

• egunak, hilabeteak eta jaiegunak. Wednesday,April,Christmas• liburu, pelikula eta abestien tituluetako hitz garrantzitsuak. ASafariMystery• I izenordain pertsonala. MyfriendsandIlovecomputergames.

TESTUAREN HELBURUA(Purpose of writing)

Lanean hasi aurretik garbi izan behar duzu zer idatzi nahi duzun, hizkuntza-maila egokia aukeratzeko: informala, lagun bati zuzendua doan posta elektronikoa bada; eta jasoagoa, azalpen-testu bat bada.

IDATZI AURRETIK(Brainstorming)

1. Egin ezazu gaiarekin loturiko ideien zerrenda edo galdera-mapa (what?,who?,when?,where?,why?).

2. Irakur itzazu, eta garrantzi gutxikoak iruditzen zaizkizunak ezabatu.3. Jar itzazu aurkeztu nahi dituzun hurrenkeran.

IDEIAK ANTOLATU (Organising your ideas)

LEHEN ZIRRIBORROA IDATZI (Writing your first draft)

PARAGRAFOAREN EGITURA(Paragraph structure)

Paragrafo batek hiru zati ditu:1. Sarrera edo lehen esaldia (opening sentence), hots, gaia aurkezten duena.2. Garapena edo paragrafoaren gorputza (body), ideia nagusia informazio garrantzitsuarekin zabaltzen duena.3. Amaiera edo azken esaldia (closing sentence), gaia laburbiltzen duena eta ideia nagusia beste hitz

batzuekin errepikatzen duena.

Opening sentence: Tenerife,intheCanaryIslands,isafabulousplaceforaholiday.Thisamazingislandhasgotbeautifulbeacheswithimpressiveresorts.PeoplecomefromallovertheworldtoseethewildlifeattheTeideNationalParkinTenerife.Also,youcanvisittheInstituteofTechnologyandlearnhowtouserenewableenergy.IfyougotoTenerife,youwilldefinitelyhaveanunforgettableholiday.

Body of paragraph:

Concluding sentence:

WRITING GUIDE

34

writing guide


PUNTUAZIOA(Punctuation)

• Puntua (.) baiezko eta ezezko esaldien bukaeran erabiltzen da. Myfavouritesportisbasketball. Idon’teattomatoes.• Galdera-ikurra (?) galderen amaieran bakarrik jartzen da. Haveyougotapencil? Didyoudoyourhomework?• Harridura-ikurra (!) esaldi-amaieran bakarrik jartzen da hau ere; emozioak eta sentimenduak adierazteko

eta zerbait bereziki nabarmentzeko erabiltzen da. Wow!Youlookfabulous!• Komak (,) hitzak edo ideiak banantzen ditu. Normalean ez dira and juntagailuaren aurrean erabiltzen. Icanplayfootball,basketballandvolleyball.

HITZEN HURRENKERA: SUBJEKTUA – ADITZA(Word order: Subject – Verb)

• Esaldi bateko subjektua aditzaren aurrean kokatzen da. Weleftschoolatthreeo’clock. s + v • Baina galderetan aditza subjektuaren aurrean jartzen da. IsTomtall? v + s

HITZEN HURRENKERA: ADJEKTIBOAK(Word order: Adjectives)

• Adjektiboak izenen aurrean jartzen dira normalean. healthysandwichterriblefilm adj n adj n• Eta tobe aditzaren ondoren ere bai. Thesandwichishealthy.Thefilmwasterrible. n adj n adj

HITZEN HURRENKERA: ADBERBIOAK(Word order: Adverbs)

• Modu-adberbioak aditzaren ondoren jartzen dira. Hespeaksclearly. v adv

ADJEKTIBOEN HURRENKERA(Adjective order)

• Bat baino gehiago badaude, normalean hurrenkera honetan jartzen dira: iritzia, neurria, adina, kolorea I’vegotabeautiful,tiny,youngwhitekitten.


writing guide

JUNTAGAILUAK(Linking words)

• and juntagailuak antzeko bi ideia lotzen ditu. Hebroughtasuitcaseandabackpack.• or juntagailuak bi aukera desberdin eskaintzen ditu. Wasitagoatorasheep?• but bi ideia kontraesankor batzeko erabiltzen da. Thefilmwasgoodbutdepressing.

KAUSAZKO ETA ONDORIOZKO LOKAILUAK(Connectors of cause and effect)

• Kausazko lokailu arruntena because da. Tomwashappybecausehegotagoodmark.• Eta ondoriozkoa, berriz, so. Bob’scarwasstolensohecalledthepolice.

IZENORDAINAK(Pronoun referencing)

• Izenak ez errepikatzeko erabiltzen dira. Westayedintheyouthhostel.Itwasveryclean. SusanandIaregoingshopping.Doyouwanttocomewithus? Myfatherisangry.Ilosthiscreditcard.

SEKUENTZIA-LOKAILUAK(Connectors of sequence)

Gertaera-segida kontatzen ari garenean, horiek zein hurrenkeratan gertatu ziren adierazteko erabiltzen dira:• first (lehenik eta behin, lehenik) • after that (ondoren)• before (lehenago) • later (gero, geroago)• then (ondoren, gero) • finally (azkenean, bukatzeko)• next (hurrengo, ondoren)First lehenengo zer gertatu zen adierazteko erabiltzen da, eta finally, azkena gertatutakoa adierazteko. Yesterday,wewenttotheamusementpark.First,wegotamapfromthevisitors’centre.Then,wewent

onsomerides.Next,wehadlunch.Afterthat,wesawamusicalshow.Finally,at10o’clockwedrovehome.

DENBORA-PREPOSIZIOAK(Prepositions of time)

• Preposizio desberdinak erabiltzen dira zer adierazi nahi den kontuan hartuta: attwoo’clock inthemorning from6.00to8.00 onMonday atChristmas in2010 fromSeptembertoJune on12thJanuary inMay• Salbuespenak: attheweekend atnight

IH-007-134

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