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Understand the manufacture of sulphuric acid.

Synthesise the manufacture of ammonia and its salts.

Understand alloys.

Evaluate the uses of synthetic polymer.

Apply the uses of glass and ceramics.

Evaluate the uses of composite materials.

Appreciate various synthetic industrial materiala.

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(H4S4! USES OF SULPHURIC ACID

1. Sulphuric acid is used to produce chemical fertili"er such as ammonium sulphate andpotassium sulphate# $hich are highly solu%le in $ater and can %e easily o%sor%ed %y

plant.

2. &ar %atteries contain sulphuric acid $hich is used as the electrolyte.'. Sulphuric acid also used in the maing of artificial sil)lie fi%res and rayon.

4. &hemical lie paints# dyes and drug use sulphuric acid as one of

their component materials.

MANUFACTURE OF SULPHURIC ACID

1. Sulphuric acid is manufactured in industry though contact process

2. *he process contain three stage

STAGE1:Production Of Sulphur Dioxide From Sulphuri. &om%ustion of sulphur or sulphide ores in the air produce sulphur dio+ide S2.

S(s!,2(g!S2(g! sulphur

ii. sulphur dio+ide is dried and purified.

STAGE:Production Of Sulphur Trioxide From Sulphur Dioxide

i. *he purified sulphur dio+ide S2and e+cess air are passed over vanadium(-!o+ide -2at controlled optimum condition optimum condition to produce sulphurtrio+ide S'.

2S2(g!,2(g! 2S'(g!

ii. *he optimum used area! *emperature/40)00&

%! ressure/ 2)' atmospheres

c! &atalyst/ -anadium(-! o+ide

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iii. Under controlled optimum conditions# 3 conversion is possi%le. Sulphur dio+ide

and o+ygen that have not reacted are allo$ed to flo$ %ac again over the catalyst in

the converter.

STAGE!: Conversion of trioxide to sulphuric acidi. Sulphur trio+ide S2is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid H2S4to form oleum

H2S25$hich is then diluted $ith $ater to form sulphuric acid H2S4.

S'(g!,H2S4(l!H2S25(l! leum

H2S25(l!, H2(l!2H2S4(a6!

ii. *he t$o reactions in stage' are e6uivalent to adding sulphur trio+ide directly into $ater.

S'(g!,H2(l!H2S4(a6!

iii. *he addition of sulphur trio+ide directly into is not carried out %ecause the reaction is

vary vigorous7 a lot of heat is given off. As a result# alarge cloud of sulphuric acidfumes is produced# $hich is corrosive and causes severe air pollution.

8n the converter

4

Sulphu

r

+yge

n

S(s! ,

2(g!S2(g!2S(g! , 2(g! 2S'(g!

*emperature/ 40)00&

ressure/ 2)' atmospheres&atalyst/ -anadium(-! o+ide+yge

Unreacted

2so2 is

flo$ed %acto converter

together $ith

The Contact Process

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SULPHUR DIO"IDE ANDEN#IRONMENTAL POLLUTION

1. Sulphur dio+ide is one of the %y)product of contact process. 8t is a colourless and

poisonous gas $ith a vary pungent smell.

2. Sulphur dio+ide $hich escape into the air causes air pollution.'. Sulphur dio+ide is an acidic $hich dissolves in $ater to form sulphurous acidic# H2S'.

8n the atmosphere# sulphur dio+ide dissolve in $ater droplets to form sulphurous acidic.

S2(g! , H2(l!H2S'(a6!

4. +idation of sulphur acid %y o+ygen produce sulphuric acid# H2S4# $hich falls to theearth as acid rain. Sulphur trio+ide is also easily o+idised in the air to form sulphur

trio+ide. Sulphur trio+ide dissolve in rain$ater to produce sulphuric acid.

S'(g! , H2(l!H2S4(a6!

Acid rain and environmental pollution

S2(g! ,H2S4(a6!H2S25(l!

H2S25(l! ,

H2

(l!2

H2

S4

(a6!Outline Of Contact process

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(9H'! USES OF AMMONIA

1. Ammonia that is produce commercially has many uses.2. 8t uses/

i. 8n the manufacture of chemical fertili"ers such as ammonium sulphate# ammonia

nitric# ammonia phosphate and urea.ii. *o manufacture nitric acid and e+plosive.

iii. 8n the maing of synthetic fi%re and nylon.

iv. As a degreasing agent in a6ueous form to remove greasy stains in the itchen.

:E:*8ES ; A

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;e+(a6! , 2H(a6!;e (H!2(s!

MANUFACTURE OF AMMONIA IN INDUSTR$

1. Ammonia is manufacture on a large scale in industry through the ha%er process. 8n this

process# ammonia is formed form direct com%ination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas inthe volume ratio 1/'.

2. *he gas nitrogen o%tain form the fractional distillation of li6uefied air. *he hydrogen

gas is o%tained form the cracing of petroleum or from the catalysed reaction of naturalgas# &H4# $ith steam.

&H4(g! , H2(g!&(g! , 'H2(g!

'. *he mi+ture of nitrogen and hydrogen gases is passed over an iron catalyst undercontrolled optimum condition as %elo$ to form ammonia gas.

i. *emperature/ 40)00&

ii. ressure/ 200)00 atmospheresiii. &atalyst used/ 8ron fillings

92(g! , 'H2(g! 29H'(g!

4. Under these control optimum condition# only 1 of the gas mi+ture turn into ammonia

gas. *he nitrogen and hydrogen that have not reacted are then flo$ %ac over the catalyst

again in the reactor cham%er.. *he ammonia product is then cooled at a lo$ temperature so that it condenses into a

li6uid in the cooling cham%er.

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AMMONIUM FERTILI%ERS

1. 9itrogen is re6uired in large amount %y plant to mae proteins $hich are necessaryfor gro$th and cell repair.

2.

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ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS IN MATELS

1. *he atom of pure metals are paced together closely. *his causes the metal to have a

hight density

2. *he forces of attraction %et$een atoms (metallic %onds! are strong.

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&HAT ARE ALLO$S

1. ure metal are usually too soft for most uses. *hey also have a lo$ resistance tocorrosion. *hey rush and tarnish easily.

2. *o improve the physical properties of metal# a small amount of another element

(usually metal! is added to form another an alloy.'. An alloy is a mi+ture of t$o or more metals (something non)metal! in a specific

proportion. ;or e+ample/

a. Bron"e (0 of copper and 10 of tin!

%. Steel ( of iron and 1 of car%on!4. *he purposes of maing alloys include the follo$ing/

a! 8ncrease the strength

i. ure iron is soft and vary mallea%le. hen a small amount of car%on is added toiron# an alloy# steal is formed. *he more car%on is added# the stronger the steel

%ecomes.

ii. ure aluminium is light %ut not strong. ith a small amount of copper andmagnesium are added to aluminium# a strong# light and dura%le alloy call

duralumin is produced.

%! 8mproving the resistance to corrosioni. 8ron rust easily %ut stainless steel $hich contains 30.> of iron# 0.4 of car%on#

13 of chromium and 1 of nicel does not rush. *hese properties mae

stainless steel suita%le for maing surgical instrument and cutlery.

ii. ure copper tarnish easily. hen "inc ('0! is added# the yello$ alloy $hich isno$n as %rass develops a high resistance to corrosion.

c! Enhancing the appearance

i. e$ter# an alloy of tin (5!# antimony and copper is not only hard %ut also hasa more %eautiful $hite silvery appearance.

ii. hen copper is mi+ed $ith nicel to form cupronicel# an alloy that has an

attractive silvery# %right appearance is formed $hich is suita%le for maingcoins.

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Alloy &omposition roperties Uses

High car%on steel iron1 car%on

Strong#hard and high$ear resistance

iron

0.4 car%on

13chromium

1 nicel

Co not rust and

tarnish# strong and

dura%le

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The formation of alloy

&HAT ARE POL$MER

1. H!n

styrene&H2F&H&>H

hard# rigid# clearsolid

toys# ca%inetspacaging

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solu%le in organic

solvents(foamed!

Po*+acr+*on)tr)*e

(A9# rlon#

Acrilan!

(&H2)

&H&9!n

acrylonitrile

&H2F&H&9

high)melting solid

solu%le in organic

solvents

rugs# %lanets

clothing

Po*+tetra0*.oroeth

+*ene

(*;E# *eflon!

(&;2)&;2!n

tetrafluoroethyl

ene

&;2F&;2

resistant# smooth

solid

non)sticsurfaces

electrical

insulation

Po*+,'eth+*

'ethacr+*ate-

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d. *here are limitation in recycle have to %e separated out as the addition of non)

recycla%le polymers in the mi+ture affect the properties of the recycled polymers.

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&HAT ARE GLASS

1. =lass is one of the most useful %ut ine+pensive materials in the $orld.

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CERAMICS

1. *raditional silicate ceramics are made %y heating aluminosilicate clay such as aolin to

a vary high temperature.2. &eramics have many special properties that mae them one of the most useful materials

in our everyday life. *hat/

a. Are hard# strong %ut %rittle%. Have high melting point and remain sta%le at high temperature

c. Are heat and electric instrument

d. Are resistant to corrosion and $eare. Are chemically not reactive

f. Co not readily deform under stress

'. &eramic play important role in our daily life. *hey are uses as

a. &onstruction materialsi. &eramic are strong and hard# uses to mae roof tiles# %rics cement# sins# and

toilet %o$ls.

ii. *hey are also used to mae refractory %rics %ecause high resistant to heat.%. Cecorative items

i. *o mae pottery# china plates# and porcelain vases since they do not tarnish

easily and are dura%le.ii. *hey are used to mae %athroom fi+ture such as floor and $all tiles.

c. Electrical insulator

i. &eramic are used to mae electrical insulator in electrical items such as toasters#fridges and electrical plug.

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&HAT ARE COMPOSITE MATERIALS

1. A composite materials (or composite! is a structure of materials that is formed %y t$o

or more different su%stances such as metal# glass# ceramic and polymer.2. Some common composite materials are/

a. :einforces concrete

%. Superconductorc. ;i%re optic

d. ;i%re glass

e. hotochromic glass

REINFORCES CONCRETE

1. &oncrete is hard# fireproof# $aterproof# comparatively cheap and easy to maintain. 8t is

more important construction materials.

2. *he reinforces is a com%ination of concrete and steel.

SUPERCONDUCTOR

1.

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FI4RE GLASS

1. ;i%re glass is glass in the form of fine threads.