Aida Wilkinson

1. Nationalities

2. Stem Changing

3. Para

4. Indirect Object Pronouns

5. Object Pronoun Placement

6. Gustar

7. Affirmative and Negative Words

8. Superlatives

9. Reflexives

10. Affirmative Tú

Commands + Irregulars + Pronoun Placement

11. Irregular Affirmative Tú Commands

12. Negative Tú Command + Irregulars + Pronoun Placement

13. Irregular Negative Tú Commands

14. Sequencing events

15. Preterite

16. Trigger Words

17. –Car, -Gar, -Zar

18. Deber + Infinitive

19. Modal Verbs

20. Present Progressive

21. Adverbs

Nationalities

CHANGE … TO … EXAMPLES

U – UE Jugar – Juego (Yo)

E – IE Pensar – Piensas (Tú)

O – UE Dormir – Duerme (Él/Ella/Usted)

E - I Pedir – Piden (Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes)

Use para (for, in order to) to indicate…

The recipient of items

…el regalo para tu mamá

Purpose

Vamos al restaurante para comer.

Implied purpose

Tengo dinero para [comprar] algo.

Indirect object pronouns are nouns that tell to whom/what

or for whom/what. Indirect object pronouns replace or

accompany indirect objects.Singular

me me

te you (familiar)

le you (formal), him, her

Plural

nos us

os you (familiar)

les you, them

• Attach the pronoun to the infinitive

• Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense

• Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command

• Place the pronoun before a conjugation

Singular

me gusta nos gusta

te gusta os gusta

le gusta les gusta

Plural

me gustas nos gustas

te gustas os gustas

le gustas les gustas

When you want to talk about things that people like, change the

form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those

things.

Affirmative

Words

algo something

alguien someone

algún/agluno(a) some

siempre always

también also

Negative Words

nada nothing

nadie no one

ningún/ninguno(a) none, not any

nunca never

tampoco neither, either

When you want to talk about an

indefinite or negative situation,

you use an affirmative or a

negative word.

Notice that alguno(a) and

ninguno(a) must match the

gender or the noun they replace

or modify. Alguno and ninguno

have different forms used before

masculine singular nouns.

alguno algún

ninguno ningún

◊ To express the extremes with most adjectives, drop the

final vowel and add the ending –ísimo(a). The adjective

must agree in gender and number with the noun it

modifies.

La idea de Rosa es interesantísima.Rosa’s idea is very (extremely) interesting.

◊ When the last consonant is c, g, or z, spelling changes

are required.

c qu rico(a) riquísimo(a)

g gu largo(a) larguísimo(a)

z c feliz felicísimo(a)

Reflexive Pronouns

me nos

te os

se se

acostarse (o - ue) lavarse los dientes

afeitarse levantarse

bañarse maquillarse

despertarse (e - ie) peinarse

dormirse (o – ue) ponerse la ropa

ducharse quitarse la ropa

lavarse secarse

lavarse el pelo/la cabeza

Give instructions or command to someone by using

the affirmative tú commands of regular verbs.

*Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3rd house form.

caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque!

comer ¡Come! ¡Come toda la hamburguesa!

abrir ¡Abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar!

Pronoun Placement

1. Infinitive

2. Gerund

3. Before conjugate verb

4. Affirmative command

DOP

lo

la

los

las

Infinitive Affirmative Tú Command

decir di

hacer haz

ir ve

poner pon

salir sal

ser sé

tener ten

venir ven

Remember that when you use a pronoun with an affirmative

command,

the pronoun attaches to the command.EXAMPLE:

¡Ponte otra camisa!>Put on (youself) another shirt!

Typically,

if you

attach the

pronoun

to the

command

, you add

an accent

mark

over the

3rd to last

vowel.

When you tell someone what NOT to do, use a negative command.

Negative tú commands are formed by taking the yo form of the present tense,

dropping the –o, and adding the appropriate ending.

-es –ar verbs

-as –er amd –ir verbs

Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú

Command

hablar hablo ¡No hables!

volver vuelvo ¡No vuelvas!

venir vengo ¡No vengas!

***** Irregulars on next slide! *****

A few verbs have irregular negative tú commands. Notice that none of the yo

forms of these verbs end in –o.

Object pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just as with other conjugated verbs.

EXAMPLE:

¡No lo uses!Don’t use it (the blowdryer).

Infinitive Negative tú Command

Tener No tengas

Venir No vengas

Dar/Decir No dés/digas

Ir No vayas

Ser No seas

Hacer No hagas

Estar No estés

Saber No sepas

primero entonces luego/después por fin

first then later/after finally

antes de/después

de

before/after

por la … mañana/tarde/noche

in/during the …

morning/afternoon/night

los lunes, martes,

etc.

on the day

Sequencing events

It is a perfected action in the past.

A snap shot in time!

ar verbs:

-é -amos

-aste -asteis

-ó -aron

er verbs:

-í -imos

-iste -isteis

-ió -ieron

Spanish English

Un dia One day

Una vez Once

Ayer Yesterday

A noche At night

Hace un ano A year ago

Ya Already

El mes pasado Last month

Anteayer Day before yesterday

Por una hora For one hour

Por fin Finally

A las ocho At eight

Dos veces Twice

El pretérito; -car, -gar, -zar

-car yo -qué

-gar yo -qué

-zar yo -cé

EXAMPLES:

Tocar Jugar Comenzar

Yo = toqué Yo = jugué Yo = comencé

DEBER = SHOULD/OUGHT TO

The verb deber means should or ought to. To say what people should do,

use a conjugated form of deber with the inifinitive of another verb.

Deber Should/Ought to

Debo Debemos

Debes Debéis

Debe Deben

Examples:

Debo barrer el suelo.

Debes limpiar la cocina.

Debe sacar la basura.

When verbs are used in modal verb combinations – the 2nd verb is not conjugated,

but rather left in the infinitive form. You would never say “no puedo nado.”

Common Modal Verbs Meaning

Deber Should, ought to, must

Desear To desire

Necesitar To need

Poder Can, could, might, be able

to

Querer Want, would like to

Saber Know, know how to

Soler Usually, used to

estar + “ing”ar ando

er iendo

3 vowels yendo

EXAMPLES:Bailar = bailando

Beber = bebiendo

Leer = leyendo

Present Progressive Irregulars Some verbs you know have irregular present

Participle forms.

• When the stem of an -er or -ir verb

ends in a vowel, change the -iendo

to -yendo to form the present

participle.

• e I stem-changing verbs have a

vowel change in the stem

• Some other verbs also have a vowel

change in the stem.

Verb Irregular

Present

Participle

Leer Leyendo

Pedir Pidiendo

Dormir Durmiendo

_ly = _mente

To describe how something is

done, use adverbs. Many adverbs

in Spanish are made by changing

an existing adjective.

• When an adjective ends in e, l, or

z, simply add –mente to the end.

Adjective Adverb

reciente recientemente

frecuente frecuentemente

fácil fácilmente

normal normalmente

especial especialmente

feliz felizmente

• For adjectives with –o or –a

endings, add –mente to the

feminine form.

End

adjectives

with _a when

adding

_mente.

Adjective Adverb

cuidadoso(a) cuidadosament

e

rápido rápidamente

lento(a) lentamente

tranquilo(a) tranquilamente