8th GRADE RELIGION NOTES

PAGE x - A LOOK INSIDE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH ● About 2,000 years old● Our Catholic traditions were influenced by a major religion called Judaism● The world’s largest religious body - more than one billion members● A diverse church whose family members come from all walks of life.● Started from a humble beginnings when the disciples struggled to keep faith

alive.● They worked hard to continue Jesus’ mission on earth as they faced persecution

from their enemies and disagreements among themselves.● St. Peter and St. Paul ( apostle to the Gentiles) stayed faithful to the mission that

Jesus Christ had entrusted to them.● The Holy Spirit guides the Church and it helps the Church to stay together as a

family.● The Church has TRADITIONS that have been passed down to us from the

apostles and early Christians.● The Church has four DISTINCT MARKS or CHARACTERISTICS: It is

APOSTOLIC, ONE, HOLY, and CATHOLIC. This means that it is faithful to the teachings of the apostles, unified in Christ , in communion with God, and open to all.

● The MISSION of the CHURCH: Preach the Good News of Jesus and helps people grow in holiness.

● Throughout the world, Catholics share the same beliefs, celebrate the same sacraments, and try to live the Gospel in daily life.

PAGE xiiTHE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH

1. Apostolic Age and Early Church (A.D. 30-400) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anno_Domini)

Jerusalem - is the city where the Church was born on the feast of the Pentecost, fifty days after Jesus’ Ascension,

Pentecost - the day the Holy Spirit descended upon the disciples. It is known as the birthday of the Church.

Between A.D. 50 and 60, St Paul wrote letters (epistles) to the early Christian communities. (Part of the New Testament).

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Between A.D. 65 and 100 the Gospels were written. The New Testament was completed by A.D. 120.Early Christians often had to worship in secret places for fear that they might be arrested or even put to death by their Roman rulers.

Persecution of Christians continued until A.D. 313. http://www.nationalgeographic.com/lostgospel/timeline_09.html

Emperor Constantine legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire.

In A.D. 325, the Council of Nicaea developed the Church’s statement of belief.

The First Council of Nicaea (/naɪˈsiːə/; Greek: Νίκαια [ˈni:kaɪja]) was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea by the Roman Emperor Constantine I in AD 325. This first ecumenical council was the first effort to attain consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom, although previous councils, including the first Church council, the Council of Jerusalem, had met before to settle matters of dispute.[5] It was presided over by Hosius, bishop of Corduba.

The First Council of Nicaea was the first ecumenical council of the Church. Most significantly, it resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed. With the creation of the creed, a precedent was established for subsequent local and regional councils of Bishops (Synods) to create statements of belief and canons of doctrinal orthodoxy—the intent being to define unity of beliefs for the whole of Christendom.

2. Early Middle Ages (A.D. 400-1000)

St. Jerome translated the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin.

St. Augustine of Hippo and other Church leaders worked hard to keep the Church faithful to the teachings of Jesus Christ and the apostles.

St. Benedict and St. Scholastica helped bring monasticism, a religious way of life to the Western Church.

Benedict was born in the region of Nursia, northeast of Rome; the traditional date of 480 cannot be far from the truth. He went to Rome to study and underwent a religious conversion that led him to renounce the world. He first joined some ascetics at Enfide, east of Rome, and then, for three years, lived in complete solitude at Subiaco. He was later joined by many disciples for

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whom he established twelve monasteries. Persecution led him to withdraw to Monte Cassino, eighty miles south of Rome, where he established what became a large, flourishing cenobium. He gained a widespread reputation as a holy man, endowed with special charisms. He died around the middle of the century

Around A.D. 530. St. Benedict wrote his monastic rule. http://www.holyrule.com/part1.htm

In A.D. 590 Gregory the Great became the first monk to become a pope. He helped reform the Church and sent missionaries to the France, Spain, England, and Africa,

In A.D. 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.

3. Late Middle Ages (A.D. 1000-1500) In the Schism of 1054, most of the Eastern for Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire split from the Roman Catholic Church.ˈs(k)izəm

1. a split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief.

2. division, split, rift, breach, rupture, break, separation,severance; Morethe formal separation of a church into two churches or the secession of a group owing to doctrinal and other differences.

In 1095, Pope Urban II authorized the first crusade, or military expedition, to save the holy places of Palestine from Islamic rulers.

In 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, Christians destroyed much of Constantinople, a city revered by Eastern Christians.

The Church established the Inquisition in the 13th century to root out heresies.

The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical court and process of the Roman Catholic Church setup for the purpose towards the discovery and punishment of heresy which wielded immense power and brutality in medieval and early modern times. The Inquisitions function was principally assembled to repress all heretics of rights, depriving them of their estate and assets which became subject to the ownership of the Catholic treasury, with each relentlessly sought to destroy anyone who spoke, or even thought differently to the Catholic Church. This system for close to over six centuries became the legal framework throughout most of Europe that orchestrated one of the most confound religious orders in the course of mankind.

http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vatican/esp_vatican29.htm

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4. Reformation and Counter-Reformation (A.D. 1500-1869)

The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther posted 95 theses on the doors of the castle church in Wittenburg, Germany. http://hatlie.de/pdf/95theses.pdf

In 1533, the pope excommunicated King Henry V111, who established the Church of England. http://www.theanneboleynfiles.com/henry-viii-is-excommunicated/

Henry VIII had already upset the Pope and the Catholic Church by:-● Annulling his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marrying Anne Boleyn● Declaring himself “Supreme Head of the Church of England● Persecuting those who opposed the Acts of Supremacy and Succession● Dissolving the monasteries● His handling of the Pilgrimage of Grace

Read more: http://www.theanneboleynfiles.com/henry-viii-is-excommunicated/#ixzz4CL7rG2hx

The Council of Trent met between 1545-1563 and clarified church teachings, such as the real presence of Jesus and the necessity of both faith and good works for salvation.

During the 18th century, many missionaries came to the New World, where John Caroll became the first Catholic bishop.

5. Modern and PostModern Era (A.D. 1869 - the present)

In 1869, Vatican I defined papal infallibility and confronted modern trends of secular thought. http://www.britannica.com/event/First-Vatican-Council

In 1917, the Church issued the Code of Canon LAw,

The Second Vatican Council, 1962-1965, emphasized relations with other faiths and brought about a major change in liturgy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council

In 1978, Pope John Paul II became pope. The Church issued the Revised Canon Law in 1983, and approved the new Catechism of the Catholic Church in 1992.

In 2001, Pope John Paul II was the first pope in more than 1,000 years to make an official visit to Greece, to bring peace between Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches.

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PAGE xivTHE CHURCH THEN…

● Jesus chose St. Peter to be the foundation of his Church● The apostles had a mission to spread the good news throughout the world and to

baptize people in Jesus’ name.● The first Christians considered themselves Jews.● They worshipped in a synagogue on Saturday morning.● In the evening of the same day, they gathered for Eucharist in one another’s

home.● The Church taught that the only way people could have their sins forgiven was

through Baptism.● The Church provided forgiveness and reconciliation through the Sacrament of

Reconciliation or Penance.● People celebrated Reconciliation only once - just before death.● Western Church - people were separated from the altar by means of

communion rail.● Throughout the Middle Ages, there were no pews in churches. People stood

throughout the liturgy - men on one side, women on the other side.● Catholics place great emphasis on seeing the Eucharistic host during the

elevation after the consecration, but many did not receive Holy Communion. They felt they were unworthy.

● For more than 1,300 years, the priest said Mass with his back to the people.● Liturgy was said in Latin, a language that many people could not understand.

… AND NOW● The Pope takes the place of St. Peter as head of the Church.● The other bishops help carry on the mission of the first apostles.● Together, the pope and the bishops for the MAGISTERIUM, teaching office of

the Church● They spread the good news of Jesus and baptize people in God’s name.● Church members define themselves as Catholics - not Jews● Catholics believe that Jesus Christ is the Messiah who will come again.● Catholics believe that God’s word is contained in the Old Testament (the Hebrew

Scriptures) as well as in the New Testament.● Catholics gather in parish churches on Saturday night or Sunday● Catholics celebrate God’s forgiveness in the Sacrament of Reconciliation

frequently.● Church buildings - no communion rails and altar screens.● Eucharistic celebration is HOLY because Jesus becomes truly present under the

appearance of bread and wine.

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● Since the Second Vatican Council, Mass and the sacraments have been celebrated in the vernacular.

● The priest faces the people. Masses are communal celebrations.

PAGE xviPEOPLE IN CHURCH HISTORY - served and helped the Church grow.

Sts. Peter and Paul - preached and founded Christian communities. They arranged the Church’s first gathering - Council of Jerusalem.

St. Augustine of Hippo - became a strong opponent of church heresies, or teachings that go against Catholic beliefs. He wrote many homilies and books that continue to influence modern Christian doctrine.

St. Gregory the Great - brought discipline and organization to the Church. He is credited with compiling the Sacramentary - the book of prayers the priest uses when celebrating the Eucharist.

St. Benedict of Nursia - founded the first monastery in the Western Church. He wrote a rule, or set of guidelines that was based on the motto “Pray and work.”

St. Francis of Assisi - founded the Orders of Friars Minor - devoted to poverty and simplicity which is the heart of the Gospel message.

St. Thomas Aquinas (13th century) - a Dominican priest who is known as one of the greatest minds in the history of the Church. He who wrote the Summa Theologiae - his encyclopedia of religious topics.

St. Teresa of Avila (Doctor of the Church) - the 16th-century Carmelite nun who wrote extensively about spirituality. She changed the Carmelite convents so that they were real houses of prayer.

Blessed John XXIII - he recognized that the Church had to be renewed to better serve and minister in the modern world. In 1962, Pope John XXIII convened the Second Vatican Council.

PAGE xviiTHE CHURCH COMMUNITY

The Pope and the Bishops● The pope, the Bishop of Rome, is the head of the universal Church.

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● Bishops lead geographical areas of the Church called dioceses.● They lead and teach church members in the matters of faith and morals.

Priest and Deacons● They are ordained ministers of the Church.● Priests preside at Mass and many of the sacraments.● A pastor has authority over his particular parish.● Deacons fulfill their service to the bishop through the work they perform in

parishes, under the authority of a pastor.

Religious Sisters and Brothers● They take vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.● They lead consecrated lives.● Some are contemplative religious - engaged mainly in prayer● Some are active religious - they serve the Church though their work in

education, social work, health care, etc.

The Laity● The try to live the Gospel in their daily lives, esp. Through their families and their

work.● Through their civil involvement, they work for social justice and help build the

Church● Some ministries of lay people in the Church - see copy on page xvii

Chapter 1. Apostolic: Founded on the Apostles.

PAGE 5Acts of the Apostles - a book of the Bible that gives us the story of the beginnings of our Church.

As Catholics, we belong to a faith community called a parish. Each parish member has certain responsibilities to fulfill.

Groups people belong to: family, church, school, clubs, teams, neighborhood, etc

Each of these groups forms a community with a particular purpose.1. For a community to thrive2. Each member must work toward the goals3. Use time wisely to support the other members.

Do Activity page 5.

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PAGE 6Write Experiences: Have you ever been a part of a group in which everyone was treated as an equal? What was it like? How did you feel about belonging to that group?

The Scripture passage introduces us to the important work of the apostles. Their examples of community and evangelization are the models that shaped the Church as we know it today.

EARLY CHURCH -http://image.slidesharecdn.com/chistorypplithuania09-090407155723-phpapp02/95/church-history-powerpoint-24-728.jpg?cb=1343650974

In the Acts of the Apostles , Luke describes the development of the Church.1. Luke 2:42-472. Luke 4:32-373. Luke 5:12-16

The community of believers at this early stage was comprised largely of Jews who kept their traditions and did not see themselves as following a new religion.

For them, Jesus was the long-awaited Messiah of Israel.

To teach that Jesus was the Messiah, Peter referred to the Old Testament.

The community believed that everyone received the call to repentance and Baptism.

Important aspects of the early Christian community. 1. Devotion of faithfulness to the teachings of Christ and apostles.2. Communal prayer or daily prayer in the synagogue3. A Eucharist-centered life or devotion to the Eucharist4. Sharing possessions or distributions of possessions to fill the needs of the entire

community.5. Eating with joy and sincerity of heart, praising God. These meals were so joyous

and full of love that they were called AGAPE MEALS , or LOVE FEASTS. The word agape is a Greek word that defines a special type of Christian love. It is also a meal that commemorates the passing of a beloved friend. The celebration of the Eucharist is an agape celebration.

6. They cared for each other’s needs.7. In the evening, they gathered in someone’s home to share a meal.8. They remembered Jesus’ life by sharing stories of his preaching.9. The reading of the Hebrew Scriptures was an important part of their worship life

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10.Reading of the NEW TESTAMENT was NOT a practice of the early Christian communities.

The Catholic Church is APOSTOLIC because it is founded on the teachings of Jesus Christ and the apostles.

Jesus early followers believed that God’s salvation was only for JEWS.

Peter visited the house of Cornelius to teach the word of God.

Cornelius - a Gentile (non-Jew) who had a great desire to learn about the Lord. Peter taught Cornelius and all his household.It was against Jewish law to enter the homes of GENTILES.

Peter taught the people that all who believed in Jesus could receive forgiveness of their sins through his name. Jesus had given Peter the authority to do so.

Peter and the apostles taught the GOOD NEWS about how Jesus had died to redeem sins so that all who believed might be saved.PETER - first leader of the Church whom Jesus commissioned.

Peter said that whoever honors God and acts uprightly is acceptable to God, he meant that GOD’S SALVATION is for ALL PEOPLE.

Peter said “To him all the prophets bear witness, that everyone who believes in him will receive FORGIVENESS of sins through his name.

The authority of Peter and the apostles to teach the word of God has been passed on to the pope and Bishops. The authority allows the pope and bishops to serve the Church by instructing the Church and leading its members toward holiness.

Magisterium, the teaching authority of the Church, made up of the pope and in communion with the bishops. As the pope and the bishops teach, they are guided by the Holy Spirit. When the Magisterium officially proclaims a teaching on morality or faith, such a teaching is INFALLIBLE.

The Church is TRINITARIAN because we live in unity as the People of God, the Body of Christ, and the Temple of the Holy Spirit.

TRINITARIAN - means “reflecting the unity of the Blessed Trinity.”

The MASS and the TRINITY

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1. The Trinitarian nature of the Church is reflected in the Eucharist2. The Mass begins with the Sign of the Crss and ends with a Trinitarian blessing.3. The Gloria praised the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.4. The Nicene Creed is a profession of faith in the Trinity.5. The Eucharistic Prayer praises and petitions the Three Persons of the Trinity.

The Church shows as reflecting the unity of the Trinity by:● Being the people of God● Being the Temple of the Holy Spirit● Being the Body of Christ.

The HOLY SPIRIT - guides the Church to be faithful to Jesus’ teachings.

The reading of Hebrew Scriptures in the worship life of early Christian communities is similar to PROCLAIMING GOD’S WORD at Mass today.

Do Activity page 7 in notebook. Summarize the main points learned in today’s lesson.

PAGE 8Jesus gave Peter, the first pope, symbolic keys to the kingdom of heaven.Keys - signify their authority.

Jesus prayed for Peter’s faith to be strong because he understood the challenges and hardships that Peter would face.

The Church, led by the pope and bishops, continues the mission of the apostles.

The summary of Catholic beliefs taught for almost 2000 years is the APOSTLE’S CREED.

The pope is the leader of the universal Catholic Church and is responsible for the care of souls throughout the Church.

The Pope has both political and religious duties. On the one hand he is the worldwide

leader of the Catholic Church, considered to be the successor of St. Peter and tasked

with leading his flock in the right way. He needs to write and give sermons and

addresses, conduct liturgies, appoint new bishops and travel all over the world on

missions of faith and understanding. On the other hand, the Pope is also the head of the

sovereign city-state, Vatican City which means that he meets on a daily basis with

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Vatican officials, members of the Curia, and heads of state. He must cultivate the

church's diplomatic relations with more than 100 nations.

http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/spope0.html - Popes in Sequence.

Encyclical - is a letter from the pope to the universal Church. www.papalencyclicals.netDo Activities page 9.Do Activities pages 10 -11

HOMEWORK: Do Chapter Review page 13.

Chapter 2 HOLY: Jesus Christ in the Sacraments.

PAGE 17-Read and do Activity page 17- List of ways to make new person feel comfortable.

PAGE 18● Emmaus - an ancient town of Josephus, about 7 or 8 miles from Jerusalem● Cleopas (one of the disciples on the road to Emmaus) and his companion met

Jesus while they’re traveling to a village called Emmaus.● They did not recognize Jesus when he appeared to them because they were so

focused with their disappointments.● Jesus’ death had left them feeling abandoned and they did not yet understand

the reality of the Resurrection.● The two disciples on the road to Emmaus did not know of Jesus’ resurrection.● They recognized him only when he blessed and broke the bread and gave it

to them.● The experience of the travelers on the road to Emmaus is a model of our

experience as members of the Church.

JOURNAL WRITING - What things often keep us from seeing’ Christ, especially during Mass?

PAGE 19Eucharist - It is in the Eucharist that Jesus Christ is made known to us.

● Eucharist is the central sacrament of the Church.● It is the heart of the Catholic worship.● Christ is present in the Eucharist, the sacrifice of the Mass.

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Sacramental Life - is the way in which the Church celebrates the liturgy and the seven sacraments. Through the Church’s sacramental life, we are united with Christ.

Sacrament - is a sacred sign and cause of grace instituted by Christ in the Church to continue the saving action of God through the Holy Spirit.

Liturgy of the Word or when the Gospel is proclaimed at Mass - Jesus speaks to us through the Holy Scriptures.

JOURNAL WRITING - Do Activities page 19.

PAGE 20Peter wrote to describe the new Christian community:

● a chosen race,● a royal priesthood, ● and a holy nation.

A CLOSER LOOK

The word HOLY Hallow - is a linguistic cousin of the word holy from the Old English. It means

- “To set aside as something sacred, to bless”- “To seek protection from God”

Hebrew word is Qadosh- “Separated from all that is not sacred”- “Set apart for God”

Greek word - hagios - “consecrate to God”Therefore, hagioi are the holy ones, or saints, who separate themselves from sin and live in fellowship with God.

OUR CHURCH TEACHES● Sacraments and liturgy help us grow in holiness because Christ is present in

them.● The Church is the Body of Christ.● The people of God are on a journey toward holiness.● Baptism is the first step - it’s a grace and gift from God.

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● Baptism and Confirmation place a spiritual mark on the soul, and therefore can be received only ONCE.

● The sacraments help us to overcome temptation and sin.

Do Activity page 21

PAGE 22JOURNAL WRITING - How important is music in conveying current values and thoughts to young people? What are your favorite songs? What values do these songs convey?

DAVE BRUBECK - https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#tbm=vid&q=dave+brubeck+to+hope

● One of the most popular American jazz musician● A convert to Catholicism● Talks about how his faith inspires his work● In 1980s he was asked to write music for a Mass - intended to reflect the

changes in the Church’s liturgy ordered by the Second Vatican Council.● At first, he left out the Lord’s Prayer because he thought it was not part of the

Mass.● He became a Catholic after he dreamed of a choir and orchestra performing the

Lord’s Prayer.● The dream, he believed, “was a strong movement from above.”● “To Hope” was Dave Brubeck’s finished composition- has been described as a

work of energy and creativity that helps people respond joyously to the glory of God.

Do Activities page 22- 23Do Chapter Review pages 25-26

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CHAPTER 3: Catholic: Open and Respectful to All

Journal Writing: How open and respectful are you to people with whom you disagree? How will you work to build peace?

● Many students belong to cliques or tight knit peer groups, considering others “Outsiders. - characteristic of human nature, does not reflect what it means to be Catholic.

● Catholic means “universal” or open to all.” Jesus calls us to welcome all people.● Difficult for the Church since its inception. Peter and the other apostles believed

Jesus wanted them to preach only to the Jews. Paul disagreed.● At the COuncil of Jerusalem, the disciples came to agree with Paul that the

Church should be open to all people.● To be Catholic means to recognize our connectedness to people - must extend

to the entire world.● We need to be concerned about worldwide issues: national economics,

international peace, world hunger, and the environment.● The story of the Council of Jerusalem teaches us important lessons about being

Catholic - disagreements cannot be avoided, but these agreements should not affect our call by Christ to love, respect, and live in peace with all our neighbors.

“Echo of Faith” by David Haas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2cus-RE1Vg

PAGE 30● The conversion of Paul was important because the risen Jesus chose Paul to

spread his word.● Jesus, a Jew, knew the tenets (a principle or belief, especially one of the main principles of

a religion or philosophy:) and practices of the Jewish faith.

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● Jesus followers, also Jews, continued to live by and practice Judaism. They followed the Mosaic Law, which contains rules about praying, eating, dressing, working, cleansing the body, and associating with others.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/613_commandments● The good news was preached to the Gentiles, or non-Jews. ● DEBATE: The question of whether Gentiles needed to practice the Jewish faith,

or whether faith in Jesus was enough for salvation.● Paul and Barnabas argued that because the Gentiles were never Jews to begin

with, the Law of Moses would be difficult for them to understand and follow. They said that the most important thing was for the Gentiles to follow Jesus’ law of love.

● The issue was settled through prayerful discernment at the Council of Jerusalem.● Peter supported Paul’s position of not requiring fidelity to the Jews of Judaism.● Peter, through his encounter with Cornelius and led by the Holy Spirit, made it

clear that all people are invited to share the Gospel and to find salvation through faith.

● Peter realized that God freely gives his grace to all - Jews or Gentiles!

Journal Writing: Do you think it was easy for the Christian community to accept the will of the Council of Jerusalem?

Do Activity page 31.

PAGE 32Together in Jesus

● Many Jewish people resented the Gentiles who were being baptized into the Christian faith.

● Jews suffered because they persisted in their beliefs. It seemed unfair that the Gentiles could become Christians without becoming Jews first.

● St. Paul , in his letter to the Galatians, reminded the community of believers that Jesus had come for everyone.

● Not under the Law anymore - but we are all children of God, clothed in Christ.● No longer Jews or Greeks, or slaves, or free people - we are men and women

and we are all one in Christ Jesus. And if we belong to Jesus, then we are descendants of Abraham and the promise made to him.

● In the Acts of the Apostles, the early Christians gradually began to focus less on what they were before they knew Jesus.

● They concentrated on what they had to become since their conversion● Jews and Gentiles acted together - following Jesus’ law of love.● The new Christians were a community of one heart and mind.● They held their possessions in common - no needy person around them.

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● Those who owned property would sell it and give the money to be shared by all.● Together they gave witness to Jesus Resurrection.

The Church Teaches● All people are worthy of God’s grace and all are saved by faith in Jesus Christ.● The Church welcomes everyone - Jesus brings salvation to all people.● As the People of God and the Body of Christ, we continue the work of the

apostles.● We live the Gospel message by working for the common good or for the benefit

of the society.● Treating all people with respect and supporting institutions that improve the

conditions of human life are ways of working for the common good.● In Jesus’ Sermon of the Mount, he instructed the people to follow the NEW Law -

loving God and our neighbors.

SOCIAL JUSTICE - Open Hearts- Brainstorm ways that you could identify and help a local or faraway community in

need. What are your plans and how do you put them into action?

DO Activity page 33

PAGE 34 Respond: Two Popes● Two popes guided the Church through major changes● POPE PIUS IX was a pope from 1846 to 1878, a time when the world was

changing dramatically because of the new scientific discoveries.● Some scholars began to teach that science was more important than religion.● Pope Pius IX reacted by publishing the Syllabus of Errors, which condemned

what he identified as “errors” of the modern world.● In 1869, Pius IX assembled Vatican Council I and guided it to adopt the dogma of

papal infallibility.● Through this, the pope made clearer the teaching authority of the Church - the

MAGISTERIUM.● During his reign, Mass attendance soared.● POPE JOHN XXIII , pope from 1958 to 1963, surprised the world by assembling

Vatican Council II in 1962.● His purpose was to “update the Church” so it could find ways to deal with the

problems of the modern world.● Vatican II resulted in greater contact with other world religions, allowed modern

language to be used in the liturgy, encouraged lay people to take part in the Church’s mission, and supported economic and political freedom for all people.

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● In September 2000, Pope Pius IX and Pope John XXIII were proclaimed “Blessed” by the Church

● Both popes assembled Vatican Councils that influenced how the Church related to the world.

● The Prayer of the Faithful was included in the Mass as part of the liturgical reforms of Vatican II. This prayer provides an ideal opportunity for each parish congregation to include petitions for its concerns and needs.

DO Activities page 34 - 35

DO Chapter 3 Review pages 37 - 38

Chapter 4 One: Praying for Unity

PAGE 41 - Unity is a basic characteristic of the Church● This unity has two dimensions:

1. Unity among people of different ministries within individual parish communities 2. Acceptance of cultures within the universal Church

● No ministry is better than another - we need every ministry for the welfare of all.● The Holy Spirit gives us different gifts and talents so that we can share them for

the benefit of the entire Church.

DO Activity page 41

PAGE 42 Scripture - Unity and Variety● Paul wrote to the church community in Corinth because he had heard the many

disagreements among members.● Some were overeating while others are hungry.● Some were getting drunk at the Lord’s Supper.● Some were using the gift of tongues to disrupt community worship.● Paul used the image of a body to explain the relationship of church members to

Christ and the Church.● Paul was concerned about certain abuses and power struggles among the

members of the community.● He also wanted to encourage each person to use his or her individual talents to

praise God and spread the good news of the risen Christ.

Speaking in Tongues

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● During the eucharistic celebrations of the early Church, some members would speak in “tongues,” making sounds that were actually inspired utterances but sounded like gibberish and distracted others.

● Paul compares the gift of tongues to speaking in an unknown, inarticulate language in which the person prays, sings, and gives thanks to God in a kind of ecstatic expression.

● The people of Corinth who had received the gift of tongues, felt that they were particularly gifted.

● Paul reminds them that members of the Church are gifted in different ways and that each person is meant to build up the Body of Christ.

PAGE 43One Body

● Paul wanted the Christians in Corinth to experience unity.● He used the image of the body - just as one body has many parts, so they were

now the many parts of Christ’ one Body.● No one part of the body and no one person in the Body of Christ is more

important than another.● Each part or each person is connected to the other.● Each person must be concerned about the sufferings and needs of others

because they are all one body - Christ’s Body.RefrainOne bread, one body,one Lord of all,one cup of blessing which we bless.And we, though many,throughout the earth,we are one body in this one Lord.1. Gentile or Jew,servant or free,woman or man, no more.2. Many the gifts,many the works,one in the Lord of all.3. Grain for the fields,scattered and grown,gathered to one, for all.

Different Members● Parts of a person’s body are different and have different functions, so each

person in the Body of Christ functions in a different way for the good of the Church.

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● Each person should accept the gift he or she has been given and use it fully in cooperation with others to build up the Church.

Disagreement● Through the centuries, members of the Church have had disagreements that

have led to divisions in the Body of Christ● Today, there are separate Christian churches - we pray that all Christians will

someday be united.● Some historians believe that the Roman emperor Constantine saw Christianity as

a unique way to unify the Roman Empire which was crumbling during his reign (300 A.D.)

● The Roman Empire and the Church united in 313, when Constantine legalized Christianity.

● He allowed Christians to worship in public, hold office, and build churches.● Emperor Theodosius established Christianity as the official religion of the Roman

Empire, leading to its spread around the world.

DO Activity page 43.

PAGE 44 - The First Pentecost● Pentecost Sunday - the birthday of the Church● The common purpose that the apostles shared on Pentecost was to spread

Jesus’ message to everyone.● We believe - God calls all Christians to live in union with one another, to pray and

work for unity, and to follow Jesus.

DO Activities page 45

PAGE 46 St. Therese of Lisieux● She became a nun at age 15 and died at age 24. One of the most beloved saints

of all time. ● She did ordinary things with great love for Jesus - follow a “little way” to

sainthood. ●● She desired to do God’s will and was determined to serve him forever.● Her reasons for entering the convent were to save souls and to pray for priests.● She found life in the convent difficult. She experienced periods of doubt. She

accepted her daily challenges. ● For comfort she

- turned to the Gospels and the words of the saints. - she copied her favorite Scripture verses and memorized them.

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● Therese teaches us that what matters in life is “not great deeds, but great love.”● She was impressed by the work of missionaries who spread God’s love around

the world.● Two years before she died, she wrote letters to missionaries offering

encouragement and prayers.● She promised that if she went to heaven, she would continue to help them.● Before she died in 1897, she said, I will spend my heaven doing good on earth. I

will let fall a shower of roses.● In 1997 Pope John Paul II named her a Doctor of the Church.

DO Activities pages 46- 47DO Chapter 4 Review pages 49 - 50DO Unit 1 Organizer pages 53 - 56

http://www.godsongs.net/2015/07/persons-are-gifts-of-god-to-me.htmlPersons are gifts of God to meThat come all wrapped so differently.Some so loosely, others so tightly;But wrappings are not the gifts

I am a gift from God to me, Do I accept the gift I seeI am a person, and for this reason, A wonderful gift of love.

Am I a gift to others too, Willingly given for you and you.We are all persons, we are all gifts. So let's make a grand exchange of gifts.

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UNIT 2 - The Growth of Christendomhttp://graceuniversity.edu/iip/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/2011_0820-0821.pdf

CHAPTER 5 Councils, Cultures, and Conflicts

PAGE 62- The Council of Nicaea

The Nicene Creed● The summary of Catholic beliefs is more detailed than the Apostles’ Creed● The development of the Nicene Creed was begun at the Council of Nicaea in

A.D. 325 and was completed at the subsequent councils: Council Constantinople in 38, Council of Ephesus in 431, Council of Chalcedon in 451.

● The councils struggled for ways to express, in human terms, the mystery of God.● The Creed focuses on the belief that Christ is divine and equal in all things to

God, the Father.● The Nicene Creed also recognizes Mary as the Mother of God, not simply as the

mother of the human Jesus.

PAGE 63A Regious Debate

● Emperor Constantine gave religious freedom to Christians.● Emperor Constantine arranged the First Council of Nicaea (first ecumenical

council) because conflicting teachings about Jesus were disrupting Christian life.● More than 200 met, debated, and developed the Nicene Creed.● Arius - the priest of Alexandria, spread heresy - that our Lord and Savior, Jesus

Christ, is human, but not divine. He refused to sign the Creed. ● Many bishops including Ptolemais and Theones supported him. The Arianism

continued to trouble the Church.● Young deacon Athanasius debated Arius’ ideas. He became the bishop of

Alexandria and fought against Arianism all his life. Often, he lived in exile, but he bravely continued his fight to defend the truth of Christ. Supporters of Arianism were against him.

Other Heresies

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● In the 4th century, the Church was attacked by other major heresies. These heresies denied the goodness of humanity and creation.

● St. Augustine defended the Christian belief by saying that all that God created was good, including humankind. He taught that Jesus’ birth into the world by the power of the Holy Spirit is proof that the created world is good.

● He said, that evil enters the world when people freely turn away from God.● St. Augustine’s writings and sermons helped the Church understand and define

the truths it received from the apostles.● In Thessalonica, the Christian community heard false teaching that the final

judgment was near.

Council of Chalcedon● In the 5th century, a heresy claiming that Jesus was divine, but not human,

arose.● This heresy was dangerous because if Jesus wasn’t human he could have not

shared our human condition and transformed us through his death and Resurrection - it became intense!

● Pope Leo the Great sent a letter to the Council of Chalcedon condemning this heresy. He guided the Council of Chalcedon in adopting the teaching that Jesus has two natures.

● He guide the council to adopt the teaching that Jesus was one person who had two natures, human and divine.

Church Fathers (Great teachers of the Church)- resolved many theological issues and questions.

● Pope Leo the Great , Bishop Athanasius, and Bishop Augustine, and others● They clarified the Church’s teachings regarding its belief in Jesus Christ.● St. Augustine (p. 64) was a great preacher and writer.● He used his power of logical thinking and passionate love for God to explain and

defend Church teachings.

St. Helena - the mother of ConstantineSt. Monica - the mother of St. Augustine

● Both of the mothers helped bring about their son’s acceptance and conversion to Christianity.

● They are examples of how trusting in prayer and the acceptance of God’s will are virtues that have lasting rewards.

Eusebius - a Roman historian, wrote about Constantine and Helena

DO Activity page 63

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PAGE 64● The false teaching - Paul’s letter to the Thessalonians deal with - the day of the

Lord, or the Second Coming of Christ, was about to happen.● Paul’s advice - Do not be deceived. Stand firm and hold fast to your faith.● Our Church Teaches - Ecumenical Councils were called to restore unity.● We believe that Jesus Christ is truly God and truly man.● We believe that in the Trinity, we worship God the Father, God the Son, and God

the Holy Spirit.

DO Activity page 65

PAGE 66 - St. Helena● Mother of Emperor Constantine and she did not become a Christian until she

was 63 years old, according to Roman historian Eusebius.● She made up her lost time by becoming “such a devout servant of God.”● Was born to poor parents in A.D. 250, married Constantius.● Constantius divorced her to further his political career.● Constantine remained devoted to his mother and gave her full honors.● She became a Christian under her son’s influence.● She dressed simply and remained humble even though she lived at the royal

court.● She followed Christ’s teachings faithfully by helping not only the poor people, but

also entire communities. ● She was known for her kindness to soldiers and prisoners.● When she was 80, she went on a pilgrimage to Palestine. She promised to show

her devotion to God by building churches and beautifying existing churches.● Legend says, she found the cross on which Jesus had been crucified and had a

chapel built to house it.● Helena teaches us to trust in God and remain faithful to our calling.

DO Activities pages 66 -67

DO Chapter 5 pages 69-70

CHAPTER 6 Liturgy and Unity, Worship and Beauty

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Read and DO Activity page 73

PAGE 74 - Early Eucharistic Celebrations● St. Justin Martyr gave us description of the Eucharistic celebration.● “Overseers” that St. Justin Martyr wrote about, later became known as priests.● He said, the first Christians gathered often to celebrate the Paschal mystery -

the mystery of our salvation through Christ’s Passion, Resurrection, and Ascension.

● They had no set of guidelines for celebrating the Eucharist.● They gathered in each other’s homes where they prayed, sang, read and

discussed the Scriptures, and shared bread and wine at communal meals.● Sunday, the Lord’s Day, was chosen as the principal day on which the

Resurrection occurred.● By A.D. 150 the celebration of the Eucharist became ritual - more formal.● Ritual - is a formal ceremony that has a set of rules.● They needed some members to exclusively dedicate themselves to the

administration of the Eucharist - deacons and priests fulfilled that role.

The Eastern Church● Emperor Constantine moved his capital from Rome to Constantinople.● This created two major centers of the Roman Empire, one in Constantinople

and one in Rome - Western and Eastern centers of the Church.● Influenced by their cultures, the Eastern Church and the Western Church

developed different styles of liturgy and church architecture.● To the Eastern Church, the liturgy was an experience of what God’s beautiful

kingdom would be like at the end of time.● The Church believed that God revealed his beauty and splendor through the

senses.● The Eastern liturgy appealed to a person’s senses of touch, smell, sight,

hearing, and even taste - five senses.● The clergy presided over the liturgy - no active participation was emphasized.● The movements and words of the clergy were very ritualistic: the bishop entered

in majestic robes; the priests followed carrying the bread and wine; incense and bells added to the mystery of the ritual; a cantor chanted the word of God; the people sang their responses.

● The consecration of the Eucharist took place behind an ornate screen, out of the people’s sight.

● The church buildings had a central space covered by a large dome.● The dome represents heaven.● The walls of the church is decorated with icons in silver and gold, and colorful

mosaics depicting biblical scenes.

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The Western Church● The Eucharistic liturgy celebrated Christ’s sacrifice in a dramatic way.● Emphasis was placed on the altar, and worshippers moved about freely so that

they could clearly see the actions of the priest.● Basilicas were the first church buildings. They were long buildings that had a

semicircular space at one end.● The altar, made of stone, was placed in the semicircle.● The altar acted as a symbol to help people understand that the Eucharist was a

holy sacrifice.● Often the relic of a martyr was buried beneath the altar.● The bishop chair was placed behind the altar and raised so that all the people

could see and hear the bishop.● Lecterns were placed on either side of the altar.● The Basilicas evolved into solid Romanesque churches. They reflected the

feeling that the Church was a powerful force in the world.● The liturgy placed a greater emphasis on the clearly and lay people were

separated from the main altar by a railing.● The Romanesque churches evolved into Gothic churches of the Middle Ages.● These cathedrals, with their high arches and spires, symbolized God as light

and celebrated God’s Order and perfection.● Sunday - was chose as the Lord’s Day because it was the day Jesus rose from

the dead

Liturgy Adapts to Culture● Some of the prayers and rituals that make up the liturgy were adapted to the

cultures of Christians living in different places.● Certain elements of the liturgy cannot change because they are part of the

Church’s doctrine and faith Tradition - parts that were given to the Church by Jesus: offering the bread and wine to the Father; priest prays over the bread and wine, using the words of Jesus.

DO Activity page 75

PAGE 76 The Same Yet Different● As the Church grows, the liturgy will also grow, adapting itself to the customs and

cultures of the modern age.● The celebration of the Paschal mystery will remain the same.● The Church’s liturgy includes the celebration of the sacraments. It is the

official, public worship of the Church.● Baptism, Confirmation, and Eucharist welcome new members into the Church.

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● In an emergency, any person can baptize by pouring water on the candidate’s head while saying, “I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit.”

● In Eastern Churches, infants are confirmed immediately after Baptism and may also receive the Eucharist.

● In Roman Catholic Church, the three sacraments are received at different times.● Hippolytus - wrote a eucharistic prayer in his Church Order

Our Church Teaches● Throughout the year the Church celebrates in its liturgy the entire mystery

of Jesus Christ.● On special feast days, the Church remembers and celebrates Mary, the Mother

of God, the apostles, and all the saints and martyrs.● Throughout the celebrations the Church is united with the liturgy in heaven,

the worship of God by all who are with him in heaven. ● Anyone who desires to receive the Eucharist must first be in the state of

grace.● To receive absolution from sins, the person must receive the sacrament of

Reconciliation before receiving the Eucharist.● When a person receives the Eucharist, he or she is fully united to Christ

and is forgiven venial sin and protected from grave sin.

DO Activities page 77PAGE 78

● In the Middle Ages the building of a cathedral could take centuries.● People worked on these majestic churches to express their faith in God.● https://www.google.com/search?

q=stained+glass+windows+of+gothic+cathedrals&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjIhKrH2-LNAhUL22MKHVlmDr8Q_AUICCgB&biw=1250&bih=617

Read and do Activities pages 78-79DO Chapter 6 Review pages 81 - 82

CHAPTER 7 - The Church and the EmpireFOCUS: The Church reminds us that obedience to God comes before obedience to any civil authority.

● From the 6th to 9th centuries, the once-powerful cultures of Rome and Greece fell to barbarian tribes from the north.

● After destroying almost everything in their path, the barbarians set up an uncivilized rule of brute strength.

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● http://www.localhistories.org/barbarians.html ● During this time, Pope Gregory the Great sent missioners to many countries to

convert and civilize the barbarians.● The end result of this and other Church efforts was the rise, in the 9th century, of

a new church-state entity known as the Holy Roman Empire - the union of Church and civil governments.

● Religion was not a private matter; it was the way people socialized with others.● The Church assumed a leadership role, and the government relied on the Church

to provide people with the education, music, and art needed to build a peaceful culture.

● The Church restored order throughout Europe by promoting a Christian morality based on natural law.

● Scripture and the natural law are still the bases of Christian morality today.

DO Activity page 85

PAGE 86 - Augustine and the Kingdom ● Augustine of Canterbury - a Roman monk, who lived by the missionary nature

of his namesake and was also a great teacher. He baptized King Ethelbert of Kent and many of his people.

● He was chosen by Pope Gregory the Great to lead a group of 40 monks to visit King Ethelbert of Kent in Roman Britain.

● King Ethelbert feared that the group might cast spells on him, he held the meeting in the open air. He listened and was impressed of the sincerity of Augustine’s message.

● Augustine was careful as he went about changing a pagan culture into a Christian one.

● He consecrated some pagan temples, making them suitable for Christian worship, and promoted the celebration of Christians martyr’s feast days in place of pagan festivals.

● Feast day - May 27.● Queen Berta told Augustine that a neighboring king kept two altars - one

for Christ and one for his pagan gods.● When Augustine remade pagan temples into Christian churches, he was

following Pope Gregory’s advice to blend Christian with local customs or practices.

● Berta was open to change and is positive about Augustine’s mission.● Ethelbert was resistant to change but believed Augustine was sincere.

PAGE 87 - Pope Gregory and the Empire

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● The barbarians attacked the Roman Empire, the Church stepped in and established leadership.

● Gregory the Grea t (became pope in A.D. 590), negotiated an agreement for peace.

● Pope Gregory knew that to maintain a peaceful society, the barbarians would have to become Christians.

● Many Christian practices, which were rich in symbolism and tradition, naturally appealed to the barbarians because symbols, rituals, and feasts had been important in the barbarians/ worship of pagan idols.

● The Church grew stronger by adopting the organization of the Roman legal system.

● The Byzantine emperor Justinian (rule began A.D. 527), had made a collection of civil laws.

● The Church formed its own collection of laws, called CANON LAW . ● The Church also adopted the hierarchical leadership structure of Roman

Authority.● The Church became the center for education, music, art. ● People looked to the Church for spiritual and political leadership.● Pope Gregory’s leadership helped the Church become the center of authority in

place of Roman government - strove to unite the Church and state into one society.

● As Church authority increased, the society of the Roman Empire became known as CHRISTENDOM - a name given to a part of the world in which Christianity dominates

● In the 8th century, Rome faced another attacked.● Pope Leo III asked Charlemagne, the King of the Franks (people of western

Germany) to stop the attack.● Charlemagne turned back the attackers and united most of western Europe.● Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to

unite Church and government authorities.● The Church was not so successful in overcoming invasions by the followers of

ISLAM.● The followers of Islam wanted to spread their religion throughout the world.● The followers of ISLAM attacked Constantinople and conquered churches in

Palestine, Syria, Egypt, and Spain.

Christianity and Authority● Belief in God , Christian values, and faith were dominant in Christendom.● Church authority and government authority were one.

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● Things are different today, but the basis for a just society was and continues to be the NATURAL LAW - allows people to know the difference between good and evil.

PAGE 88 - A Daily Struggle● We live in a country which includes people of many faiths and beliefs.● This can make it difficult to live out the Gospel message.● Jesus knew that his followers would face times when living his message would

go against the rest of society.● Jesus told his disciples that it was important to hold fast to their beliefs and do

what is right.● Jesus said, “If anyone wishes to be my disciple, he must deny himself and

take up his cross daily and follow me.”

Beowulf - a story that combines pagan and Christian symbols.● story about a heroic monster, written about A.D. 700, drew upon both pagan and

Christian elements to tell how Beowulf killed a monster, its mother, and a dragon to defend a kingdom.

● Pagan elements used in this story include sacrificing to idols, relying on omens, believing in face, and taking revenge.

● Beowulf is a Christlike figure - he battled the evil monsters just as Christ battled the evils of sin.

● Like Jesus, Beowulf gave up his life in order to save others.● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcqMp_D5pdE ● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-WkhPXITYQ

Our Church Teaches● Natural law is more important that any law in society.● Society and government are based on human nature, they belong to an order

God established.● Civil laws and public authority should promote virtue, equality, justice,

freedom, and the common good within the moral order God established.● Everyone has a right to private property but must also consider that God created

our world for the good of all people.● Public authority is responsible for protecting the lives of individuals.● God is the ultimate authority of human society. God’s law must come first.● We must not obey an authority that has created laws that are immoral.

DO Activities page 89

PAGE 90 - Charlemagne, King of Franks

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● Devotion to the Church - his driving force.● When the barbarians attacked Rome again, he brought Christianity and order to

all people because his great ability to organize. He moved his armies with incredible speed and precision.

● A.D. 800, he was the ruler of all western Europe.● He was a just leader and very protective of the Church.● He had a great sympathy for the peasants and believed government should help,

not oppress the people.● One of Charlemagne’s main achievements was making Christianity and

education available to all.● He encouraged better farming methods and created standards for money in

order to help merchants.● He sent out investigators to inspect local governments and ensure justice for all

people.● He revived church music and art.● A.D. 768, he built a beautiful cathedral at Aachen (now Germany), where he is

now buried.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Aachen_Dom_um_1900.jpg

● Died in A.D. 814 - his empire was divided among weak kings.● The conflict between kings and popes that lasted for centuries began.

DO Activities pages 90 - 91

PAGE 92 ● Mother Teresa served the ”poorest of the poor” in India● I thirst - Jesus is thirsting for LOVE!

DO Chapter 7 Review pages 93-94

CHAPTER 8 Prayer for Understanding● Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9), people grew apart because they began

speaking different languages.● Unable to communicate with one another, they lost their unity.● SImilar thing happened in the Church during the 9th - 11th centuries.● The Anointing of Charlemagne as emperor of the Holy Roman Empire politically

divided the Western Church and the Eastern Church.● The simultaneous rise of the Islam prevented ordinary communication between

church leaders.● Cut off from one another, the two churches began to grow apart.● Their differences multiplied and led to a lack of understanding.

DO Activity page 97

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PAGE 98 - Spirituality Expressed Through Art● The early Christian communities developed their own leaders to guide them in

the faith because the churches were far apart.● A.D. 1054 a MAJOR break occurred between two churches.● 1054 - when the schism between Christians in the East and West took place● The WESTERN Church centered in ROME.● The EASTERN CHURCH centered in CONSTANTINOPLE.● SCHISM - means “split” or “division” - a formal division within, or separation from, a

church or religious body over some doctrinal difference. ● The pope (Western) and the patriarch (Eastern), excommunicated one another.● Excommunicate means officially exclude (someone) from participation in the

sacraments and services of the Christian Church.● The spirituality of the Western Church can best be described as being

“immanent,” or natural. IMMANENT - Something immanent is inherent in and spread throughout something else — it's innate, intrinsic and inborn.

● Catholics in the West see and know God in Christ and in the physical world around them.

● This is evident in the sacred art of the Western Church. (Ex. MichaelAngelo’s paintings in the Sistine Chapel in Rome look Italian, etc.

● In the EASTERN CHURCH, holy images are viewed as “transcendent,” or going beyond the physical world; also, beyond or above the range of normal or merely physical human experience

● To the Eastern Church, the images are similar to “holy doors” entering into the mystery of heaven, helping believers develop a deeper relationship with God.

● ICON - a holy image of Jesus, Mary, and the saints.● ICONS are an important part of the spiritual life of the Christians in the EAST.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND● A.D. 726 and A.D. 843, the Church in the Eastern empire struggled with the use

of icons.● The icons (images) were used to tell people stories about their faith.● Veneration of icons caused accusations of superstition and idolatry.● In 736, Emperor Leo III destroyed an icon of Christ at the entrance to his palace.● This began the policy of ICONOCLASM, or the destruction of icons.● During the reign of Emperor Constantine V, monks who defended icons were put

to death.● At the COUNCIL of NICAEA in 787, the Empress Irene was instrumental in

having the veneration (A feeling of profound respect or reverence: an object held in veneration) of icons recognized as an acceptable practice.

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● Conflicts arose again between 813-843, but after that the veneration of icons was no longer disputed.

PAGE 99 - A Church Divided ● Causes of division: cultural, political, and theological differences. Education

was not the cause!● The two churches became physically separated: WESTERN - Germanic

invasions; EAST - Islamic conquests.● Pope Leo III further harmed relations between East and West when he crowned

Charlemagne emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.● The crowning of Charlemagne caused a great rift ( a crack, split, or break in

something) because the empire had an emperor in Constantinople - http://www.biography.com/people/constantine-i-39496

Reasons for the Division● Two greatest THEOLOGICAL reasons for divisions: PAPACY and CREED● The Churches had different understandings of the Trinity.

WESTERN CHURCH EASTERN CHURCH

● Believed that, as successor of Peter, the pope was the head of the Church. As the head, he had a God-given right to rule the entire Church.

● Added Latin word, filioque, meaning “and the Son,” to a statement in the Creed that said the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father. This addition emphasized the divinity of Jesus.

● Believed that all bishops succeeded Peter and, therefore, no one bishop could have power over the whole Church.

● Believed that the addition suggested that God the Father was not the Creator of everything.

● Divine Liturgy - the Mass celebrated in the Eastern Church

FACTORS led to the division in the Church● The influence of Islam● Invasions● Differences in language and liturgy● Disagreements over the papacy● Disagreements over the doctrine of the Trinity.

● A papal ambassador excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople because they would not agree to the use of filioque (the divinity of Jesus).

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● The patriarch excommunicated the pope.● A.D. 1204, differences between two Churches turned violent.● The Fourth Crusade, Christians from the West attacked Constantinople, the

capital of the Byzantine Empire and the spiritual center of Eastern Christians.● Paul Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople lifted their churches’

mutual excommunication decrees in 1965 at the close of Second Vatican Council.

● In 2001, Pope John Paul II made an attempt to heal the wounds of division by being the first pope to visit Greece since 1054.

● Pope John Paul II met with Greek Orthodox Archbishop Christodoulos and apologized in the name of Roman Catholics for injustices the Eastern Church had suffered.

DO Activity page 99

PAGE 100 - A Reconciliation Begins● The meeting between Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I in 1964 was an

important step in healing the rift between the Greek Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church.

● Paul VI worked hard to promote peace and unity, both within the Church and around the world.

● Paul VI steered ( be guided in a specified direction ) the Church through the final years of the Second Vatican Council.

● The Council brought about a renewal of Catholicism and encouraged the Church to establish dialogue with other Christian churches.

● In his frequent travels, he spoke of reconciliation and understanding.● Visited Holy Land - met Athenagoras I● Visited India - predominantly Hindu religions tradition.● Wrote documents about the relationships between the Catholic Church and other

religions.● Reached out to people who said they has no religion.● Was a strong advocate for developing communication among people of all faith

and political systems.● During his historic visit to the UNITED NATIONS in 1965, he called for all

countries to work toward uniting humanity - means end to war!

Our Church Teaches● Eastern and Western churches share one God, one Savior, and one Baptism.● The Church is a temple of the Holy Spirit, who is the source of all unity,

diversity, and life in the Church.● In praying to the Father, our trust, humility, and will to become holy grow.

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● DOCTRINE - the official teaching of the Church● LATIN - common language of the Roman Empire.● St. Anselm - a monk and archbishop of Canterbury in England, wrote letters,

prayers, and theological documents. He argued, unsuccessfully, for the reunification of the Eastern and Western churches.

● St. Anselm described his writing as “faith seeking understanding.”

DO Activities page 101

PAGE 102 - Making an Icon ● The art form glorify God through its beauty, through the painstaking efforts and

prayers of the artist. He prepares by prayer, fasting, and meditating.● The images inspire people to pray by helping them visualize Christ and the

saints, by helping them connect with the mystery of God.

Do Activity page 102

DO Chapter Review page 105 - 106

DO UNIT 2 Review pages 109 - 112

UNIT 3 - An Age of Faith and BeautyIn Unit 3, we will discover how medieval society in Europe produced traditions that define most of Catholicism today. We will also learn how the Church was a part of everyday life and how society revolved around the Church.

CHAPTER 9 - Faith Expressed and Lived● Chapter 9 discusses the rise of monasticism (stems from a Greek word

meaning “one, alone.”)● Individuals who wholeheartedly wished to follow Christ separated themselves

from the world- they lived alone or in a religious community.● 6th century when monasticism spread to the Western Church.● ST. BENEDICT the founder of monastic life in Western Europe.● St. Benedict established a religious community at Monte Cassino, Italy. ● He believed the monastery should be “a school for God’s service.”● Under his rule ( a set of regulations governing a religious order), the monks

divided their waking hours between work and prayer.● Greatest contribution of the monasteries - is the spirituality they passed on to the

secular world.● Monks copied Scripture and preserved writings of the Church Fathers.

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● Monks enhanced the liturgy with chant and taught people the importance of faith and prayer.

● St. Benedict’s sister, SR. SCHOLASTICA, began a monastery for nuns near Monte Cassino.

● The Rule of St. Benedict or Benedictine Rule became the foundation for monastic life and is still followed by many monks and nuns today.

PAGE 117 - READ and SHARE Brother Edward’s life reflect his commitment to developing a strong relationship with God. Each activity (praying, eating, sleeping, teaching, etc.) reminds him that God is the most important part of his life.

DO Activity page 117

PAGE 118 - A Model of Faith ● READ the Rule of St. Benedict.● Monks must remain busy , either with manual work or in study and prayer.● While the other monks pursued pleasure (they did not want really want to be

virtuous) , Benedict, afraid of his soul, fled Rome and answered God’s call to a life of solitude.

● He went to the mountain of Subiaco, Italy, to live as a hermit.● After years of prayer, word of his holiness spread, and monks came to ask for his

leadership.● He warned them that he would be strict for them, but they insisted.● Monks at the monastery in Vicovaro, a small village near Rome, find St.

Benedict’s rule or set of guidelines was too strict for them, so they tried to poison him.

● One of the monks offered him a cup of wine and the cup shattered after Benedict made a sign of the cross.

● He went back to the mountain cave feeling grateful for the Lord’s protection.

PAGE 119 - The Growth of the Monastery● After Christianity (4th century) became the official religion of the Roman Empire,

many people believed that being a Christian was becoming too easy.● People were joining the Church for economic and political opportunities rather

than to become disciples of Christ.● But some Christians wanted to live and express their faith with the simplicity and

sincerity of the early Christians.● FAITH is the assurance of things hoped for and the conviction of things not seen.● To do this, they left the world and lived alone in prayer and fasting.● Eventually, like-minded people lived together in communities called monasteries.

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● St. Benedict’s Rule was simple, fair, and disciplined.● Hundred of monasteries sprang up throughout Europe and played an important

role in preserving and passing on the Christian faith and culture of Western civilization.

● Monasteries became the centers of education at a time when many people lacked education.

● Monks and nuns in monasteries kept important books, including the Bible, circulating by hand copying them.

● Monasteries also gave shelter to the travelers and care to the sick.● They helped stabilize the economy by clearing land for development and

improving farming methods.● They were safe havens during periods of unrest and became centers of culture.

PAGE 120 - Live in the Light ● By living apart from the world, the monks could dedicate their lives to God in

prayer and devotion.● Most Christians today, follow the Gospel by living alongside the many people in

society who do not follow Jesus.● In the early days of Christianity, Ephesus was a city in the Roman Empire known

for its worship of the goddess ARTEMIS.● St. Paul in his letter to the Ephesians encouraged the people to imitate God. He

said that instead of doing evil things be thankful because Jesus sacrificed himself and died for us.

● St Paul wrote, “No one who is immoral, or worships idol, will share in the kingdom of God. You are no longer in darkness but in light. Live as CHILDREN of LIGHT.”

GREGORIAN CHANT

● Type of music (in Latin), named after Pope Gregory the Great.● The words are based on Scripture. Chanted during Mass and the Divine Office

(Liturgy of the Hours).● Sung without harmonies and with no instrumental accompaniment.● Scholars believed that Emperor Charlemagne made it universal.● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKm54iQ1i-M

Our Church Teaches● Faith is a gift from God. We nourish our faith by prayer and studying the word of

God and the Church teachings.● We FREELY respond to our longing for God.● Faith REQUIRES that we place our hope in the salvation of Jesus Christ, whose

sacrifice offered us life everlasting.

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● Because of Christ’s Resurrection, we wait in hope for our own resurrection at the end of time, when God will reunite the souls of the faithful people with their bodies, transformed and glorified for God’s everlasting kingdom of happiness and peace.

DO Activities page 121

PAGE 122 - St. Thomas Aquinas ● Called by a classmate a “dumb ox” because he was stocky and slow.● His teacher, St. Albert the Great, said, “This ox will one day fill the world with his

bellowing (of a person or animal) emit a deep loud roar, typically in pain or anger)

● St. Thomas Aquinas has been called the most learned man who ever lived.● Pope PIus XII said that studying St. Thomas Aquinas’s theology was the best

way to understand Roman Catholic doctrine.● Born in 1223, the 7th son of an Italian nobleman.● He was sent to the Benedictine Abbey of Monte Cassino at age 5 to be

educated.● He was quiet and serious and often asked, “Who is God?”● Shocked his parents by telling them he had decided to become a DOminican friar

- someone who begged for his food.● Furious, his family captured him and locked him in the family castle for a year.● They tempted him with everything imaginable but could not get him to break his

vow - the family let him go.● He became a great teacher and writer.● ARISTOTLE , Greek philosopher, his works became popular that many

churchmen feared that Aristotle’s writings would undermine the teachings of the Church.

● St. Thomas Aquinas decided to use Aristotle to help people understand their faith.

● He wrote Summa Theologiae, a collection of essays in which he blended the works of many philosophers with the teachings of the Church and constructed a new philosophy proving that reason and faith could be complementary.

● He was named a Doctor of the Church in 1567.● He belonged to the religious order called, The DOMINICANS - the religious

priests traveled throughout the world and preached the Gospel.● The Dominicans followed the rule of poverty so strict that they had to beg their

food as they journeyed.

PAGE 123● St. Benedict’s philosophy is “Ora et labora, or Pray and Work.”

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● St. Benedict said, “IDLENESS is the ENEMY of the SOUL.”

DO Activities pages 122-123

PAGE 124Lectio Divina, or divine reading - prayerful reading. It had four parts.

1. Reading and listening “with the ear of the heart.”2. Meditating as Mary did, by pondering God’s word in one’s heart.3. Praying through a loving conversation with God.4. Contemplating, or simply being with God.

Gospel ContemplationThe early Christians did not waste a lot of energy looking back and wishing they had been born a

hundred years earlier so they could have walked with Jesus. Instead they focused on coming to

know Christ in three powerful ways: through the sacraments, especially the Eucharist; the stories

and emerging writings about Jesus; and his powerful presence when they gathered in his name.

Saint Ignatius Loyola invited a person when an individual made a retreat in the pattern of his

Spiritual Exercises to pray to come to know Christ so that one may love him in a more real way and

following from this knowledge and love become a more faithful disciple.

In order to grow in this faith knowledge, Ignatius invited the retreatant to engage in a prayer method

called contemplation. This is not some kind of mystical prayer but a prayer form in which one uses

his or her senses in an imaginative way to reflect on a Gospel passage. One uses the senses,

seeing, hearing, tasting, touching, and smelling to make the Gospel scene real and alive.

Here is a way of engaging in this prayer form which is relaxing and rather easy.

1. Select a passage from one of the Gospels in which Jesus is interacting with others.

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2. Recall what one is doing in engaging with the Word of God and what one desires from this

encounter. God is present and because God is present one relies on God.

3. Read the Gospel passage twice so that the story and the details of the story become familiar.

4. Close one’s eyes and reconstruct the scene in one’s imagination. See what is going on and

watch the men and women in the scene. What does Jesus look like? How do the others

react to him? What are the people saying to one another? What emotions fill their words? Is

Jesus touching someone? As one enters into the scene, sometimes there is the desire to be

there. So a person can place oneself in the scene, perhaps as an observer, as one lining up

for healing, or as one helping others to Jesus.

5. Some people’s imaginations are very active so they construct a movie-like scenario with a

Gospel passage. Others will enter the scene with verbal imagination, reflecting on the scene

and mulling over the actions. Vividness is not a criteria for the effectiveness of this kind of

prayer. Engagement is and the result is a more interior knowledge of Jesus.

6. As one finishes this time of prayer, one should take a moment to speak person to person

with Christ saying what comes from the heart.

DO Chapter 9 Review pages 125-126

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CHAPTER 10 - Mass in the Cathedral● We will learn more about the spirituality of the medieval Christians, which led to

the building of giant Gothic cathedrals.● The intricate windows, woodcarvings, and relief sculptures all gave praise to the

glory of God,● In such a setting the liturgy itself became an expression of mystery and beauty.

PAGE 129● The church building is a home for God’s people and an important symbol of our

religion.● Church architecture, interior design, and holy objects help express our desire to

be close to God.

Do Activity page 129

PAGE 130 - A Magnificent Mass ● Shows a page from a medieval book, A,D, 1400.● Photograph of a page is illuminated or finely decorated with gold, silver, and

brightly colored inks and dyes.● Illuminated books were popular in the Middle Ages.● The page shown here, which contains words from the Mass, depicts a dramatic

scene of months and parishioners in a Gothic cathedral.● Alphonso’s letter described his experience of Mass at the cathedral.● At the celebration of Mass in medieval times, people were seated far from the

altar and the priest did not face the people.

PAGE 131- Medieval Christianity ● Gothic cathedrals expressed the spirituality of medieval Christians.● The beauty and order that marked the design of the cathedrals were meant to

imitate heavenly perfection.● The Mass became an elaborate holy drama. ● Each part of the Mass was believed to have a hidden meaning, which was

expressed through the priest’ movements at the high altar.● Five times the priest turned toward the people symbolized Jesus’ five

appearances after his Resurrection.

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● Three periods of silence symbolized Jesus’ three days in the tomb.● Making the Sign of the Cross three times signified the three times Jesus was

mocked on the road to Calvary before being crucified. ● The colors of the priest’s vestments had meaning.● The people became spectators at a pageant, separated from the priest’s actions

by a screen.● Most people could not hear and understand the Latin spoken by the priest - the

people stayed in pews.● The people were considered unworthy of receiving communion daily, the priest

received for them.

The Body and Blood of Christ● Christians longed to see the Lord, and it was at the elevation of the host that they

felt Christ’s presence.● Theologians debated how the bread and wine became Christ’s Body and Blood.● TRANSUBSTANTIATION - is a doctrine affirmed by the Fourth Lateran

COuncil in 1215.● POPE INNOCENT III called the FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL, also known as

the GREAT COUNCIL, in 2015● Saint Bonaventure defended the doctrine of transubstantiation in his writing at

the end of 13th century.● St. Bonaventure taught that Christians received God’s grace not by simply

looking at the host but by actually receiving the sacrament of the Eucharist.● Mass today, may not be celebrated in exactly the same way it was in the Middle

Ages, but it expresses the same wonder and awe toward God and the same desire to lift our hearts to the Lord.

PAGE 132 - A Holy Day ● SAbbath Day is important to both Jews and Christians. A day set aside by Jews

and Christians for the purpose of worshiping God and resting.● Sunday is the Sabbath day for Catholics and other Christians because it was the

day of Jesus’ Resurrection.● SUNDAY - the foremost holy day of obligation in the Church● No work may be done then either by you, your family or servants, or anyone who

works for you.● The requirement to observe ONE HOLY DAY each week comes from the Ten

Commandments.

A CLOSER LOOK● Fourth Lateran Council, or Great Council was called by Pope Innocent III in

1215 and held at the Lateran Palace in Rome.

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● The Council established 70 canons, or rules, for the Church.● Some RULES: - People must individually confess their mortal sins in the

sacrament of Reconciliation at least once a year.● Christians were directed to receive the Eucharist at Easter.● Priests were commanded not to reveal any sin in person disclosed in

confession. Any priest found guilty of betraying the trust of the confessional would lose his priestly office and be confined to a monastery to do perpetual penance.

OUR CHURCH TEACHES● The Law of Moses was a preparation for the Gospel message of Christ. ● The Eucharist recalls Christ’s sacrifice and makes him truly present to us.● The bread and wine at Mass become the Body and Blood of Christ.

DO Activity page 133

PAGE 134 - the GOTHIC CATHEDRAL ● A.D. 1144 the first Gothic cathedral was built next to the Benedictine at Saint-

Denis, near Paris, one of the most important monasteries in Europe.● The Gothic cathedral symbolize the upward striving toward God● Abbot Suger (1081-1151) said, “The workmanship is greater than the values of

the material.” (high arching, rib-vaulted ceiling and elaborately decorated stained-glass windows.

● The Gothic cathedral was designed to remind people of God’s power and grandeur (splendor and impressiveness, especially of appearance or style)

● Important feature: CRUCIFORM or a cross like shape of a Gothic cathedral. It was first introduced in church construction in A.D. 382.

● St Ambrose ordered the building of TRANSEPTS - sides of a church structure that look like the body of Christ on the cross. It’s usually reserved for members of the clergy and which had stained-glass windows that depicted different saints.

● NAVE - the central area where the general public sat. It had stained-glass windows that showed scenes from the Scripture stories.

● APSE (semicircular in shape) - known as the sanctuary or place where the altar is situated.

● Monks sat in the choir area of the apse and prayed the Divine Office.● Behind the apse was the CHANTRY CHAPEL - reserved for the upper class.● The ability to build Gothic churches marked a great advancement to the

architecture.● MONSTRANCE - a gold container used for the exposition of the host or

eucharist.Gothic churches contributed to the life of the church

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● by providing places of beauty and worship,● By reminding people of God’s power and sacrifice of Jesus● By providing the monks with a place to chant the Divine Office.

PAGE 136● Blessed Julian of Norwich, one of the famous medieval Christian, had a great

desire to experience God.● She was a Christian MYSTIC - a person who seeks to know God directly through

spiritual insight.● She believed that love unites us with the Lord.● Julian withdrew from her family and community in order to live as an

ANCHORESS - a woman who usually lived alone in a room built onto the side of a church.

● She believed that the solitary life would allow her to focus on her spiritual life.

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Milan Cathedral, Italy

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Chapter 11 - The Quest for SalvationThere has been a longstanding conflict between Israelis, most of whom are Jewish, and Palestinians, most of whom are Muslims.

READ and DO Activity page 141

PAGE 142 - Defending God’s WIll● Bishop’s reasons to persuade Richard to go off to war.1. That Richard’s Christian brothers needed help in the East.2. That the Church would protect Richard’s lands and family in his absence.3. That Richard’s soul would benefit if he risked all for God.4. That Richard would receive absolution and indulgence from punishment.5. That Richard would help restore respect for the Lord’s name.

● Indulgence - (in the Roman Catholic Church) a grant by the pope of remission of the temporal punishment in purgatory still due for sins after absolution. The unrestricted sale of indulgences by pardoners was a widespread abuse during the later Middle Ages.

Historical Background:● The Crusades were organized by the Church and the nobility in the West as a response

to restrictions on travel to the Holy Land imposed by the Seljuk Turks, whose armies were threatening the Byzantine Empire.

● The Church wanted to preserved the Holy Land and bring about religious conversion.● Initially, the crusaders were successful in regaining control of the Holy Land.● Travel routes were made safe for pilgrims, and the violent spread of Turkish rule was

halted for a while, but any gains were eventually lost and the Holy Land fell once again to the control of the Turks.

● Most crusaders left Europe with noble Christian ideals, and their successes were many.● Though the Crusades had some unfortunate results, these were never intended by

those who called for the Crusades in the beginning.

PAGE 143● CRUSADES, or HOLY WARS took place at the time of great upheaval in the

Mediterranean world.● CRUSADES - were military attempts by Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim

control● Seljuk Turks invaded the Holy Land and suppressed Christianity, often treating cruelly

any Christians who attempted to practice their faith.● The Byzantine emperor called upon princes and the Church in the West to assist in

making these holy places safe for Christian inhabitants and pilgrims once again.

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● POPE URBAN II, at the 1095 Council of Claremont, called for a crusade of Christians knights to rally to the aid of Constantinople.

● The incentives for participation in the quest:1. Money 2. Land 3. Indulgences ● The pope and his representative were to be in control, and no kings or princes were to

take part, to ensure against political entanglements.● However, the popes were unable to keep the major rulers of Western Europe out of the

conflict.● Four major crusades between 1095 and 1204.● Crusaders won some battles but failed to win Palestine back from Muslim possession .● During the Fourth Crusade, Christians destroyed much of Constantinople (modern-day

ISTANBUL, TURKEY), which was the center of Byzantine Empire.● This drove the wedge that had been forming between the churches of East and West

even further.● The Crusades allowed Europeans to glimpse the cultures and achievements of the rest

of the world.● Europeans came into contact with the works of Arab mathematicians and scientists who

had made important discoveries unknown to Western Christendom.● Between about A.D. 900 and 1200, most people in Western Christendom lived under a

rigid social system called FEUDALISM.● The feudal system was organized according to class - 1. At the TOP - were Lords, nobles, and royalty2. At the BOTTOM - peasants and serfs.● The status of every person depended on his or her position on the land.● LORDS ruled over individual districts known as MANORS.● SERFS - were poor farmers who were bound to the manor where they were born. Serfs

have limited freedom and were required to work a set of number of days each year for the feudal lords.

● Despite the strict divisions that separated lord and serfs in a feudal society, the teachings of the Church applied EQUALLY to everyone.

● People could not give opinions contrary to church teaching, or they would be subject to heavy penances and fines.

● The AFTERLIFE became a constant concern for medieval people.● They saw HEAVEN as a place where their earthly sorrows would end. HEAVEN is

everlasting happiness with God, and with all people who love God and others, after death.

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● They saw HELL as the place where their torments would continue for eternity. HELL is everlasting suffering and separation from God, and from all people who love God and others, after death.

● To assure their place in heaven, people tried to remove, by doing some special service for God, punishments they might have to suffer for their sins after death.

PAGE 144 What Really Matters ● When a person owns a little as a medieval serf, MONEY and POSSESSIONS can be all one

thinks.● Even wealthy people (Anne and Richard) may worry about their possessions.● The Church’s message today: Possessions do not matter to God. He cares about who

we are, not about what we have.● Jesus used the parable to help his followers see that salvation is more important than

material goods.● The message of the parable: We do not know when we will die. We should be ready.

We should worry less about what we have on earth and more about what we do while we are on earth.

● The HAGIA SOPHIA is considered one of the greatest monuments of the Byzantine Empire. Built in the 4th century in Constantinople.

● In 1453, the church was converted into a MOSQUE, an ISLAMIC place of worship, after the Turks had conquered Constantinople.

● In 1935, the HAGIA SOPHIA was converted into a museum.

OUR CHURCH TEACHERS● We are saved through Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who died to bring us forgiveness for

sin.● Through God’s grace, non-Christians who follow God with a sincere heart and seek to

do his will may also be saved.● If we are not sorry for our sins and DO NOT TURN BACK to GOD in this life, we will be

separated from God and from others after death.● When we sin, we turn away from God.● We believe that heaven is everlasting happiness with God and with others.● The most important thing in our lives is not material wealth or possessions, but knowing

and loving God.● The WORSHIP of GOD is the first act of religion by which we know God and Creator and

Savior of all that exists.● ATHEISM , on the other hand, denies the existence of God.

DO Activities page 145.

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PAGE 146 - Galileo’s Daughter ● The famous astronomer was ordered to appear before the Holy Office of the Inquisition

in Rome.● He was investigated for actions that went against the teachings of the Church.● Galileo held the belief that the earth revolved around the sun .● Sister Maria Celeste - Galileo’s daughter, was aware of the dangers that awaited her

father in Rome.● Sister Celeste wrote many letters, reassuring him and reminding him to PLACE HIS

TRUST in GOD.● Sister Celeste’s letters to her father show that she thrived in the convent - her father

placed her there.● Life in the convent was a substitute for marriage for many daughters from upper-class

families.

DO Activities pages 146-147

PAGE 148● PSALTER - the most important book of devotion in the Middle Ages. It’s a version of the

BOOK of PSALMS that was used for religious services.● Some PSALTERS were illuminated in rich colors and gold leaf, with intricate illustrations

of vines, flowers, animals, and scenes from Christ’s life.● MUSIC from the PSALTERY - a flat, stringed instrument - might accompany the praying

of the Psalms.

DO Chapter 11 Review pages 149 - 150

Chapter 12 - Devotions

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From the 12th through the 16th century, many abuses occurred within the Church. However, the desire for reform eventually led to the rise of religious orders, such as the Franciscans and the Dominicans. Saint Francis of Assisi and St. Dominic led separate movements that stressed SIMPLICITY and HUMILITY- a return to the central message of Jesus.

PAGE 153READ and DO Activity page 153

PAGE 154-155● In the ten ecumenical councils called between 1123 and 1517, there was much pressure

within the Church to establish reforms.● Thomas a Kempis was deeply troubled by the scandals in the Church. He believed that

some of the Church’s clergy were not holy enough.● He wrote, The IMITATION of CHRIST (1380-1471) which emphasized SIMPLICITY and

HUMILITY.● The IMITATION of CHRIST - encouraged Christians to remember Christ’s sufferings and

to practice private devotion.● Thomas a Kempis believed that each day we should renew our resolutions and arouse

our fervor as if it were THE DAY of OUR BAPTISM.● According to Thomas a Kempis, ACTIONS would prepare us for a holy season:1. Living a holier life2. Saying special prayers3. Observing rules more strictly.● DEVOTION - is a special way of praying to God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit, or of

expressing love for Mary and the Saints.● In this way, people could set aside earthly problems and desires so that they might

better set their sights on God.

READ the PRACTICES of a GOOD Religious.

PAGE 155 - Stations of the Cross and MENDICANT ORDERS ● After Jesus’ death and Resurrection, people made pilgrimages to Jerusalem.● As Christianity spread, distance made pilgrimages impossible.● Also, sacred Christian sites in Palestine were occupied by MUSLIMS in the 11th century

and often closed to Christians,● In the 12th century, SHRINES were built outside of Churches and monasteries to help

people meditate on the suffering of Jesus.● People meditated on stories such as Jesus’ falling under the weight of the cross and

Jesus’ condemned to death. This devotion is called the WAY of the CROSS.

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● STATIONS of the CROSS is a devotion that is popular during Lent.● The 15th station is added in memory of the Resurrection or to commemorate Jesus’

resurrection from the dead.● MENDICANT ORDER - is a religious community of men and women who consider

themselves totally dependent on God. Members of these orders support themselves by begging and asking for charity.

● The rise of the mendicant order is the 13th century helped the Church to a simple way of life.

● ST. FRANCIS of Assisi - one of the most influential mendicants. He gave up his family fortune, begged for daily bread, and lived a simple life as he preached God’s love.

● CLARE of ASSISI - a rich young woman, left her possessions and founded a monastery for women.

● POOR CLARES - order of FRANCISCAN nuns, founded by St. Clare.● In 1253 she received papal approval for the Rule of Clare, which specified a life of

poverty, self-discipline, and a spirit of prayer for the Poor Clares.

PAGE 156 - A Model of Piety ● PIETY - is an attitude of dedication to and reverence for God and holy things.● Many people tried to follow The Imitation of Christ guidelines.● Father Titus Brandsma - a Carmelite priest from Holland - born in 1881● He was always in poor health but had a very quick mind.● He studied the mystics and translated many books, including The Imitation of Christ.● When the Nazis invaded, Father Titus refused to recognize their authority.● He was put in prison where he spent his time praying and writing.● Later, he was sent to the concentration camp at DACHAU, Germany.● He was beaten and tormented and his poor health worsened rapidly. His spirit

remained unchanged.● Even though NOT Allowed, Titus said Mass and administer the sacraments, prayed the

Rosary continually and organized devotions such as Stations of the Cross. ● Ignoring his own suffering, he brought comfort to his fellow prisoners.● In July of 1942, he died. He gave his rosary beads to a nurse in the camp’s hospital.● Pope John Paul II beatified Titus in 1985.

OUR CHURCH TEACHES● Catholics express their piety through popular devotions:1. Reverencing relics2. Forming processions3. Making pilgrimages

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4. Praying the Stations of the Cross5. Praying the Rosary6. Wearing medals.● SELLING INDULGENCES is an action that is NOT a popular devotion in the Church today.

●● The LITURGY is the official prayer of the Church.● DEVOTIONS are prayers and acts of spirituality.● Devotions DO NOT REPLACE the Liturgy, but they help the faithful deepen and express

their faith.● Jesus’ life, death, and Resurrection are the central events of our faith, recalled in

devotions and expressed through the Church’s liturgy.

Do Activities page 157

PAGE 158 - A WREATH OF ROSES ● In 13th century, SAINT DOMINIC founded the Order of Friars Preachers, known

DOMINICANS.● The Dominicans was founded to COMBAT HERESIES in southern FRANCE.● Dominicans adopted a SIMPLE SPIRIT of POVERTY, believing that discipline would make

them more effective preachers.● All who joined the Order to preach Christ’s Gospel were encouraged to STUDY.

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● St. DOminic believed an educated brother was a better prepared to explain and defend the Catholic faith.

● According to the legend, St. Dominic received the Rosary from the Blessed Mother to help him fight heresies.

● Rosary (Latin word rosarium) means “ROSE GARDEN”● The Rosary that Christians pray has been described as a WREATH of ROSES for OUR

LADY.● The Rosary developed over a long period of time TO HELP PEOPLE COUNT OF THE

PRAYERS THEY SAID.● Bead is from the Middle English word for “prayer.”● Medieval monks payed the 150 PSALMS daily. ● Many pious Christians who did not know how to read would pray the LORD’s PRAYER

150 times.● People recalled scenes from the lives of Jesus and Mary as they prayed.● In 1569, the Dominican Pope Pius V established between 15 mysteries to recall while

praying the Rosary.● In 2002, Pope John Paul II added 5 more mysteries.

●DO Activities pages 158-159

DO Chapter 12 Review pages 161-162

DO Unit 3 Organizer pages 165 - 168http://www.slideshare.net/rondinag/emperor-constantine-heresies-and-councils

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UNIT 4 - Reason, Rebellion, and ReformFocus on the Renaissance and the Reformation.

Chapter 13 - Reforming the Church● Church is a pilgrim Church, human and striving toward holiness.● This chapter deals with the humanness of the Church by focusing on 16th century issues

that led to reforms in the Church● The Protestant Reformation, led by MARTIN LUTHER and others, challenged the Church.● Although it helped the Church address its problems, the Reformation divided the

Church.● Group of Christians left the Church and rejected its teachings.● St. Teresa of Avila and St. John of the Cross sought to reform the Church from within.

READ and DO Activity page 173

PAGES 174-175 - A Time of Division ● Martin Luther set out to reform what he believed to be errors in the way the Catholic

faith was being preached.● Before these issues could be resolved by the Church, Luther and his followers decided to

break away from the Church, causing a SCHISM, or DIVISION, in the Body of Christ.● Eventually, MArtin Luther denied the living Tradition of the Church, the divine authority

of the pope, and all but three of the sacraments.● Wittenberg, Germany, A.D. 1517, MArtin Luther - an Augustinian monk, Scripture

professor, and long time advocate for reform in the Church.● He posted NINETY-FIVE THESES, or POINTS for debate, on the door of the castle church.● He was upset over the issue of INDULGENCE.● In exchange for financial donations, the Church grants removals of punishment for sin in

PURGATORY.● The Church granted indulgences as a way to raise money for construction of palaces

and churches.● It’s a teaching that people can “buy” their way out of purgatory.

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● PURGATORY - a place of final purification from sin after death.● READ some of the NINETY-FIVE statements that Luther wants to debate with church

authorities in order to bring about reform. - See textbook page 174● One of Martin Luther’s theses stated the true treasure of the Church is the MOST HOLY

GOSPEL of the GLORY and GRACE of GOD.● Luther was eventually condemned as a heretic by the Church.● Luther’s wealthy and influential friends protected him from the punishment for heresy. ● He went to write and preach for 25 years until his death.● http://www.lutheran-resources.org/who_was_luther_2.htm ● London, England, A.D. 1521: THOMAS MORE ● Thomas More - Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII.● He collaborated with the king in writing of Assertio septem SAcramentorum adversus

Martin Lutherum, a treatise upholding the doctrine of the seven sacraments against Luther’s claims that only three are valid.

● King Henry VIII founded the Church of England .● Pope Leo X bestowed the title “Defender of the Faith” on King Henry VIII.● The pope and King Henry VIII had differences, and Thomas More is thrust into the

controversy.● Henry wanted to have his marriage to Queen Catherine NULLIFIED by the pope, and the

pope REFUSED!● Henry pronounced himself HEAD of the CHURCH in England.● The bishops loyal to him gave him the divorce he required in order to remarry.● Thomas More refused to take an oath admitting that the king has power over the

Church in England.● Thomas More was imprisoned in the Tower of London, tried for treason, and sentenced

to death.● At his trial in 1535. Thomas More compared himself and the jury that condemned him

to ST. STEPHEN and St. PAUL.

PAGE 175 - A TIME for REFORM ● A few prominent bishops came from wealthy families and lived more like nobility than

humble servants of God.● They controlled a great deal of land and the income that came from it.● It was not uncommon for someone to be appointed bishop because he had political

influence and connections or because he controlled a lot of land and money.● There were some bishops and clergy who took more interest in money and politics than

in their spiritual duties.● Selling INDULGENCES - a serious abuse.

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● Poorly trained and uneducated priests were unable to provide adequate instruction for the faithful.

● Too many saw their vocations to the priesthood as a way to earn money.● Some church leaders tried to solve problems, but their efforts were not great enough to

change the Church.

MARTIN LUTHER● In 1517, Martin Luther began his attempted reformation of the Church.● REFORMATION - is the act of removing faults or abuses.● He criticized the selling of indulgences and began challenging the doctrine of the

Church.● Luther questioned the authority of the pope and 1,500 years of Catholic tradition.● He taught that “Scripture alone” was the authority in Christianity.● The CHurch had always taught that the pope, the successor of Peter, was the leader of

the universal church.● The Church taught that SCRIPTURE and TRADITION were necessary to understand God’s

revelation.● Luther believed that people saved by faith alone.● Catholics believed that good works were also needed.● Luther accepted only three sacraments (Sacrament of Holy Baptism, Holy Absolution,

and the Sacrament of the Eucharist), instead of the seven celebrated by the Catholic Church.

● Luther’s ideas spread quickly throughout Europe.● By the time Pope Leo X took Luther’s challenge seriously, the division was too wide to

be healed.● The pope excommunicated Luther in 1521. (Excommunication is an institutional act

of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular receiving of the sacraments.)

● Luther went on to marry and continued to act as a priest in the new church of his followers.

● JOHN CALVIN and HUDREICH ZWINGLI , other reformers, had their own ideas about ● what Christianity should be like.● Because the reformers protested against the Catholic Church, they became known as

PROTESTANTS.● PROTESTANTS - were Christians who broke away from the Catholic Church and followed

Luther, Calvin, or other reformers.● PROTESTANT REFORMATION , a movement to reform church doctrine and practices.

The Protestant Reformation was begun to reform church doctrine and practices.

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DO Activity page 175

PAGE 176 - Words Are Not Enough ● The Protestant Reformation was a time of great sorrow and pain for the Catholic

Church.● Europe had suffered greatly from the BUBONIC PLAGUE or BLACK DEATH ( 1327 - 1352)● Black Death killed more than 25 million people in Europe. It was carried by fleas that

lived on rats and then infested households. ● Many priests who were called to the bedsides of dying plague victims also became

hosts to the diseased fleas.● The clergy were among the hardest hit by the fatal illness, new candidates for

priesthood were ordained quickly, without a great deal of education.● As a result, many priests were poorly prepared to teach the faith.● Matthew 7:21-29, Jesus compared the person who listens to his words and follows them

to a house built on a firm foundation.● Jesus’ message guides us in times of disagreement and division.

Our Church Teaches● Jesus Christ established his Church to continue his mission of bringing salvation to all.● God the Father sent his Spirit to guide and renew the Church for this same mission.● SALVATION comes only through Christ, who loves the Church and gave himself to the

Church.● That’s why the CHURCH is known as the BRIDE of CHRIST.● The Church is also a sign and instrument of God’s relationship with humanity.● Only the Church has the full means of salvation.● But people who, through no fault of their own, do not know Jesus can have salvation

through the grace of God.● The Church, led by the pope and the bishops in communion with him, is the Church of

Christ.● Churches that have separated from the Catholic Church share elements of our grace

and truth.

DO Activities page 176

PAGE 178 - Those Who Stayed ● Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) was born in Spain and became a Carmelite nun in 1537.

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● Teresa wanted to follow God perfectly but disappointed because her monastery was full of noise, nuns fixed their hair in the latest styles and wore expensive jewelry. They had frequent visitors and parties with young men.

● Teresa decided changes were needed. She believed the nuns should return to a simple life of poverty and humility.

● Reform was not easy because many people fiercely opposed Teresa’s ideas.● Teresa met so much hostility that she complained about her troubles to the Lord.● Through prayer and persistence, Teresa overcame the obstacles and began her

reformed Carmelite monastery.● It was small and poor, but very disciplines. Teresa encouraged the nuns to make Jesus

the center of their lives.● In her travels, Teresa met the Spanish Carmelite friar and theologian JOHN of the CROSS

(1542-1591).● She convinced him to apply her reforms to the men’s religious orders. ● Teresa and John shared a deep love for Jesus which expressed in their writings.● We learned from these two reformers that true reform begins within each person’s

heart, where God makes his home.

Do Activities pages 178-179

Do Chapter 13 Review pages 181-182

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUbxOli4HcI

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