1kl/jt{gsf syfx?

elgG5 h:tf] ;'s} cK7\of/f] kl/l:yltdf eP klg dflg;n] hLjgdf slxNo} xf/ dfGg'

xF'b}g lsgeg] hLjgn] slxn] s'g df]8 lnG5 jf s'g df]8df s:tf] cj;/n] klv{/fv]sf] x'G5

s;}nfO{ yfxf x'+b}g . of] s'/f d'gfsf] hLjgdf rl/tfy{ ePsf]5 .

d'gf em08} cf7 jif{sL x“'bf pgn] cfºgf] a'af u'dfOg\ eg] cf7 sIffdf k9\b} ubf{ cfdf .

To;kl5 t pgL k9fO / 3/af6 alGrt x'g k'lug\ . ;a} lbbL bfOx?n] To;a]nf;Dddf ljjfx

ul/;s]sfn] pgnfO{ Tolt w]/} x]/ljrf/ klg k'¥ofpg ;s]gg\ .

pgL 3/]n' sfdbf/sf] ?kdf sfd ug{ yflng\, hxf“ pgn] b'O{hgf gfgLx?nfO{ :ofxfg'{

kbYof]{ . pgn] cfºgf] dflns Ps d;fh kfn{/df sfd ug]{ s'/f yfxf kfOg\ . pgnfO{

klg Toxf“ sfd ug{ n}hfg yflnof] . To; 7fp“df sfd ug{ yfn]kl5 dfq pgn] cfkm"n] of}

gsdL{sf] ?kdf klg sfd ug'{ kg]{ s'/f yfxf kfOg\ . pgn] cfºgf] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg

;Dej lyPg . sfdsf] bf}/fgdf d'gfn] pgsL h]7L lbbL klg legfh'n] 5f8]kl5 d;fh

kfn{/d} sfd ug{] u/]sf] yfxf kfOg\ .

d'gf pgn] bfO eGg] Ps JolQml;t ef8fsf] sf]7fdf a:g yflng\ . t/ pgsf] bfOn] jf:tf

gu/]sf]n] pgL v'zL lyOgg\ . To;}n] pgL cfkm"n] sdfPsf] k};f p;nfO{ lbGg lyOg\ .

pgn] sdfPsL s]xL k};f AofÍdf hDdf u/]sL lyOg\ . /fd|f] sdfOsf] afah"b pgnfO{ cfºgf]

k]zfaf6 ;Gt'i6 eg] lyOgg\ . cfºgf] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] pgsf] OR5f lyof] . Ps lbg

Pshgf ;fyLaf6 /Iff g]kfnsf] af/]df yfxf kfOg\ . cfºgf] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsg]

/ gof“ hLjg z'? ug{ l;nfO tflnd kfpg] cfzfdf pgL Toxf“ k'lug\ .

pgLsf] cfzf qmdzM oyf{ydf kl/0ft x'g yfNof] . ToxfF pgn] l;nfOsf] cfwf/e"t tflnd

lnOg\ / k9fO klg z'? ul/g\ . cfwf/e"t tflnd ;s]/ P8\efG;8\ tflndsf nflu klg

egf{ eOg\ . xfn pgL /fli6«o lgDg dfWolds ljBfnodf sIff cf7df k9\b}l5g\ . d;fh

kfn{/df sfd ug]{ pgsL lbbL pgnfO{ /Iff g]kfndf cfP/ a/f]a/ e]6\g] / xf};nf a9fpg]

sfd ul5{g\ . pgLnfO{ k|fKt lg/Gt/ k/fdz{ / xf};nfsf sf/0f pgL kl/kSj ePsL l5g\ .

æTo:tf] sfd ug{ dnfO{ s;}n] klg afWo kf/]sf] xf]OgÆ, d'gf elG5g\ . ækl/l:yltj;\ d

Totflt/ tflgP“ . Æ

cfkm\gf] lttf] ljutnfO{ d'gfn] pNofpg g;s] klg pgn] ca gofF hLjg z'? ul/;s]sL5g\ .

gof“ hLjg

2kl/jt{gsf syfx?

3kl/jt{gsf syfx?

Pp6f k'/fgf] cfxfg 5M olb Pp6f dfG5]nfO{ df5f lbof] eg] p;sf] Ps 5fs 65{ .

t/ olb p;nfO{ df5f dfg{ l;sfof] eg] p;n] hLjgel/ ef]s} a:g' kb}{g . lgZro

klg of] egfO hlt lxhf] ;xL lyof] cfh klg Tolt g} ;xL 5 . t/ olb p;nfO{ df5f

dfg{ klxnfb]lv g} cfp5 t/ dfg{ rflx+ lbOPsf] 5}g eg] s] ug{] < olb p;sf] kl/jf/n]

k':tf}+b]lv df5f dfb}{ cfPsf] kf]v/Ldf clxn] cfP/ rflx+ p;nfO{ kfOnf /fVg lbOb}g eg]

Tolta]nf s;f] ug{] xf]nf <

slkna:t'sf] Ps ul/a ;d'bfon] w]/} jif{;Dd o:t} ;d:of em]Ng' k¥of] . To; lhNnfdf

ePsf] a'l4 kf]v/L Pp6f Jofkf/Ln] PSn} ef8fdf lnP/ bz jif{;Dd To;sf] kmfObf

p7fof] . t/ :yfgLo ;+:yf e[s'6L sDo'lg6L nlg{ª ;]G6/ -ljl;Pn;L_sf] ;xof]udf ufpFn]x?n]

To; kf]v/Lsf] :jfldTj k'gM cfkm\gf] xftdf lnP . clxn] pgLx?n] kf]v/Ldf df5f kfng

u/]sf 5g\ .

lhNnfdf ePsf] o; gjLg kxnn] kf]v/Laf6 a9LeGbf a9L nfe p7fpg] k|of; u/]sf]5 . @&^

kl/jf/ ;Fu} ldn]/ kf]v/Lsf] x]/rfx ul//x]sf5g\ . pgLx? kfgLsf] n]en ldnfp5g\, df5fsf

e'/f x'sf{p5g\ / x'ls{Pkl5 df5f df/]/ a]R5g\ .

oL kl/jf/nfO{ d2t ug{ / ljleGg ;fdflhs tyf :jf:Yosf d'2f ;Daf]wg ug{ !( j6f

;d'x klg u7g ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6f ;xsf/L klg :yfkgf ul/g]5, h;n] o; df5fkfng

tyf xfn;fn} ;'? ePsf] n3' pBdnfO{ ;xof]u ug{]5 .

o;} jif{sf] df3 !) ut] klxnf] rf]l6 kf]v/Ldf Dff5f dfl/of] . Tof] lbg ufpFn]sf nflu Psbd}

7'nf] xs{sf] lbg lyof] . df5f k|z:t / 7"N7"nf lyP, h;nfO{ glhssf] ahf/df nu]/ laqmL

ul/of] . klxnf] lbgsf] sdfO ?= ;q xhf/ eof] . lg/Gt/ kfFr

lbg;Dd df5f df/L laqmL ul/of] . x/]s lbg df5fsf] laqmL

a9\bf] lyof] .

df5f a]r]/ cfPsf] %) k|ltzt k};f kf]v/L ;kmf ug{, df5fsf]

e'/f lsGg / csf{] jif{sf nflu df5fsf] g;{/L Joj:yfkg ug{

vr{ ul/g]5 . ufpn]x?n] afFsL %) k|lt;t k};fdf csf{] jif{sf]

sdfOaf6 yk]/ Pp6f sf]if v8f ug{] ljrf/ u/]sf5g\ . o;

sf]ifaf6 ;d'bfosf ;b:on] C0f lng ;Sg]5g\ clg cGo sfd

/ kl/of]hgf z'? ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . ;Dejt Pp6f ko{6g;DaGwL

kl/of]hgf klg z'? ul/g]5 .

kf]v/Laf6 ev{/} dfl/Psf tfhf df5fsf] kl/sf/;lxtsf] Pp6f

/dfOnf] agef]h u/] t uha} xf]nf lg < clxn]sf nflu of]

;kgfdfq h:tf] nfUnf t/ yf]/} ;fy—;xof]u kfP To;df

cfkm\gf] d]xgt yk]/ slkna:t'sf oL kf}/vL ufpFn]x?n] Tof]

;kgfnfO{ ;fsf/ agfpg s] a]/ <

df5L df/g xf] bfh}

4kl/jt{gsf syfx?

wf/Lb]aL rfdnfO{ k9\g] ulx/f]

OR5f lyof] lyof] . t/ ul/aL /

e]befjsf sf/0f pgn] ;fgf]df cfkm\gf]

OR5f k'/f ug{ ;lsgg\ .

?kGb]xL lhNnfjf;L pgL elG5g\, æd

;fgf] x'bfF k9\g] df}sf kfOg . d]/f] cfdf

dnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg rfxg'xGYof] t/

bfOn] 5f/Ln] k9] afS;L x'lG5g\ eg] .

lax] u/] kl5 klg d k9\g rfxGy]+ t/

d]/f] >Ldfg c;'/lIft dxz'; uy{] /

d}n] 3/ 5f]8]sf] x]g{ rfxb}g lyP . pgL

lzIfs x'g\ / xKtfel/ g} k|fo Jo:t /

xG5g\ . oxL df}sf 5f]kL d n'lsl5lk

;If/tf sIffdf k9\g hfg yfn]+ .

pgL 3/df x'+bf eg] sIff hfg kfplbg

lyPF .

Pslbg pgn] d ;fIf/tf sIffdf

uO/x]sf] yfxf kfP . egfeg eof] /

pgn] dnfO{ lxsf{P .Æ

t/ lj:tf/L wf/Lb]jLsf] cfTdljZjf;

a9\of] / >Ldfgsf] lj/f]w klg 36]/

uof] . æcem c? dlxnf lbbLalxgLx?

klg sIffdf cfpg yfn] / dlxnf ;d"x

u7g eof] . kmn:j?k, d]/f] >Ldfgn]

lj:tf/} d]/f] k9fOnfO{ :jLsfg{ yfn] .Æ

wf/Lsf nflu ca sfnf] cIf/ e}+;L

a/fa/ 5}g . cIf/x?n] pgLnfO{ Pp6f

gofF ;+;f/ b]vfPsf] 5 .

n'lsl5lk g}wf/Lb]jLn] Pp6f gof“ ;+;f/ b]lvg\

5kl/jt{gsf syfx?

ædnfO{ w]/} v';L nfu]sf] lyof] ha d}n] b'O{ cfdf / pgLx?sf] aRrfnfO{ Eofs'd

8]lne/Ldfkm{t arfpg ;s]+ . of] d]/f] hLjgs} klxnf] k|of; lyof],Æ sf]kLnf

/f0ff elG5g\ .æclxn] /fd|/L ;'Ts]/L u/fpg ;S5' eGg] s'/fdf d]/f] cfTdljZjf;

a9]sf]5Æ . sf]lknf clShn/L g;{ ld8jfOkm -PPgPd_ x'g\ . pgL ;Nofg lhNnf

c:ktfndf sfo{/t l5g\ . pgn] If]qLo c:ktfn ;'v]{tdf ;+rfng ul/Psf] Ps dlxg]

Jojl:yt tj/n] ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] tflnd -P;laP_ lnOg\ . tflndaf6 kms{]kl5 pgn]

c:ktfndf ;'/lIft tj/n] ;'Ts]/L u/fpg] sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L lnOg\ .

tflnd lng'eGbf cl3 pgnfO{ ;f; km]g{df ;d:of ePsf xf];df gcfPsf ;a}

aRrfx? hGdg' cl3 g} d5{g\ eGg] nfUYof] . t/ pgLn] Tof] ;xL xf]Og eGg] yfxf

kfPsL l5g\ . æd}n] To:tf lzz'x??sf nflu s[lqd :jf;k|:jf; lbPsL 5' . s[lqd

:jf;k|:jf; u/] kl5 lzzx? a]xf]; x'G5g\ . t/ Ps l5g kl5 xf];df cfpF5g\ .

ca d}n] s[lqd :jf;k|:jf; s;/L k|of]u ug]{ / o;n] s;/L lzz'x?nfO{ arfpg

;lsG5 eGg] s'/f /fd|/L yfxf kfPsf]5' . of] d]/f] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] pknAwL xf],Æ sf]lknf

elG5g\ . æof] tl/sf k|of]u u/L d}n] cl3Nnf] dlxgfdf Ps lzz'sf] Hofg arfPsf]

lyPF .Æ

sf]lknfn] ca ;f; k]mg{ ;d:of ePsfaRrfnfO{ arfpg ;lS5g\

6kl/jt{gsf syfx?

lkkn8f“8fjf;Ln] cfg} :jf:Yo ;]jfs]Gb| :yfkgf u/]

b}n]v lhNnfsf lkkn8f“8fjf;Lx? cfhef]ln pgLx?n] s;/L cfkm}+n] :jf:Yo ;]jf

s]Gb| :yfkgf u/] eg]/ uj{ / pT;fxsf ;fy ;'gfp“5g\ . :yfgLo :jf:Yo rf}sLsf]

;]jf / cf}ifwLsf] cefj, :jf:Yo sd{rf/Lsf] clgoldt pkl:ylt cflbaf6 jfSs eP kl5

pgLx?n] cfºgf] :jf:Yo cfºg} xftdf lng] ljrf/ u/] . pgLx?n] klxn] :jf:Yo ;d'bfodf

cfwfl/t ;+:yf af/] af/] l;s] . cfkm"n] /f]h]sf] af6f] ;xL xf] ls xf]Og eGg] lgwf] ug{ Ps

jif{sf] cjlwdf pgLx?n] w]/} 5nkmn, tflndx? / ;fd'bflos k/fdz{x? u/] .

:yfgLo cfdf ;d"xaf6 yfn]/ ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo :jod\;]ljsf clg ;/f]sf/ /fVg]

u|fdL0f ;b:ox?l;t ltgLx?n] ;d'bfosf] :jf:Yo ;d:ofx?sf] af/]df dfl;s 5nkmn

z'? u/] . ltgLx?n] vf]k sfo{qmdx?df ;xof]u ug{ yfn] eg] ;fIf/tf sfo{qmddfkm{t

cfkm"n] kfPsf] :jf:Yo ;'rgf k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{ yfn] . dlxnfsf nflu ;'Ts]/L a]yf nfUg'

cl3 / kl5 ul/g] :jf:Yo hf“r h:tf sfo{sf nflu;d]t 7fpF geP kl5 ;d'bfo cfkm}+

h'6]/ cfºg} ;fgf] ejg lgdf{0f u/] . Pp6f :yfgLo ;+:yf ;xsfo{n] lbPsf] kmlg{r/,

cf}ifwL / s]xL pks/0f;lxt clxn] pgLx?n] dlxgfsf] b'O{ k6s :jf:Yo sfo{stf{sf] cfO{

;]jf lbg] nufot gof“ ;'ljwf k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ .

pgLx?n] clxn] cfºgf] ;+:yfsf] ;]jfnfO{ lg/Gt/tflbg] l6sfpg d2t ug]{ vfnsf

cfod"ns sfd klg z'? u/]sf 5g\ .

o;af6 ;d'bfodf cfPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gaf6 k|efljt eO{ o:tf] ;]jfnfO{ cem lj:tf/

ug{ pgLx? pT;flxt 5g\ .

7kl/jt{gsf syfx?

lw/]Gb|s'df/ ljs blnt x'g\ . pgL k"jL{ g]kfnsf] df]/ª lhNnfdf kg{] l;wx/f eGg] ;fgf] ufpFdf

a:5g\ . lw/]Gb| ;ft jif{sf] x'Fbf g} cfFvfsf] Hof]lt u'dfpg k'u] . Tolta]nfb]lv g} pgsf] hLjg

ufx|f] x'g yfn]sf] lyof] . pgL lg/fz x'Gy] . slxn]sfxL+ t cTof;} nfUYof] .

cGwsf/do lbgx? Psgf; lalt/x]sf lyP . t/ Ps lbg pgsf] hLjgdf a]Un} eP/ cfof] .

To; lbg pgLnfO{ Pp6f sfo{qmddf efu lng af]nfOof] . of] sfo{qmd Pp6f ;+:yfn] pgL h:tf

kLl8t o'jfx?sf nflu cfof]hgf ul/Psf] /x]5 . ToxfF pgn] clwsf/sf] s'/f l;s] . pgn] s;/L

cfkm\gf] kL8fsf] afah"t cy{k"0f{ hLjg afFRg ;lsG5 eGg] a'em] . oxL sfo{qmdn] pgnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;fgf]

em'k8Laf6 aflx/ lgl:sg k|]l/t u/\of] .

clxn] pgn] :yfgLo o'jf ;d"x blnt hg;+:yf o'jf Snasf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf5g\ . ;f] Snan]

dlxgf–dlxgfdf e]6]/ PrcfOeL ;+qmldtnfO{ ul/g] e]befj cflb h:tf :jf:Yo;DaGwL d'2fx?df

;r]tgf sfo{qmd ub{5 . lw/]Gb| gf6ssf syf n]V5g\ / cfºgf ;fyLx?nfO{ tL gf6sx?df

v]Ng xf};fp5g\ . Snan] JolQmut / ;fd'lxs ;/;kmfO af/] hgr]tgf km}nfO/x]sf]5 . ;d'bfosf

;b:ox?n] cfºgf] 3/cfug / kl/kl/sf If]q ;kmf;'3/ /fVg ;'? u/]sf5g\ . kmn:j?k ;?jf

/f]udf sdL cfPsf]5 .

oL / o:tf sfd ubf{ub{} ;do uPsf] kQ} x'Fb}g pgnfO{ . cfh lw/]Gb| aflx/L cfFvf u'dfPsf]df

Tolt w]/} b'lvt 5}gg\ . lsgeg] pgsf] leqL cfFvfn] pgL w]/} b]Vg ;S5g\ / ;dfhsf nflu w]/}

ul//x]sf5g\ . jf:tjdf pgL ;fFRr} kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs ePsf 5g\ .

kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs

8kl/jt{gsf syfx?

9kl/jt{gsf syfx?

d]/f] gfd dgs'df/L xf] . d #! jif{sL eP“ . d]/f] 3/ wflbª lhNnf Hofª?ª ufp“xf] . d kf“r jif{sf] x'bF} af–cfdf laTg' eof] . d]/f rf/ bfh'efO 5g\ . 7'NbfOn] xfdL

;a}nfO{ x'sf{pg' eof] . ul/aLsf sf/0f d}+n] k9\g klg kfO“g .

t]x|} jif{df d]/f] ljjfx eof] . d]/f >Ldfg\ kf]v/fdf 8«fOe/ lyP . pgdf /S;Lsf] nt lyof] .

dnfO{ lk6\g] ul//xGy] . v]taf/Ldf cfkm" dfq sfd uy]{+ . pgL w]/}h;f] kf]v/fdf g} a:y] .

d]/f] Pp6f ue{ v]/ uof] . t/ s]xL jif{df d]/L 5f]/L hGdL .

tLg jif{ cl3 d]/f >Ldfg\n] bf];|f] ljjfx u/\of] . p;n] dnfO{ lkl6/xGYof] / lj/n} vfg

lbGYof] . lj:tf/L lj:tf/L pm bf];|f] >LdtLl;t cnUu} a:g yfNof] . ltgLx? 3/ 5f8]/

ef8fsf] sf]7fdf a:g yfn] .

Ifltk"lt{sf] ?kdf p;n] Pp6f ;fgf] 6'qmf hldg / Pp6f e}+;L lbof] . hldgdf vfg k'Ug]

pAhgL x'“b}gYof] .

ufp“n]x?nfO{ d]/f] cj:yf yfxf lyof] . dlxnf ljsf; sfof{non] dnfO{ sf;f g]kfn gfds

;+:yfdf l;kmfl/; u¥of] . hUuf / e}+;L cfkmGtnfO{ 5f8]/ sf;f g]kfn cfP“ .

clk|n @)!) df oxf“ cfPkl5 vfgfsf ljleGg kl/sf/ ksfpg] snf, cfwf/e"t u[xlj1fgsnf,

of]uf / g[To h:tf hLjgf]kof]uL ;Lk l;s]+ .

d}+n] dgf]–;fdflhs k/fdz{ klg kfP“ . rf/

lbg] cfod"ns lqmofsnfk ;DaGwL 5nkmndf

;xefuL eP kl5 d}+n] au}+rf;DaGwL tflnd

lng] lg0f{o u/]+ . d]/L 5f]/L glhs} /x]sf]

:s"ndf egf{ eO{ .

d}n] tLg dlxg] au}+rf;DaGwL tflnd

lnP“ . d xfn tflnd lnPs} g;{/Ldf sfd

ul//x]sf]5' . d}+n] ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf vftf klg

vf]n]sL 5', h;df x/]s dlxgf d]/f] tna

hDdf x'G5 . d clxn] dlxgfsf] tLg xhf/

sdfp“5' . yk ;do sfd u/]sf] 5'§} kfl/>lds

kfp“5' . dnfO{ cfºgf] sfd /fd|f] nfU5 lsgls

oxL sfd d}+n] 3/df ubf{ s'g} kfl/>flds kfplbg lyPF . clxn] d kfl/>flds kfp5' .

d}n] clxn] s;}l;t vr{sf nflu xft km}nfpg' k/]sf] 5}g . d ljZj:t 5' ls d]/L 5f]/Ln]

d}+n] h:tf] b'vbk"0f{ hLjg af“Rg' kg]{ 5}g .

d]/L 5f]/Ln] d]/f] h:tf] hLjg latfpg' kb{}g

10kl/jt{gsf syfx?

ufp“ 5f8]kl5 si0f sfdsf] vf]hLdf a'6jn k'u] . Toxf“ Pp6f /]i6'/]G6df ef“8f dfem\g]

sfd cf7 dlxgf hlt u/] . clg a'6an 5f]8]/ kf]v/flt/ xflgP . tTsfn} sfd

kfpg g;sL af“Rgsf nflu ;8ssf c? s]6fs]6Lx?l;t} pgL klg yf]qf ;fdfg a6'Ng

yfn] . ;8ssf] hLjg af“Rbf–af“Rb} pgn] ToxL+sf cfgLafgL l;s] . ;fdflhs sfo{stf{x?n]

3/ kms]{/ cfºgf] k9fO hf/L /fv] pgLnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ s'/f ubf{ klg pgn] dtna u/]gg\ .

lj:tf/L Ps ;+uL lzIfsn] pgnfO{ lbjfsflng cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] sIffdf egf{ x'g]

s'/fdf dgfpg ;kmn eP . pgn] lgoldt k9fO z'? u/] . pgn] kf“rlbg] ;fgf Jofj;fo

tflnddf ;d]t ;xefuL eP . s|dzM s[i0fdf abnfj cfpg yfNof] . tflndkl5 s[i0fn]

/fqL cfjf;df lgoldt a:g yfn] . pgn] Un" klg sd k|of]u ug{ yfn] . pgnfO{

yf]qf lrhlah a6'n]/eGbf klg ;fgf] Joj;fo u/]/ k};f cfh{g ug{ dg nfUof] . afnljsf;

Aofª\saf6 C0f lnP/ a;sf Kof;]Gh/x?nfO{ ldg/n jf6/ a]Rg] ug{ yfn] . pgL /fqL

cfj;df a:gvfg] ug{ yfn], Un" k|ofu ug{ 5f]8] / lbgx' sfddf hfg yfn] . ;fy}

cgf}krfl/s sIffdf k9\g hfg t 5b}lyof] . b'O{ dlxgfd} pgn] afx| xhf/ ?k}of“eGbf a9L

art ug{ ;kmn eP .

;f] k};fn] pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ lgs} dlxgf wfGg k'Ug] 7fg]/ pgL 3/ kms{g tof/ eP . Pshgf

;fdflhs sfo{stf{sf ;fydf s[i0f cfºgf] sdfO lnP/ 3/ kms]{ .

gf} dlxgfb]lv pgL 3/} al;/x]sf 5g\ . s]xL dlxgfdf Ps k6s kmf]g u5{g\ . k9fO ug{

g;s] klg pgL kl/jf/;lxt sfdsf] vf]hLdf st} hfg] jf s'g} Jofj;fo z'? ug]{ ;f]+rdf

5g\ . pgL clxn] klg ul/a 5g\ t/ pgsf] hLjgdf Ps lsl;dn] 7"n} abnfa cfPsf]5 .

3/ kms{] s[i0f

11kl/jt{gsf syfx?

cfF6, hfFu/sf] ePdf / plrt cj;/ kfPdf cfFvfsf] Hof]lt u'dfPsL dlxnfn] klg

s] ug{ ;lS5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] pbfx/0f x'g\ lg/f clwsf/L .

g]kfn b[li6lxg sNof0f ;+u7gn] ;g\ !(*$ b]lv nlntk'/, nugv]nl:yt gd"gf dl5Gb|

cfjfl;o dfWolds ljBfnodf b[li6ljxLgx?sf nflu Plss[t lzIff sfo{qmd z'?

u¥of] . nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] uf]l6v]nsL lg/f To; sfo{qmdsL k|yd Aofrdf egf{ eOg\ .

k9fOdf ;w}+ nugzLn pgn] ;f]xL ljBfnoaf6 ;g\ !((@ sf] P;=Pn=;L= k/LIffdf ^$=%&%

cÍ NofP/ k|yd >]0fLdf pQL0f{ eOg\ . To;kl5 pgn] ;dfhzf:q ljifo lnO{ :gftsf]Q/

-PdP_ ;Ddsf] k9fO k'/f ul/g\ .

;g\ @))% df pgn] hfkfgdf ;"rgf k|ljlw lzIff sfo{qmddf tflndsf] cj;/

kfOg\ . tflndaf6 kms{] kl5 pgn] g]kfn b[li6xLg ;+u7gdf sDKo'6/ lzlIfsfsf] ?kdf sfd

ul/g\ . pgn] @))* b]lv @))( ;Dd Pl;ofnL b[li6ljlxg ;+3sf] b[li6ljlxg dlxnf ;zlQms/0f

kl/of]hgfsf] ;+of]hssf] ?kdf klg sfd ul/g\ . ;fy} 5 dlxgf Pp6f ljBfnodf dfWolds

lzlIfsfsf] ?kdf klg sfd ul/g .

t/ pgsf] ;kgf lyof] ;/sf/L ;]jf . pgn] @))# df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lghfdtL

;]jfsf] cl3s[t kbdf klxnf] k6s cfj]bg

lbOg\ . To; k6s ;kmn x'g ;lsgg\ . t/

pgn] lxDdt eg] xfl/gg\ . pgL k'gM d], @))*

sf] lnlvt k/LIffdf ;fd]n eOg\ . km]l/ klg

pgL c;kmn eOg\ . t/ pgn] k'gM k|of;

ul/g\ / hgj/L @))( df rflx+ eg] pQL0f{ eP/}

5fl8g\ . To;}u/L cGtjf{tf{df klg pgn]

;kmntf kfOg\ . clxn] lg/f dlxnf,

afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf]

dlxnf ljsf; zfvf nlntk'/df zfvf

cl3s[tsf] ?kdf sfo{/t l5g\ .

cf“vfsf u'dfPsL lg/f algg\ ;/sf/L clws[t

12kl/jt{gsf syfx?

s}nfnL pbf;Lk'/sf /d]z rf}w/L z'?b]lv g} ;fyL;“u dgsf s'/f /]l8of]

sfo{qmdsf] cToGt} pT;'s >f]tf lyP . c? ;fyL;“u dgsf s'/f >f]

tf Snasf ;kmntfsf syfaf6 k|efljt eP/ pgn] klg cfºgf] ;d'bfodf

Pp6f >f]tf Sna :yfkgf ug]{ lgwf] u/] . æxfdL ;d"xdf e]nf eP/ lgoldt

?kdf sfo{qmdx? ;'Gg] uYof}+ . / tL sfo{qmddf p7fOPsf ljifox?nfO{ xfd|f]

;d'bfo;Fu hf]8]/ 5nkmn uYof}{+ . t/ 5nkmn dfq ug'{eGbf s]xL 7f]; sfd

g} ug'{ k5{ eGg] nfUof], Æ pgL eG5g\ .

æPs lbg xfdL xfd|f] ufp“df ;a}eGbf a9L s] s'/fsf] vf“rf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf]

5nkmn ub}{ lyof+} . Snasf w]/} h;f] ;b:on] :s'nsf] cfjZostf ePsf]

atfP . d}+n] klg ;f] s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfP“ . ;a}eGbf glhssf] :s'n klg tLg

306f lx+8]/ dfq k'luGYof] . d]/f bfh'efOx?n] b}lgs tLg 306f lx+8]/ cfjthfjt

ug'{ eGbf 3/} a:g /f]h]sf] s'/f d}n] la;{]sf] lyOg .Æ t/ o; ljifodf ldl>t

k|lts[of cfof] .

/d]zn] ;f] s'/f af/] c;xdt ePsfx?nfO{ ;Demfpg] k|of; u/] . ;d'bfosf

;b:ox?sf] ;dy{glagf pQm ;f+]rn] ;fsf/ ?k lng;Sb}g eGg] pgnfO{

yfxf lyof] . æ;d'bfosf dflg;x?nfO{ Snasf] a}7sdf af]nfP/ xfd|f ljrf/

;'gfof}+ . ;xof]u ug{ grfxg] dflg;x? klg lyP . pgLx?n] :s'n :yfkgf

cfkm\g} ufp“df ljBfno

13kl/jt{gsf syfx?

ug'{ s]6fs]6Lsf] v]n xf]Og eGb} xfdLnfO{ luHofP, Æ /d]z

;DemG5g\ . t/ tL dWo] xfd|f ljrf/;Fu ;xdt x'g] yf]/} JolQmx? klg

lyP .Æ t/ cGTodf pgn] w]/}h;f]nfO{ o; s'/fdf ;xdt u/fpg ;kmn

eP . æPs hgf ufp“n]n] cfºgf] k'/fgf] uf]7 pknAw u/fP, clg z'? eof]

xfd|f] ufp“sf] klxnf] :s'nM gf]a]n Ps]8]dL,Æ ljut ;Dem“b} eG5g\ /d]z . t/

Tof] t z'?jft dfq lyof] . To;kl5 c? sof}+ ;d:ofx? Pskl5 csf]{

ub}{ cfpg yfn] .

klxnf] ;d:of t cleefjsx?n] cfºgf afnaflnsfx?nfO{ ljBfno

k7fPgg\ . cleefjsn] afnaflnsf gk7fPkl5 ;xgzLntf /]l8of]

>f]tf Snasf ;b:on] ;lqmo ?kdf cleefjsx?nfO{ cfºgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{

ljBfno k7fpg] s'/fdf dgfpg nfluk/] . cleefjsnfO{ cfslif{t ug{

u/La kl/jf/sf afnaflnsfnfO{ 5fqj[ltsf] of]hgf NofOof] . æ5fqj[ltn]

;f“Rr} g} uha sfd u¥of] / cleefjsx?n] cfºgf afnaflnsfx?nfO{

ljBfnodf egf{ ug{ yfn] . s]6fs]6Lx? klg tLg 306f b}lgs lx+8\g' kg]{

;d:ofaf6 d'Qm ePÆ, Ps ;b:o eG5g\ .

t/ cem} w]/} ;d:ofx? lyP . æljBfno ;+rfng ug]{ cg'ej gePsfn]

Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL y'k|} ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/\of] . ljBfno s]

jn >f]tf Snasf] dfq geP/ ;Dk"0f{ ;d'bfosf] xf] eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf

lyof] . To;sf/0f ;d'bfos} ;b:ox?nfO{ g]t[Tj ug{ cg'/f]w ul/of] . cfh

ljBfno ;d'bfosf cu'jf JolQmx? / >f]tf Snasf] ;+o'Qm Joj:yfkgaf6

;+rflnt 5 . bz sIff kf; u/]sf >f]tf Snasf ;b:ox?nfO{ lzIfssf]

?kdf lgo'Qm ul/Psf 5g\ . o;af6 ;b:ox?nfO{ cfºgf] Ifdtf ljsf;

ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5,Æ /d]z eG5g\ .

æk|To]s k6s :s'n k'Ubf s]6fs]6Lsf] xf“;f]n] dnfO{ :jfut u5{ .

ufp“n]x?n] klg awfO lbG5g\ . t/ dnfO{ eg] cem} w]/} ug{' 5 eGg]

dxz'; x'G5 . slxn]sfxL+ t dnfO{ a]r}gL klg x'G5 . t/ xfdL z'? u/]

sf] sfdnfO{ k'/f u/]/ dfq cGo sfd af/] ;f]+Rg rfxG5f}+ . xfd|f] efjLof]

hgf eg]sf] ljBfnonfO{ k|fylds txaf6 dfWolds tx;Dd k'¥ofpg] /

lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df a9fpg] xf],Æ /d]z eG5g\ .

14kl/jt{gsf syfx?

l/tf ca cfg} v'§fdf pleg ;lS5g\

klxn] clxn]

l;Gw'nL lhNnf dem'jf uflj; lgjf;L 5 jifL{of l/tf s'df/L tLg dlxgfsL 5Fbf cfuf]n] kf] lnP/ kLl8t eOg\ . pgsf af–cfdfn] glhs} /x]sf] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf

tTsfn} k|fylds pkrf/ sf nflu nu] . t/ kl5Nnf jif{df xft uf]8fx? uDeL/ ?kdf ljs[t aGg k'u] . cGwljZjf; / clzIffsf ;fy} r/d ul/aLsf sf/0f pgsf afcfdfn]ljz]if1 zNolqmof ;]jfsf nflu c:ktfn n}hfgsf] ;f6f] k/Dk/fut pkrf/sf] ;xf/f lnP .k/Dk/fut ljlwn] pgsf] b'b{zfdf s'g} ;'wf/ Nofpg ;s]g . pgn] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf nflu :yfgLo ljBfnodf egf{ x'g ;lsgg\ .;g\ @))( sf] cGTolt/ /fd]5fkdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] 3'DtL lzlj/ ;+rfng eO/x]sf] a]nf :yfgLo ;+:yf ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd l;Gw'nLsf] ;Dks{df cfOg\ . pgnfO{ lx+8\gdf lgs} sl7gfO lyof] / bfof“ v'§f rnfpg ;lSbg lyOg\ . g'xfpg], n'uf nufpg] / ;kmfO h:tf b}lgs sfdsf nflu klg pgnfO{n] kl/jf/df e/kg'{ kYof]{ .3'DtL lzlj/df hfFr]kl5 l/tfnfO{ zNolqmofsf nflu ;'idf sf]O/fnf :d[lt c:ktfndf l;kmfl/; ul/of] . pgnfO{ l8;]Da/ @))( df egf{ ul/of] / hgj/L @)!) df bfofF v'§fsf] k'glgdf{0f zNolqmof ul/P . zNolqmofsf nflu pgn] Ps dlxgf eGbf a9L c:ktfndf a:g' k¥of] . Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfn] ;a} vr{ a]xf]¥of] .c:ktfnaf6 kmls{Pkl5 zNolqmof ul/Psf] pgsf] bfofF v'§fsf] 3'F8f / uf]nLufF7f]sf] dfln; / tGsfpg] cEof; ;fd'bflos ljsf; sfo{qmd l;Gw'nLd} lkmlhof]y]/flk:6af6 ul/of] .pgsf] 3/ s]Gb|af6 clns 6f9f ePsfn] pgL ToxfF lgoldt hfg ;lQmg lyOg\ . ;fd'bflos sfo{stf{x?nfO{ klg pgsf] 3/}df uP/ cEof; u/fpg ;Dej ePg . To;sf/0f pgsf afcfdfnfO{ lgoldt Jofod cEof;sf] dxTj / cfjZostf af/]df /fd|/L atfOof] .5 jif{kl5, l/tf clxn] cfºgf b'j} v'§fdf pleg ;Sg] ePsL l5g\ . l/tfn] cfkm\gf] sfd cfkm} ug{ ;Sg] cfTdljZjf; k|fKt u/]sf]df pgsf af-cfdf clxn] v'zL 5g\ / pgsf] eljio k|lt cfzfjfbL 5g\ .

15kl/jt{gsf syfx?

c5't kl/jf/df hGd]sfn] ;'lwldof kf;jfgn] ul/aL / hflto lje]b /

y'k|} ckx]ngf ;fdgf ug'{ k¥of] . dlxnf ePsLn] dlxnfdfly nufOg]

aGb]hx? klg pgn] ef]lug\ . 3/sf] rf/lbjf/Laf6 aflx/ lg:s]/ cfly{s

pkfh{g ug]{ lqmofsnfk h:tf] æu}/dlxnfÆ sfddf lg:sg' pgsf nflu

k|ltjlGwt lyof] . /f}tx6 lhNnfsL e"ldxLg Pj+ cj;/ljxLg ;'lwldofn] Ps

cGt/fli6«o ;+:yfaf6 k|fKt e}+;Ldf cfzfsf] ls/0f b]lvg\ .

kz' Joj:yfkg tflndsf] d2taf6 lj:tf/} kl/l:yltdf ;'wf/ x'g

yfNof] . vfP/ pa|]sf] b'w /fd|f] bfddf a]lRyg\ . >Ldfg\sf] ;xof]udf pgn]

;fuzAhL / bfn pAhfpg !@ s7\7f hldg ef8fdf lnOg\ . pgLx?n] To;

jif{ 5 lSjG6n bfn kmnfP / ?=@!,^)) sdfP .

rfF8} g} pgLx?l;t Ps 6'qmf hldg lsGg kof{Kt k};f eof] . ;fgf] 3/

agfP/ pgsf] kl/jf/ al;/x]sf] uf]7af6 Toxf“ ;¥of] . pgsf] e}+;L, afv|fx? /

t/sf/L v]tLaf6 b'O{ 5f]/L / tLg 5f]/fnfO{ k9fpg kof{Kt cfDbfgL

x'GYof] . e};L kfPkl5sf] b'O{ jif{df pgLx?sf] hLjgdf w]/} kl/jt{g cfPsf]

5 . cem} klg ;'wfldof k/Dk/fut dfGotf cg';f/ ;f/Lsf] 5]pn] cfºgf]

lz/ 9flS5g\ . t/ Tof] 3'D6f]n] ca pgnfO{ 5]Sg ;Sg] 5}g .

ca 3'D6f]n] pgnfO{ 5]Sg ;Sb}g

16kl/jt{gsf syfx?

d]/f] gfd tf/f cf]8 xf] . d sGrgk'/ lhNnfsf] rfFbgL uflj;

j8f gDa/ % df a:5' . d]/f] rf/ hgfsf] kl/jf/ 5 . d

Pp6f ;fdfGo 3/]n' dlxnf xF' . d 3/ kl/jf/sf] nfngkfng /

3/leqsf] efG;f / uf]7sf] sfddfq ub{y]+ . kl/jf/sf nflu 3/

df ug'{ kg{] sfd ;a} uy{]+, ul//fv]sf]5' . h] ul//fv]sf]5', l7s

ul//fv]sf]5' eGg] ;f]+Ry]+ . >Ldfg gePsf sf/0f c? dlxnfn]eGbf

kl/jf/sf] clns a9L lhDd]jf/L lyof] ddf . To;}n] ;fdflhs sfo{sf nflu 3/ aflx/ hfg

;do g} x'Fb}g lyof] . rfx]/ klg hfg ;lStg lyPF .

@)%& ;fnlt/sf] s'/f xf], afnaRrf clns x'ls{;s]sfn] 3/sf] lhDd]jf/Laf6 klg s]xL

/fxt ldln/x]sf] lyof] . ;f] jif{sf] j};fv @( ut] :jL6 g]kfnn] ;+rfng u/]sf]

vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL j8f:t/Lo hgr]tgf a9fpg] sfo{qmddf ufpF3/sf c?

dlxnf lbbLalxgLx?;Fu d}n] klg ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ kfPF . ToxfF d}n] z'4 vfg]kfgL,

zf}rfnosf] dxTj, xft w'g] tl/sf / b"lift kfgLaf6 nfUg] /f]ux?sf] af/]df yfxf kfPF . yfxf

kfpbf klxnf] d}n] ckgfpb} u/]sf] tl/sf t unt kf] /x]5 eGg] nfUof] . To; kl5 :jL6

g]kfnsf] cfof]hgfdf @)^& ;fn c;f/df ;+rflnt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL tLg

lbg] tflnddf klg ;xefuL ePF . vfg]kfgL sfof{nosf OlGhlgo/ k|lzIfsn] l;sfPsf

s'/f clt g} dg k/\of]] . ;fwf/0f nfkf/jfxLn] ;fgf;fgf /f]ux?af6 7"nf /f]u nfUg ;Sbf]

/x]5, h;sf] kl/0ffd xfdL h:tf u/La kl/jf/df d[To' x'g] /x]5 . k9]n]v]sf] dlxnfsf nflu

of] ;fdfGo s'/f xf]nf t/ d]/f nflu eg] of] gofF / klxn] g;'g]sf]–ghfg]sf] s'/f lyof] .

tflnd kl5 kf] yfxf eof], :j:Yo /xg / c?nfO{ klg :j:Yo /fVgsf nflu z'4

vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] 7"nf] dxTj /x]5 . tflnddf kfgL z'4 ug{] ljlw, ;fa'g kfgLn] xft

w'g] tl/sf / zf}rfnosf] dxTj af/] a'em]+ . ufpF3/df udL{ / jiff{ ofddf nfUg] emf8fkvfnf,

cfFp, h'sf, x}hf cflb h:tf /f]usf] d"n sf/0f kfgL g} ePsf] / o:tf /f]uaf6 aRg ;kmf /

z'4 kfgL k|of]u ug''{ kg{] s'/f klg hfg]+ . tflnddf l;s]sf s'/f d}n] Jojxf/df nfu" klg

u/]+ . 3/df lkpgsf nflu pdfn]sf] jf ;f]l8; u/]sf] kfgLdfq k|of]u ug{ yfn]+ . ;/;kmfOdf

Wofg k'/\ofpg yfn]+ .

tflnd lnP kl5 d}n] cfkm\gf] uflj;df uP/ @) hgfnfO{ b'O{ lbg] tflnd lbg] cj;/

ldNof] . cfk"mn] tflnddf l;s]sf] s'/f ;xefuLnfO{ l;sfPF .

cfhef]ln d hxfFhxfF hfG5', z'4 vfg]kfgL / zf}rfnosf dxTj af/] a'emfp5' . ;fa'g kfgLn]

xft w'g] tl/sf / kfgL z'4 ug{] 3/]n' ljlw l;sfp5' . kfgLaf6 nfUg ;Sg] /f]usf af/]

atfp5' . ufpFn]n] klg d]/f s'/f ;'Gg yfn]sf5g\ . pgLx? lj/fdL eP d sxfF ;Nnfx lng

cfp5g\ .

ufpFdf x'g] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL tflnd, sfo{qmd / lqmofsnfkx?df d ;lqmo ?kdf ;xefuL

x'G5' . o;/L d ufpFsf] :jf:Yo :jd+;]ljsf ;/x ePsL 5' .

d, Pp6f :jf:Yo :jd+;]ljsf

vf]N;L ;d'b| ;txb]lv @%!%

dL6/sf] prfOdf cjl:yt

pQ/L x'Dnfsf] Pp6f ;fgf] ufp“

xf] . o; ufpFdf hDdf &@ 3/

5g\ . vf]N;Ldf kfgLsf] 7"nf] ;d:of

lyof] . kfgLsf nflu ufp“n]x?nfO{

ufp“ tlNt/sf] vf]N;f k|of]u ug'{ kg{]

afWotf lyof] . dlxnfx?n] kfgLsf

nflu 3G6f}+ s'g'{ kYof]{ / kfgL e/] kl5

#)—$) ldg6 lx+8]/ 3/ kms{g' kb{Yof] .

jiff{ ofddf kfgL b"lift x'g] uYof]{ .

dflg;x? la/fdL ky]{ .

vf]N;Ldf Pp6f /dfOnf] ls:;f

5 . ;g\ !(*% df Pp6f vfg]kfgL

kl/of]hgfsf] lgdf{0f z'? ul/of] . s]

xL ;do kl5 kl/of]hgf k'/f eof]] .

;a} hgf dVv k/] . afhfufhf;lxt

w'dwfdsf ;fy To;sf] pb\3f6g

ul/of] . t/ cGttM ;a} a]sf/

eof] . wf/fdf kfgL g} cfPg . Tof]

36gf cfhef]ln Pp6f /dfOnf] syf

h:tf] ePsf] 5 .

;g\ @))( df oxL ufp“df csf{] vfg]

kfgL k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug]{ of]hgf aGof] .

k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 Uo|fle6L ºnf] k|0ffnL

ufp“af6 s/La #%)) dL6/ prfOdf

lgdf{0f ul/of] .

l/8\; g]kfnsf] pQm kl/of]hgf

@)!) sf] z'?d} ;dfkg eof] .

o; kfln rflx+ kl/of]hgf ;kmn

eof] . clxn] ufp“df z'4 vfg]

kfgLsf nflu !),))) ln6/ Ifdtfsf]

kSsL 6]+sLdf * j6f wf/f hf]l8Psf

5g\ . ufp“n]sf] z'4 vfg]kfgL lkpg]

;kgf ;fsf/ ePsf]5 . ca pgLx?sf]

3/sf] cfFugd} vfg]kfgL pknAw 5 .

cf“ugd} vfg]kfgL

18kl/jt{gsf syfx?

pgLx? ;w}+h;f] gf}nf] s'/fsf] z'?jft u5{g\ . cyjf sDtLdf eO/x]sf] s'/fdf gljgtf

yKg] sf]l;; ub{5g\ . ljsf; / kl/jt{g pgLx?sf] Ph]08f xf] . l8;]Da/ @))^ df

pgLx?n] k'/f0f cfof]hgf u/] . ;f] k'/f0fdf wfld{s u'?x?nfO{ d~raf6} PrcfOeL / P8\;

;+qmldtsf clwsf/ af/] v'n]/ af]Ng pgLx? ;xdt u/fP . k'/f0fdf wfld{s u'?x?n]

PrcfOeL / P8\; af/] d+raf6 af]n]sf] ;fob klxnf] 36gf x'g' kb{5 .

pgLx? :yfgLo d]nfkj{ jf pT;jsf] a]nf s08d afFl8xfN5g\ . kf]x/;fnsf] dfO{d]nfdf

pgLx?n] aL; xhf/ s08d afF8] . dfO{d]nfdf x/]s jif{ df3] ;+qmflGtsf lbg b]zel/af6

kljq dfO{vf]nfdf :gfg ug{ xhf/f}+ >¢fn' cfOl/g] ub{5g\ . æcfufdL kf“r jif{df ;'?·fnfO{

PrcfOeL / P8\; af/]df lgs} /fd|/L ;';"lrt ug{] xfd|f] of]hgf 5,Æ pgLx?dWo]sf Ps

/fhs'df/ s§]n eG5g\ .

oL æpgLx?Æ emfkf lhNnfsf ;'?·f uflj;sf] ;fd'bflos ;+:yf ;xsfo{ ;f/yL ;d"xsf

;+uL lzIfs :jod\;]jLx? x'g\\ . æof] ;+:yfn] dnfO{ cfºgf] klxrfg dfq k|bfg u/]g, dnfO{

;fdflhs ?kdf lhDd]jf/ klg agfof],Æ ;+:yfsf !@) hgf ;b:ox?dWo]sL Ps ;+uLtf

Gof}kfg] elG5g\ . pgL ylK5g\, æ;dfhdf d]/f] jl/kl/ x'g] cGofosf] lj?¢ cfjfh p7fpg

d}+n] kxn ug'{k5{ eGg] s'/fn] dnfO{ 3r3RofO /xG5 .Æ

oL o'jfx?n] bfOhf], afn>d, dfgj cf];f/k;f/ h:tf ;d:of lj?¢ / ;/;kmfO h:tf

;sf/fTds s'/fsf nflu lg/Gt/ ?kdf cleofg ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . æxfdL ljsf; /

kl/jt{gsf kIfkftL xf}+,Æ s6\6]n eG5g\ . æxfdL xfd|f af6f3f6f sfnf]kq] ePsf] / ;a}

afnaflnsfx? ljBfno uPsf] x]g{ rfxG5f}+ .Æ

o:t} kxnsbdLdfkm{t pgLx? xhf/f}+ dflg;sf hLjgdf yf]/} eP klg kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg]

s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVb5g\ . oL o'jfx?l;t Pp6f ;f]+r / lehg 5 . pgLx?sf klg gLlh

OR5f / cfsf+Iff gePsf xf]Ogg\ . t/ pgLx? To;eGbfeGbf dfly p7]/ c?sf nflu s] ug{

;lsG5 eGg] ;f]r / sfd ub{5g\ .

k'/f0fdf PrcfOeLsf] k|jrg

19kl/jt{gsf syfx?

æcj;/n] k|ltefnfO{ lgvfbf{] /x]5Æ

!& jif{sL km"ns'df/L rf}w/L s}nfnL lhNnfsf] kfFrd'l9of as{k'jf{ 6f]n, v}nf8 ( df al:5g\

. pgsf] kl/jf/ 7"nf] 5 . pgsf] a'af ls;fg x'g\ hf] l;sdL{sf] sfd klg ub{5g\

. pgL sd}of kl/jf/df hGd]sL / x's]{sL lyOg\ . pgsf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox?n] ;fx'sf] v]tL

ug{'kg]{ afWotf lyof] . t/ pgLx?;Fu hldg / afnL dfly xs x'Fb}g lyof] . 5 jif{cl3

p;sf] kl/jf/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cf}krfl/s lg0f{o adf]lhd sd}ofaf6 d'Qm eP / ;/sf/n]

Ps 6'qmf hldg klg lbof] .

af9Ln] u|:t ;'b"/klZrdsf] s}nfnL lhNnfsf] Ps uflj;af6 Pp6f sl7g / j[xt k|lqmofaf6

5gf}6 eP/ km"ns'df/L æhg]/];g Pd]lhªM o'yÆ b"t ePsL l5g\ . o'jf b"tsf ?kdf

km"ns'df/Ln] blIf0f clk|msfdf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] ljZjsk @)!) km'6an Dofr x]g{] cj;/

kfPsL lyOg\ . pgn] g]kfnsf cfkm" h:t} c? ;ft b"tx? ;lxt kfls:tfg, n]anfg /

l;/Lofsf b"tx?;Fu} stf/ x'b} blIf0f clk|msf k'lug\, hxfF pgLx? d}qL km'6an Dofrx?df

;xefuL eP . blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;+:s[lt / ljsf;sf nflu km'6an v]nsf] k|of]u af/] yfxf

kfP . ;fy}, pgL / pgsf ;fyLx? km'6an v]n / g]t[Tj ljsf; tflnddf klg ;xefuL

ePsf lyP .

blIf0f clk|msfaf6 kmls{Pkl5 km"ns'df/Ln] cfkmgf] ;fyLx?;Fu ldn]/ s}nfnL km'6an;+3;Fusf]

;xsfo{df km'6an dxf]T;jsf] of]hgf agfO{g\ / pQm dxf]T;j ;kmntfk"j{s cfof]hgf

ul/g\ . ;f] dxf]T;j cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo :yfgLo ;fdflhs, cfly{s / :jf:Yo ;DalGw

ljifox?df o'jf ;r]tgf cleofgsf nflu pko'Qm ;+b]zx? l;h{gf ug{' / ljBfno ;]jfsf

kl/of]hgfx? ;+rfng ug{ cfºgf sIffsf ;fyLx?nfO{ kl/rfng ug'{ lyof] .

ædnfO{ o'jf b"tdf 5gf}6 ul/Psf]df Psbd} v';L nfu]sf] 5,Æ km"ns'df/L elG5g\ . æha d

5gf}6 ePsL lyPF, dflg;x?n] dnfO{ Psbd} efUodfgL eg]sf lyP . t/, dnfO{ nfU5, of]

efUosf] s'/fdfq xf]Og, d]/f] k|ltef / s7f]/ d]xgtsf] kmn klg xf] . 5gf}6sf] qmddf ;+nUg

x'bfF / e|d0fdf ;xefuL ePkl5 dnfO{ cg'ej / cj;/n] cfkm"df ePsf] k|ltefnfO{ cem

lgvfg{ ;lsbf]/x]5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . d]/f] cfTdljZjf; cem a9]sf] 5 / cfh ;db'fodf

d]/f] kl/ro :yflkt ePsf] 5 .Æ

20kl/jt{gsf syfx?

kf“r jif{sf] cd/ x'“bf c? y'k|} s]6fs6Lx?;lxt Ps dfgjt:s/sf] kmGbfdf k/] . tL

s]6fs]6Lx? sf7df8f}+l:yt yfgsf]6sf] Ps btf{ gePsf] afnu[xdf s'kiff]0fsf] l;sf/ eO{

cToGt} bogLo cj:yfdf /flvPsf lyP . afnsNof0f ;+3;+:yfx?sf] kxndf @! h"g, @))&

df tL afnaflnsfx?sf] ToxfFaf6 påf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . cd/;d]t tLghgf afnsx?nfO{

pkrf/sf lglDt k|]m08\; ckm lg8L gfds ;+:yfåf/f ;+rflnt kf]if0f k'g:{yfkgf u[xdf NofOP . 5

jif]{ cd/ tLdWo] ;aeGbf sfG5f lyP . pgL egf{ x'“bf Psbd} g/fd|/L s'kf]lift lyP . pgsf]

prfO !)% ;]lG6ld6/dfq lyof] eg] tf}n !@=& lsnf]u|fd lyof] . cd/sf] tf}n cf};teGbf

&)% n] sd lyof] eg] pgsf] z/L/df /utsf] klg sdL lyof] .

z'?df pgL ql;t d'b|fdf PSn} r'krfk al;/xGy] . yfgsf]6sf] To; 3/df cd/nfO{ Ro'/f

/ kfgL dfq vfg lbP/ /flvPsf] /x]5 . kl5Nnf] k6s cd/n] slxn] k]6el/ vfg kfPsf]

lyP pgnfO{ ;Demgf lyPg . tL afnsx?nfO{ d'l:snn] cln cln pHofnf] / xfjf l5g]{

Pp6f ;f“u'/f] sf]7fdf /flvPsf] /x]5 .

kf]if0f k'g:{yfkgf u[xsf] @# lbg] a;fO cjlwdf pgnfO{ lj:t[t k'g:{yfkgf of]hgf ;]

jf k|bfg ul/of], h; cGtu{t kf]l;nf] vfgf, :jf:Yo kl/If0fsf ;fy} vf]k cflb lbOPsf

lyP . lj:tf/L cd/ xf“:g, af]Ng / c? ;fyLx?l;t v]Ng yfn] . pgnfO{ l;Sgdf lgs}

?lr nfUYof] . pgL nufot c? afnaflnsfx?nfO{ k9fpg Pshgf :jo+;]js v6fOof] .

s0ff{nLsf] x'Dnfsf cd/sf] cfly{s Pj+ kfl/jfl/s l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ pgnfO{ ;f]

;+:yfn] cfºgf] nlntk'/l:yt e};Lkf6L afnu[xdf egf{ u/]sf] 5 .

cd/ k'g:{yfkgf u[xdf 5f]8\g] a]nf;Dddf zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s ?kdf Psbd} tgb'?:t

ePsf lyP . $=! lsnf] jhg ylkP/ pgsf] s'n tf}n !^=* lsnf] k'u]sf] lyof] . cd/

clxn] ;f] ;+:yfn] rnfPsf] u[xsf] k|]dk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf al;/x]sf 5g\ / nlntk'/sf] Pp6f

cª\u|]hL ljBfnodf k9\5g\ .

cGttM :j:Yo / v'zL 5g\ cd/

klxn] clxn]

21kl/jt{gsf syfx?

ænf7L k|of]u u/L k9fpg' / dfof / ;b\efjn] k9fpg'df w]/} km/s 5 .Æ af/f lhNnf l:yt

dxfjL/ g]kfn /fli6«o dfWolds ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;b:o dx]Gb| /fjt eG5g\ .

o; ljBfno rfF8} lhNnfdf gd'gf ljBfnosf] ?kdf ljsf; x'g] qmddf 5, h;n] eo /

lxt lzIf0f -Pn8An"Pkm_ nfu" ug{]5 . Pn8An"Pkmsf] p2]Zo ljBfnodf lx+;fsf] cGTo u/L

;Ddfgk"j{s lzIf0fnfO{ a9fjf lbg' xf] . o; :s"nsf ;a} ljBfyL, cleefjs tyf lzIfs

/ k'/} ;d'bfo g} o; ljBfnonfO{ gd'gfsf ?kdf ljsf; ug{ sl6a4 5g\ . @))( sf]

;]K6]Da/ !& tfl/vsf lbg cfde]nf u/L ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / lzIfsx?n] nf7L

efFr]/ lx+;f/lxt l;sfO z'? ul/Psf] lyof] . æoxfF s'g} klg lsl;dsf nf7Lx? k|of]

u ul/b}g . ljBfno kl/;/df tkfO{+n] nf7L g} kfpg' x'Gg,Æ Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf

lj/]Gb| s'df/ s';'jfx eG5g\ .

ljBfnodf lx+;f/lxt lzIf0f af/] egfOx? tof/ u/L sIffsf] leQfdf 6fFl;Psf 5g\ .

pgLx?n] lx+;f/lxt lzIffsf nflu ljBfyL{, lzIfs, cleefjs tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg

;ldltn] kfngf ug'{ kg{] cfrf/ ;+lxtf klg tof/ u/]sf]5g\ . æolb xfdLn] nf7L k|of]u ug]{

xf] eg] aRrfx?n] 8/nfUbf] jftfj/0fdf k9\g ;Sb}gg\ / k9fO k|efjsf/L x'Fb}g,Æ ljBfnosf

k|wfgfWofks ljho s]= kf08] eG5g\ . o; ljBfnosf] gfd abn]/ gofF gfdfs/0f ul/Psf]5M

ng{ ljycfp6 lkmo/ cfOl8on df]8n :s'n .

afnaflnsf v';L;fy ljBfno hfG5g\ . æd]/L 5f]/L cfhsn

lgoldt ?kdf ljBfno hflG5g\ . d}n] ljBfno hfgnfO{ clxn]

p;nfO{ elg/fVg' kb}{g . ljBfno hfg eg] kl5 pm c;fWo} v';L

xl'G5g\ . dnfO{ Psbd v';L nfu]sf] 5 ls pm k9fOdf klg k|ult

ul//x]sL l5g\,Æ sIff b'O{df kl9/x]sL 5fqfsL

cfdf agf/;L zfx elG5g\ .

klxnf klxnf t lzIfs

lzlIfsfx? nf7L

k|of]u gu/L k9fpg

Uffx|f] dfGy] t/

clxn] pgLx?nfO{

of] dg k/]sf]

5 . pgLx? clxn]

lx+;fsf] k|of]u gu/L

k]|dk"j{s k9fpg

afgL kl/;s]sf

5g\ .

k|]dk"j{s k9fOg] gd"gf ljBfno

22kl/jt{gsf syfx?

æd'nL, ltdL k9]n]v]sL 5}gf}, /fd|/L g]kfnL af]Ng klg hflGbgf}, laTyfdf lsg grflxbf] ;fx;

b]vfp5f}<Æ d'nL rf}w/LnfO{ Ps dlxnfn] elgg\ . alb{ofsL yf? ;d'bfosL Ps ;fdfGo

u[lx0fL d'nLn] :yfgLo >L ejfgLk'/ pRr dfWolds ljBfno, ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf]

cf/lIft dlxnf ;b:o kbsf nflu r'gfjdf p7\g] lg0f{o u/]sL lyOg\ .

cNklzlIft d'nL rf}w/L elg5g\, æTo:tf] k|Zgn] z'?df t clnslt cndlnP“, t/ To;}

avt cfºgf] lg0f{odf cl8u /xg ddf cem ;fx; ylkof], h'g dnfO{ k|Zg ug]{ JolQmn]

cfzf u/] ljk/Lt lyof] .Æ

tyfslyt pRrhflt ;d"xsL Ps dlxnfn] d'nLnfO{ ;f] k|Zg u/]sL lyOg\ . pgL klg r'gfjdf

k|lt:kwL{ lyOg\ / cfkm"n] lhTg] s'/fdf 9'Ss lyOg\M sf/0f pgsf] >Ldfg\ ;f]xL ljBfnodf

lzIfs lyP, h;sf] ljBfnoleq aflx/ /fd|} k|efj lyof] . d'nLsf s'/f sf6\g]x? pgsf]

;fx; b]v]/ crlDet eP . u/La tyf zf]lift ;d'bfosL ;fwf/0f u[lx0fL eP/ klg d} x“'

eGg] u}/yf?nfO{ pgn] r'gf}lt lbO/x]sL lyOg\, h;sf] ljBfnoleq / aflx/ ;d'bfodf klg

/fd|} ks8 lyof] .

d'nL rf}w/L cfºgf] lg0f{odf cl8u /lxg\ . pgn] cfºgf] ;d'bfosf dlxnf–k'?ifx?sf ;fy}

5nkmn sIffsf ;xefuLx?sf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnOg\ . pgLx?n] pd]/åjf/L btf{ ug{ rflxg]

?= %)) ;+sng u/] / r'gfjL cleofg ;+rfng ug{ ;xof]u u/] . d'nLn] #%) dtn] ljho

xfl;n ul/g\ .

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf pgL lgjf{lrt x'g lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 egL ;f]Wbf d'nL elG5g\,

æd]/f nufot yf? ;d'bfosf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ljBfnodf lzIfsx? / cGo ljBfyL{x?af6

e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/ ul/G5 . h:t}M cj;/x?sf] ;jfndf, v]ns"bdf / sIffdf cufl8sf]

efudf ePsf] a]Grdf ;d]t a:g lbO+{b}g . Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;b:osf] ?kdf d ;j{k|yd

yf? ljBfyL{x? / cGo ljBfyL{aLrsf] e]befj x6fp“5' .Æ 3/]n' sfdaf6 aflx/ lg:s]/

;fj{hlgs sfddf ;lqmo x'g yfn]sfdf pgsf] >Ldfg\ j]v'zL 5g\ ls eg]/ ;f]lwPsf]

csf]{ k|Zgsf] pQ/df pgL ;uj{ elG5g\, æd]/f] r'gfjL hLtsf] va/ ;'g]/ d]/f >Ldfg\n] ufp“n]

x?nfO{ ?= !))) a/fa/sf] sf]s lgMz'Ns afF8\g' eof] cfºgf] ;fgf] k;naf6 .Æ

;f]/xjf (, al{{b{of lgjf;L d'nL lhNnfdf ;+rflnt ;fd'bflos 5nkmn sIffsL Ps ;xefuL

x'g\ . pgL eljiodf klg ;fd'bflos 5nkmn sIffdf lg/Gt/ ;xefuL x'g] atfp“l5g\ . pgnfO{

cfzf 5 ls Toxf“af6 pgn] ljBfnosf] z}lIfs :t/ ;'wfg{ / ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{

k|efjsf/L agfpg gofF ljrf/ / ;Nnfx;'emfj ldNg]5 . d'nL cfhef]ln ;d'bfosf cGo

dlxnfx?nfO{ klg :yfgLo lg0ff{os ;+/rgfx?df ;xefuL x'g xf}:ofpl5g\ .

;d'bfos} d'nL

24kl/jt{gsf syfx?

25kl/jt{gsf syfx?

If]qLo s[lif lgb]{zs jL/]Gb| xdfn sfdsf] lznlznfdf :ofª\hf lhNnfsf] d;fªsf]6df k'Ubf af6fel/ e'O{+df 6df6/ 5l/Psf] b]v]/ crDddf k/]] .

pgn] clns klt{/ b'O{ hgf s]6f a;]/ ?“b}u/]sf] b]v] . pgn] ;f]Wbf tL s]6fn]

cfkm"x?nfO{ 3/af6 ahf/df 6df6/sf] ef/L af]sfO{ a]Rg k7fPsf] t/ lrKn]/

n8\bf ;a} 6df6/ e'O{+el/ kf]lvPsf] atfP .

æd}+n] t'?Gt ;f]r]+, olb ufp“n]n] cfºgf] pTkfbg Knfli6ssf] Jofudf /fv]/

k7fpg ;s] s:tf] x'GYof] xf]nf< dnfO{ yfxf lyof] of] ;Dej x'g sl7g

lyof] t/ dnfO{ tL :s"n] s]6fs]6Lx?sf] emGeml6nf] sfd 36fpg] s'g} pkfo

kQf nufpg dg nfUof]]+,Æ xdfn eG5g\ . ætgx'df

Ps :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 /f]kj] ;DaGwL sfd

ug]{ Ps cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf af/] yfxf eof] / d}n]

tTsfn} ;f] ;+:yfnfO{{ sf7df8f}+df kmf]g u/]+ . k|flS6sn sfo{

6f]nLn] dnfO{ jl/i6 kl/of]hgf clws[t /jLGb| l;+xl;t e]6

ug]{ ;Nnfx lbof] . pgL /f]kj] ljz]if1 lyP ,Æ xdfnn]

yk] .

;f] ;+:yfsf] 6f]nL, jL/]Gb| xdfn / :yfgLo hgtfsf]

5nkmn kl5 /jLGb|nfO{ ;DefJotf cWoog ug]{

lhDd]jf/L lbOof]], h'g pgn] b'O{ dlxgfsf] ;dodf k'/f

u/] . cWoogn] ? !,&),))) vr{ nfUg] lgZsif{

lgsfNof] . jL/]Gb|n] tTsfn} k'/f ul/Psf] cWoog l/kf{]6 /

kq;lxt cfjZos ah]6sf nflu cg'/f]w u/L k7fP .

;DalGwt dGqfnox?n] cWoog ul/;s]kl5 cy{

dGqfnon] ah]6 :jLs[t u/L :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnonfO{

:jLs[tL kq k7fof] . ah]6 :jLs[lt;Fu} s[lif sfof{nox?sf] ;xof]u klg

cfof] . ;xsf/Lx? / ls;fgx?n] ;fdfg /fhdfu{af6 8f“8fsf] :6]zg;Dd

k'¥ofpg lgs} kl/>d u/] . h8fg sfo{ k'/f ug{ x/]s 3/n] %% lbg >dbfg

u/] . /jLGb|n] lgdf{0f sfo{ z'?b]lv cGTo;Dd g} lg/Gt/ cg'udg ul//x] .

:ofª\hfsf] pQm /f]kj] cfh k"0f{?kdf ;~rfngdf cfPsf]5 . o;n] ubf{

d;fªsf]6b]lv lqof;L;Dd ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug{ nfUg] ;do b'O{ 306faf6 36]/

9]8 306fdf em/]sf]5 . /f]kj]n] ls;fgx?sf] pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/l;t hf]8]sf] 5,

h;n] ubf{ pgLx?sf] cfDbfgL a9]sf]5 . :s"n] s]6fs]6Lx? emGeml6nf] ef/L

af]sfOaf6 klg d'lQm lbPsf] 5 . cfhef]ln l5d]sL lhNnfsf ;xsf/Lx?n]

cfkm\gf]] :yfgLo of]hgfdf /f]kj] lgdf{0fnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .

;fgf] k|ljlwn] Nofof] 7"nf] kl/jt{g

26kl/jt{gsf syfx?

nf]dfGyf· g]kfnsf] b'u{d ufp“x? dWo] Ps xf] . oxL

b'u{dtfsf sf/0f w]/} ufp“n]x? zx/lt/ a;fO“

;l//x]sf5g\ . To;}n] 6f9f /x]sf cfkmGtx?l;t ;Dks{df /lx/xg

klg nf]dfGyf·df ;+rf/sf] dxTj a9]/ uPsf] 5 . t/ klg oxf“

;+rf/ ;]jf Tolt e/kbf]{ / ;'ne lyPg .

Ps :yfgLo ;d'bfo / Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf] k|of;n]

nf]dfGyf· ;fd'bflos k':tsfno Pj+ ;'rgf s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf eof] . xfn o;n] :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ ;:tf] b/df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k|bfg

ul//x]sf] 5 . of] ;]jfn] ufp“n]x?nfO{ 6f9f /x]sf cfºgf cfkmGt

/ gft]bf/x?l;t ;Dks{df /lx/xg ;Dej ePsf] 5 .

k':tsfnodf kmf]g ug{s} nflu klg eL8flDe8 x'g] u5{ . cem

zlgaf/ t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfz'Nsdf %)% 5'6 kfOg] ePsfn] k':tsfno

cfpg] dflg;x?sf] 3'OFr}} nfU5 . ;:tf] b/sf ;fy} 5'6 klg

kfOg] ePsfn] w]/} dflg;x? k':tsfnodf cfslif{t x'G5g\ .

nf]dfGyf·jf;Lx? k':tsfnodf kfOg] ;]jf cGoq ;:tf] /

e/kbf]{ ePsf] atfp5g\ . of] 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfn] ;d'bfonfO{ ;]jf

k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} k':tsfno ;~rfng ug{ cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t klg

h'6fPsf] 5 .

x]nf]! of] nf]dfGyf· xf]

27kl/jt{gsf syfx?

/fd|f] k':ts jf:tj d} cd"No x'G5 . k':tsn] 1fg / cfgGbdfq lbb}g, gofF—gofF

s'/fx?, ljrf/ / gof“ ;+;f/df k'/\ofP/ dflg;sf] r]tgf / ;kgfsf] lIflthnfO{ g}

rf}8f agfOlbG5 . k':ts tkfO“n] ;–;fgf sfd ubf{ ub}{ klg k9\g ;Sg'x'G5, h:tf] ls

ufO{j:t' r/fpbf . o:tf sfddf w]/} Wofg jf Psfu|tf klg rflxGgM ufO{j:t' otfptf hf“bf

Psb'O{ k6s s/fpg' kg{]gxf] . of] s'/f emns axfb'/ tfdfªnfO{ /fd|/L yfxf 5 . To;}n]

t pgL uf]7fnf] hfg' cl3 glhs} /x]sf] k':tsfnoaf6 lstfa lng lal;{b}gg\ .

;a}eGbf glhssf] k':tsfno ;+hf]un] emns / pgsf ;fyLx? lgoldt ?kdf uf]7fnf]

hfg'kg]{ r/0f glhs}sf] 8f“8fdf k5{. lbgx'“ :s"n 5'l6\6 ePkl5 emns uf]7af6 cfºgf

ufO{j:t' lnP/ 8f“8flt/ lg:sG5g\ . ær/0f:yn ljBfnol;t hf]l8Psf]5 / b}lgs xfdL

uf]7fnf hfg'cl3 o;f] k':tsfno kl;xfN5f}+ ,Æ emns eG5g\ . pgsf] ufp“ uf]7kfgL

sfe|] lhNnfsf] Pp6f 8f“8fglhs} cjl:yt 5, hxf“ c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ x'“b} sf7df8f}+af6 8]9

306fsf] a; ofqfaf6 k'Ug ;lsG5 . dfg]8f“8f elgg] Tof] 8f“8fdf >L O{Zj/L lgDgdfWolds

ljBfno 5 . vf;df eGg'kbf{ dfg]8f“8fn] æ8f“8fsf] 6'Kkfdf ePsf] dlGb/Æ eGg]

a'emfp“5 . / ljBfno kl/;/l;t hf]l8Psf] pQm 8f“8fdf Pp6f dlGb/ 5 . oxL ljBfnodf

emns / pgsf ;fyLx? b}lgs cfpg] ub{5g\ . æk':tsfno uP/} xfd|f] lbg z'? x'G5,Æ

emns eG5g\ .

pgsf] ;d"xsf Pshgf cln k|f}9 ;Hhg >L dfgaxfb'/ tfdfªn] Pslbg ljBfnoaf6

k':ts lnP/ gkms{'~h]n pgn] ljBfno af/] lal;{;s]sf lyP . dfgaxfb'/n] ;a}nfO{ k'Ug]

u/L k':tsx? NofPsf lyP . æd rlst ePF,Æ emns ;DemG5g\ æTo; kl5 d kl5

ljBfno uP“ clg nfOa|]l/ognfO{ d]/f nflu nfOa|]/L sf8{ agfpg cfu|x ul/xfn]+ .Æ

æha klxnf] kN6 d}+n] k':ts d]/f] xft k/\of], d]/f] v'zLsf] ;Ldf /x]g Æ tfdfª eG5g\

æxfn d lgoldt ?kdf k':tsfnosf] k|of]u u5'{ . o;n] dnfO{ w]/} kmfObf k'/\ofPsf]

5 .Æ

;kgfsf] lIflth km}nfp“b}

28kl/jt{gsf syfx?

l;Gw'nLsf] Ps ul/a kl/jf/df hlGdPsL ;'/Iff cf7 jif{ cl3 sf7df08f}+df cfkm\gf

sfsf sxfF cfOg\ . t/ sfsfsf kl/jf/sf] pgLk|lt Jojxf/ /fd|f] gePsfn] Ps

jif{ kl5 pgL sfsfsf] 3/ 5f]8]/ nlntk'/sf] elgd08nl:yt OGb| a:g]tsf] 3/df sfd ug{

yflng\ . pgL ToxfF sfd ug{ yfn]sf] sl/a ;f9] 5 jif{ hlt eof] .

Sofksf]g{ gfds Ps ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Ln] ;'/Iffsf 3/dflnsnfO{ pgnfO{ ;f] ;+:yfn]

lbO/x]sf] cgf}krfl/s lzIffsf] sIff lng cg'dlt lbg cfu|x u/] . pgsf dflnsn] klg

;xdtL hgfP . To; kl5 ;'/Iffn] c7f/ dlxgf;Dd lbgsf] b'O{ 306f ;f] sIff lnOg\ .

eljiodf cfTdlge{/ x'gsf nflu pgn] 6]n/ x'g] ljrf/ ul/g\ . cgf}krfl/s sIff ;s]

kl5 pgn] lbgsf] ;f9] b'O{ 306f d]/L jf8{ :s"ndf l;nfO{ sIff lng yfn]sLl5g\ .

pgsf] dflnsn] tflndsf nflu kfFr ;o ?k}ofF lbP eg] cfjZos ;fdu|L klg

lslglbPsf5g\ .

rfF8} g} ;'/Iff Joj;flos 6]n/ aGg]l5g\ .

3/]n' sfdbf/af6 Joj;flos 6]nl/·tkm{

lxGb"x?åf/f bz}+df b'uf{b]jLsf] d"lt{

la;h{g ug{ glhs} /x]sf] vf]nfdf

n}hfg] af6f]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ l;/xf lhNnfsf]

e6f}lnof uflj;df nfdf] ;dob]lv ljjfb

e}/x]sf] lyof] . Tof] af6f] d';ndfg j:tL

eP/ hfGYof] . lxGb"x?n] of] af6f] bzsf}+b]lv

k|of]u ul//x]sf lyP . t/ d';ndfgx?nfO{

of] dg kl//x]sf] lyPg . pgLx?sf] ts{ lyof]

lxGb" a:tL x'“b} hfg] j}slNks af6f] x'“bfx'“b}

lxGb"x?n] cfkm"x?nfO{ lr9\ofpg Tof] af6f]

d"lt{ ;]nfpg] sfddf k|of]u u/]sf x'g\ .

x/]s jif{ oL b'O{ ;d'bfoaLr o;} ljifodf

emu8f e}/xGYof] . xtfxtsf] 36gf klg

x'g] ubYof]{ .

;f]xL ufpFsf lxGb" / d';ndfg o'jf

;/f]h / csa/n] of] nfdf] ;do

b]lvsf] åGå ;dfwfg ug{ cfkm"n] e/v/} l;s]sf ljjfb ;dfwfg / åGå ljZn]if0fsf

ljlw k|of]u ug{] ljrf/ u/] . tL b'j}n] cf–cfºgf ;d'bfosf cu'jfl;t s'/f ug]{ lgwf]

u/] . pgLx?n] s] klg kQf nufP eg] lxGb"x?n] j}slNks af6f] k|of]u ubf{ cem w]/}

lxGb"x?sf] 3/cfFug eP/ hfg ;lsGYof] . pgLx? eG5g\, æxfdLn] s] yfxf kfof}+ eg]

åGåsf] vf; sf/0f b'O{ ;d'bfosf g]tfx?sf] cx+sf/ /x]5 . k|of]u eO/x]sf] af6f]n] cfOk/]

sf] ;d:of / j}slNks af6fsf] kmfObfsf] af/]df :ki6 kfg{ xfdLn] b'j} af6fsf gS;f tof/

kf¥of}{ .

æo;}aLr xfdLn] yfxf kfof}+ ls :yfgLo o'jf Snadf lxGb" ;b:ox?dfq lyP . Snadf

d';ndfg o'jfx?nfO{ klg ;xefuL x'g k|f]T;flxt ug{ yfNof}+ . pgLx?sf]] ;xeflutfdfkm{t

xfdL b'j} ;d'bfosf cu'jf ;dIf k'Ug ;kmn eof}+ / pgLx?sf dtsf] kIf ljkIfsf

af/]df klg 5nkmn u¥of}+ . To;kl5 b'j} ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx?sf] ;xeflutf ePsf] 7"nf]

e]nf cfof]hgf u¥of}+ . cGTodf, lxGb"x?n] ;fDk|bflos ;b\efj k/Dk/feGbf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5

eGg] lgZsif{df k'u] . Æ

lxGb" ;d'bfon] cfºgf] af6f] kl/jt{g ug{ ;xdtL hgfof] . Snasf d';ndfg o'jfx?n]

klg b'uf{k"hfdf :jod\ ;]js eP/ sfd u/] . ;g\ @))( sf] lj;h{g ofqf zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf

;dfkg eof] .

;d'bfox?nfO{ hf]8\b} o'jf

30kl/jt{gsf syfx?

cs}{ hGd

31kl/jt{gsf syfx?

@^ jifL{of xl/dfofn] pgsf] rf}+yf] aRrfnfO{ ;f}/fxjf k|fylds :jf:Yo pkrf/ s]

Gb|df Psflaxfg} hGd lbOg\ . /flt ca]/b]lv

pgnfO{ ;'Ts]/L a]yf nfUof] . pgsf] >Ldfg\ /

c? tLghgf ;fyLx?n] pgnfO{ vl6ofdf af]

s]/ ufp“af6 Ps 306fdf ;'Ts]/L s]Gb| k'¥ofP .

tLg dlxgfsf] ue{jtL 5“b} pgn] dlxnf

;fd'bflos :jf:Yo :jod\;]ljsf dy'/fl;t

;Dks{ ul/g\ . pgn] xl/dfofnfO{ ;'Ts]/Lsf]

tof/L Kofs]h lbOg\, h;df uef{j:yf, ;'/lIft

;'Ts]/L / kf]if0fsf] af/]df ;Gb]z lbg] k'l:tsf

x'G5 . xl/dfof ;DemlG5g\, æof] k6ssf] d]/f]

uef{j:yf c? tLgj6f eGbf km/s lyof] . dnfO{ klxn] s'g} ;d:of x'“b}gYof] . t/ o;k6s

eg] dnfO{ slxNo} ;Grf] ePg . t/ d]/f] :jod\;]ljsfn] dnfO{ w]/} ;xof]u ul/g\ .Æ xl/dfofn]

dy'/fsf] ;Nnfx dflGyg\ / uef{j:yfdf cfkm\gf] Psbd} w]/} Vofn /flvg\ . le6fldg / cfO/g

;dod} vfg], l66fg;sf] vf]k lng], rf/ k6s clgjfo{ hf“r u/fpg] / uef{j:yfsf ;fy} ;'/lIft

;'Ts]/Lsf] af/]df cfkm"n] ;s]hlt l;Sg] cflb sfd ul/g\ . dy'/f ;do ;dodf xl/dfofnfO{

e]6\g hflGyg\ / pgsf] >Ldfg\nfO{ xl/dfofsf] /fd|/L x]/rfx ug{ elGyg\ .

ha xl/dfofnfO{ cfwf/ftdf ;'Ts]/L s]Gb|df k'¥ofOof], dy'/f xtf/ xtf/ pgL ePsf] 7fp“df

uOg\ . ;fdfGotof :jod\;]ljsfn] ;'Ts]/L u/fpb}gg\ . t/ klg dy'/f xl/dfofl;t ;'Ts]/L

u/fpg] sIfdf al;g\ . / ;fy} pgnfO{ a]yf nfu]sf a]nf d2t ul/g\ . ha aRrf hGDof], pgn]

gjhft lzz'sf] tf}n lnOg\ / lzz' /fd|f] cj:yfdf ePsf] ;'lglZrt ul/g\ . pgn] aRrfnfO{

cfdfsf] b"w Vjfpg klg d2t ul/g\ .

xl/dfof / s0f{nfO{ pgLx?sf tLghgf 5f]/f5f]/Ln] 3/df klv{/x]sf lyP . gjhft aRrfsf] gfd

rflx+ ljj]s /fVg] lgwf] u/] . /ftel/sf] clg+bf] pgLx? cf/fd u/]kl5 clns cf/fd eof] .

s0f{ eG5g\, æof] gfgL af“Rg] s'/fdf xfdL ljZj:t lyPgf}+ . t/ xfdLn] dy'/fsf] ;Nnfx dfGof}

/ ;'Ts]/L s]Gb|df g} aRrf hGdfpg nUof}+ . aRrfsf nflu pmgLsf] 6f]kL / sk8f klg lbOof] .

s0f{sf] s'/f lar}df sf6\b} xl/dfof elG5g\, æd]/f tLg hgf gfgLx? 3/}df hlGdP . gfn

xfdLn] cfkm}+ sf6\of}+ . o; k6s eg] dnfO{ 8/ nfUof] . dy'/fn] dnfO{ ux|f}+ ef/L gaf]Sg /

/fd|/L vfgf vfg elGyg\ . pgn] xfdLnfO{ ;'Ts]/L s]Gb|df hfg k|f]T;fxg klg ul/g\ . oxf“ aRrf

hGdfPsf]df dnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . oxfF ;'/lIft ePsf] cg'e"lt x'G5 .Æ

dy'/f oxL ;fn %) jif{sL eOg\ . pgL ljut @) jif{eGbf w]/} ;dob]lv ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo

:jod\;]ljsfsf ?kdf sfd ul//x]sLl5g\ . :s"n k9\bfk9b} pgsf] ljjfx eof] . klxnf] aRrf

!& jif{sf] pd]/df g} hGdfOg\ . ;ft ;ft lbg;Dd pgnfO{ a]yf nfUof] t/ d2t ug]{ sf]xL

ePg . pgL ;DemlG5g\, æclxn] ;Dembf d s;/L af“r+] / d]/f s]6fs]6L s;/L a“fr] xf]nfg\ h:tf]

nfU5 .Æ cfºg} b'Mv si6af6 k]|l/t eO{ pgn] :jf:Yo :jod\;]ljsf aGg] lg0f{o ul/g\ . dlxnfx?

uef{j:yf, ;'Ts]/L, aRrfsf] :ofxf/ clg kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] af/]df ;Nnfx lng kbf{ pgL sxf“

cfp“5g\ . la/fdL aRrf lnP/ klg pgL sxf“ cfp“5g\ . cfkm"n] ;Sg] pkrf/ ul5{g\ cGoyf

;'ljwfo'Qm :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?df hfg ;Nnfx lblG5g\ . dlxnfx?n] pgnfO{ ljZjf; u5{g\ .

dy'/fsf] lglDt of] pgsf] st{Jo g} xf] . alb{of lhNnfdf dy'/f h:tf cf7 ;o :jf:Yo

:jod\;]ljsfn] g} :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ ;d'bfodfem k'/\ofO/x]sf 5g\ .

32kl/jt{gsf syfx?

;g\ @))* df ;+hf]un] xfd|f] e]6 lgs]zsf] kl/jf/l;t eof] . pgsf] cfdfn] ev{/} ;fgL

alxgLnfO{ kmf]x/L uf]7df hGdfPsL lyOg\ . pgsf] a'af sfd vf]lh/x]sf lyP . lbgel/

lgs]z uf]7df cfdfsf] x]/rfx uy]{ . pgL 5 jif{sf eO;s]/ klg :s"n hfg kfPsf lyPgg\ .

xfdL lgs]z / pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ rfxGYof}+ . o:tf] cj:yfdf 5fqj[lt dfq kof{Kt

gx'g] b]lvof] . xfdLn] pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ Pp6f of]hgf agfof}+, h;cGtu{t pgsf]

cfdfn] cfjZos cf}ifwL pkrf/ kfplyg\, a'afn] ;fgf] ;8s k;n z'? ug{ ;Sy] / lgs]

znfO{ :s"n hfGy] . oxL of]hgf cg'?k sfd eof] .

Jofkf/ km:6fpb} uPsfn] s]xL ;dokl5 pgsf] a'afn] cfºgf] Jofj;fonfO{ cem a9fP .

cfdfn] klg lbp“;f] cfkm\gf] >Ldfg\nfO{ ;3fp“lyg\ .

lgs]z Ps cToGt} t]h ljBfyL{ lyP . pgL ljBfnodf ;dod} cfOk'Uy] . hfFrdf /fd|f]

gDa/ Nofp“y] . t/ s]xL ;dokl5 :s'naf6 va/ cfof]M lgs]z Ps xKtfb]lv :s"n cfPsf

5}gg\ . xfd|f] ;fyLn] pgsf] a'afn] cfºgf] Jofj;fodf 3f6f vfPsfn]] cToflws /S;L vfg

yfn]sf] kQf nufP . cfdf rflx+ lgs]zsf ;fydf af6fdf dfUb} lx+8]sf] e]l6Og\ . kl/l:ylt

Hofb} lau|]sf] /x]5 / >Ldfg\sf ;fydf ;“u} a:g pgL /fhL lyOgg\ .

xfdLn] lgs]zsf cfdf–a'afl;t w]/} rf]l6 e]6]/ 5nkmn u/L slDtdf lgs]znfO{ k9fO hf/L

/fVg lbgsf nflu /fhL u/fpg] sf]lzz u¥of}+ . xfd|f e]6df pgsf a'af lgs]zsf] ;§f

alxgLnfO{ k9fpg] s'/fdf /fhL eP . crDdsf] s'/f], pgn] lgs]z cfºgf] 5f]/f] ePsfdf

z+sf JoQm u/] .

To;kl5 xfdLn] pgsf] cfdfnfO{ ljleGg dlxnfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{] ;+u7gx?df nUof}+ t/

pgL dflggg\ . t/ s]xL ;dokl5 eg] pgL tof/ eOg\ . >Ldfg\n] ;Ldf gf3]sfn] pgL

cfºgf 5f]/f5f]/L lnP/ cnu} a:g] OR5f ul/g\ . kl/jf/sf] leqL s'/f aflx/ ul/lx+8]sfn]

lgs]zsL cfdf b'lvt lyOg\ . To;sf/0f pgL cfkm\gf] afnaRrf lnP/ zx/sf] cs}{ efudf

;l/g\ . lgs]z cs}{ :s"ndf egf{ eP . lgs]zsf] a'afn] of] gof“ 7fp“sf] af/]df yfxf

kfPgg\ . lgs]zsf] cfdfn] ;fgf] ;8s k;n z'? ul/g\, h;sf] cfDbfgLn] pgsf]

5f]/f5f]/L kfNg / sf]7fef8f ltg{ k'UYof] .

xfdLn] sf]lzz ul//x\of}+ . nfdf] k|of; / 5nkmnkl5 tL bDktL km]l/ ;Fu} a:g /fhL eP .

lgs]z, alxgL / cfdf km]l/ a'afl;t ;“u} a:g uP . t/ lgs]znfO{ k9fpg eg] ;s]gg\ .

xfdLn] xf]:6ndf /fVg ;xof]u ug]{ s'/f /fVof}+ . b'j}n] o;df d~h'/L u/] / To;} lbg Pp6f

cfjf;Lo ljBfnodf lgs]z egf{ eP .

o;/L lgs]z km]l/ ljBfno kms]{ . pgL clxn] rf/ Snf;df k9\b} 5g\ . dlxgf} k9fO 5'6]/

klg k9fOdf /fd|f] ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgn] bf];|f] cfjlws k/LIffdf pTs[i6 c+s NofP .

lgs]z km]l/ :s"n hfg yfn]sf5g\

33kl/jt{gsf syfx?

#) cS6f]a/, @)!) df ha s0f{axfb'/ g]kfnL h'Dnf Po/kf]6{df xjfOhxfhaf6 cf]ln{P,

pgn] cfkm"nfO{ lng cfpg] s;}nfO{ klg lrGg ;s]gg\ . cf“vfel/ cf“z' kf/]/ Pp6L

dlxnfn] pgnfO{ c“ufNb} DjfO vfP/ elgg\,æd t]/L cfdf x'“ .Æ

;z:q åGåsfndf !# xhf/ dflg;n] Hofg u'dfP . o;sf] cy{ sDtLdf xhf/f}+ afnaflnsfn]

cfºgf cleefjs u'dfP . s0f{sf lktf sdn ;fsL{ klg ;'/Iff bnaf6 @# cS6f]a/ @))@

df dfl/P . sdnsf] d[To'kl5 cfdf pgf}tL g]kfnL c;xfo Pj+ dfgl;s ?kdf la/fdL

eOg\ . pgsf] cfly{s ;d:of s]xL sd ug{ :yfgLo dflg;n]] pgsf b'O{ 5f]/fnfO{

sf7df8f}+sf] cgfy>ddf k7fpg] ;Nnfx lbP . @@ gf]e]Da/ @))$ df /]8qm; h'Dnfn] s0f{nfO{

sf7df8f}+ k7fof] . s0f{ cfwf cgfy dfq eP klg pgL k"0f{ ?kdf cgfy / c;xfo ePsf]

sfuh agfOof] .

s0f{ sf7df8f}+ uPkl5 pgf}tLn] pgLl;t slxn] s'/f ug{ kfOgg\ g t s'g} va/ g}

kfOg\ . To; ;dodf cfdfafa'n] c1fgtfsf sf/0f dfgja]rlavg ug{] ;+hfnx?nfO{

cfºgf gfgLx? cgfy ePsf] eGb} sf7df8f}+sf ca}w ;+:yfx?df cTof;nfUbf] hLjg af“Rg

hfnL d[To' k|df0fkq agfpg k};f ltg{ uy{] .

lbgx? laTb} uP . hgj/L @)!) b]lv ;]8f g]kfnsf] kxndf h'Dnfdf :yfgLo gf6\o

;d'xåf/f r'“l8Psf] ;DaGw gfds gf6s b]vfpg z'? ul/of] . gf6ssf] clGtd b[Zodf

a]rlavg ug{]nfO{ k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k|ltsfTds s}+rLn] 8f]/L sfl6G5 / ljb]zL / afnssf] 8f]/L

sl;nf] uf“7f] kfl/G5, h;n] afns km]l/ slxNo} km]nf kg{] 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] ;+s]t u5{ .

pg}tLn] klg Tof] gf6s x]l/g\ . gf6s x]l/;s]kl5 pgn] ;]8fsL ;fdflhs sfo{stf{ sfnLl;t

cfºgf] 5f]/f] s0f{sf] lrGtf nfu]sf] s'/f atfOg\ . cfºgf] 5f]/f] k7fpgdf ;+nUg /]8qm;sf

sd{rf/Ll;t klg pgn] s0f{sf] af/]df ;f]w]sL lyOg\ . pgn] æolb ltdLl;t sf7df8f}+ hfg]

k};f eP p;nfO{ e]6\g ;S5f} Æ eGg] ?vf] hjfkm kfPsL lyOg\ .

s0f{ x/fP ls ljb]z k'lu;s] eGg] s'/fdf pgnfO{ kL/ nfUof] . sfnLn] of] s'/f sfo{qmddf

;+nUg Ps cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfnfO{ ;'gfOg\ . ;f] ;+:yfn] s0f{ s'g 7fp“df s] s:tf] cj:yfdf

5g\ eGg] s'/f kQf nufof] . To;kl5 g]S:6 h]g]/]zg g]kfnsf] ;xof]udf s0f{nfO{ pgsf] ufp“

uHof{ªsf]6 ^ vNnfn, h'Dnf kmsf{Oof] . h'Dnf 5f]8]sf] 5 jif{kl5sf] bz}+df pgsf]] cGttM

cfdf / b'O{ efOx?l;t k'gld{ng eof] .

s0f{sf] k'gh{Gd

34kl/jt{gsf syfx?

35kl/jt{gsf syfx?

bz jif{ cl3;Dd afndhb"/x?n] ljBfnodf egf{ x'g] ;Defjgf nueu lyPg .

cfhef]ln w]/}h;f] :s"n hfg] u5{g\ . cfwf ;dodfq pgLx? u5{g\ . t/ :s"ndf

pgLx?sf] pkl:ylt eg] lgoldt 5}g . nfdf] ;do sfd ug]{ x'“bf k9fOdf cyjf xf]djs{

ug{df afwf k'lu/x]sf] 5 eg] yfs]/ pgLx? Snf;sf] k9fOdf Psfu| klg x'g ;ls/x]sf

xF'b}gg\ . hfFrdf km]n ePkl5 pgLx?n] r6Ss} k9fO 5f8\g] ;Defjgf a9]/ hfG5 / ;fg}

pd]/b]lv dhb"/Ldf k"0f{?kdf ;+nUg x'g;S5g\ . ljutdf ;+3;+:yfx?n] ljBfyL{x?nfO{

ljBfnodf cfslif{t ug{ 5fqj[lQ k|bfg ug{df hf]8 lbGy] . clxn] eg] :s"n ;doeGbf

cl3kl5 ug]{ sfdsf] ;do 36fP/ :s"nsf] k9fOdf ;kmntf a9fpg] s'/fdf k|oTg yflnPsf]

5 . ljz]if sf]lr·sf] Joj:yfn] k9\gdf yk d2t / xf};nf lbP/ oL s]6fs]6Lx?nfO{ lbgx'

:s"ndf pkl:yt eP/ cfºgf k9fOdf ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;3fPsf] 5 .

wflbªdf w]/} u/La kl/jf/ jif{sf] Psk6s gbL lsgf/df a;fO“ ;g]{ u5{g\ . oL kl/jf/n]

lgdf{0f pBf]unfO{ rflxg] 9'·f, lu6L afn'jf cflb tof/ ub{5g\ . w]/} kl/jf/x? ;;fgf

em'k|fx?df a:b5g\ . :s'n egf{ ePsf w]/} afnaflnsfx?;d]tn] :s"n ;do cl3kl5

cfºgf cfdf–a'afnfO{ 9'¨f cf];fg]{ / km'6fpg] sfddf ;3fpg] u5{g\ . o:tf afnaflnsfn]

:s'n egf{ eOsg klg w]/} ;do sfd ug]{ 7fpFd} latfp“5g\ . ltgLx?nfO{ :yfgLo

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf k|of; g]kfnn] b}lgs b'O{ 306f sf]lr· sIff k|bfg ul//x]sf]5 .

sNn]/L uflj; If]qsf] xf“8Lvf]nf k|fylds ljBfnodf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x? o; gof“

hdsf]{df ;fd]n 5g\ . /]zd v'nfnn] sf]lr· Snf; lgoldt lnO/x]sf5g\ . ;];g z'?

x'g cl3 / kl5 /]zd sf]lr· Snf; uP . ul0ftdf c? ;fyLx?sf] t'ngfdf cln sdhf]/

ePklg pgnfO{ lgs} ;Defjgf af]s]sf ljBfyL{sf] ?kdf pgsf lzIfsx? lnG5g\ . pgnfO{dfq

PSn} /fv]/ a'emfpg] / k9fpg] ugf{n] /]zddf ul0ftk|lt ?lr dfq hfu]g, a? ul0ftsf

;d:of xn ug]{ pgsf] Ifdtf klg ljsf; eof] . :s"nsf k|wfgfWofks b]jLk|;fb dNnn]

uf}/jsf ;fy /]zdsf] kl5Nnf] glthf b]vfP], h;df pgn] x\of08/fOl6· df klg lgs} ;'wf/

u/]sf5g\ eg] hfFrdf (%% k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .

csf{ Ps lszf]/ u0f]z u'?ª cfºgf] sIff kfFrsf] k9fO ;s]kl5 sf]lr¨ Snf;df ;xefuL

5g\ . pgL eG5g\, æd lgMz'Ns o; ljBfnosf] 6\o"zg sIffdf k9\g kfPsf]df v'zL 5' .

o;n] xfdLnfO{ w]/} cf“6 lbPsf] 5 . xfd|f cfdf–afafn] w]/} k9\g' ePsf] 5}g t/ xfdLnfO{

k9\g xf};nf lbg' x'G5 / :s'n k7fpgsf nflu ;fx|} b'Mv ug{' x'G5 . xfd|L ld;n] w]/}

gof“–gof“ 1fgsf s'/f l;sfpg' x'G5 / /fd|f] x]/ljrf/ klg ug'{x'G5 . d o; s]Gb|df cfºgf]

k9fOnfO{ hf/L /fVg rfxG5' .Æ

ljBfyL{x?n] clxn] cfºgf] klxnf] k/LIff lbO/x]sf 5g\ . /fd|f glthfn] ltgLx?nfO{ gof“

k|f]T;fxg ldNg'sf ;fy} o;n] pgLx?nfO{ sfddfeGbf ljBfnodf Hofbf k|f]T;flxt u/fpg]5

.

afndhb"/sf] gof“ ;kmntf

36kl/jt{gsf syfx?

d lji0f's'df/L kf}8]n, lrtjg alx/f ;+3sf] cWoIf . c? dflg;x?dfem cfkm"nfO{

cWoIf eg]/ lrgfp“g kfp“bf Psbd} v'zL clg uj{ dxz'; u5{' . o; k'?ifk|wfg

;dfhdf Pp6f ;+:yfsf] cWoIf aGg' d]/f nflu Tolt ;lhnf] sfd lyPg . d]/f] ofqfsf]

z'?jft !((( df ePsf] xf] hlt a]nf dnfO{ sf7df8f}+ alx/f ;+u7g -s]P8L_ åf/f ;~rflnt

bz dlxg] l;nfO tflnddf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ lbOPsf] lyof] .

tflnddf d nufot !$ hgf alx/f dlxnfx? b]zsf ljleGg efuaf6 pxL nIo lnP/

cfPsf lyof}+M :j/f]huf/ / cfTdlge{/ aGgsf nflu l;nfO ;Lk l;Sg' . Tof] b; dlxg]

tflnd cjlwdf dnfO{ l;nfO tflnd dfq geO{ ;fª\s]lts efiff klg l;sfOof] .

;fª\s]lts efiff l;s]kl5 hLjgdf ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;Lk l;s]sf] dx;'; eof] . hLjgdf

klxnf] rf]l6 dnfO{ d}n] cfºgf ;f/f efjgf cleJoQm ug{] ;fwg e]6+] . ;fy} c?n]

eg]sf] s'/f h:tfsf] t:t} a'emg ;Sg] klg eP“ . dnfO{ cem} ;Demgf 5, tflnddf

d}+n] ufp“3/lt/ ;fdfGo ?kdf k|of]u ul/g] cg'ko'Qm ;ª\s]t k|of]u u/]/ cfºgf ;fyL,

lzIfsx? / sd{rf/Lx?l;t s'/f u/]sf] lyP“ .

tflnd ;lsPkl5 d cfºgf] 3/ kms]{/

ufp“d} Pp6f ;fgf] l;nfO k;n z'?

u/]+ . qmdzM d}+n] cfocfh{g ug{ z'?

u/]+ . d]/f] k|ultsf] kl/0ffd :j?k

d]/f kl/jf/sf ;fy} l5d]sL ufp“n]x?

dl;t / d]/f af/]df cfb/k"j{s s'/f

ug{ yfn] . o;af6 d]/f] cfTdljZjf;

cem dha't eof] . d cfºgf] ;LknfO{

l;nfOdf dfq ;Lldt ug{ rfxGgy] .

To;sf/0f cfkm"n] tflnddf l;s]sf

;Lk / 1fgnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ ufp“df

/x]sf alx/f dflg;x?sf nflu s]xL

ug{ cl3 ;/]+ .

d}n] lhNnfsf ljleGg :yfgx?df

alx/f JolQmx?sf] vf]hL ug{ /

pgLx?nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{sf ;fy} pgLx?nfO{ g]kfnL ;fª\s]lts efiffsf] tflnd lbPF . s]xL

jif{kl5 d]/f] g]t[Tjdf lhNnf:t/Lo alx/f ;+u7g lgdf{0f eof] . o;sf cnfjf clxn] d

g]kfn /fli6«o alx/f tyf ;':t >j0f dxf;+3 -PgPkml8Pr_ gfds /fli6«o alx/f dxf;+3sf]

dxf;lrj / ;lrjsf] ?kdf sfd klg ul/;s]sf] 5' . xfn d PgPkml8Prsf] af]8{ ;b:o

/x]sf] 5' . d]/f] hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] df]8 ToxL tflnd lyof] . olb d}+n] Tof] tflndsf]

cj;/ gkfPsf] eP ;fob of] s]xL klg ;Dej lyPg .

Pp6f tflnd h;n] ;a}s'/f ablnlbof]

37kl/jt{gsf syfx?

æ;'wfl/Psf] vf]/n] s'v'/fx?nfO{ h+unL la/fnf] / rLnx?af6 arfPsf]dfq 5}g o;n] dnfO{

;lhn};Fu ltgLx?sf] ;"nL hDdf u/L sDkf]i6 dndf ld;fpg klg ;xh agfOlbPsf]5,Æ

lgds'df/L lyª pgn] agfPsf] s'v'/fsf] vf]/sf kmfObf atfpFl5g\ . lgds'df/Lsf] ldlxg]t /

nuglzntfsf sf/0f pgLnfO{ gd"gf s[ifssf ?kdf aª\unfb]z e|d0fdf hfgsf nflu 5gf}6

ul/Psf] lyof] . o; e|d0faf6 pgn] h}ljs v]tL cGtut{ aLp ;+/If0f / h}ljs dn tyf ls6gfzs

k|of]u u/L gofF tl/sfaf6 v]ltkftL s;/L ug{]] eGg] l;lsg\ .

ufpF kms]{kl5 c? ufpFn]nfO{ pgn] l;s]sf] s'/f l;sfpFb}l5g\ . lgds'df/LnfO{ cem} ;Demgf 5,

s]xL jif{cl3dfq ufpFsf ;a}n] /;folgs dn g} k|of]u ug{] uy]{ . s;}nfO{ klg df6f]sf] u'0f:t/

nfO{ s;/L a9fpg] eGg] af/] yfxf lyPg . l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf sfo{/t l;8\;\ gfds Ps :yfgLo

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] v§f/df C0f tyf art ;d"x?sf ;b:ox?nfO{ h}ljs v]tL ;DaGwL tflnd

;+rfng u/L lgds'df/Lnufot cGo ;b:ox?nfO{ bLuf] s[ifLsf ljleGg kIfx? af/] l;sfpg

yfNof] .

tflndkl5 lgds'df/Ln] ufO{j:t'sf] lk;fa k|of]udf Nofpg yflng\, h'g Tolts} v]/ uO/x]sf]

lyof] . pgn] /;folgs dnsf] ;6\6f k|fs[lts sDkf]i6 dn k|of]u ubf{sf] kmfObf af/] klg yfxf

kfOg\ . cfkm\gf] ufO{j:t'sf] uf]a/ / kmf]x/nfO{ u8\of}nfsf] k|of]uaf6 dndf kl/0ft ug{ l;s]/

pgn] k|of]u ug{ yflng\ . h}ljs v]tLn] df6f]df pj{/f zlQm dfq a9fPg ;fukft / kmnkm"n

klg a9L :jflbnf] / kf}li6s x'g yfn] / pAhgL a9]sf] pgn] dx;'; ul/g\ . a9L pAhgL ePsfn]

ubf{ pgn] ca cfkm"n] vfP/ ar]sf] pTkfbg a]Rg yflng\ . pgsf] cfDbfgL t]Aa/ eof] . æclxn]

d}n] xKtfsf] tLg lbg a]r]sf] ;fu;AhLn] d]/f aRrfx?sf] Ps dlxgfsf] k9fO vr{ ltg{ k'U5,Æ

lgds'df/L elG5g\ .

tflndkl5 lgds'df/Ln] s[ifLjgsf] klg dxTj klg a'lemg\ . klxnf pgnfO{ ;'Vvf / afFemf

hldgdf klg e"FO3fF; / 8fn]3Ff; nufP/ ufO{j:t'sf nflu 3fF;kft / cfuf] afNg bfp/f pTkfbg

ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] yfxf lyPg . clxn] 3fF;kft / bfp/f cf];fg{ pgLn] w]/} nfdf] lxF8]/ h+un hfg'

kb}{g cfkm\gf] 3/sfFGnfdf g} 3fF;kft nufPsfn] ;lhn};Fu k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

v§f/df lgds'df/Ln]dfq h}ljs v]tL ul//x]sL5}gg\, k|foM ;a}h;f] ls;fgx?n] /;folgs dnsf]

k|of]u ug{ 5f]8L h}ljs dn k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf5g\ . o;n] /;folgs dn / ls6gf;s cf}ifwL

lsGg nfUg] ls;fgsf] w]/} k};f arfOlbPsf]5 . To;}n] k'/} v§f/ ufpF h}ljs v]tLtkm{ cu|;/

ePsf]5 . h}ljs dnsf] k|of]un] df6f]sf pa{/f zlSt a9]sf]5, ;'wfl/Psf] uf]7n] 3/ jl/kl/ ;kmf

ePsf]5 / k|fª\ufl/s pTkfbgsf] k|j4{g a9]sf]5 .

æclxn] d]/f] cfDbfgL a9]sf]5 / d]/f aRrfx? :j:Yo 5g\ . dlxgfsf] bz xhf/ ?k}ofF cfDbfgL

eO/fv]sf]5 / of] jif{ s/La rfnL; xhf/ hlt art ug{ ;S5' . l;Gw'nL ahf/df Pp6f 3/ klg

agfPsf]5',Æ lgds'df/L uj{sf;fy elG5g\ .

h}ljs v]tLtkm{ cu|;/ v§f/

38kl/jt{gsf syfx?

æclxn] d w]/} v'zL 5'' lsgeg] d]/f] d]xgtsf] kl/0ffd :j?k k};f vr{ gu/L d]/f

5f]/f5f]/Ln] yl/yl/sf ;fuzAhL / kmnkm"n vfg kfPsf 5g\ ,Æ ;/:jtL nfld5fg]

elG5g\ .

sf:sL lhNnf n]vgfy gu/kflnsf l/l;8f“8f ufp“ lgjf;L ;/:jtLsf >Ldfg\

/f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]z uPkl5 pgL PSn}n] tLg 5f]/f5f]/L x'sf{O/x]sLl5g\ . ;/:jtLn]

;ft jif{cl3 ufp“d} lbOPsf] kdf{sNr/ tflnddf ;l/s eOg\ . To;a]nfb]lv g} pgn]

cfºgf] hUufdf yl/yl/sf ;fuzAhL pAhfO/x]sL dfq 5}gg\, ufp“df sf]if :yfkgf ug{

k'Ug] k};f klg arfPsL l5g\ .

l/l;8fF8fdf v]tsf] pAhgLn] ;fnel/ vfg k'Uy]g . vfg gk'Ug] ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm

x'g ls;fgx?n] kdf{sNr/ l;4fGtsf cfwf/df

cfºgf hUufnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{{ yfn] . o; sfo{df

ufpFn]x?nfO{ g]kfn kdf{sNr/ u|'k / u|fdL0f–gu/

;xsfo{ ;dfhn] ;3fP . kdf{sNr/n] pTkfbgsf

;a} kIfx?nfO{ s;/L ;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]

s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbG5 . o;n] v]/ uPsf] kfgLnfO{

k|of]udf Nofpg] / pTkfbg j[l4sf nflu kz'kIfLsf

dn k|of]udf hf]8 lbG5 . /f;folgs ls6gfifs

/ dnvfbsf] k|of]u ul/b}g / k|fs[lts tl/sfaf6

ls/f lgoGq0f clg hUufdf h}ljs sdkf]i6sf] dfq

k|of]u ul/G5 .

kdf{sNr/ af/] lbOPsf] tflnddf ;xefuLx?nfO{ s;/L h}ljs sdkf]i6, emf]n dn

/ h}ljs ljiffbL tof/ ug]{ eGg] l;sfOof] . pgLx?nfO{ s/];faf/Ldf l;+rfO ug{

l;+rfO k|0ffnLsf af/]df a'emfOof] . To:t} cfnf]kfnf] u/L afnL nufpg], aLp ;+/If0f /

kfgL ;~ro ug{] k|ljlwx?sf af/]df klg 1fg lbOof] . :yfgLo ljBfnox?n] ;d]t

ljBfyL{x?n] :ofxf/ ug]{ u/L s/];faf/Lx? agfP .

clxn] ufp“df s[lif pTkfbgdf lgs} a9]sf]5 . tflnddf ;xefuL ls;fgx?n] cGo

ls;fgx?nfO{ kdf{sNr/ af/] l;sfO/x]sf5g\ . ls;fgx?n] l/l;8f“8f tfhf t/sf/L

;d"x gfds ;d"x ;d]t lgdf{0f u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] ls;fgx?af6 h}ljs t/sf/L hDdf

u/L ahf/df a]Rg] sfd u5{ .

clxn];Dddf * ufp“x?sf nueu @^) ls;fgx?n] kdf{sNr/ af/] 1fg kfO;s]sf

5g\ .

t/sf/Ln] Nofof] v';L / ;Dj[l4

39kl/jt{gsf syfx?

40kl/jt{gsf syfx?

;l/tf 8+uf]n cfºgf] gf} jif]{ 5f]/L / >Ldfg\nfO{ x]/]/ d':sfO/xbf pgLx? pgnfO{ xft

xNnfpFb} Ps s'gfaf6 af6f] nfU5g\ . pgsf] >Ldfg\nfO{ sIff rf/df cWoog/t

5f]/LnfO{ :s'ndf k'¥ofP/ sfdlt/ bf}8g' 5 . pgL 8«fOe/ x'g\ . ;l/tf ca eg] cfkm\gf] ;fgf]

k;ndf n'uf l;nfpg] d]l;g dd{t ug{] sfddf Wofg s]lGb|t ug{ ;lS5g\ . sf7df08f}+af6

sl/a ;ft lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f 7]rf] uflj;sf] Psdfq d]sflgs ePsf]df pgnfO{ uj{ nfU5 .

pgn] slDtdf lbgsf] b'O{j6f d]l;g dd{t ul5{g\ . o;af6 x'g] cfDbfgLn] pgLsf] 5f]/Lsf]

k9fO vr{ rNb5 . 5f]/Lsf] x]/rfx ug{] / cfkm"nfO{ 3/sf] sfddf ;3fpg] >Ldfg\ kfPsf]df

pgL cfkm"nfO{ efUodfgL 7flG5g\ .

t/ ;w}+ o:tf] lyPg . ha pgsf] !( jif{sf] pd]/df lax] eof], pgL dfWolds txdf

kl9/x]sL lyOg\ . pgnfO{ cem} k9\g dg lyof] . t/ pgsf] 3/sf]

cfly{s cj:yf /fd|f] lyPg . pgsf] >Ldfg\sf] Pp6f ;fgf] 6'qmf

hldg lyof] . To;df df};dL v]tL ug{ t ;lsGYof] . t/ Tof]

hldgsf] cfDbfgLn]dfq pgLx?nfO{ vr{ rnfpg k'Uy]g . To;}

n] ;l/tfn] cfwf/e"t l;nfO tflnd lng] ljrf/ ul/g\ . t/

To;af6 Tolt kmfObf ePg lsgeg] w]/} k|lt:kwf{ lyof] / cln

sd} k};f cfpYof] .

To;}a]nf pgn] ljhg]; ;le{; ;]G6/ -laP;;L_n] y'k|} tflndx?

cfºg} ;d'bfodf ;+rfng ul//x]sf] yfxf kfOg\ . o:tf tflndsf]

p2]Zo pgLh:tfnfO{ s'g} pBd yfngL ug{ ;xof]u k'/\ofpg' lyof] . pgn] l;nfO d]zLg

dd{t ug{] d]sflgsn tflnd lnOg\ . pgn] s]xL cfwf/e"t ;Lk / 1fg xfl;n ul/g\ .

æz'?–z'?df of] sfd dnfO{ Psbd} ufx|f] nfUYof] . dlxnfn] klg kmnfd;Fu v]n]/ l;nfO

d]lzg dd{t ug{ ;S5 s] eg]/ dflg;x? z+sf ub{y]{,Æ pgL elG5g\

la:tf/} dflg;x?n] pgsf] Ifdtfdf ljZjf; ug{ yfn] . æo;n] d]/f] cfTd;Ddfg a9fpg

cxd e"ldsf v]n]sf]5 . clxn] dfG5]x?n] dnfO{ x]g]{ tl/sfdf km/s kfPsL 5' . d]/f]

cfly{s cj:yf klg /fd|} 5,Æ pgL elG5g\ .

pgnfO{ cem pRr:t/sf] tflnd ug{ kfP /fd|f] x'G5 eGg] nfU5 . pgn] o:tf] tflndn]

pgnfO{ ;f] Pl/ofdf ePsf ufd]{G6 km\ofS6Ldf k|of]u x'g] 7"nf7"nf Joj;flos d]lzg dd{t

ug{ ;Sg] agfpg] 5 . laP;;Ln] o; s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL pgnfO{ To; lsl;dsf]

tflndsf] Joj:yf ul/lbPsf] 5 . pT;flxt ;l/tf ;f] tflndsf] kvf{ODff l5g\ . æd]/f]

Joj;fo cem ljsf; ug]{5' . laP;;Ln] dnfO{ C0fsf] klg lbg] ePsf] 5 . o;n] d}n]

gofF / k'/fgf dd{t ul/Psf dl];g lsga]r ug{ ;Sg]5' . o;n] d]/f] cfly{s cj:yfnfO{

cem dha't agfpg] 5 . d}n] d]/f] 5f]/LnfO{ /fd|f] lzIff lbg ;Sg]5',Æ pgL elG5g\ .

nf}x dlxnf