grace davie the sociology of religion bsa new horizons in sociology 2007

8/10/2019 Grace Davie the Sociology of Religion BSA New Horizons in Sociology 2007

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o th th at n d s cula l b al ns st ng t at suc no ms b p osc b df o th pu l c squa - confo ms most clos l to t d a l typ of funda ntal s s t out n t a l s ct ons of t s c apt ? It s, I t nk,t l tt , though popula pa lanc m g t hav t oth w s Th d cs on tu ns on a ca ful d st nct on b tw n s ousl h ld cons vat vb l fs and so th ng mo s a pl act v

T o th d ff nt xampl s of non l g ous fundam ntal smsco pl t th s s ct on Th st conc ns th an mal ghts mov m nt,

d manding attention: undamentali m in the mode n wo ld

Rat mo st k ng a th a gum nts of f m n sts th ms lv snclud ng thos c ns d d ma nst am Th follow ng xampl s onsuc It s all th mo nt st ng n t at t cts v clos l thss nc o th s hapt :

I d n like he e m feminis fundamen alism' feminism isn' a eligi n bu id es seem me ha he e is a pa allel be ween eligi us fundamen alism wi hi s clea dis inc i n be ween he saved and he damned and h se b ands f feminism which c n a w men's essen ial inna e female g dness wi h men's


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p gh ch qu t cl a l conta ns w th n t an xt m st l m nt, wh ch ntu n cts th d al t p of fundam ntal sm s t out abov Mo d ff cult n th s sp ct s t qu st on of a sac d ' t xt Do s suc a t xtx st o not? Th a cl a l con c' publ cat ons n t f ld (S ng ,1 fo xa pl ), but th analog s ould not b pus d too fa Andhat th cas , th c uc al po nt l s ls w Most suppo t s ofan al ghts a nt l asonabl '; d sp t th f ml ld conv ct ons a out th g ts of all s nt nt b ngs t ma n w th n th lawSuch p opl a p pa d to mod f t d t o loth ng and t ha dto p suad oth s of t v ws, but would stop s o t at acts of sabotag o o nc A small m no t , ow v , go fu th , v al ng afa l a s t of cha act st cs: a t nd nc to t nk n black and w tt s ( of us and th m), a d s to s ock and at t m s a w ll ngn ssto nfl ct ha n th nam f a g caus In B ta n, th a two

flashpoints of such act v t s: th hunt sabot u s and t v ol n pp t at d ag nst nd v duals and nst tut ons w o us an mals fo tt st ng of d cal p oducts In both cas s t av b n ma kablsucc ssful

It has n sugg st d, f nall , that c ta n typ s of f m n sm ma bsu j ct to fundam ntal st p ssu s As an d a, th s ma s m pa t cula lyp o ocat , g v n t at on mot v fo t m g nc of l g ous funda ntal s s n man pa ts of th glob has b n t j ct on ofn and d ff nt ol s fo wom n n th mod n wo ld T c ang ngol of o n s s n as an asp ct of mod n t t at d stu bs and confus s acc pt d l g ous outlooks Th act on s ts n: t ad t onalf al ol s com , v oft n, on of t fundam ntals' that must b

sta l sh d, just f d b app al to th sac d t xt An xc ll nt d scuss on of th s gn f canc of g nd n lat on to fundam ntal sm can found n Hawl 1 4) Th ssa s coll ct d n t s volum ass t

that cont ol ov wom n - th s xual t , p oduct v pow , andsoc al and conom c ol s - s c nt al to a fundam ntal st ag ndaLoo ng n d ta l at fou p s ntat v cas s t aut o s a gu thatfunda ntal st mov m nts a conc n d w t stabl s ng slands ofc ta nty aga nst what s xpnc d as soc al and cultu al c aos

inism which c n a w men s essen ial inna e female g dness wi h men sm al u pi ude men a e g d b bi l gical fia vi u us because f uXch m s mes nd u ep duc ive capaci men a e he gene icall supei ace (Ki zinge 1990 2 5)

Not all f m n sts would, of cou s , ag w t t v w pa aph as dh Ind d most f m n sts, l k most adh nts to an d olog , ncludng t majo wo ld fa ths, a not accu at l d sc b d b t wo dfundam ntal st at all. But h quotat on llust at s t ss nt al po nt:l g ous mov m nts a not th onl on s t at succumb to fundam n

tal st t nd nc s, a s tuat on g atl xac bat d b th unc ta nt s oft lat o postmod wo ld; a wo ld n wh ch t ass t on of cta nt o t ut b com nh ntl att act v

H nc t st uctu of th s c apt Th d scuss on b gan b locat ngt stud of fundam ntal sms n t lat ons p b tw n a l g ous t a

d t on and t natu o mod n t ; t was th n xt nd d to n luds cula as w ll as l g ous d olog s Two po nts hav b n c uc al nth s s ft f st th c ang ng natu of mod n t ts lf and s condl tf ct of t s chang s on t natu of nt ll ctual conf d nc W th t sn m nd, t s poss bl to s mo t an on stag n t m g nc ofundam ntal sms t ough th cou s of th tw nt th c ntu In t all

reli o s fundam ntal sms m g d to count act, among ot th ngs,t th at of alt nat v wa s of t nk ng, pa t cula l n cas s w thlatt nc oac d on th l g ous sp ts lf S cula at onal sm nbot ts W st n and East n (commun st) fo ms was n t asc ndantMo c ntl th alt nat v d olo s t ms lv s hav found t ms lv s p on to s m la p ssu s as s cula as w ll as l g ous c ds

hav b gun to f agm nt F agm nts, ow v , can b bu lt nto cta nt s, a t f c al on s p haps, w c p ov d a bulwa k aga nst tco os v n ss of p p tual chang

Suc c ta nt s can b d sc b d as comp t ng ndam ntal sms - thplu al s mpo tant T should b s n as a no mal ath t an abno malf atu of lat mod n soc t s, fo t p ov d cop ng m han ss nt m s of unc ta nty Int st ngl n anal s s of l g on as a c a nof m mo , H v u g com s to xactl t sam conclus on: sh

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n i t t f fun amenta isms as ne examp e of a ternati e ort ie a ituati n in which s cieties ha e forgotten or st

t n f i t i t a iti n (Her ieu ger 200 0) They are not necesi t u t ey may in certain circumstances become sopar

ti ituati n e e pp sing fundamenta isms c mpete foi t t it y et e u h territory be geographica or mora .i n n t arti u ar ituati ns in which fundamenta isms of whate e e tu ti e i t eref re a crucia y important area of studyt i n t e ays t e stu y f fundamenta ism in its broadest sen e

demanding atte ntion: fundamenta isms in the modern world

8 T e f rst of t ese revolut ons occurs n t e th rd century w t t e r se of t eSassan n dynas y t e second n t e s teent century w t t e emergence of theS fav d movement and t e t rd much more recently n t e const tut onal reformsof 1906-11

9 Provo ed t s argued b y t e adm ss on of the S a nto an Amer can osp talfor treatment T e ostages were not released unt l 1981

10 T e une pected v ctory of Ma moud A mad ne ad n the ran an pres dent alelect on n June 2005 for e ample as once aga nst g ven power to t e rel g ousconservat ves

11 Here nterest ngly H rvey s quot ng from Rocco Butt gl one w om hed b l l P 2004 R B l


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t i n t e ays t e stu y f fundamenta ism in its broadest sen et a i y up t e s i gica agen a for it confr nts an essentia

an in featu e f t e mode n wor d It does not con erse yt t i i u fie a int that wi become ab dant y c ea in the

inin a t f t i b k

T

f l the nt oductory mater al conta ned n t e f rst volume that ( t n le y 199 ) n t e end f ve volumes were publ shed n

t l s s; fu ther v lu e ppeared n 2003 ( e post 9/11) w c drew t t l f the o ect s whole (Almond et a 2003)

f ll n uot t n su s u Berger's argument

n th t ust h e led to th s Pro ect was based on an ups de downt f the wo ld ccord ng to w ch fundamental sm' s a raret l t g But loo e ther at story or at t e contemporary

l e ls th t h t s rare s not t e p enomenon tself but nowledge oft cult to unde st nd enomenon s not ran n mulla s but

un e s ty r fessors - t m g t e wort a mult m ll on dollar prot t t to e l n th t (Berge 1999b 2)

l n h ch th s ess y f rst appeared was n t ally publ s ed n 1988 t s s ct the Pro ect do ts t e framewor set out n th s boo - e to

s s t n e ort ge nd e l nat on There s also a gre t deal of mater l nt nt l s P o ct wh ch ttempts to understand t e world v ew of the

t l st n du l c un ty nclud ng a remar able c apter on fundat l st h r ( r n 995)

n es th s o nt ve y strongly er contr but on toAccounting

Fundam ntal s s.Pentecost ls n at n Amer ca may ndeed be conservat ve l l ut rel t e to the r own culture t e are not fundament l st'( n 199 15 ) t n (2002a: 1 ) s even more d rect n s cr t que (see

t ).6 t l ce th s llustr t on n ts proper conte t t s ould be read aga nst

t t f s of sl descr ed on pp 218-227 t 9 s the r n n case captured t e at ent on of t e world S te

sl s , h e e cons der l less numerous than Sunn s w o ave producedt s s f e t e e or fund mental st movements

descr bes s a t eolog an close to t e PopeI 2004 Rocco Butt gl one was proosed s European Un on's new comm ss oner for Just ce Freedom and Secur tyut s remar s on omose ual y and t e role of women spar ed an nst tut onal

cr s s w c led to m w t draw ng s cand dacy Large numbers of MEPsdemanded t at e be str ppe of s portfol o taly owever e pressed outrage andthe Vat can compla ned of a new nqu s t on'

12 T e Butt gl one case s bot am guous and pol t cally comple Many peoplewould agree th t s appo ntment as comm ss oner for Just ce Freedom andSecur ty was nappropr ate; equally t was c allenged for t e wrong' - pr mar lrel g ous reasons t s t e latter po nt that s stressed ere t can also b e turnednto a quest on: w at would ave happened ad Bu gl one been a Musl m? T e

answer s far from clear13 The f nal rev s ons to t s c apter co nc ded w th the closure of a Staf ordsh re

farm w c bred gu nea p gs for med cal researc fter prolonged nt m dat on ban mal r ghts act v sts T e r tact cs ncluded deat threats and t e e umat on ofthe body of an elderly relat ve of t e farm's owners 1

ba zat u yof re g n

other), man of whom converged on the cit in the week preceding thefuneral Here there is overwhelming evidence of the continuing presenceof religion in the modern world and f the relationship between religionand globali ati n he data speak for themselves: the influence of thPope transcended ever imaginable boundar , political as well as religi us Not ver one liked what the saw, but few could den the impactof this remarkable man

The strange uxt positi n of events in Britain in the first week of Aprilis instructive in this respect not leas t for the paradoxes that this reveals


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P L U L

At the eginning f pril 2005, Pope ohn Paul II died, bringing toan en an unusuall l ng papac His death came after severalears f i lness in hi h his ph sical strength was clearl diminished,ut n t his ental r spiritual stature The moment had beenanti ipate the ituaries ere read , s too the commemorative progra es t hi h suita le ncluding statements were added beforethe ere r a ast he t ne f these tributes was revealing ohn PaulII as uni ersal a lai e f r his resistance to communism in EastEur pe th his presen e, and his frequent visits to P land in the19 s, ere re gni e as a p erful catal st in the chain of events thatle , e tra r inaril fast, t the collapse of communism as a politicals ste ather re nuan ed were the reactions to his thinking, ande i ent ra urage, regarding the growing relativism of the modernr ere respe t as te pered b criticism for ohn Paul II's uncom

pr ising ie s n irth ntr l, a problem' inextri abl connect d inan pe p e's in s t the I S epidemic in ricaIn ter s f the argu ent f this chapter, however, one point stands

ut he pe as a gl al figure in ever sense of the term: pr bablthe est n n in i i ua in the modern world, instantl recogni edhere er he ent, t tal in mand of the world's media, and strikingl a ept in using the latter t drive a global agenda N one was surprise t eref re hen the rld turned owards Rome as it becameear that the P pe as ing Few people, however, anticipated the

scale f the rea ti n that f l wed, as almost ever countr suspenden r al' a ti ities in r er t ark the event Rome became the centref attenti n f r hea s f state, f r religious leaders, for ournalists of allin s, an f r hun re s f thousands of individuals (Catholic and

is instructive in this respect, not leas t for the paradoxes that this revealsHere, a second, and as it happens secular, marriage of the heir to the

throne was postponed in order that Prince Charles himself, Ton Blair(as Prime Minister) and Rowan Williams (as Archbishop of Canterbur )should attend the funeral of the Pope in Rome But no Prime Ministerr chbishop of Canterbur or heir to the throne has ever been to such

a funeral before, never mind prioriti ing this ver a ro al wedding agesture that s mb li es the wholl dif erent configurations that areemerging in the twenty first centur Increasingl the links (or indeedthe antag nisms) between faiths and peoples f faith be ome the dominant factor domestic agendas (ro al weddings, the calling of a generalelection and even the 2005 Gra_nd Nati nal ) are simpl re arranged

T B C T XTThe discu sion, however, takes different forms in di erent parts of theworld Indeed ne o f the most striking features of the Pope's death andeven more of the decisions that followed from this is the growing tension between North and South in global terms in the articulation of religio s priorities It is becoming increasingl c ear, for example, that thegreat ma orit of the world's believers (both Christian and Muslim)now live in the global South, forming not onl a considerable mass fpeople but a significant s urce of power ( enkins, 2002) This huge andgrowing population has, moreover, n entirel di ferent agenda fromthat which exists in the North, both inside and outside the churches Orto put the same point more forcibl , the liberals of Northern Europe,religious as well as secular, are increasingl discomfited as, one b one,their expectations of the future, premised on the principles of theEnlightenme t, are called into question

So c nstructed, the points of tension lie between a religious and populous South and a rather more secular North There is certainl truth inthis statement ooked at more closel , however, such tensions exist asmuchw th n the churches as the do between di ferent global regions

3

Hence the specu ation surrounding the appointment of a successor toJohn Pau II: shou d the new Pope be a European or someone from thedeve oping wor d, a ibera (in terms of sexua ethics) or a conservative?And how, precise y, do these attrib tes a ign themse ves? The answercame quick y: the Co ege of Cardina s e ected Cardina Ratzinger asPope to fo ow John Pau II Benedict XI is a European and a respectedscho ar, but known above a for his rigorous y conservative views ab e therefore to win more easi y than most the support of Catho icsinthe Southern hemisphere

of heir acceptance of homosex a ity To what extent, in other words,can the demographic power of the South (the part of the wor d wherethe churches are growing) cha enge the historic power of the North(where the churches are, for the most part, in dec ine)? For those in theSouth, homosexua ity remains a sin; for those in the North, there hasbeen a gra ua - if somewhat uneven - acceptance of different forms ofsexua ity, though a marked re uctance unti very recent y to test theapp ication of such freedoms in senior church appointments The resu thas been painfu to say the east An o fer of a senior post in the Church


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the Southern hemisphereCasanova (1997, 2001b) p aces these debates into a onger term his

torica context, in which the paradoxes are revea ing At precise y themomentwhen European expressions of Catho icism begin to retreata most to the point of no return - as the convergence between state andchurch through centuries of European history becomes ever more di ficu t to sustain - Catho icism takes on new and g oba dimensions Noonger confined, it becomes increasing y a nationa re igio s move

ment, and as such has grown steadi y since 870 (the ow point of theEuropean Church)There are twin processes at work in these changes:the Romanization of wor d Catho icism and the internationa ization ofRome Regarding the former, transnationa Catho ic movements beginto grow at the expense sometimes of the nationa churches (Opus Deioffers an exce ent examp e); regarding the atter both the Co ege ofCardina s and the Curia are increasing y popu ated with non Europeans(hence the growing capacity for transnationa networks) There have, ofcourse, been negative as we as positive reactions to these changesinc uding difficu t tensions between Rome and the nationa churchesThat is to b e expected but is not the crucia point, which is to be foundin the fo owing statement: [T]he combination of g oba ization, nationa ization, secu ar invo vements, and vo untary dises tab ishment has edthe Catho ic Church to a significant change of orientation from nationstate to civi society' (Casanova, 1997: 137) Civi society, moreover, isg oba in its reach

The tensions between North and So th can be seen equa y in theAng ican Communion, more especia y in the heated debate re ating tohomosexua ity within this wor dwide grouping of church s with itscentre in Canterbury In 200 3, two events raised the temperature of thisdiscussion: a controversia appointment in the Church of Eng and andthe decision in the Episcopa ian Church (in the United States) to appointas Bisho an open y gay priest Much of the notab y acrimoniousexchanges which ensued ies beyond the scope of this chapter, but notthe centra theme: that is the desire o f the more conservative churches inthe South to resist the more advanced' positions of the North in terms

p y pof Eng and was withdrawn, and those responsib e for the appointment

ofan open y gay Bishop in the United States have been asked to repentThere is a further twist in the story: that it the readiness with which

some, though by no means a , representatives of conservative opinionin the North wi make use of the Nort South tension to advance theirowncause Observers of the controversy are of one mind in this respect:i e that minority sections of the Ang ican ch rches in the North -minorities, however, whic are growing both in size and confidence (seeChapter7) - have worked with ( some wou d say exp oited) their coeagues in the South to cha enge the power of a ibera e ite Hence thesignificanceof the issue, which s u timate y about power For centuries,power has resided in the North; indeed to a considerab e extent it stidoes - in terms o tradition, precedent, know edge or, more immediate y, of money The c rrent cha enge ref ects new sources of power Itcomes from numbers, more precise y from the growing mass of be ieversin the So th - aided and abetted by a minority in the North who feethat thei more conservative views have been margina ized for too ong

The outcome of these comp ex and painfu debates is far from c eardespite the evident f exibi ities of Ang icanism if these are comparedwit the Catho ic Church One thing, however, is certain The Churchof Eng and can o onger ignore what is happening e sewhere; nor canthe churches in the North dominate the agenda Interesting y the secuar press is beginning to grasp this point It is as ready to pay attentionto these disc ssions as its r igio s e uiva ents One reason for this iesin the issue itse f: homosexua ity attracts attention both inside and outside the churches Another can be fo nd in a growing, if gradua , awareness of the re igious factor in the modern wor d order and its capacityto inf uence the domestic as we as the g oba agenda

Socio ogi ts shou d be equa y attentive Questions about power, andwithin these, abo t the growing tensions between North and South arecentra to the enquiry They need however to be se t into a broader context, the principa aim of this chapter This dea s first with the varioustheoretica perspectives that have emerged in the st dy of g oba ization,

paying particular attention to thelace of rel g on w th the e. Theexamples that follow offer substantivellu trat on of at lea t ome ofthese ideas. Both sections are necessarielect ve. Th ha to be ogiven the most striking features of themoder world: that the extence in almost every continent of everymag nable form of rel g onabundant, varied and constantly chan in(Beckford, 2003), only omeof which can be included in this chapter

movemen ; and, f nally, n the bew lder ng var ety of act v t e ub umedunder the head ng f m on'.

The la t of the e can be taken a an example; t of er an excellentmage' of global z t on n the la t 100 year For much of modern

h tory, m on (at lea t n t Chr t an form ) ha been under tood aamovemen from North to South, a gn f cant number of European ,andlater Amer can , moved acro the world, n an n t at ve clo ely(and omet me dub ou ly) a oc ated w th the developm nt of emp re.In the m d po t war decade however the language began to alter B t


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T EO ET C LPER PE TIVpproaches

The place attributed to religion in theroce of global zat on dependessentiallyon how t at process isn er tood. The word global zat on'means different things o di ferent peop eIf, for example, the term used to denote a primarily economicmovement, dr ven by a art cularideology (i e. more rigorous forms ofmarket r nc ple ), the lace g vento religion is likely to be minimall al zat on ometh ng that takeplace at the level of macro-economicchange Ind v dual and communties, religious or otherwise, can dol ttle a out t except retreat and at

20 times react; t ey are victims of a processthat they cannot control.Certain kinds of religious people(notably theolog cally l beral

C istians) ery frequently articulate thisa roach. Qu te properly, the ranalyses pay careful attention to thedeva tat ng effect that We tern(mostly American) dri en economicforce are l kely to have for hugenumbers of people in the developingorld. If rel g on gn f cant atall, it is in t e provisions of havens fortho e n retreat from the globalization process In one reading of theterm, fundamental t form ofreligion constitute e amples of such haven .

T s, owever, is not the o ly story.If, a an dea, global zat on ncludenot o ly economic change, but a wholerange of development n the modern world (economic, political, social acultural) - h f that br ng w ththem an ent rely new set of g obal actors,both collect ve and nd v dual -t en t e place for rel gion becomes farmore gn f cant. Indeed tho eengaged in relig ous activities er of enhave acce to mpre ve tran nationalnet orks and make max ue of modern form of commun cation bot to establish and de elopthe e relat on h p . thout doubt theyare global actors. Examples aboundfor example, the metamorpho eof t e Cat olic C urch already describe ;the global ecumen cal movement (see below); in an ever increasin nu ber of globally connected relgious orga izations, i stitutions, chche , denom nat on , group and

In the m d po t war decade , however, the language began to alter. B tby b t the not on of end ng' gave way to a d cour e of partner h p',

a the churche n the develop ng world began ncrea ngly to a ertthe r pre ence a equal partner of the r European or Amer can equ valent . No longer were the e churche mply rec ent ; ncrea ngly theywere becom ng centre of Chr t an ty n the r own r ght, notably largern many ca e than the churche back home'. Organ zat onal changefollowed Partner h p evolved between d oce e and par he (w th oneartner n the North and another n the develop ng world) and began

gradually to com lement, f not to replace, the voluntary oc ety a thefocu of m on n many We tern oc et e .

A th rd tage n th evolut on becom ng ever more ev dent; t al ocomplex. On the one hand there a grow ng tendency to rever e theNort South flow a ncrea ng number of m onar e are nowarriving n

Europe from the develop ng world - a con t tuency mot vated by a combnat on of econom c and more ely rel g ou factor . On the other theNort Sou h ax collap ng altogether a m on become ncrea ngly a er e of movement from everywhere to ever where el e. Braz l o er anntere t g example - both n the grow ng number of Braz l an onar e

work ng abroad and n the Portugue e peak ng churche of the Braz l and a ora ( n the Un te State , Europe, Japan and Paraguay). Even morenumerou , however, are the South Korean , who are found all over theworld; an n t at ve greatly nten f ed by the l ng of re tr ct on relat ng tocurrency exchange -the end ng bod e could now keep m onar e n thef eld for much longer per od (Clarke,7; Park, 7) De t nat onnclude A a, Eura a ( nclud ng Ru a), at n Amer ca, Europe, the Pac f c,the M ddle Ea t, the Car bbean and North Amer ca.

One further po nt mportant. Are m onar e a uch cruc al to theenterpr e of m on, or the movement of people more mportant?Mob l ty, moreover, central to global zat on: whether of cap tal, market or labour . And once populat on beg n to move n gn cant number , dea ( nclud ng rel g ou dea ) w ll move w th them. Prec ely thatappened n Afr ca n the late n neteenth an early twent eth centur e ,

a factor wh ch account for the very rap d Chr t an zat on of the reg on

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(H st ngs, 1994; Sundkler nd Steed, 2000) Interest ngly, the s mequest on s current y e ng sked of Ch n though n somewh t d fferent ter s Is t poss le, more prec sely, for the Ch nese to h e the econo c d nt ges of the m rket w thout the d regul t on of culture th tgoes th th s The rel g ous element s p rt cul rly mport nt nth sc s , g n the ggress e secul r z t on of the commun st per od nh n nd the forc le remo l of the m ss on ry presence th t occurreds r sult x ctly wh t f rms of rel g ous l fe w ll emerge nd t ke rootn the ne century re st ll uncert n, but one th g s sure they w ll e

th t perspect e h s been ser ously ch l enged y recent e ents - notonceb t se er l t mes The tr nsform t ons of the modern worlddem nd th t we do better new re s of enqu ry gener te new w ys ofth nk ng,the formul t on, n f ct, of d fferent - r d c lly d ferent -soc olog c l c non

The co sequences of th nk ng n these terms re spelled out t the endof Robertson's contr but on to n mport nt collect on of p pers pul shed n 2001 (Beyer, 2001 ) They go str ght to the he rt of them tter Th nk ng g o lly m kes us th nk d f erently: bout rel g on


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n the ne century re st ll uncert n, but one th g s sure they w ll eclosely re ted to the mo ement of peop e both w th n nd from outs d

th s st nd re t ely unknown terr tory

the ries and the rists

Inter s of theory, one f ct s cle r: unt l ery recently gre t de l ofsoc olog c work n the f eld of glob l z t on p d no ttent on tore g on t Th t po nt s underl ned f rmly by both Robertson (2001)nd Beckford (2003), together w th ts consequences for m nstre msoc o ogy Th s sect on w l de l, howe er, w th three ery not bleexcept ons to th s gener z t on Rol nd Ro ertson h mself, Peter Beyernd Lehm nn, e r ng n m nd th t these schol rs of en work ncoll or t on th others nd th t the l st s y no me ns exh ust eInde d the s tu t on s beg nn ng to ch nge not ce bly s schol rs nny d f erent p rts of the world ex m ne from the r p rt cul r per

spect es the e n ng of glob l z t on for the forms of re g on mostf l r to them lo l rel g on requ res glob ende our, foundong other pl ces n r sh of publ c t on n th s f eld Two ery

t e y encyclop ed s come p rt cul rly to m nd: the f rst ncludes the study of rel g on n the work on glob l z t on (Ro ertson nd Scholte,20 ); the second focuses on the concept of glob l rel g on tself (seeJu rgens eyer nd Roof, forthcom ng)

Ro ertson's nterest n glo l z t on s long term; t beg ns s e rly sth 19 s nd p ys ncre s ng ttent on to rel g on s the dec des p ssHe st rts fro the follow ng ssumpt on: th t work ng w th n glo lp rspect e tr nsforms the study of rel g on More spec f c lly t reconnects re g on to the m nstre m of econom c nd soc l l fe, o ercomng the sol t on st ssumpt ons em edded n the Western exper ence ofodern ty There s, therefore, n mmed te reson nce w th the domn nt the e of th s ook - the need to esc pe from the ew of rel g ons sequestered nd rel t ely nconsequent l spect of t ent eth

century soc et es' (Ro ertson, 200 : 4) As Robertson so r ghtly s ys,

g g y y gtself; bout the contr ut ons of the cl ss cs ( oth the r strengths nd

we knesses); out the rel t ons p etween soc ology nd ts cogn ted sc pl nes; bout comp r t e perspect e; bout the c p c t es ofrel g on to n t te s wel s respond to ch nges; nd bout the nterconnect ons w th culture, deology, po t cs, econom cs nd so onA o e ll, t ch llenges the ssumpt ons of the secul r z t on thes s,re k ng ny necess ry connect on etween modern z t on nd secul rz t on No onger s rel g on c st n the role of nh tor - the f ctorth t pre ents the emergence o ful y modern soc ety; nor s t s mplyn ep phenomenon, dependent on n ncre s ngly nterconnected glo l

economy It becomes nste d n nf n tely r ed subjec t th t nter cts n myr d d fferent w ys w th t e cultur l, deolog c l, pol t c l nd eco

nom c systems th t surround t Between the l nes, Ro ertson's cr t ueof world systems theory s und ntly cle r Glob l z t on s notun d mens on l, s W llerste n (1979) nd others m nt n It s mult d ens on l nd mult centred h stor c l de elopment' w th n

wh ch rel g on h s centr l pl ce The pr nc p l t sk of the soc o ogy ofrel g on, ndeed of the soc olog sttout court s to t ke th s phenomenonser ously, document wh t s h ppen ng nd cre te the necess ry theoret c l fr meworks to underst nd them properly

Peter Beyer s one who h s responded to th s ch l enge A le to dr wfrom dem nd ng theoret c resource n three ngu ges nd eq ly thome n urope nd North Amer c , he s well p ced to do th sInterest ngly, howe er, h s s ngle uthored ccount ofReligion andGlobalization (1993) beg ns, not w th the theory, but w th n nc dent:the fatwa pronounced y the Ay tol h on S lm n Rushd e n 19 9Beyer uses th s to llustr te both the glob l n ture of the world th t wenh b t nd the pl ce of rel g on w th n th s, not ng n p rt cul : themmed cy of the re ct on to th s ep sode, ts truly glo l d mens ons, tsc p c ty to perplex, nd the n t t e t ken y non Western le derThe Rushd e r becomes n f ct the spr ngbo rd for B yer's rgument, wh ch nterprets thefatwa n two r ther d ferent w ys At onele el the Musl m re ct on to Rushd e's no el demonstr tes the l nk

bet een rel us fa th and part ular st dent ty (t ere are no realsurpr ses ere). t an ther, t reveals a mu more troubl n esponse:the n t n that usl s are be n asked to surrender t e ore of t e rfa th thei t le s credness f the ur'an as t e pr e for fulln us n n a l bal system urrently dom nated by non Musl ms'19933)Hen e n ne hand the pr f und unease of t e Musl m omun ty ( ts assu ed ar nal ty), and n t e ot er t e n ompre ens onf the se u ar res nse (representat ve f t e do nant lobal system).e ther are reassur n .

t ere are any d fferent for s f rel on n t e odern world; t st ese, taken to et r, t at onst tute and def ne a lobal rel oussystem' (2001b: xx x). But w at ounts' as rel on w ll an e overt me, just as w at ounts' as a nat on s frequently ontested. T emodel, t erefore, ust onstantly adapt; so too t e resear a enda.Bot , for exa ple, must take nto a ount t at t ere are not one, butmany forms of modern ty n t e modern world, and t us of rel n. ForBeyer, t e fo us l es on a onstant pro ess of for at on and reformat onn t e rel ous f eld as new publ ent t es emer e bot alon s de and n


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ven su h a ha en e, Beyer s pr n pal a s to know m re about

the nst tut nal y spe al zed and system ' forms of rel on t at areresent n t e dern rld and t e d fferent ways n w t ese f nde ress n 1993 1 )e purely pr vate ( n ts any and d versef r s) s f ess s n f an e for t s analys s, t ou t most erta nlynt nues to e st. F r Be er t s t e pla e of rel on n t e publ ,ndeed p t a arena, that demands attent n. Here re on an operate n t rather d fferent ays, reveal n on one and a tenden yt ards part ular s and ultura d st n t veness (as alreadydes r bed), but n the t er a f rm of e u en sm' - .e. forms ofre n t at make nks th t e ssues t at emer e from a lobal, funt nal y d fferent ated s ety. Hen e the ase stud es found n sr t n , three f h h llustrate t e nservat ve opt on ( n lud nthe e r st an R ht and t e Islam Revolut on outl ned n t ere us hapter) and t f reveal rat er more l beral waysf d n th n s (l berat n t e l y n Lat n A er a and rel ousen r n ental s ) .

e seven years later, Beyer es furt er st ll, stat n s oal, n t entr du t n t the lle t n f papers ment oned above (Beyer,

a); t s t understand l bal zat n by means of rel on, not t e ther ay r und. Hen e t e f ll w n l :

ust s the c t l st ec c syste re rese ts s ec f cally modern s ec led, stru e t l, d glo l zed for f do g econom ; ust as the systemf t st tes s l e se der , s ec l zed strumental and now glo aled f r f d g l ; s t es se se t le st to as f there e sts a corre

s d g gl al ed d syste c f r of do g rel g on (Beyer 2001 v )

In rder t ans er th s quest n, Beyer dra s extens vely o n Lu mann'sthe ret al fra es, n t least t e systems t eory of so ety. More substantvely he l ks f rst at t e evolut n of rel on n Europe, from t eun f n system f ed eval Europe t t e very d f erent and m reural f r s f rel n that ex st t day. Part of t s story relates to t e

e ans n f Eur pe a r ss the l be and a row n awareness t at

ppla e of t ose t at already ex st.

Le mann (2002) takes a somew at d ferent v ew. No lon er srel on seen as part of t e lobal zat on pro ess - .e. t e spread n ofstandard, omo en zed forms a ross t e lobe or onversely as a reat on to t s. Rel on s seen nstead as t eorigin l lobal zer, b texpressed on e a a n n t o ways. Le mann uses t e term os opoltan' to des r be t e f rst of t ese; a for , or forms of re on arater st of e tes and w nvolve atte pts to ntrodu e nto t e lasof rel ous systems a stor al and ontextual zed t eory" of ot erultures' (2002: 299). T ou tful leaders of t e world's fa t s take ntoa ount' t e ex en es of lo al ulture and a t a ord n ly, anapproa ep tom zed n t e mov ment w as be ome known as l berat on t eolo y. H ly tra ned ntelle tuals l ved amon t e poorestpe ple o at n Amer a n an atte pt to understand t e r world v ew.To et er su leaders a d t e ommun t es of w t ey were partstrove for b e onom and so al mprovement t rou t e transformat ons of stru tures - a ne essar ly lon term pro ess.

Somew at n ompet t on w t t ese efforts a re t e mu more d soran zed forms of lobal rel on, dr ven t s t me by a mass of ndependent a tors w o ad ere l tly to t e d s pl nes mposed by el tes orerar es. It s ere t at t e prol ferat ons of fundamental st orar smat rel ons f nd t e r pla e, e e ber n t at t ese are as

mu t e arr ers of modern ty as rea t ons to t. Indeed t s modern tyt at offers t e eans for w at Le ann alls pro s uous propa at ons', as nnovat ve forms of rel on ross and re ross bo ndar es.Here s t e mob l ty of people des r bed n t e prev ous se t on andndeed n t e next, as bot nd v duals and roups move fro everyw ere to every ere else mak n full use of w at modern ty an offer:notably t e e er more rap d forms of om un at on a ross t e lob ,t e te n ques of mana ement and market n , and t e emer en e ofEn l s as a un versal la ua e.

Le ann's own areer s nstru t ve n t s respe t (Le mann, 1996). Asa s olar of Lat n A er a for some30years, Le ann fa led n t ally to

1

t t a t nt a unt at a The f st step t wa ds emedy t a t y at n the gy and base mmun t es n s aas

t t t t n m and p t a (dem at ) deve pmentn, 1 ) y th t me, h weve , tha he ame t d deta ed n a n t ea y 1990s, t was ea that the nn vat ve

t tant sm s ng ng up a ve the p a e demanded equatt t at m g , n nsequen e, s a deve ped ana ys s f the

n L t n me a, env saged a an a ena n wh h nt t e the sp t' - hen e the t t e f the 1 996 b k

t t th f

the e f Is am n the f mat n f d t n t ve types f m de n ty Theyask a u a and f en epeated quest n: t what extent s t p ss b en thetwenty f st entu y f a s ety t b b th authent a y Mus m

and fu y dem at ?

EXAMPLES OF GLOBAL RELIGION

pentecostalism: a global success story


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a a m q e t ns me t the f e:

T e i ues i s e ve y i : do t e people feel mo e fait fully ep esented by i e i ie i , e evolu io y p iests nd nuns in t ei jeans and sandalss l e i d i e wilde ness t avelling towards an unce tainsed d, d ffe i g diet of gonized self questioni g of semina s ands i us ess isi co bi ed wit mini p ojects to sustain t e People of God ei j u ey O ill t ey be d awn towa ds t e pasto s unifo mlyes e le i ei s s w ite s i ts nd black ties as ey p ocl im t e tangie i ess ill f llow f om fulmin ting conve sion expe ience a eule e e ei li es d t ei families unde cont ol and t e fin ncialis i i e eekly co t ibu i to c u c funds? (Le mann 1996 3 )

a q t n t at f w pe at na ze Lehmann's tw typ s n, nt a t ng the pt n f the p ' a t u ated by

t n t an th th t n f the p ' n the f m f nd n av u f Pente sta m Ea h p ss b ty - the em a a mmun ty Pente sta nve s n - s se t ut n

t t at n t th h t y, u tu e and nst tut ns f Lat n n n a an az m pa t u a y Theme and unt

t at y t aga nst ne an the : ne m da ty, f exam, n t n nt the h gh y va ued u tu e f the pe p e (thet n u tu at n); the the nt nua y nf nts what t t v s a ehav u ( e th feasts, e eb at ns,t n yt m , t f Lehmann's wn st ), fe ng the nve t a tt ' ay he stakes, qu te ea y, a e ve y h gh - ndeed, tt , n , f and d ath

n , n a y se e t ve, ust at ns exemp fy n m et t t s put f wa d by these auth s The f st t mat a n Pente sta sm - a qu ntessent a y m de n

n e n k at th g ba e umen a m ve ent,y t a attent n t the W d C un f Chu hes, a p t t t t n n m ng t te ms w th a ve y d fe ent g ba n

t t na am s a taken f m the Mus m w d t ust ate

It s ha d t mp ehend b th the ve a f gu es and the hanges tak ngp ae n the Ch st an p pu at ns f th S uthe n he sphe e T say, fexamp , that app x mate y 10 pe en f the Lat n e an p pu at n

n w P testant (a pe e tage wh h st g w ng) fa s t nvey e thethe s ze f the sh f the s gn f an e f what s happen ng S me examp es may he pI R de Jane between 1990 and 1992, a new hu hwas eg st ed eve y weekday, as a esu t f wh h [ ]n ne Cath dese the e we e ve tw e as many P t stant p a e f w sh p asCath , and n the p est d st ts the at was seven t ne' (F est n,1998: 338)I Lat n Ame a as a wh e, the e a e n w s me45 m nP testants (the g eat maj ty f wh m a e Pent sta s) Between a th dand ha f f these a e B az l an - e m 8 m l n pe p e. In B ta n, nnt ast, ess than 10 pe ent ( e5 t 6 m l n pe p e) a e se us y

a t ve nany e g us den m nat n By a y standa d , these stat st s a emp ess v - they u dbe epeated many t mes veT me as we as p a e s mp tant Pa ad x a y, the take f p nt

f Pente sta sm n Lat n Ame a an be ated at p e y them ment when the e u a zat n thes s peaked am ng Weste n sg st , the m d 1960s Unsu p ng y the atte we e s w t see whatwas happen ng And when the fa ts them e ves u d n nge beden ed, exp anat ns we e s ught n me an nfluen e - m e p ese y n the supp sed mp s t n f me an f ms f P testant sm

n t an unw ng p pu at n s uth f the R G ande Suh was n tthe ase Su h m s nte p etat ns, de be ate the w se, a e n ne theess evea ng n that they e a te ng ust at n f the asse t n f

the y ve data It wa the the et a as umpt n f We te n as en e that equ ed' an exte na exp anat n f the unant patedg wth n e g us a t v ty n Lat n Ame a, n t the data themse ves

Why, th ugh, d d t happen? Why d d the Pente sta f ms fP testant m beg n t g w exp nent a y n the S uthe n hem sphe et wa ds the end f the twent eth entu y - f st n Lat n Ame a, th nn a and f na y a ve t e Pa f R m? F many d f e ent

13

s ns s t s s ns F ston (fo ow ng Droog rs, 1991) sn t ht t d tt nt on to th s d rs ty:

s is is i th is un k y to b ing e g nd son fo itssu ss. A ti is s n th bi nc of igion must t k into

unt y i i n no i but so soci cu tu et nic nd ii us t s; n y th ( hic soci c ct istics f ou consi ) u s th i ( hy on y so o e it t ose c ct istic s

); n y h P nt cost is to n but so ( s ci y) to; y th si ( hy o dy to con t) but t su

y si ( h P s s t i iz t i ot nti ub ic) And it must

educat on for the ch ldren - tself a dec s ve factor n intergenerat onal mob ty Th hous o d b om s an ff t orporat group

So far, so good F w wou d d sput that at n Am r an wom n arad antag d by su h hang s Th s, how r, s not th who story; nors t b rat on n th W st rn s ns of th t rm Th m n n qu st onmay nd d thdraw rom th s tr t but th y ma nta n w th gour thtrad t ona h adsh p ro , both n th fam y and n th hur h s In anart nt t d ry apt y Th P nt osta g nd r paradox , B rnMart n ( 00 ) xp or s th s t ns on furth r H r on us ons ar not

t b t t t th t f th b k I t


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y si ( h P s s t i iz t i ot nti ub ic) And it musts y hy s is s s uc but y do s it not g ow mo e

hy s y s th n ot s (F ston 1998: 347-8) ints r , h P nt osta sm grows fast st among h in n th s art u ar form of Chr st an ty both a

s n r th s s n ns of s port for th r fam s Both art n n th n h nd, P nt osta ommun t s ook up and out

h , th si n fo th nd dua Chr st an whohasn r st n , b ss d by th sp r t and op n d to

n t n ti s t n h mo tang b s ns , su h ommuntis n t n n ng n t ork of hur h s and organ zati nsth t, th n t , tr ns nd boundar s, wh th r nat ona ,

it thn h t that th s ha ns of ommun at onarnt n sh s in s of s gn f an n ts f Equa ympor

t nt, h , th t s of P nt osta sm to pro d a r fugh s is t n t s t h n ( ons r at r ad ngs of s r ptur ) and

t ( t t n th iss tud s of f ) H n a s t o f omnt s th t n ut rm y d r t d - ad rsh p s of t nth t n In th i onm s of th d op n wor d, wh rt n t s s r ons uous by th r abs n , th s has

nn n n t nni nt h n s n f st o r n ons qu n It s at th s po nt,

, th th st n n b om s ntra H r Brus o s n st P nt s s n om a an b tak n as an xamp

t st in n , fo o ng Brus o, s 0 to 40 p r nt th h s h t ns d b th husband n th form of a o

h n th t ahous ho d forms of onsumpt on thath t as n h o n o omb a, su h as smok ng, gamin n is t n s t t s a o to ont nu (Brus o, 1993: 14)

sit , th n th ra f m th (pub ) str t and, a ongsi th i s, n to assum r spons b t s n both thh h n th h (th at s h r ) H n , at th ry ast, ath s n i st n for th fam y and, ru a y, an

on y pro o at , but ntra to th argum nt of th s book In r at on

to th P nt osta xp r n , W st rn f m n st p rsp t s (rath r kth trad t ona rs ons of s u ar zat on) ar not on y nappropr at ,th y ar th ms s part of th prob m, n so far as th y b nd d manyW st rn a ad m s to mu h that was happ n ng n th d op ngwor d Int r st ng y, th obs r rssur place (anthropo og sts and m ss o og sts) w r qu k r to appr at th hang s tak ng p a - not astth r ry pos t ts for th wom n n qu st on

Th s ff ts, mor o r, ar umu at For g ow ng numb rsofp op n th g oba South, th r sour s of P nt osta s ha nab dnot on y sur a but r a , f mod st, mpro m nt Th s s not a qu st on of hard h ad d ap ta a u u at on; nor, as som ha argu d, st a d r t app at on of th W b r th s s It s a ons d rab y mormod st nt rpr s But g n th pr ar ousn ss of both onom andpo t a ont xt, th bas qua t s of hon sty, thr ft, s f d s p n andorgan zat o a ta nt stand out, b om ng sought aft r sk s n th o aonomy tworks of trust, r pro ty and b tt rm nt b g n both to

m rg and to grow As p op mo from th ountrys d nto th tyook ng for b tt r jobs and du at ona opp rtun t s ( sp a y forth r h dr n), P nt osta ommun t s b om n a ry pra t as ns ha ns and way stat ons n th journ yup th so o onomadd r (Ma donado, 1993: 35)Th sam pro ss, mor o r, an work a ross ont n nts as w as

ountr s H n , or Mart n, th s gn f an of P nt osta sm as ag oba opt on (Mart n, 00 a) Th hara t r st s a r ady d s r b dom nto th r own On th on hand, P nt osta s ar fr d fromth as r b d at gor s that b nd p op to p a , wh th r so a y org ograph a y on th oth r th y an put down roots Th samn twork that nurtur d you n on p a an do so n anoth r, both rat ng and susta n ng th d s p n s n ssary for sur a n a mobwor d Su h a ounts shou d not b romant z At t m s, th sar ong and d ff u t journ ys, d mand ng many sa r f s Nor doP nt osta s a ways up to xp tat ons (th r own or anyon s s)

15

s n n n t s ture, none the less the omb nat onf nt n s l n h h have g ven Pente ostals a veryt l l n l b l rl At the very least they are deserv ng

f s st n s l l ttent n

xa p s f g b ecumenism

l n l f urhes ( CC) ould hardly be more d ferentYn st n bl l b l nst tut n t exempl f es very learly the se ond

and to the surpr se of many - not only the devotees of thee umen al ove ent - t s the onservat ve, even rea t onary forms ofrel g on(bot Chr st an and non Chr st an) that have been gro nfastest n the f nal de ades of the t ent eth entury Pente ostal smof ersan o v ous example, and wh lst so e Pente ostal hur hes h vebe me me bers of the WCC, others have not; these res st any form fo perat on that m ght omprom se the r understan ng of truth

Hen e the d lem a for an or an zat on founded on t o assumpt ns:rst that the rld would be ome an n reas ngly se ular pla e, and

se ond that the best way for ard n th s s tu t on was f r the hur es


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n st n bl l b l nst tut n, t exempl f es very learly the se ondf s t es; t e e ts f rm f rel g on that makes l nks th thest ns t t r s f l b l, fun t onally d f erent ated so ety

( e , ) ts st verse n or g n, h ghly qual f ed, and ablet n t ly t f rent spe s of the global agenda

ll f un n 1 , the CC be ame the hannel through t str s f e u en al l fe that already ex sted were

b t t t t st rt t s lear about ts goal: th s as nott l l b l s e u h', n r to standard ze styles of orsh p ts t e t all b t r st ns nd hur hes to v s ble un ty n one

f t n n n u r st fell sh p, expressed n worsh p and mn l f n st, t u tness and serv e to the world, and ton t s t t un t n r e that the orld may bel eve' (WCC

nst t t n) Su s laudable and, n many respe ts, mu hess s b n ; t s n t the fault of the WCC that v s blen t ns s y t n s r t n n the ontext f th s hapter, how, t s t s s n r st an serv e that s of part ular nterest

t s t t t s st n t lob l zat onas an economic doctrinest ts st ent At l l b l m vement has be ome sharply r tl f t n nse uen es of ap tal s , advo at ng nstead al b l b s n just r ther than growth

n st n b t t e s t ve and negat ve aspe ts of th s stateent n st r l s t v s m ortant The mot ves and asp rat ns f t st r ene t n n be learly seen n the early years oft ts re t n n 1 re le ted a hole ser es f n t at ves

t st bl s n an nt n ng world pea e n ts earlys t s ee ly nfluen ed by the Cold War and ts onsen s f u h l f e ve ent looked for ways to over ome thes ns b t n st n est, espe ally n Europe - en ourag ng,

s f s t s s ss bl , nt ts th the hur hes n entral andst e St n su t s ven to those who brought together

t e ns ts f s n C r st an ty, n lud ng the adv ates o f l bt n t l y st 1 , h ever, the ontext has altered rad ally

se ond, that the best way for ard n th s s tu t on was f r the hur esmost open to hange and most attent ve to the modern orld (notablythe l beral Pr testants) to group together, n order to susta n ea h othern a ne essar ly host le env ronment The hur hes that res sted theworld' would automat ally ons gn themselves to the past B thassumpt ons were n orre t Th world s not an n reas ngly se ularpla e'; t s full of very d fferent forms of rel g ous l fe, many of wh hare expand ng rather than ontra t ng t s, moreover, the forms ofrel g on least nterested n e umen sm that are develop ng th the gre test onf den e Com ng to terms w th su h sh fts onst tutes a major,and as yet unresolved, hallenge to the WCC S too does the hang nnature of the or an zat on tself, as t gradually evolves fro a modern,bureau rat and entral zed nst tut on nto hat s best des r bed s alate modern, d spersed and global network

A very d erent, and n some ways ore organ ', example ofe umen m an be found n modern Europe n any respe ts, the development of e umen al onta ts and den ng' of the Eur pean Un onare two s des of the same o n n both ases, Europeans are be ng as edwhat they have n omm n rather than what d v des them And the fa tth t so e hur hes, just l ke some nat ons, f nd th s eas er than otherss of tself s gn f ant The S an nav an, Br t sh and reek examples arenterest ng n th s respe t All of them d splay a b valent att tu es

towards the Eur pean Un on and n all the r hes tat ons the rel g ousfa tor as an exemplar of part ular ty plays a s gn f ant role The reekase s the most str k ng, and problemat , of the three Europe,

however, s a rap dly hang ng pla e, not least n terms of rel g on As aont nent, t no houses s gn f ant groups of Musl ms, S khs, H ndusand Buddh sts n add t on to the ew sh ommun t es h h have playedsu h a r al r le n Europe's h story Con epts alter a ord ngly:European rel g on' ust g ve ay to the rel g ons f Europe' t s paradox al that at pre sely the moment hen Europe, and t ome extent,the Chr st an hur hes of the ont nent, are atte pt ng to dra themselves ba k together, new forms of dem graph and rel g ous d vers ty

7

a innin to a ear. The tn ion bet een unit and diver ity re entit in ne an if erent ay , form that are eculiar to late

n ather than early o ern Euro ean re ure . T e ca e tudiee a at in ha ter 8 ere e igned to illu trate thi oint.

ina , an very oignant e a le conclude thi ection. One of thein t e lar o both eace aking and ecumeni m in Euro e can n in Brother Ro er, the founder of the Taiz community in

n y. The co nity a e tabli hed in the aftermath of theS n or ar a a y bo o reconciliation in a village clo e to t e

i Vi h F I h b j

o t ar eriod Indone ia became in a very hort time an indu trialgiant (an A ian tig r). In the 1990 , o ever, the country ex eriencede tremein tability a the financia market of South Ea t A ia lungedinto cri i ; it ha not yet ful y recovered. Equally ignificant are thereligiou ch nge that have taken lace in the am eriod. The einclude t e conver ion of ome 2 million Mu lim to Chri tianity andHind i m fol o ing the violence of the mid 19 0 (the large t maconver ion from I lam in mo ern time ), but in the 1980 an I lamicrevival of con iderable ro ortion . Hefner (2000a) rovide a detailed

f ki hi i i h h l i hi


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18

r et een ccu ie an Vichy France. It ha become a major

ntr ilgri ag for o tly young eo le from all over Euro e andn , ho co e to Taiz in order that they may hare a im lei t e an l arn ore abo t each other. The number vi iting arei iv by any tan ar (bet een3- ,000 vi itor are there every

in the u r). In t 2005, the very elderly Brot er Rogera r red ring a ervice attended by ome 2, 00 eo le. Hia ai ant a c early entally i turbed but the hock a con iderable

an eo le. I t ro te a oment of recollection in the nationala r o t Euro ean countrie regarding a mode t but very effecti bol of unity in a tro ble orld.

Isla ic o e ities

artin (2 02a 1 ) dra a i tinction bet een Penteco tali m and re urnt r of I la . Both are art of the elf con ciou a akening of aa t the orl that ha been e cluded from the main tream in o fara t i i re ed by e tern for of develo ment, but they do t iin i ent ay . The i i arou and e entially mobile a ect ofnt o ta i m have a rea y been i cu ed. So too the form of I lam

t at i lay mo t notably the a ily re emblance ' of fundamentali mt t in the reviou cha ter. ot al I lamic ocietie , ho ever, con t thi o el. In the f nal ection of thi cha ter, t o rat er difnt a le il be intro ce : fir t the Indone ian ca e, aying

a ti ar attention to the olicy o Panca Sila and econd the changeta in la e in Turkey. The latt r ha crucially im ortant im lication

ro , revealing once a ain the continuing ignificance of religionin ven thi , re atively ecular, corner of the globe.

In on ia i the large t u li nation in the modern orld ith aation of 240 illion, 88 er cent of hich are Mu lim - hence

it i ni icance both for the oba region o hich it i art, and foran n r tanding of reli ion in a global context. The economica r n i i ortant: fro con icuou overty in the immediate

account of t e e event , taking a hi organizing theme the relation hi

bet een I lam and the gradual and at time very demanding roce ofdemocratization in thi huge and over helming y Mu lim nation.The crucial oint to gra in thi narrative i the lural nature of

I lam. Plurali m a uch ha al ay been the ca e for Mu lim , ju t a itha for C ri tian ; it i nothing ne in conce tual term (Hefner,2000a:7).The notion, ho ever, ha articu ar re onance in Indone iain the later decade of the t entieth century. Not only have thereformi t grou layed a ignificant role in the revival of I lam in theregion, t ey have hel ed to b ild a ell educated u lim middle cla - agrou of eo le, that i , ho ha e begun to rai e que tion about a ho tof characteri tically modern concern , including the tatu of omen,the challenge of lurali m, and the ro e o mora ity in market

economie ' (He ner, 1998b: 395). It i the e olitically a are and verydiver e individual ho have been active in finding ne ay for ardfor the In one ian tate. They became, among other thing , a crucialelement i the overthro of Pre ident Suharto in May 1998.

Their re ence can be een equa ly in the debate urrounding PancaSila, the official doctrine underlying the Indone ian tate. Panca Silamea ive rinci le ': belief in one u reme God, humanitariani m,nationali m ex re ed in the unity of Indone ia, con ultative democracyand ocial ju tice. T e fir t, moreover, i central to olitical di cuion, though not ithout controver y. Ho hould thi one u remeGod' be under tood Clearly, di eren formu ation are lea ing to different religiou gro hich ebb and flo in t eir influence.Polythei tic religion ull in one direction, Mu lim (e ecially orecon ervative one ) in another. Re gion a uch, ho ever, i een a aublic good, actively romoted by the tate hich formally recognize

five religion . The e are I lam, Prote tanti m, atholici m, Hindui mand Buddhi m, bearing in mind t e over helming majority o Mu limin the o ulation - thi i hardly a dialogue of equal . But given thiimbalance, Panca Sila re re ent a genuine attem t to incor orate andto a firm the cultural and reli iou dif erence that are re ent in a huge

1

and heterogeneous population It o fers a constructi e way forward for anati n that endorses neither a Muslim state, nor an entirely secular instit ti n he fact that the process towards democratization has not alwayseen easy and that the results are less than perfect, should not detract fromthe e e orts To what extent they will be allowed to continue, h we er, is

e di icult to sayefner's work on Indonesia should be seen in a broader context n

the final decades of the entieth century, political debate has forer nded t o possibilities n the one hand, Western forms of democrac ha e exerted a uni ersalizing tendency (the claim that this is the

of the fez; the adoption of the Western calendar, the atin alphabet andthe Swiss Ci il Code; and, finally, the remo al of Islam as a statereligionfrom the constitution E en more emphatically, in 937 theconstitution w s amended to declare urkey a republ can, nationalist,populist, statist, secular, and re olutionary state' (Mardin, 998: 744)Interestingly the nascent republic was closely modelled on France:Turkey is one country where the quintessentially French notion ofla ithas immediate resonance Unsurprisingly, many of the same problemsensue - the wearing of the headscarf in public life, for xample, has beenascontentious in Turkey as it has been in France despite the fact that


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220

rac ha e exerted a uni ersalizing tendency (the claim that this is theri ht and proper way to do things); on the other, a whole series of ethni and regional conflicts ha e emerged to counter this trend No oneha p t this more forcibly than Samuel Huntington in hisClash ofi ili tions ( 997), a book that has generated a huge secondary literat e he title itself is re ealing in so far as it conceptualizes the e oluti n f the modern world in a series of iolent encounters, within whichI la ecomes a particular focus for conflict An ine itable question foll s from this: is it the case that Islam and democracy are by definitioninc patible? r is it possible forboth Islam and democracy -the duale hasis is important - to adapt, in order to permit a constructi e conersation between them? It is these questions that are central to thec m arati e project set up by Hefner at the Institute on Culture,Religi n and World Affairs in Boston he project is dedicated to understanding better the prospects for democracy and pluralism in theslim orldefner's most recent olume is an example of this work (Hefner, 2004)

el e ery di ferent case studies are outlined, within which particulara tention is paid to the social origins of ci il democratic Islam' and itsi li ations for a better understanding of religion and politics in thedern orld Turkey, as ell as Indonesia, is included in this project It

t i f crucial significance in the global order, gi en its strategic positionet een East and West f itself, this is nothing new; Turkey's role as arid e etween Europe and Asia has always been important It has howeer a particular resonance in the early years of the new century, not leastith respect to religion The ongoing negotiations bet een Turkey andthe E ropean Union should be seen in this lighthe modern Republic of Turkey emerged in 923 from the ruins ofthe ttoman Empire The leader of the independence mo ement wase al tat rk, uni ersally regarded as the father of the Turkish nationand still re ered as such Under Atat rk, Turkey experienced a rigorousr ra e of reform and, e fecti ely, of Westernization The processin l ded the abolition of both sultanate and caliphate; the prohibition

ascontentious in Turkey as it has been in France, despite the fact thatTurkey remains a predominantly Muslim society

Indeed the key question follows from this: how can a rigorouslysecular state accommodate the manifestation of Islam in public as wellas pri ate life? The gradual emergence within the political system of anIslamicist Party is one expression of this de ate The initiati e began inthe 960s within the centre right Justice Party Subsequent formulationscame and went in the decades that follow (the name of the partychanges constantly), leading bit by bit to electoral success In 995, theNational Sal ation Party achie ed some 20 per cent of the ote; this inturn lead one year later to articipation in go ernment The reaction,howe er, was swift: in 998 both the Welfare Party and its leaderNejmettin Erkaban were banned from politics for fi e years, on thegrounds that they had participated in anti secular acti ities Despitesuch setbacks, the AKP finally gained power in 2002 Both the PrimeMinist r (Recep Tayyip Erdogan) and Foreign Minister (Abdullah Gul)ha e a strongly Islamicist background, indicating a significant shift inTurkey's political life The implications of this shif for the protractednegotiations between Turkey and the European Union are not onlyi teresting in themsel es, they present a profound paradox

In order to qualify as a candidate for European Union membership,Turkey has had to satisf certain criteria - these include institutionalstability, guarantees of democracy, the rule of law, human rights andthe respect and protection of minor ties Huge ad ances ha e been madein these arious fields, the details of which lie beyond the scope of thischapter The gradual emergence of the religious factor as a central issuewithin these negotiations is howe er important The debate mo es instages Initially the insistence on secularism, both ideologicall and inpractice, was seen as a necessary step owards Europe; this was stronglysupported by the military Gradually howe er it became apparent thattoo strong an emphasis on secularism was running the risk of iolating,rather than protecting, the place of the acti ely Muslim minority in thedemocratic process The latter, moreo er, were themsel es beginning to


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This cha t r introduc s a v ry diff r nt p rs ctiv ; it is conc rn dh h f d f d

institutiona matt r T conc pt of w b ing' - an id a a r adyintroduc d in th aragrap s on o istic forms of r igion - i b c ntrato t is discussion, in w ic body, mindd s irit a p ay t ir art

T at r s ctio s of t chapt r vok simi ar qu stions, but th y b ginom a di r nt p rs ctiv . T rst of t s conc rns g nd r. R f r nc sto t di r nc b t n m n and wom n in t rms of t ir r igious iv sav b n scatt r d t roug t is book It is im ortant to gath r th stog t r, r co izing that a topic t at for s v ra d cad s was arg yignor d in t sub discip n is now, quit rig t y, d manding att ntion Thshift in t prioriti s of th discip in is as i ortant as th to ic its f. A

f h d h h f h


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T ith th p ac of r igion in t v ryday iv s of mod rn, rimari st rn o How, in ot r words, do such o r at to w atth y rc iv as r i ious or spiritua and what di f r nc do s this makt th ir iv s? h s qu stions ar , and a ways av b n, c ntra to tanthro o i a nda Unti r c nt y, ow v r, socio ogis ts ad rat rst si ht of th , assuming t at mod rn p o ad not on y ot r

int r s s, but oth r fram works by w ic to ori nt t ir xist nc Sucis n t a ays th cas

Aconsist nt thm runs t oug t mat ria - that is a t nd ncy towardsd i r ntiation in th at mod rn wor d, b aring in mind that this somhat c u sy t r qu stions many of t assum tions articu at d so far,n tab y asanova's firm ass rtion t at [T]h di r ntiation and manciti n f th s cu ar s r s from r igious institutions and norms r mains

a d struct ra tr nd' (1994: 212). T at id a was c ntra to t discussion of s cu arization in apt r3,but it is not th on y story For astart, it as n v r comp t , a fact a r ady a know dg d (p. 50) Towardsth nd of th t nti th c ntury, ow v r, a w o s ri s of factors cat th r to su st that po ici s ground d on t notion of institutiona s paration, and t k n for grant d for muc of t post war p riod, might b r a in d. h rovision of w far wi b tak n as an xamp , drawin xt nsiv y on a com arativ Europ an proj ct

a th and h a thcar ar simi ar H r , th y wi b acc ss d t rouga iscussion of birth and d at - fr qu nt y r gard d, wit som justificati n, as th ost sacr d mom nts of human xist nc Ar t so nts to b d fin so y in m dica t rms or do t y sti av a r i

gious r sonanc ? d to what xt nt ar t y condition d by t nvir n nt in hich t y tak p ac ? W o, fina y, is in contro ? Answ rs toth s qu stions i b us d to x mp ify and to xt nd t discussion ofd rnit in ha t r 5 Firm y mod rnist answ rs about th b ginning

an nd of if ar rogr ssiv y giving way to v r mor s arching qu sti ns, in an nvironm nt in w ic t institutiona boundari s ar ss andss c ar. diff r ntiation, na y, is as muc an individua as an

simi ar s ift has occurr d with r s ct to ag -on that op ns a fr sh ranof possibi iti s conc rning, amongst oth r things, r i ious chang S ou dthis b consid r d in t rms of t individua (t if cyc ) or in t rms ofsoci t (g n rationa s ifts), or bot ? Eit r way, t discussion of ag adsonc again to th qu stion of d at and t rapid y incr asi g so io ogicaactivit at surrounds t is. D at and t xist ntia qu stions t at it rais sav , mo than anyt ing s , r sist d t s cu ar Is t r any r ason w yt is s ould not sti b t cas in at mod rnity? Probab y not.

DI I I D D -DI I I G ILLU I

Welfa e and Religion in a Eu o ean Pe s e tive (WR P)

Significant s ctions of t is book av b n conc rn d with t di f rnc s b tw n Europ and Am rica, not ast th xist nc of a stat

c urch in t form r and its abs nc in t att r. A s cond oint foo s from t is: in t Unit d Stat s, t r is not on y no stat churc ,but to a consid rab xt n , no stat in t s ns t at t is is und rstoodin Europ For Europ ans, mor ov r, t stat is r sponsib for wfar , or so w hav com to b i v T s arating out of w far as adistinct ar a of activity is c ntra t t roc ss of s cu arization inEurop an soci ti s and it is to t stat t at w ook for support in timof n d That is muc ss th cas in Am rica But v n in Europ , t

proc ss tak s ac dif r nt y in di f r nt soci ti s, ading to distinctiv w far r gi s Sp cia ists in socia po icy wi imm diat y r cogn z t s diff r nc s and cat goriz t m in various ways(Esping And rson, 1989). For t socio ogist of r igion, ow v r, onpoint is imm diat y c ar: t patt rns that m rg r at v ry c os yto th di f r nc s obs rv d by Martin in his work on s cu arization.Eac in fact is t mirror of t ot r

h ater a that fo ows ref ects th s theme and s dra n very arge yr a o parat ve project on re g on and we fare n e ght European

t It s used f rst to exemp f t e d f erent s tuat ons regard ngth u s n d ferent parts of Europe I the Nord c countr es, for

, the utheran churches embrace the doctr ne of two k ng', h ch ascr bes a part cu ar ro e to the state n the organ zat on

a e are It fo ows that the ced ng of we fare to the state sh e re at ve y eas y n th s part of Europe In France, n contrast,

th ro e s not ceab y more acr mon ous as the state c a ms for tse fn t n the funct ons of we fare, but the mora author ty that once

the sw ngs n the g oba economy as anyone e se and from the 1970s on,a most a Europ an nat ons exper enced both a downturn n econom cgrowth, a d a correspond ng r se n unemp oyment Co nc denta y,demograph c prof es are a ter ng, ead ng (as n a advancedeconom es) to an ncrease both n the numbers and n the proport on ofe er y p op e Taken together, these trends are be nn ng to underm nethe assumpt ons o wh ch European soc et es based the r prov s on ofwe fare: not on y w th respect to the adequacy of the serv ces themse vesbut, more rad ca y, how these serv ces w be f nanced The quest on ss mp e: w the proport on of peop e act ve n the economy rema n suf


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6

n to the Church Hence a s tuat on of con ct rather than cor t on, n wh ch the boundary between church and state s f rm y

, n we fare as n so much e se E sewhere n Catho c Europe,th o a teach ng has been nf uent a n a d fferent way - th s

t through the concept of subs d ar ty We fare (as ndeed a soc a) hou d be de vered at the owest ef ect ve eve of soc ety, usu

th fa y. Hence, h stor ca y, the heavy respons b t es of women th tra t ona prov ders of we fare, supported b the churches rather

th n th tate; the atter n fact f s the gaps eft by the fam y and theh rh, not the other way round - the reverse of what happens nrth rn Europe Someth ng rather s m ar can be found n Greece,r n n nd that the Greek s tuat on s framed by Orthodox rather

th n atho c theo ogy, br ng ng w th t a not ceab y d erent body ofa t ach ng Br ta n, f na y, sui generi n European terms; t re esar or than ts cont nenta ne ghbours on the vo untary sector, under

t n n o untary n every sense of the termn the comp x ty of the s tuat on: a s m ar goa (the separat ng

t e fare from the nf uence of the churches and the creat on of ana t no ous sphere w th ts own nst tut ona norms) s ach eved, or

a h ved, n marked y d fferent ways One po nt s c ear howeverr an popu at ons are of one m nd th nk ng that the stateh uld

t r pons b ty n th s area That f nd ng emerges from a of the caset n the WREP project The fact that the churches are st do ngh of the work s seen as a necessary feature of European fe, but not

h t hou d be The project's respondents are, none the ess , rea s

t n that the s tuat on s ess than perfect, t s just as we that theh r he are there, f on y to f the gaps It fo ows that the r contr but n are we comed rather than rejected even n soc et es whe e the

r tate s more rather than ess deve opedr s the end o the twent eth century, however, a number of

t r have come together to quest on many of these assumpt ons these come from outs de European soc et es are as subject to

p p p p p yf c ent to support those who, for whatever reason, are not ab e to work?Add to th s the marked pro ongat on of educat on that s part and parce of a post ndustr a economy and the mp cat ons are c ear Noonger s t poss b e for most European so et es to meet the ob gat onof we fare as these were understood n the mmed ate post war per od

A not ceab e change n po t ca ph osophy - a row ng back from thenot on that the state s respons b e for the prov s on of we fare from thecrad e to the grave - s one react on to these sh f s As ever, Europeansoc et es have set about th s n d ferent ways, the most str k ng of wh choccurred n Br ta n n the 1980s As we saw n Chapter 7, the Thatchergovernment not on y nst gated rad ca reforms, t evo ved an deo ogyto eg t mate such changes The debate, however, s not on y deo ogca If the state s no onger ab e, or even w ng, to prov de a comprehens ve system of we fare for ts c t zens, who s to be respons b e forth s tas ? It s c ear that the churches, amongst others, have a ro e top ay n these c anges

In t a observat ons from the WREP project revea an nterest ngtheme: that the factors wh ch were present when the n t a d fferent at n of respons b t es took p ace are st n p ace as the new s tuat onbeg ns to emerge Or to put the same po nt n a d erent way, theprocess of de d fferent at on s as cu tura y spec f c as ts predecessorHence the poss b ty of a re at ve y easy resumpt on of the we fare ro eon the part of the churches n someparts of Europe, and a much mored fcu t one n o thers Three examp es w su f ceI Ita y or Greece, avery ncomp ete separat on of powers n the f rst p ace has meant thatthe ne between state and church rema ns essent a y u d It can moveback and forth as the s tuat on demands In France, n contrast, thesecu ar st te rema ns f rm y n contro , so much so that the researcherengaged on the French case had d f cu ty persuad n the pub c authort es to co operate at a n a project that pa d attent on t re g on InF n and f na y, the very part cu ar cond t ons of the recess on n theear y 199 s, as the Russ an market co apsed, have ed not on y to a

7

notice e ise in the e f e o es unde taken by the chu ches but to aise in thei o u ity s a esu t

onsi e y o e cou d be s id with espect both to this p oject andto its successo hich i extend the wo in two w ys: fi st to theino it e i ions of u ope, paying pa ticu a attention to the Mus imo u tion nd secon to the se ected count ies in the fo me y comunist ts of u ope he e the positions of state nd chu ch a enecess i i e ent Both e cent a to the debates about inc usionn e c usion th t e cu ent in u opean ife

That is one e sion of the sto y T e second is mo e ambiguous ndcent es on the p g essi e oss of cont o on the pa t of the woman hese f (o indeed women mo e gene a y), who comp ain that the expe ience of gi ing bi th is itt e diffe ent f om the assemb y ine found in aFo dist facto y Hence the eaction, the postmode n' esponse in hichwomen most y m dd e c ass women it must be said egain thei cont o , asking to gi e bi th in the home athe than in hospita , nd insisting that both themse es and thei b bies be at the cent e of the e ent,athe than the outines of the hospita o the equi ements of themedica p ofession Such e app aisa s ha e become an impo tant bodyf h h h h h


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t , t e and the visibility the sa edin de n s ieties

e f e, ho e e , is not the on y examp e of di e entiation and dei e enti tion he s e is t ue in hea th and hea thca e, whe e theesi ues of histo e equa y esent O igina y e igious foundations t tho o e 's nd St homas's fo examp e ha e become in theentieth cen cent es of cutting edge medicine, funded p ima i y byst te he e te out he th and hea thca e wi be app oached, howe e , o i e ent e specti e, t king as a sta ting point the moments

228 . of h n eistence hen the s c ed is at its most isib e i e bi th ande th he un e st ndings of mode nity set out in Chapte 5 fo m backo n to these iscussionshi s n e ous p ocess in p e mode n societies nd em ns

so uch of e e e oping orldI u ope, the e idence can be foundost e e chu chy d o pa ish egiste , which disp ay in a st iking y

isi e fo the f ct t tens of thousands of y ung wome ost thei i eshen i n i th to chi d en So much so th t p epa ation fo bir h fon o en, i p ied epa ation fo thei own death It was h y su

p is , the efo e, th t the p ocess was sur ounded as much by e igiousitu s it s e ic kno edge The e igious ite common y knowns the hu c of omen' o e s a poignant i us ation of this fact, inich the i n of th s fo safe de i e ance om the g eat pa n nd pe i

of i ' is the o nt theme S fe de i e ance cou d not be taken

fo nte e de e op ent of mode n medica techniques notab y eco in on of nti iotics and safe su ge y has t ansfo med this situatione e, f no he e e se, c n be seen the mode n so ution: the application ofscienti ic o e e to p ob em of human existence and with g eat e ect

e est t e st, the de th of a mothe in chi dbi th is now so a e as toe ee shoc eent This e o u on in the es of women is enti e ye oe; fe ou e ish a et rn to the suffe ings of p e ious gene ations

of ite atu e in thei own ight in which comp ati e esea ch p ays ae y inte esting o e (Moscucci, 1990; Ma and and R e ty, 1997;

Ma nd, 2004)A sea ching set of questions ie beneath these shifts: how in ate

mode ni y shou d the moment of bi th be unde stood and who o whichgency is to decide? Is this a medica , administ ti e, mo o deep y

pe sona some wou d say sac ed e ent? O a of these? Inte esting y,exact y the same questions e e ea ed in the debates su ounding abotion in the United States No one can deny the significance of this issueboth fo the Ame ican po itica c ass and fo the a ious obbies tha t putp essu e on the d cision ma


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pp g

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grace davie the sociology of religion bsa new horizons in sociology 2007

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