grammar
TRANSCRIPT
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Verb Problems
Verb tense:
1. Try to write as often as possible in the simple past tense.
2. Read your writing aloud after you finish, and listen as well as look for errors.
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Passive voice:
The use of the passive
voice in expository
prose slows down the
sentence structure and
causes the reader to
tire easily.
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Academic prose uses passive voice
1. When the agent is unknown or unimportant:
Example: My bike was stolen.
2. To describe technical processes and to report research procedures and reports:
Example: Choline and Vitamin B complex were administered to the rabbits; the effects of the elements on the animals were then observed.
3. When the agent is a victim: People often use passive voice to describe disaster.
Example: She was hit by a car.
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Punctuation problems
Semicolons
Commas and coordinate
conjunctions
Subordinating wordsColons
Quotation marks
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Sentence structures
Parallel structure
Sentence combining
Diction
Confusing words
Prepositions
Editing
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Semicolons
Rules for semicolons:1. A semicolon can be used only if two independent
clauses exist. An independent clause is a complete sentence: a subject-predicate group that can function independently.
Example: I like painting
I am quite ignorant about the history of art.
2. A semicolon may be used to join two independent clauses that are related.
Example: I like painting; I am quite ignorant about the history of art.
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Rules for semicolons:
3. In some cases, using a conjunctive adverb will make the sentence more coherent. Conjunctive adverbs can be considered long words:
These long words are not grammatically necessary, but they often make the sentence
sound better. These long words usually come after, not before, the
semicolon. A comma usually follows these long words. Example: I like painting; however, I am quite ignorant about the
history of art. 4. A semicolon may not be used to join and independent clause
to a dependent clause.Example: Because it is fun, I like painting. Dep. Clause Ind. Clause
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NOTE: COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS (WHICH MAY BE CONSIDERED SHORT WORDS) – AND, OR, BUT, SO, YET- CANNOT BE USED WITH SEMICOLONS. EXAMPLE: I LIKE PAINTING; BUT I AM QUITE IGNORANT ABOUT THE HISTORY OF ART. (INCORRECT)
I LIKE PAINTING, BUT I AM QUITE IGNORANT ABOUT THE HISTORY OF ART. (CORRECT)
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Commas and coordinate conjunctions
RULES1. Coordinate conjunctions are the short words:
And for yet
But or so
2. Two complex sentences that are related in content may be joined by a comma plus short word.
Example: He was lazy, so he failed the class.
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RULES
3. With one complete sentence and one incomplete sentence, you will use only a short word.
Example: He was lazy and enjoyed sleeping until noon.
4. When joining two complete sentences with a comma, you may not use a long word (a conjunctive adverb).
Example:
He was lazy, however he passed the class. ( incorrect)
He was lazy; however he passed the class. (correct)
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Subordinating words
Some words can change a complete sentence (an independent clause) into incomplete sentence (a dependent clause). These subordinating words include:
Although when after until
Because while if unless
Which before since
Example:
We missed our flight to Missouri. Complete sentence.
When we missed our flight to Missouri… Fragment.
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Subordinating words
When you use a subordinating word, you must add a complete sentence to the information. This complete sentence may be added either before the dependent clause (incomplete sentence) or after it:
Example:
We were furious when we missed our flight to Missouri. Because he watched too much television, his wife divorced him.
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Colons
Rules:1. Use a colon to introduce and emphasize a series (three
or more words or phrases) at the end of a sentence.
Example:
I like three nutritious sandwiches: peanut butter and jelly, turkey and cranberry sauce, and egg salad.
2. Use a colon to emphasize a point.
Example:
He has a broken disability: a broken arm.
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RULES:
3. Don’t use a colon unless what follows the colon directly modifies what comes before it.
Example:
I am impressed by one virtue: comparison. (Correct)
I am impressed by one virtue: others, however, are worth mentioning. (Incorrect)
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Quotation marks
1. It’s used to indicate direct speech. The first word is capitalized and usually the final punctuation comes before the final quotation marks.
Example: He said, “Love is like flower.”
A comma is used after the introductory phrase
2. Tiles of articles and chapters in books.
Example: Stephen Frazier, in his article “The Masculine Mystique”
Note: Titles of books and periodicals are usually underlined; in print they are italicized.
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Quotation marks3. Use ellipsis points to indicate that some of the words
have been omitted. If you are only using part of a quotation
Example: In the article “What It Will Be Like If Women Win,” Gloria Steinem looks toward the feminist Utopia, and agrees that “… men might well feel freer and live longer”
Note: The period comes before the quotation mark.
4. Quotation marks can indicate a special word or a special phrase.
Example: “Disinterested” and “uninterested” can mean quite different things.
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Quotation marks
5. A different quotation that is interrupted in the middle.
Example: “Women,” Riophe states, “have recently arrived at a new pride of ownership” (p.77).
6. A quotation within a quotation is surrounded by single quotation marks.
Example: Camille asked, “Have you read Chapter 8, ‘Library Research’?”
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Parallel structure
Parallelism is the repetition of grammatical structures can
be simple ( a repetition of single nouns ), or a complex (a
repetition of complete sentences structures). Whenever a
sentence contains two or more similar elements, these
elements must be kept parallel.
Balance is always inherent in parallelism. This result is
rhythm within a paragraph that strengthens the coherence
and emphasizes the ideas.
Examples:
She was a woman who understood children, who
enjoyed housework , and who worshipped her husband.
During spring break the student went to Oregon, to
California, and to Utah.
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Sentence combining
The unity and coherence of a paragraph depends primarily on organization and the use of rational thought. This can be strengthened in a paragraph by varying sentence structure:
Short sentences are used for emphasis. Longer sentences are used for smoothness. Parallel structures are used for rhythm.
Sentence combining is not simply an exercise. It’s a skill to be learned and integrated with your writing style.
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Diction
Diction will be effective only when the words you choose are appropriate for the audience and purpose. The use of a good dictionary and a thesaurus (a dictionary of synonyms) is essential for expanding your vocabulary and learning to use that new vocabulary correctly.
1. Choice and use of words in speech or writing.
2. A way of speaking, usually judged in terms of prevailing standards of pronunciation and elocution.
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Precision in diction
The brevity, precision and accuracy are the most important
marks of a good writer. To make your writing more precise,
you must the follow these rules:
1. Try not to use there is or there are too frequently. These phrases are often useless in the sentence.
2. Try not to use the word thing. It's a vague referent that often confuses the reader.
3. Try not to begin a sentence with the same phrase with which you ended the previous sentence.
4. Try not to use unnecessary words.
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Confusing words
There are three sets of words that second language writers often confuse. The rules are not complete. There
are some examples:
Another: Adjective or pronoun used with a single referent (an another); never used with “the”.
Example: One reason Matthew passed the exam was
that he studied very hard; another was that
he had plenty of time to write his essay.
Other: An adjective or pronoun used with either single or plural referents; often used with “the”.
Example: Rafia could not only taste the cinnamon in the
cake, but Maha said the other spices were all
spice and cloves.
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Prepositions
A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition.
A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its object to the rest of the sentence
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Editing
Identifying your own errors may not be easy. Usually you will be able to see errors in the writing of others more easily than in your own writing.
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