A

GREEK GRAMMAR

BY

WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, HoN. LL.D.lUllVAlW UN1VI::l\81TY

AND

D.C.L.

ELIOT l'llOH:SSOII OF CIIEF.K I.ITEIIATURE Ill

REVISED AND ENLARGED

BOSTON PUBLISHED BY GINN &COMPL~Y

1900

CorTntOHT,

189~,

DY WILLIAM W. GOODWIN ..u.L Ri9UT8 RltBBIIVlm.

TTPoGJUl'HT

BT

J. 8.

cusUING

& Co., BosToK.

l'11Eaawcnn: nY OiNN & Co., BosToN.

PREFACE.

THE present work is a revisr.ll ::mel. enlarged edition of the Greek Gr\f a revised and Clllarged euitioll of the Elenwntary Greek Grammar of only 235 pages published in HHO. I trust that no one will infer from tl1is repeated iucrease in the size of the book that I attributa.lvw .. Inflection of >.6w ........ Inflection of 2 Aor., l'erf., and l'lupcrfo of >.clll'w . Inflection of a.lw (Liquid Forms) .......... Remarks on Verbs in w o. . ............... Perfect and Pluperfect Middle and l'a.ssivc of Verbs with Consonant t>tems ....... Contract Verbs in a.w, 4 Prcpositioas originally Adverbs ............. 1200. Improper Preposition~. . . . . . . . . . .......... . 254 1201. Prepositions with Genitive, Dative, and Accusa. tive ................................... . 254 1202-1219. uses of the l'r!'positions .................... . 204-262 1220. Uses of the Improper Prepositions. . . . . . . . . . 262 1221-12:.!0. Remark on the Prepositions . . . . . . . . . . . ... 2G2,203 1227. I' repositions in Compositjon taking their own Cases. . .............................. . 264 1190.

ADVERBS. 1228,1229. Adverbs qualifying Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264

SYNTAX OF THEVOICES.

VERR

1230-1232. 1233. 1234-12:37.

Active Voice .............................. . Passive Voice ........................... . Agent after Passive Verbs (i.,-6 and Genitive) 1238. Dative of Agent (see also 118G-l 188) ........ . 1239. Pa.~sive Construction when Active has two Cases ................................ . 1240. Cognate Accusative made Subject of Passive ..1241. Intra.usitive Active forms userl as PaRsives

264,2652(15 2(l5

265

2C5,266 266266

1242-1248.

Middle Voice (three uses) .TENSES.

. ............ .

267,268

1249. Two relations denoted by the Tenses...... . . . .I. TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE.

268

1260-1266. Tenses of the Indicative (Time of each) . 268-271 1267-1270, Primary a.nd Secondary Tenses............... 271, 272

XVlll II.811CTION8

CONTENTS.TENSES 01' 'l'l!Jo; DEPENDENT MOODS.A. NOT IN IN V!Rl:CT DlSCOU HSl:.P.lOitB

1271. Present and Aorist chiefly used .............. . 127:.!. Distinction between l'r~Sl!J 1171 !i73

3Note 2 107 108 Note II, I

2 No toIII

574 57!l; M

1:ma 15!!4 15!J.'i;1~!lll15~J7-15~~)

Hi2!l1(130

l(i35J(i:ll

2&i, I2

11i00l(j(l;i

lflW, 2 ;

lli~t!

3 452ti3

11il lii051 5 mKl 2H7, 1 111071 2

3 4

1n:1~

lii:l-1Jli:~;

!li:i7 IJutu& ...................... /'/. H.auae ....................... II. Theemophorlazuaae ......... 'J'h. Vespac ....................... V.

P1~&~~.~aj~~:::: :::::::: lfr.!%:

Lege ...................... . Lg.

Demostheues ................. ]), Euripides .................... E.AlceatisAndromache.

.....

.. AI. . ........ . Awl.

Ucchac.... . . . . . /Ia. Cyciop . . . . . . Cyc. Kiect> ~.... . . . . . . . . El. Hecuba ..................... !leo. Helena . . . . . . . . . . . . ... Hcl. Ileraclldac ................ . llc1". Hercuira Furens ........... II. F. Orestes ...................... Or. Phoeni&~~ae ................ .. Jlh, Wwsua ..................... . /lh. 'l'roadea .... ................ 'J',o.

Mcnexcnuf! ........... ... Menex. J>hnedo ..................... Ph. Phacdrus ................. Phdr. J>!JIIebus ................... Phil. l'olit.icuo ................... . Pol. Protagoraa..... . . . . . . .. .. . . . P1, Repu~lic .................. .. lip. Sophist ...................... So. Symposium .................. Sy. Tbeactctua .................. Th. Tiruaeus..... . . . . . .... Ti.Ajox ...................... Aj. Antit{one .... ............... . An. Electra.... . ....... El. 0t"dipue nt Colooua ........ 0. ('. Oedipus Tyraunua ......... 0. T. Phiioctetea .................. Ph. TTH.chioiae..... . . . . ......... 'l'r.

~)~~:~:: :: :::::::: :::::::: :"~~~:

Sappho ................... Sapph. Sophocles .................... S.

~!11~~~~~~~~::: .:::: ::::.:::: tl~:

Stobaeus . . . . . . . . ......... Stob. Theoc. Theocritus. Hcsiod ..................... Hes. Thcognis . . . . . . . ....... Theog. . ............. Theogonia .................. Th. Herodotus .................. Hd. Thucydidcs ............. T. llerondas ............... Heroncl. Xenophon . . .............. X. At!eailaus .................. . .Ag. Hipponax ................ Hipp. Annbaai ................... . .A. Homer:Cyropaedia ................. C.Iliad ........................ Jl.

Odyssey .................... Od.

Isaeus .................... Isa.e. !socrates ...................... I. Lysias .................... L. Min.nermus .............. Mimn.

I

}!:l::u~'!.ue~~r.i:::::::: .. ::::: ~':,'f: l!ipparchicus ............... /lip, Memornbllia ................. . M. Oecooomlcufl ................ Oe. De Repu~lica Atbenicnai.Rp. A. 8yrupos1um .................. 811.

The dramatists are cited by Dindorf's lines, except the tragic fragments (frag.), which folluw ~auck's numbers. The orators are cited by tile uumbcrs of thtJ orations and the German sections. mvi

GREEK GRAM MAR.

INTRODUCT 10 N.

THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND DIALECTS.THE Greek language is the language spoken by the Greek race. In the historic period, the people of this race called themselves by the name Hellenes, and their language Hellenic. We call them G1eeks, from the Roman name Gmeci. They were divided into Aeolians, Dorians, and Ionians. The Aeolians inhabited Aeolis (in Asia), Lesbos, Boeotia, and Thessaly ; the Dorians inhabited Peloponnesus, Doris, Crete, some cities of Caria (in Asia), with the neigh boring islands, many settlements in Southern Italy, which was known as Magna Grn.ecia, and a large part of the coast of Sicily; the Iouians inhabited Ionia (in Asia), Attica, many islands in the Aegean Sea, a few towns iu Sicily, and some other places. In the early times of which the Homeric poems are a record (before 850 R.c. ), there was no such division of the whole Greek race into Aeolians, Doriaus, and Ionians as that which was recognized in historic times; nor was there any common name of the whole race, like the later name of Hellenes. The Homeric Hellenes were a small tribe in South-eastern Thessaly, of which Achilles was king; and the Greeks in general were called by Homer Achaeans, Argives, or Danaans,

a

4

INTRODUCTION.

'

The dialects of the Aeolians and the Dorians are known as the Aeolic and D01ic dialects. These two dialects are much more closely allied to each other than eithor is to the Ionic. In the language of the Ionians we must distinguish the Old Ionic, the New Ionic, and the Attic dialects. The Old Ionic or Epic is the language of the Homeric poems, the oldest Greek literature. The New Ionic was the language of Ionia in .the fifth century B.c., as it appears in Herodotus and Hippocrates. The Attic was the language of Athens during her period of literary eminence (from about 500 to 300 B.c.). 1 In it were written the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, the comedies of Aristophanes, the histories of Thucydides and Xenophon, the orations of Demosthenes and the other orators of Athens, and the philosophical works of Plato. The Attic dialect is the most cultivated and refined form of the Greek language. It is therefore made the basis of Greek Grammar, and the other dialects are usually treated, for convenience, as if their forms were merely variations of the Attic. This is a position, however, to which the Attic has no claim on the ground of age or primitive forms, in respect to which it holds a rank below the other dialects. The literary and political importance of Athens caused ,her dialect gradually to supplant the others wherever Greek was spoken; but, in this very extension to regions widely separated, the Attic dialect itself was not a little modified by various local influences, and lost some of its1 The name Tonic includes both the Old and the New Ionic, but not the Attic. When the Old and the New Ionic are to be distinguished in the present work, Ep. (for Epic) or Hom. (for Homeric) is u~ed for the former, and Hdt. or lid. (Herodotus) for the latter.

INTRODUCTION.

5

early purity. The universal Greek language which thus arose is called tbe Common Dialect. This begins with the Alexandrian period, the time of the literary eminence of Alexandria in Egypt, which dates from the act.:ession of Ptolemy 11. in 28() ll.c. The Greek of the philosopher Aristotle lies on the uorder liue between tlliS and the purer Attic. The ll:J.me Helleuh;tic is given to that form of the Common Dialect w hieh was used uy the J cws of Alexandria who made the Septuagint version of the Old Testament (283-13j n.c.) and by the writers of the New Testament, all of whom were Hellenists (i.e. foreigners who spoke Greek). Towards the ellll of tlw twelfth century .A.D., the popular Greek then spoken in the llyzautine Roman Empire began to appear in literu.ture by the side of the scholastic ancient Greek, which bad ceased to be intelligible to the common people. This popular lungua,ge, the earliest form of ,Vodern Greek, was called Romaic ('Pwp.o.'iK~), as the people called thenu;elves 'Pwp.o.[m. The name Romaic is now little used; and the present language of the Greeks is called simply 'EM'7"'K~, while the kingdom of Greece is 'E>..>..a> awl the people are "EM'7v(>. The literary Greek has beeu greatly purified during tLe last halfcentury by the expulsion of foreign words and the restoration of classic forms ; aud the same process ha~ affected the spoken langnagP, especially that of cultivated society in Athens, unt to a far less extent. It is not too much to say, that the Greek of most of the books and newspapers now publisher! in Athens could have been understood without difficulty by Dcmosthenes or Plato. The Greek language has thus an unbroken literary history, from Homer to t.he present day, of at least twenty-seven centuries.

6

INTRODUCTION.

The Grerk is descended from the same original language with the Indian (i.e. Sanskrit), Persian, German, Slavonic, Celtic, and Italian languagrs, whieh together form the llldo-European (sometimes called the Aryan) family of lallguages. Greek is most closely connected with the lt;Llian languages (including Latiu), to which it bears a relation silllilar to the still closer relation between French and Spanish or Italian. This relation accounts fm the striking analogies between Greek and Latin, which appear in both roots and terminations; and also for the less oU. vious analogies between Greek and the German element in English, which arc seen iu a few words like me, is, know, etc.

PART I.LETTERS, SYLLABLES, AND ACCENTS.THE ALPHABET.

1. Tlte Greek alphabet has twenty-four letters:Form.Eqnivale11t.

Name.

A

a {3

a

/i">'ccpa{3ijra ryaJLJLafL,

A lphctBeta Gamma Delta Eps"ilon

R

b

.rtl.

'Y

gd e (slwrt) z e (long)

8f

zHI K A M N';::

E

..

UX.m

ti"Aov~i}ra

~1J

ZetaEta 1'heta Iota Kappa Lambda lr!u

e e {)K A.

~Ta

thi k or hard c l mnX

Bi]m~

~WTa

.

Kcf7r7ra

0 IT p

-

fL v

X.a(JL) f3oa fLU vv~fl, ~i JLI.Kpov

~0

7r

o (short) pr~

ov, o

Nu XiOmicron

7rH,

7r~

PiRlw Sigma 'l'au Ups'ilon Phi Ghi

p(j

pw' O"C'"fJLarav

!T T

st

T

v

(u) ypit

v,

~

v tt.X.ovXL~

X

~tit, will f!iV..av> (78 ), iUTd> for LITTaVT> (79), ()[, for B(vr> (79 ), &~ for oovr>, >..vat for ..\uovrat, EKpiva for iKptva for OttKvvvT> (79). Here H aud ov are the spurious dipl1 thoug-s ( tl ). 2. In the fir~t aorist of liqnid verl1s (072), a is leugthened to '7 (or ii) when a is dropperl ; a_, (YJva for lcpavaa, from cpatvw ( av- ), cf. E!TnAaa, (urH>..a, from ari.A>..w (ITT(A ) .

"

"

0

"

inf!P~tious

-of w, (sometimes ov,) and \!,-and of

in the root of ct, 01, and r, 1), (rarely w,) and 0.. The long vowels and. diphthongs iu such cases are called strong forms, and the short vowels weak forms. there is auinterch~uge

.31. (StTong and Weak Forrns.) In some formations and

Thus A(L7rW, >..f.->..o17r-a, l->..t1rov; cptryw, 1rf.(vy-a, -cpvyov;T~K-W, Tf-Tl]K-a, f-r0.K-l'}V; /Jf}y-viJJU, 'f.p-pwy-a, p-pJ.y-7}V; f.'A_(\rUOJ.W.l (74), l>..-~>..ovBa, ~>..vBov (see EPXOf.JALl); so j epic {3aaLA~O~, {3aaLA~a, Icing, Attic {3am>..i.w.i.O. ; epic p.fr~opo>, in the air, Attic pfriwpo..ao..cw, PI!- o-ro>.t.J... , ...

38. II. When the two vowels cannot form a diphthong,1. Two like vowels (i.e. two a-sounds, two e-sounds, or two o-sounds, without regard to quantity) unite to form the common long (ci, '1 or w). But u gives et (8), and oo gives ov (8). E.g. Mv&a, p.va (184); t>..irrre, cfnX~Te; ~A6w, ~>..w;- but lq,O..u, lcf,t>..e~; '11'.\oos, 11'Aoii>

14

LEITERS, SYLLABLES, AND ACCENTS.

[39

2. When an a-sound precedes or follows an a- or an esound, the two become w. But o and w give ov (8). E.g.l::..YJAOYJH, I>YJAWT; cf>tAtwcn, cfnAwat; Tip.0.op.v, TtJ.LWf-l(V; T'ip.t{wp.(V Ti.p.wp.(v;- but vo 1 vov; yivto..w nt'xti:, nt'xa o + '!' = t_q:cptA.f.ot, cptAo'i w+u =w Tfpwa.,Tfpw tAiov, tll.ov =w Tfpwt~, Tfpw> ' ~ t:u, V w+t =tJ Tfpwt, Tfp; i1r' U.vBpw'Tr'f! for i1rt O.v8pw1r'1! So icf>' (rip'fi vvxB' OAl)V for VUKTa OAl)V (02).

49. Elision is especially frequent in onliuary prepositions, conjunctions, aud adverbs; but it may also be used with short vowels at the end of uouus, adjectives, prououns, and verLs.Elisiou uever occurs in the prepositions 7rp[ aud 1rpo, except 7rp{~u Aeolic (rarely Lin Attic), tlw conjunction oTL, lllOllusy Jlaules, excE!pt those ending in , (d) the dative siugular in L of the third declension and the dative plural in ..ov). rupiw (u7T6 and a1pw, !l:!) j O-

at thP. beg-inuing of a word is sometimes rlropped after a long vowel or a c!iphlhon:!;, c,;pecially aft~r p.~. 1101, and tj. nr. This is called aplau~resi.< ( J.cf>a[pan1.q o.ff). Tlllls, p.~ 'yI> for ,.,.:;1 iyo>; 1rov 'anv for 1rov ianv; iyw 'cf>..Aoyo> (for auv->...oyo>)3. N before a is generally dropped and the preceding vowel is lengthened ( 30), a to ii. c to n, o to ou. E.g. Mi>..a~ (for p...iiovTIa, >..iiov-ua), >..vOc"irra (for >..v0vr-ta, >..uOcv-aa), 1raao. (for 1ravr-ta, 1rav-aa): see 84, 2.

78.

79. The combinations vr,

vo, v8,

when they occur before

84]

EUPHONIC CHANGES OF CONSONANTS.

21

u in inflections, are always dropped, twd the preceding vowel is lengthened, as above (78, 3). E.g.lliicn (for 71"aVT-cn), y[yii> (for ytyavT>), OHKVU> (for OHKvvvT>),,\(oven (for AfovTc.n), nfh'iat (fur nlhvTat), nfh(), a"ITtlaw (for a1!"u,o-aw), 71"f(aop.o.t (for 71"fv0-aopn.t)For nouduatives in wv (fur ovr-), ~ee 2UD, 3 (cf. 212, 1).

80. N. N standing alone before at of the dativo>, "ITaAivuKto..u.s (32G), for J-lof the euding; as yivo>, race (stem y~vHr-), gen. -yivt-or;' for ynE~Ko.), prrfeet of cp~w; KCXYJVa (for XEXYJVa), perf. of xaaKul; TiB.,>..fJ. (fur (}d).,.,>..o.), perf. of BciA>..w. So in TL-Bt]p.l (for

2. The ending (Jt of the first aorist imperative passive becomes n after of t.!Je tt>nse stem (757, 1). E.g. AvB>Jn (for >..,(}.,.,.{it), O.v811n (for av8ry-Bt); but 2 aor. c/>avrrB'

o.,.

(757, 2). 3. ln the aoriRt pa~~ive f.TI.BYJv from T!B.,p.t (Be-), and in iTvB.,v from B~w (Bv-) Be n,ud Bv hecorur re and Tl! before O.,.,v. 4. A similar change occurs in cl/L1f'ixw (for &.,...-Exw) and &.,...11'{crxw (for apc/>tax,,), clothe, and ill fKe-xnp(a Uxw aud ;'(Etp), truce. So an initial :1.-~pirate is lost in xw (~tem x- for crex-. 539), but reappears iu fut. (ew. ;,, There is a transfer of the aspirate in a few verbs which are supposed tt> have harl originally two rough consouaut~ in the stem; a.s Tp[cpw (stPm TpEc/> for Opec/>), now-ish, fut .. Bpit{lw (662); rpixw ( TPEX- for BpEX-), ,.w1, fut. Bpieop.o.t; f.Tac/>>Jv, from Ba1rrw ( Tacfr for 6acp-), bury; see also Bpvn-rw, TDcpw, and stem Ba1r-, in the Catalogue of Verbs. So in 8p(t ('2'>:.). hnir, !!"" r,IJ (stern TptX- for Opt)(); and in Taxv>, swift, cun>parat.ive Ociaawv for Oax-.tioll or nasi~ is long; as a in ycpii (for yipo.u.), liKwv (for diKl, that final " is short. (S!elOG,:); Ill; 112.)

105. The quantity of the terminations of be stated below in the proper places.ACCENT.GENEHA

llOllllS

and verbs will

r. l'wNCH'LEo

106. 1. There are three accents, the acute (' ), as Airyo, ri (418). 109. N. The accent (like the breat!Jing) stands on tl1e secoud vowel of a diphthong (12); as iu ai.pw, JJ.Ovaa., rov; paroxytone, when it has the acute on the penult, as f3uat>..{wr;; propnro~tone, when it has the acute on the antepenult, asf3aat>..n1ovro ; Kopa.~, Kopa.Ko>, Kopa.KE>, KopaKwv; 1rpay/ML, 7rpay/MLTO'>, 7rpiiyJ-LaTwv; &&~, &8ovTO>, &&v..i)IJ'1; (hov, 8if, B;;w, Ow'ir;. 124. In the first declension, uw of the geuiti ve plural (for iwv) is circumfiexed (170). But the feminine of adjectives and participles in o> is spelt and accented like the masculine and neuter. E.g. ALKWV, &twv (frout OLK''}t oo~a.), 7r0ALTWV (from 7rONT71'>) j but

a,w,,

127. Most monosyllables of the third. declension accent the last syllable in the genitive and dative of all numbers: here wv and ow are circumflexe!l. E.g.

0lJ>, se1vant, Oqro, Trm'IJ.n, cf>w~. light, and a few others, violate the last rule in the gemtive dual and plural; so 1ra~. all, in both genitive and dative plural: as 11'Clt>, 1r..oilv. (See 335.) 135. For the accent of optatives in o.L and ot, see ll3. other exceptions to 130 occur, cspeci:l.lly in poetic formR.Some

!41]

PROCLITICS AND ENCLITICS. PUOCLI1'ICS.

31

136. Some monosyllables have no accent and are closelyattached to the followiug word. 'l'Lese are called proclitics (from 'ITpoK>..ivw, 1--an forward). 137. The proclitics are tlw articlrs o, ~. ol, a[; the prepositions a, (h), f.~ (fK), lv; the conjunctions d ami W) (so~ USCd aS a preposition) j allll the negative OU (oc'K, oux) 138. Exception.~. 1. Ov ta\;es the acute at the eud of a. sentence; a'l 'ITW'> yii.p o;;; jut why ttol? So wl1ell it stands alone as Ou, No.2. n, and sometimes U and tt> take the acutf.pw in 6:21.

651. (Reduplication.) Sometimes rcrfuplication, besides the regular reduplication of the perfect st.em (WU): ( 1) in the present, as yt-yvwU"Kw, know, y[yvoJLUL, T[07Jp.L. (:2) in the second aorist, as 7rt[Ow (1rtl1-), pe1suade, 7rE""'TrLBov (epic); so ayw, ~yayov (Att.ic). 652. 1. The followiug are reduplicated in tile present:(a) In Class I., y[-yvojillL (for yLytvOJLUt); ttrxw (for m-atx-w);p.tJJ-l'W (for p.t-p.tvw), poetic for p.ivw; 1rf1rTW (for m-7rtTw); TtKTw (for TL-TlKW ). (b) In Class VI., {3t-{3pwU"Kw ({3po-), yt-yvwU"Kw (yvo-), OL-op6.U"Kw JJ-Lp.v!fU"Kw (p.va-), 7rL-7rp6.(J"KW ( 1rpa.-), TL-TPWU"KW ( Tpo-), with poetic 7rL-7rt(J"Kw and m-cj>I!VU"Kw, and &.po.ptU"KuJ with peculiar Attic reduplication (015). (c) In Class VII., the verbs in !-'-' which are enumerated in 794, 2. 2. For rcduplica!Rd second aorists, see 534 and 535.

(opu-),

653. (E added to Stem.) l\ ew stems are often fomwd by adding t to tlw Vt!rh stem. 654. (1) From this new stem in l sonw verbs form tlw present stem (by adding o/.-), sometimes also other tense stems. E.g.'floKE-(>) (OoK-), seem, pres. stem (OOKto/.-, fut. oo~w; YllfJ-E-W (yap.-), many, fut. Y"i-'-w, pf. ycyO.JJ-YJKtl; uiBiuJ (wB-), push, fut. .;JU"w (poet.wO~U"w).

655. These verbs arc, further, ycywvf.w, y'Y}Bf.uJ, KTV1Tf.(J), Kvpt>..f.w (see epic fol'tns); a.nd poetic Oov1rw, C:.Aw, (7To.vp~w, KAo.O~w, K(J'T(..taKal'w ( ocpA ), 7TETOJ.W-l, rrT-.w and cll.oup.uL (4~2). See 482. .E.g.alvw ( av-), show, fut. ( avc-w) avw, ( avi-o}Ult) avovp.u.t; (IT'().,).w ( (J'TtA- ), send, ( (J'nAc-w) u-rtAw, ( un>-.-o}Ult) (J'T'EAOUJ-tUL; vi,.,.w, divide, (vtJ.Lf.-w) VEJ.Lw; Kptvw (Kptv-), judye, (Kpwi-ul) t-.w (Attic). So JUlXC....a[w, weep, KAavuovp.n.t (001); cfm!yw, flee, tveovp.n.t; 1f'f1rrw, Jail, 1rwovp.n.t. See also 'l'l'al(w (3!10) and 1f'VvBO.vop.at. The A t.tic has these, with the regular futures 1f'An5uop.at, 1f'VVuop.o.t, KArnSaop.n.t, cj>f'IS~op.at (but never -rri.uop.at). 2. The~c are called Don'c futures, because the Doric forms futures in rri.w, rrw, and ui.op.n.t, rrovp.n.t.

667. N. A few irregular futures drop u of the stem, which thus has the appearance of a present stem. Such ar~ xiw and xiop.lH, fut. of xiw, pow; (Dop.o.L, from f.u8[w ( w, tBpt..Aw (c:TTA-), tCJTlA-a (for iCJnA-c:Ta) cCJTHA-aJl.'?''; dyyi>..Aw ( &.yyA ), announce, ijyyu,\a, ~yyH>..ap:r;v; 1Tpo.Lvw ( 1Tpav ), finish, f.1Ti.pU.vo.; J-l-La{vw (p.tav ), stain, f.p.{U.va; vip._ For ,jyo.yov, :2 aur. of .";yw, ~,.,. ;,:;:;,

678. ( .Mt-jonn.) TIJe sU:m of tlH~ S(cond aorist of the fl-1--form is the simple verb stl'm wiLI1 110 suffix. The sLt'lll VOWel is l'L't-;\\brly Jun;; (YJ, w, 01' v) tlti'Ollt\'liOnt tiH! indie:1tivl' aetivllg vowel in the illlperativP. a11tl infin!l!v(;, Sl'e 100; 7GG, 2.) E.y.qiaTYJf11. ( aTo.- ), 2 aor. (aTlJV, EO"Tl)S, [aT'/ f.,JT>)O"Ul', :t.t;. For the infiectiou, see GOG. For cUiOJJ-~;ular (.",lj!, 0) ali.:UK?JS, C..\t::AVKt::t(t~), C>..(At~t, n. In the dual aud plural wya ( G4:2). 688. 1. For the change of t to o in the stem, see 643. For>..iA.ot?ra and 7rE7rodJa, see 642, I, and 31. 2. For the leug thcuiug of 0. to Y) or in SOllie verbs, see GH. 3. For the lengtheuing of the stelll vowel in .>..ayxavw (.>..ax-), A.ap./3avw (A.o.f3-), A.avl1avw (A.o.l1), Tvyxavw (Tvx-), and some other ver hs, see 611. 689, N. Eppwya from Myvvp.t (p'f)y-) aud d'wOa (fi37, 2) from f.{}w ( ~0-) chauge fJ of the sten1 to w ( Jl ). 690. N. Vowel stems do uot form second perfects; aK~Ko-a, from aKoV.w, hear (stem UKOlJ-, aKOf-) is only an apparent exceptlOil. 691, N. Homer has many second perfects not found iu Attic; as 7rpo-f3i/3ovA.a fro1J1 /3ovAoJ.1.0.t, wislt; p.Ep.'f)Aa from p.iil.w, crmcem; loA?ra from (A'Tt'w, hope; oioov1ra frolll 0ov1r/.w (oov1r-), resound. 692. (Aspimted Second Perfects.) Most stems ending in 1r or f3 change these to cp. and most ending in K or y c.kmge these to X in the second perfect, if (L short vowel precedes.

a

1

Those in q, and

x make

no change.

E.g.

B>..a'lrT'" (f3>..af3-), {3f.{3A.acpa; KO'Tt'TW (Ko'TT'-), KiKocj>a; &.>..A.aaaw (cL\Ao.y-), ?)AA.axa; vA.aaaw ( vAaK-), ?ra.va.v'lcro/c- CTTO.A'I')CT%

724]

SUBJUNCTIVE.

159

FORMATION OF THE DEPENDENT MOODS AND THE PARTICIPLE.SUJMU~CTIVE.

718. The subjunetive l1as the primary endings (552) inall it:> tenses. In all f Ol'lllS ( cYcn in verbs in p.t) it has a long tl1ematic vowel wiry- (.JGl, ~).

719. (Common Form.) In the common form of inflection, the present ~mu ~eeond. aorist tense stems change 0 /.to wf~-, and the tirst aorist tense stew clJangcs final a to ~try-. All have w, Yl' ?7 in the singular, and wen for wvcn (7S, 3) iu the third wrson plural, of the active. E.g. Aj. KtK-rw,_w.t (for Kf-KT'Y)-, a-r?), etc., as if the uncontractP-d form were iarc-w, uot iara-w. The~e verbs have Ionic stems in ..w aud tAwf, ~. etc., wp.o.t, c;;, wmt, etc. (for o-w, o:l" o:J o-wp.o.t, etc.); as 8[8wp.t, subj. S.SW, 818, 818c;;; 818Wp.o.t, 818c;;, 818Wrat, etc. 728. Verbs in viip.t form the subjunctive (as the optative, 743) like verbs in w; as 8t[KviifU, subj. 8tiKvV.w, 8t1Kwwp.o.1. 729. N. Awap.o.t, can, f.TrL(J'Tap.o.l, tmderstawl, Kp/p.o.p.o.1, hang, and the second aorist i7rptO.p.71 v, bought, accent the subjunctive (as the optative, 742) as if there were no contraction; thus 8Vvwp.o.1, E7rLCTTwp.o.t, Kpip.wp.o.t, 7rp{wp.o.t (compare n8wp.o.t).OPTATIVE.

730. 1. The optative adds the secondary endings (552)to the tense stem, preceded hy the mood suffix ( 0G2) 1 or 17J ( Lt); as >..to1n (for >..iio-t-n), icnut11 v (for irLs in w have the ending J.I..L (for v) in the first person singular in all tenses of the active voice. In the present, future. and second aorist systems, the thematic vowel (always o) is contracted with , to o, m, etc., otp.1Jv, ow, o1ro, etc. In the first aorist system, final a of the tense stem is contracted with t, giving fltp.t, o.t>, flL, etc. (but see 732), atp.71 v, aw, atro, etc. The rare perfect active (like the subjunctive, 720) follows the anal ogy o the present. E.g.

?a7)

OPTATIVE.

161

Ai.yot,_u. (for Ayo+J.u), ..\f.yotr; (for ..\yo-t-r;), ..\(yo' (for ..\yo-,), ..\iyotT (for ..\fyo-1-n), .AiyoLv (for Ayo-t-v). A[-rrw, 2 aor. )1.{-rroc.J.U (for ..\trr..w, f3if3>..7Jp.at, opt. Ota-{3/3>..-flafk So Hom. A..o'i.Jll. (See the inflection in 492.) It is only the second contraction which makes these co11tract~AcrcrL)jV1 ~Ao-OL7!V 1 01JAOL7JV j Tipn-o-L-p.L 1 Ti.p.d-otp.L, Tlf-Ufp.L j cj>tA-(r

forms.

738. For the optative pi.y07Jv, from pi.y6w, shizer, see 497. 739. (Mt-jonn.) 1. The present aud second aorist activeof the p.t-form, and both aorists passive in all verbs, havethe suffix '7J and in the first versou singular the ending v. Here a, c, or o of the stem is contracted with ''7 to aL7J, c''7 Or OL7J j aS io-TaL7JV1 io-TaL7JV j O"TO.-Lljp.cv1 O"TO.L7Jf!CV j AVIJC-L7JV1 A.v8d7Jv ; Ocrt1)'v, Oo[7Jv. 2. In the dual and plural, forms with ' for '7J and Le-v for ''JO"O.V in the third person plural, arc much more common than the longer forms with ''7; as o-Tal.p.cv, o-m'in, o-Ta'icv (better than o-Ta{7Jp.cv, o-Ta[7JTc, a-m!'7a-av). See 506.

740. In the present and second aorist middle of verbs in TJP-' and wp.t, final a, c, or o of the stem is contracted with t into at, n, or at, to which the simple endings f-'-7JV, etc., are added. E.g. 'lo-Ta.Lf!7JV (for io-Ta-L-p.7JV ), iaT passive add vr to their tense stem to form the st.em uf the partieiple. ::;t.cllls in ovr of the eonunou form have nominatives in wv; those of the fLtfonn hOvvBw, cj>Afy:Ow. 780. (Suhfunctil'e.) 1. In Ilo:ner the subjunctive (especially in the first aor. act. and :uid.) often has the short the>natic vowels and o (Attic TJ and w), yet nevrr in the si>:g-ular of the active voice nor in the third per~on plural; a:; f:pvaaoJ-Lfv, J.>..y~afn, fLVB+ UOJ-LaL, fU~(ji>JI(.:tivl'S Ilerodotus generally has the uncontracted forms i11 tw, fwtuv, fwat, l>ut contracts !7J and f(l to TJ and ?7i as clcpo.tp8iw (Att. -Ow), cpo.viwcrt (Att. -wert), l>ut cpo.vfi and cpavY]n (as in Attir.). 3. In the second aorist passive subjunctive of ~ome Vt'rbs, Homer has forms in uw, TJ!I> TJ!I HOf.lv, 1JfT (780, I), a;; th".Y are commonly written; as OaJ-Lf(w (from ioatHJI' :.! aor. p:1.ss. of OaJ-Lvaw. subduP), OOf'-~?7" OafL~!I OaJ-L>JfTf; Tpa7rfi.OfLfV (fro111 iTap7rYJV, uf Ttp7rw, a711use). It is highly probable that TJ should ue written for H in all persons. This is nwre fully developC'd in the second aorist active of the tuform (see 7o8, 2). 4. In t.he subjunctive a.ct.ive Homer often has Wj.Lt, ncr8a, !JCTL j as f.8f.A.wp, f.8f.'>1.?1cr8a, f.Oi>..nat. 781. (Optative.) 1. The so-caller! Aeolic form~ of the first aorist optative active iu uo.~, ftf, uav are the couJuJon forms in all dialects.

170

INFLECTION.

(782

2. Homer sometimes has otaOa (556, I) in the second person for ot>; as KA.a[otaOa. For aTo (for vTo) see 777, il. 782. ( hiftnitive.) 1. Ilolller often bas JA.vat and JA.fll for V (73!!) iu the infinitive active; ail &.p.l:vf.J.tvat, aJ.tvvf.J.ttv (Attic ap.Dvuv); iA()iJA.tvat, iA()iJA.v ((A8cv); Mip.vat, ~i,....v (Muv). For the perfeGL (ouly of tile j.ttforlll), see 7!!]; tile p~rL iu ivat does not occur in Horuer. So IIoru. ,..._vat, Dor. p.v for vat iu the aorist pa.,sive; as DJA.atwOfJA.vat (op.atw8~vat), ScuiJA.Vat (also Sa~vat), Hom.; aiaxvvO~-,....fv (aiaxwlhJvat), l'irHi. (:See 7ti4, 5.) 2. The Doric bas fV (7tiU) au!l t.l"' At'olic 7J" for uv in the infin.; tl111~ ,i(8fv and yci.plxv (Dor.) for atDHv aud f'7Jpvnv; cpip7JV and lxr1v ( Aeol.) for cpipuv aud (xuv; L7r7JV ( Aeol.) for d7rftv.

783, (J>urticiJ'le.) Tle Aeolic has otaa for ovaa, allll o.t>, o.taa for a>, U.aa, in u,e partieiplc; as , 6pi!futaa.SJ'ECIAI. DIAI.ECTIC FOHM~ OF CONTHACT VERUS.

784. ( Ve1bs in o.w.) 1. In Homer verbs in o.w are often con tracLed a' in .'\ ttic. Ju a few eases tiley mlllain uucontracted; ROllletimes without clauge, as vauTaovcn, ~atfTawv, fmm vatfTaoJ, du;ell; sou1etimes with ci, as i11 7rfwdw, ltung~r. Suf!&.w, thirst; sometimes with wv for iiov in the inrperfcct, as 1'-tvo[vwv from j.tvowaw, lrmg fin. 2. (a) The l\1.-;s. of Homer often give peculiar forms of verbs in o.w, by which the two \'Owels (or thfvcipowOpOwcr&.Op6WVTQ.I. ~ ~

OpO.ovTO.\.

a.lTLOOtTawj :L'i opiw, OpEOVTl~, optOUIJ'L, dpwrcov, lcf>o/uov. These forms are ~~"~rally ltiiCOIIiracted. In other c:\ses llc!rodotus contract.s verbs in aw regularly. 5. Homer someti111es fonu~ the prc!Sellt iufi11it.ivc active of vP.rbs in aw and w in 'YJJ-'lVLLL; as yo~p.lv.J.t (yoaw), 11'Hv~p.vaL ('ll'nvJw), t>..~p.lvaL (t>.iw). (Sec 785, 4.)

785. ( Verh.~ i11 w.) l. Veri's i11 w ge11erally remaw uncoutracted i11 both Homer and Herodotus. lint Hon1er someti111e~ COnf.rar.fs ((or HL to H, a.~ rap/3u (rapj3H). lldt. h:tS generally O'l, must, a11d O'iv, but i111]'f. (/h. Hot.h Homer ami Htrodotus sometimes have w as a rontrar.t. for111 for w; as uyvovVT~, Olll.vovvro: so in the At.tic futures in tO'w, Lopiw, cmr.1J, has op~p.lvat and op~vaL. Ilomer bas a few dual imperfects like op.a.pT~Tr)V ( op.a.pri.w) and a7!'HA~T7/I' ( a1T(LAEW ). (See 784, 3.)

172

INFLECTION.

[786

786. (Verbs in ow.) 1. VP.rhs in ow are always contracted in Herodotus, and his .Mos. sometimes have fU (for ou) from oo or oou, especially in StKa.u)w, think just. 2. They are always contracted in Homer, except in the few cases in which they have forms in ow or Olf resembling those of verbs in a.w (784, 2) i as apOWO'L (from &.pow, plough); Sl]L~V and (impf.) O!]LOwvro (from S'l]tow).DIALECTIC FORMS OF VERBS IN MI.

787. 1. Homer and Herodotus have many forms (some doubtful) in which verbs in 'YJP.L (with stems in t) and w,.u. have the inflection of verbs in tw aud ow; as rd)'i, 8t&'i~, StSo'L. So in compounds of L'Y)p.i., a.s aVLft~ (or av[u~), p.d)u'L (or -[u) in pres., and 7rpotw, 7rpo'tu~, &.vin, in imp f. Hom. has imperat. Ka.8-{aTli (Attic -YJ)- Hut. has 1anj (for i{>-..ua8a, rj>{>-..a) in Sappho, for rj>L>-..cw, etc.; OpYJp.L (for opaw ), KM1JI-C.L, a'[V'YJJ.U. 3. A few verbs in Hom. and lldt. drop a- in a-ac. and a-o of the second person after a vowel; as imperat. 7rap{amo (for -aa-o) and impf. lp.apvao (Hon1.); i~t71'{a-nat (for -o.a-ac.) with change of a to f (Hdt.). So 8io, imperat. for 8tao (Att. 8ov) and v8w (Hom.). 4. The Doric has n, vn for a-c., vue.. Home1 sometimes has a-8a (556, I) for a- in 2 pers. sing., as SSwa8a (o&c.a8a or St&'icr8a), T[8'Y)a8a. The poets have v for crav (with preceding vowel short) in 3 pers. plm:., as EO'Tav (for EO'T'YJ..>..opaL ), J.1To-8e(OfUll, KUTa8tL0fUJ.l j so xaTa&YJru. ( llesiod) for xaTo.Bt-,a.L (A tt. xa.mB). 789. For Hollleric optathes of OatvUp.L, o{w. >..~~>. an ..e>..vTo or AAWTO, 8tp.1JV (for cp8tLp.7Jv),sec these verbs in the Catalogue, with 7J4, l ; 744.

790. Homer sometimes retaius Bt in the present imperative, as o[ow8L, op.vu8L (752). Pindar often has o[Ool. 791. Homer has p.tva.L or p.tv (the latter only after a short vowel) for vaL in the infinitive. The final vowel of the stem is seldom loug in the present; as L, 17w>), see 773.ENUMERATION OF THE Ml-FORMS.

The forms with this inflection are as follows:793, I. Presents in 1'-' These belong to the Seventh and the Fifth Class of verbs (see 619 and 608).

174

INFLECTION.

[794

794. Those of the Seventh Class are 1. Verbs in p.t with the simple stem m the present. 'l'hese are the irregular dp..f, be, ETp.,, go, cf>YJp.(, say, ~p.at, sit, anJ K'ip.at, lie, which are inft('ct. IIJt. EOp1JV, Op~vat, Opas. Only in COIIIJlO'ition. (~C, ;()YJKt, f(lfTov, l.()iT7JV. (Otp.tv, ;(),n, (Otrrav.'f}KO., lJKU, lowKt, looTov, l8oT7Jv, loop.tv, (oon, looaav. 803, I. The two other second aorists active from stems in f arll (a/J'Iv, went out (crf3imp.L, que2ch ), in filleted like (arryv, and &:rroUKA~vaL, dry up CaKiAA.w). See 797, I; 79!). 2. The other second aorists, from stt-m in o, are inflected like (yvw.v, as followR : ludic. (yvwv, f:yvw>, lyvw, yvwTov, lyvwnJV. lyvwp.tv, (yvwn, (yvwrrav. Su/Jj. yvw (like ow). Opt. -yvo[7JV (like oo[YJv). lmpn. yvwOL, yvwTw, yvwTov, yvwTwv, yvwu, yvoVTwv ( 755). l11jiu. yvwvaL. Partie. yvov> (like oov>). 3. The second aorists ~v-rlfl>JV and l,.>..-r/f'-'1'' (7DR), nncl th" poctt>d like tlw pluperfP-ct middle (G!JH).

804. Ill. Second Pe1jects (11ld Plupe1jects of the p.1-F01m. The following verbs have forms of this cla,;s in Attic Greek, most of them even in prose : "IaTYJII.I. (aTa-); see 508 (paradigm). participle, see 773.For Ionic forms of the

806)

IRREGCLAR VERBS OF Tim MI-FORM.

177

Ba(vw (f3o.-), ,qn; poetic 2 pf. {3{3am (Hom. {3{3cf.auL), subj. {3{3wuL, iuL j3{3avaL (Hom. {3{3ap.v), part. {3{3wr; (Hom. {3{3awr;, {3t{3avl.a); 2 plup. (llotu. {3if3a1Jav). r:yvopm ( yv-, ya-), become, 2 pf. yiyova, am; (Hom. 2 pf. yc.

.

.r,.,,r,.r,~

I mpcrative.tcrO lCTTOIia-TOV(>J(]'nv, ~O'wv. A oris!, lYJO'a, cp~(]'w, ~>]rratp.L, cp~(]'(ll., c/>~(]'a> Verbal A dJective, cf>r~TOal is often applied to primitive words, because generally their root or stem actually occurs as a verb stem.This, howevE'!', dors not ohow that the noun or adjectivn is del'ived from the ve1b, but ruert,]y that bot.h have the same roo~ or stem. Thus the root. -ypa- contains only t.hc genP.ral idea write, not as yet devel oped Into a nouu, adjective, fa tl..O-,,flute (B29).

826. (Suffixes.) Roots or stems are developed into new stemg by the aJJitiou of syllaules (not tlwmselves stems) called suffixes. Thus, in the exam p]eg in 823, final a- in&.pxV.-, (u- in -ypo.(u-, to- in -ypo.v'Aa.K-, seen also in 'f!tJAd.uuw, I yumd (i>~O); M~ (nliiug; as in -yprif.!fJ.a. f(lr -yro..i~ (.\oy-o- ), ...~, e..- (stem of ari>..>..w, send) ; p.d.x-YJ (p.ax-a- ), /mule, frolll p.ux- (stem of p.d.xop.at, fight). 833, (Agent.) 1. The followiug suffixes deuote the aqent:n- (nom. (ypacf>u>); yov-oi->, pareul, from ytv-. T'JP (nom. r~p): awr~p, saviour, from aw- (aww, a): ,;PX'Iarp(): 7rpucf>~nI.'f (OUKlp.d.,w, test). p.o- (ttOill. p.o, sptmn (