Grammar BookAida Wilkinson

Table of Contents1. Nationalities2. Stem Changing3. Para4. Indirect Object Pronouns5. Object Pronoun Placement6. Gustar7. Affirmative and Negative Words8. Superlatives9. Reflexives10. Affirmative Tú Commands + Irregulars + Pronoun Placement11. Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands

12. Negative Tú Command + Irregulars + Pronoun Placement13. Irregular Negative Tú Commands14. Sequencing events 15. Preterite16. Trigger Words 17. –Car, -Gar, -Zar18. Deber + Infinitive19. Modal Verbs20. Present Progressive21. Adverbs22. Irregular Preterite Verbs

23. Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns24. Ordinal Numbers25. Prepositions26. Future27. Imperfect28. Possessive Adjectives + Pronouns29. Reflexives

Nationalities

Stem Changers

CHANGE … TO … EXAMPLES

U – UE Jugar – Juego (Yo)

E – IE Pensar – Piensas (Tú)

O – UE Dormir – Duerme (Él/Ella/Usted)

E - I Pedir – Piden (Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes)

Para

Use para (for, in order to) to indicate…The recipient of items

…el regalo para tu mamáPurpose

Vamos al restaurante para comer.Implied purpose

Tengo dinero para [comprar] algo.

Indirect Object Pronouns

Indirect object pronouns are nouns that tell to whom/what or for whom/what. Indirect object pronouns replace or accompany indirect objects.

Singular

me me

te you (familiar)

le you (formal), him, her

Plural

nos us

os you (familiar)

les you, them

Object Pronoun Placement

• Attach the pronoun to the infinitive• Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense

• Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command• Place the pronoun before a conjugation

Gustar

Singular

me gusta nos gusta

te gusta os gusta

le gusta les gusta

Plural

me gustas nos gustas

te gustas os gustas

le gustas les gustas

When you want to talk about things that people like, change the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those

things.

Affirmative and Negative Words

Affirmative Words

algo something

alguien someone

algún/agluno(a) some

siempre always

también also

Negative Words

nada nothing

nadie no one

ningún/ninguno(a)

none, not any

nunca never

tampoco neither, either

When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation, you use an affirmative or a negative word.

Notice that alguno(a) and ninguno(a) must match the gender or the noun they replace or modify. Alguno and ninguno have different forms used before masculine singular nouns.

alguno algúnninguno ningún

Superlatives◊ To express the extremes with most adjectives,

drop the final vowel and add the ending –ísimo(a). The adjective must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies.

La idea de Rosa es interesantísima.Rosa’s idea is very (extremely) interesting.

◊ When the last consonant is c, g, or z, spelling changes are required.

c qu rico(a) riquísimo(a)g gu largo(a) larguísimo(a)z c feliz felicísimo(a)

ReflexivesReflexive Pronouns

me nos

te os

se se

acostarse (o - ue) lavarse los dientes

afeitarse levantarse

bañarse maquillarse

despertarse (e - ie) peinarse

dormirse (o – ue) ponerse la ropa

ducharse quitarse la ropa

lavarse secarse

lavarse el pelo/la cabeza

Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement

Give instructions or command to someone by usingthe affirmative tú commands of regular verbs.

*Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3rd house form.

caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque!

comer ¡Come! ¡Come toda la hamburguesa!

abrir ¡Abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar!

Pronoun Placement1. Infinitive2. Gerund3. Before conjugate verb4. Affirmative command

DOPlolaloslas

Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands

Infinitive Affirmative Tú Command

decir di

hacer haz

ir ve

poner pon

salir sal

ser sé

tener ten

venir venRemember that when you use a pronoun with an affirmative command, the pronoun attaches to the command. EXAMPLE:

¡Ponte otra camisa!>Put on (youself) another shirt!

Typically, if you attach

the pronoun to the

command, you add an accent mark

over the 3rd to last

vowel.

Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement

When you tell someone what NOT to do, use a negative command.Negative tú commands are formed by taking the yo form of the present tense, dropping the –o, and adding the appropriate ending.

-es –ar verbs-as –er amd –ir verbs

Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú Command

hablar hablo ¡No hables!

volver vuelvo ¡No vuelvas!

venir vengo ¡No vengas!

***** Irregulars on next slide! *****

Irregular Negative Tú Commands

A few verbs have irregular negative tú commands. Notice that none of the yo forms of these verbs end in –o.

Object pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just as with other conjugated verbs.

EXAMPLE:¡No lo uses!

Don’t use it (the blowdryer).

Infinitive Negative tú Command

Tener No tengas

Venir No vengas

Dar/Decir No dés/digas

Ir No vayas

Ser No seas

Hacer No hagas

Estar No estés

Saber No sepas

 

primero entonces luego/después

por fin

first then later/after finally

antes de/después de

before/after

por la … mañana/tarde/noche

in/during the … morning/afternoon/night

los lunes, martes, etc.

on the day

Sequencing events

Preterite = Past Tense It is a perfected action in the past.A snap shot in time!

ar verbs:

-é -amos

-aste -asteis

-ó -aron

er verbs:

-í -imos

-iste -isteis

-ió -ieron

Trigger Words

Spanish English

Un dia One day

Una vez Once

Ayer Yesterday

A noche At night

Hace un ano A year ago

Ya Already

El mes pasado Last month

Anteayer Day before yesterday

Por una hora For one hour

Por fin Finally

A las ocho At eight

Dos veces Twice

-CAR, -GAR, -ZAR

El pretérito; -car, -gar, -zar-car yo -qué-gar yo -qué-zar yo -cé

EXAMPLES: Tocar Jugar Comenzar Yo = toqué Yo = jugué Yo = comencé

Deber + InfinitiveDEBER = SHOULD/OUGHT TO

The verb deber means should or ought to. To say what people should do,use a conjugated form of deber with the inifinitive of another verb.

Deber Should/Ought to

Debo Debemos

Debes Debéis

Debe Deben

Examples: Debo barrer el suelo.Debes limpiar la cocina.Debe sacar la basura.

Modal VerbsWhen verbs are used in modal verb combinations – the 2nd verb is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive form. You would never say “no puedo nado.”

Common Modal Verbs Meaning

Deber Should, ought to, must

Desear To desire

Necesitar To need

Poder Can, could, might, be able to

Querer Want, would like to

Saber Know, know how to

Soler Usually, used to

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

When you use pronouns with the present progressive, you can put them in one of two places.

Put pronouns before the conjugated form of estar…

Or attach them to the end of the present participle.estar + “ing”

ar andoer iendo

3 vowels yendoEXAMPLES:

Bailar = bailandoBeber = bebiendo

Leer = leyendo

Present Progressive Irregulars Some verbs you know have irregular presentParticiple forms.

• When the stem of an -er or -ir verb ends in a vowel, change the -iendo to -yendo to form the present participle.• e I stem-changing verbs have a vowel change in the stem• Some other verbs also have a vowel change in the stem.

Verb Irregular Present Participle

Leer Leyendo

Pedir Pidiendo

Dormir Durmiendo

Adverbs

_ly = _mente

To describe how something is done, use adverbs. Many adverbsin Spanish are made by changingan existing adjective.

• When an adjective ends in e, l, or z, simply add –mente to the end.

Adjective Adverb

reciente recientemente

frecuente frecuentemente

fácil fácilmente

normal normalmente

especial especialmente

feliz felizmente

• For adjectives with –o or –a endings, add –mente to the feminine form.

End adjectives

with _a when

adding _mente.

Adjective Adverb

cuidadoso(a) cuidadosamente

rápido rápidamente

lento(a) lentamente

tranquilo(a) tranquilamente

Preterite = Past Tense It is a perfected action in the past.A snap shot in time!

ar verbs:

-é -amos

-aste -asteis

-ó -aron

er verbs:

-í -imos

-iste -isteis

-ió -ieron

Irregular Preterite VerbsCucaracha Verbs

Yo = e Nosotros = imosTú = isteUsted = o Ustedes = ieron > “J” verbs drop “i” for –eronAndar = anduv…Estar = estuv…Poder = pud…Poner = pus…Querer = quis…Saber = sup…Tener = tuv…Venir = vin…Conducir = conduj…Producir = produj…Traducir = traduj… “J” verbsDecir = dij…Traer = traj…

HACERHice

HicisteHizo

HicimosHicieron

DAR/ VERd/vi

d/visted/vio

d/vimosd/

vieron

IR/SERFui

FuisteFue

FuimosFueron

SPOCK VERBS

SNAKEY Verbs!creer, destruir, construir

Change “I” to “Y” • Changes in third person only!!!

CREER DESTRUIR

CONSTRUIR

YO crerí destruí construí

TÚ cresite destruiste construiste

ÉL creyó destruyó construyó

NOSOTROS

creimos

destruimos

construimos

ELLOS creyeron

destruyeron

construyeron

Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns

Masculine

Feminine

Este Esta

Ese Esa

Aquel Aquella

Masculine

Feminine

Estos Estas

Eses Esas

Aquellos

Aquellas

Singular Plural

Masculine

Feminine

Estos Estas

Eses Esas

Aquellos

Aquellas

Masculine

Feminine

Este Esta

Ese Esa

Aquel Aquella

Singular Plural

NO

UN

S

AD

JEC

TIV

ES

NEUTER PRONOUNS

Both

Esto(s)

Eso(s)

Aquello(s)

Ordinal Numbers

FirstSecondThirdFourthFifthSixthSeventhEighthNinthTenth

PrimeroSegundoTerceroCuartoQuintoSextoSéptimoOctavoNovenoDécimo

==========• They must agree with

number and gender when used with nouns.• Primero and tercero drop the “o” before a masculine singular noun.

Prepositions

Izquierda (de) LeftDerecha (de) RightDelante (de) FrontDestrás (de) Close BehindCerca (de) CloseLejos (de) FarAfuera (de) OutsideAdentro (de) InsideDebajo (de) UnderEncima (de) AboveAl Lado (de) BesideEntre Between

FUTURE

There are two ways you can talk about the future.1. You can use: ir + a + infinitive2. You can use the present tense when the context makes it clear that you are talking about the future.

You can also use the future tense. You form the futuretense by adding a special set of endings to the infinitive.

Comer = to eat

Comeré Comeremos Comerás Comeré Comerá Comerán

With some verbs, you have to change the form of their infinitive slightly before adding the future tense endings.

INFINITIVE = FUTURE STEMDecir = dir-Hacer = har-Poner = pondr-Salir = saldr-Tener = tendr-

Valer = valdr-Venir = vendr- Poder = podr-Querer = querr-Saber = sabr-

ImperfectUSES1. Ongoing action (was or were)2. Repeated action 3. No definite beginning or end4. Time/date/feelings/description5. Interrupted activity

TRIGGERSTodos los díasA muendoA vecesSiempreCada díaLos lunesGeneralmenteMientrasDe vez en cuandoMuchas vecesFrecuentemente

hablar comer escribir

Yo hablaba comía escribía

Tú hablabas comías escribías

Él hablaba comía escribía

Nosotros hablabamos

comíamos escribíamos

Ellos hablaban comían escribíanir ser ver

Yo iba era veía

Tú ibas eras veías

Él iba era veía

Nosotros ibamos éramos veíamos

Ellos iban eran veían

Possessive Adjectives + Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives show personal relationships or possession. All possessive adjectives – including mi(s), tu(s), su(s), nuestro(a/os/as) – agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe.

Possessive adjectives also have a long form. It is more expressive. You use it, for example, when talking to a special friend.

Unlike the regular (or short) form, the long form follows the noun.

Possessives – Long Form

Singular

mío(a) nuestro(a)

tuyo(a)

suyo(a) suyo(a)

Possessives – Long Form

Plural

míos(as) nuestros(as)

tuyos(as)

suyos(as) suyos(as)

ReflexivesReflexive verbs take a special pronoun called a reflexive pronoun. While the usual direct object is different from the subject, a reflexive pronoun is the same person, place, or thing as the subject.

You can use direct object pronouns(me, te, lo, la, nos, los, las) with verbs.

• Example: La escondo. Notice that the subject (yo) and the direct object (la) are different.

Me escondo.• The subject (yo) and the direct object (me) are the same person; you call this object reflexive.

Reflexive Pronouns

me escondo nos escondemos

te escondes

se esconde se esconden

same same