UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, BANGLORE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, HASSAN

TOPIC :Genetically Modified Organism

PRESENTED TO: DR. Nagesh .N. Asst. professor , Dept.of Biotechnology, Agricultural college, Hassan.

GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)GMO (Genetically Modified Organism)

What is a GMO?What is a GMO?A genetically modified organism is one A genetically modified organism is one whose genetic material has been whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering.altered using genetic engineering.Genetically modified organisms, or Genetically modified organisms, or GMOs, are commonly used in foods GMOs, are commonly used in foods and medicines. This has led to concern and medicines. This has led to concern about the dangers they might cause to about the dangers they might cause to the environment and to human healththe environment and to human health

How?

By eliminating, modifying or adding copies of specific genes often from other organisms through modern molecular biology techniques.

Other names: Recombinant DNA (rDNA)

Genetic engineering

Gene splicing

The two most common The two most common types of GMO’s aretypes of GMO’s are

Foods – canola , soya bean , golden rice Foods – canola , soya bean , golden rice corn and aspartame corn and aspartame

Medicines - Insulin, hormones and Medicines - Insulin, hormones and vaccinevaccine

Food GMO’sFood GMO’s

Crops are modified so when farmer kill Crops are modified so when farmer kill weeds with herbicides the crops can with weeds with herbicides the crops can with stand the exposure to the herbicide – killing stand the exposure to the herbicide – killing the weeds and not the cropthe weeds and not the crop

Although it is not as common, some types of Although it is not as common, some types of GMOs are modified to increase their GMOs are modified to increase their nutrient content. Corn and soybeans are two nutrient content. Corn and soybeans are two examples of crops that have higher-nutrient examples of crops that have higher-nutrient GMO versions available.GMO versions available.

Medicine GMO’sMedicine GMO’s

Genetically modified medicines can be Genetically modified medicines can be produced cheaper and easier.produced cheaper and easier.

Some GMO's are : insulin, thyroid Some GMO's are : insulin, thyroid hormones and the hepatitis B vaccine hormones and the hepatitis B vaccine (insulin being the oldest)(insulin being the oldest)

Other Types of GMO’sOther Types of GMO’s

• Plants and CropsPlants and Crops• MicrobesMicrobes• MammalsMammals• InsectsInsects• Aquatic LifeAquatic Life

GMOs HistoryGMOs History

First GMO created in 1973First GMO created in 1973

After years of testing and After years of testing and research, GMOs were research, GMOs were introduced to farmersintroduced to farmers

In the 1990s, genetically In the 1990s, genetically modified foods became modified foods became available in storesavailable in stores

19781978GenentechGenentech

Becomes the first to Becomes the first to synthesize insulin, later they synthesize insulin, later they create a human growth create a human growth hormone which was used to hormone which was used to enable dwarf children to grow enable dwarf children to grow to a normal size. to a normal size. Genentech’s Humulin is the Genentech’s Humulin is the first consumer product first consumer product developed through modern developed through modern bioengineering. bioengineering.

19821982MonsantoMonsanto

Introduced a bovine Introduced a bovine growth hormone used growth hormone used in cows to increase in cows to increase milk production.milk production.

They were among the They were among the first to genetically first to genetically modify a plant cell in modify a plant cell in 1983. 1983.

19921992

Calgene’s Favr Savr Calgene’s Favr Savr tomato is approved for tomato is approved for commercial production by the commercial production by the US department of agriculture. US department of agriculture. This was genetically This was genetically engineered to remain firm for engineered to remain firm for a longer period of time. The a longer period of time. The FDA declares that genetically FDA declares that genetically engineered foods are not engineered foods are not dangerous and do not require dangerous and do not require special regulation (History of special regulation (History of genetic engineering, 2012genetic engineering, 2012).).

TodayToday

SoybeansSoybeans 93% of soybeans 93% of soybeans

planted in the U.S. planted in the U.S. are genetically are genetically modified. Soybeans modified. Soybeans are used in products are used in products such as animal feed, such as animal feed, prepackaged meals prepackaged meals and the oil is used in and the oil is used in many industrial many industrial applications.applications.

CornCorn86% of corn planted in the U.S 86% of corn planted in the U.S falls under the category of a falls under the category of a GMO. Maize is the most widely GMO. Maize is the most widely grown grain crop in the grown grain crop in the Americas, it is used to make Americas, it is used to make sugar substitutes such as high sugar substitutes such as high fructose corn syrup, a large fructose corn syrup, a large quantity of processed foods quantity of processed foods contain corn and is also used to contain corn and is also used to make ethanol, a biofuel that is make ethanol, a biofuel that is mixed with gasoline to decrease mixed with gasoline to decrease the amount of pollutants emitted the amount of pollutants emitted by motor vehicles.by motor vehicles.

TomorrowTomorrowStill in DevelopmentStill in Development

Various products Various products including vaccines, including vaccines, vitamin enrichments, vitamin enrichments, hormones that result in hormones that result in faster maturation and faster maturation and disease resistance. disease resistance.

Only time can tell if the Only time can tell if the risks involved in using risks involved in using GMOs will outweigh the GMOs will outweigh the benefits.benefits.

Golden rice Golden rice Advantage:

It contains Vitamin-A,

so children in developing

countries won’t become blind

Disadvantage:

Poor countries become

depentent on rich countries

which have the technics for

engineering

Examples of the potential benefits and

risks of GM

Sweet corn Sweet corn

Advantages: - No longer use of insecticides - The farmer don’t need to deal

with toxic

Disadvantages: - Insects can become resistant

to the poison - Endangered butterflies are in

bigger threat

Long- lasting tomatoes Long- lasting tomatoes

Advantages:

- GM tomatoes can remain fresh longer

- GM tomatoes can tolerate a lengthier transport time

Disadvantage: - Tomatoes are resistant to

antibiotics

What are people’s concernsWhat are people’s concerns Is this food safe? Is this food safe? Should food be labeled?Should food be labeled? Are there adverse environmental Are there adverse environmental

effects?effects? Patenting of seedsPatenting of seeds Discrimination against the poorDiscrimination against the poor Who benefits?Who benefits?

All of these concerns apply to food and agriculture in general

Genetic Modification of Conventional Genetic Modification of Conventional CropsCrops

61% of corn61% of corn 83% of cotton83% of cotton 80% of canola80% of canola 89% of soybeans89% of soybeans Other crops: rice, tomatoes, potatoes, Other crops: rice, tomatoes, potatoes,

Hawaiian papaya , chicory , crook neck Hawaiian papaya , chicory , crook neck squashsquash

Reduce use of pesticide and other Toxic chemicalsDesired characteristics of food are achieved and in

a shorter time Improves nutritional value.Many people rely on GM food for medicines.Gene technology is the best solution to the problem

of world hunger.

Advantages

Environmental Hazards from Pesticides

• Substantial health impacts on workers

• Pollution of natural ecosystems/ waterways

• Loss of insect biodiversity in agroecosystems

• Creation of secondary pests

• Creation of insect races resistant to pesticides

Genetics is always better than chemicals: GM Cotton with a

Bacillus thurengiensis Cry gene is resistant

to Cotton Bollworm. Cry encodes an insecticidal

protein

1.1. All GM foods have been All GM foods have been extensively tested and they extensively tested and they are as safe as other foods are as safe as other foods in the market place. in the market place.

2.2. GM crops can be made GM crops can be made into convenience and into convenience and “junk” food just like organic “junk” food just like organic crops and other crops!crops and other crops!

3.3. Nutrition depends on the Nutrition depends on the food, not the method of food, not the method of crop breedingcrop breeding

GMO: with a limiting factor

B. Disadvantages

Unacceptable to some groups to copy genes.

Interfiere in food chain

Genetically engineered animals may suffer more health problems

Allergic reactions

“Genetic Pollution”

Agriculture has narrowed the gene pool and Agriculture has narrowed the gene pool and caused a loss of biodiversitycaused a loss of biodiversity

Wild Progenitors and Relatives

Land Races

Elite Lines

Agriculture is the main cause of Agriculture is the main cause of environmental change and degradationenvironmental change and degradation

Presented by,

Manoj B

.S

ThanksThanksfor your kind attentionfor your kind attention