grammatical problems in translation 1. translation of verb ‘be’ 2. translation of verb ‘do’...

24
GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1 . Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals 5 . Translation of questions 6 . Translation of negation 7 . Translation of word order 8 . Translation of adjectives 9 . Translation of tenses 10 . The change of word classes Translation 1 (Eng 212) Dana Al- Sudairi

Upload: leon-page

Post on 22-Dec-2015

291 views

Category:

Documents


6 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION

1 .Translation of verb ‘BE’2. Translation of verb ‘DO’3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’4. The Translation of Modals

5 .Translation of questions

6 .Translation of negation

7 .Translation of word order

8 .Translation of adjectives

9 .Translation of tenses

10.The change of word classes

Translation 1 (Eng 212)

Dana Al-Sudairi

Page 2: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

1 .Translation of verb ‘BE’(am , is , are / was , were / be , been )

I am a student.

He is eating an apple.

They are put in the same situation.

0 طًالبًا أكون Xأنًا

يأكل يكون Xهو

. نفسه الموقف في يوضعون يكونون Xهم

am, is, are (present)

It is mostly unacceptable and poor in Arabic grammar to translate the present verb ‘be’ into

يكون

Page 3: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

The child was ill.our guests were praying.But:The food was eaten.The boys were dismissed.

. 0 مريضًا الطفل كًان. يصلون ضيوفنًا كًان

. 0 مأكوًال الطعًام Xكًان . مطرودين األوًالد Xكًان

Was, were

The past simple of ‘be’ are translated literally into كان

Yet literal translation is unfavorable when these verbs are used as auxiliaries to form the past passive voice.

Page 4: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

Where have you been?

0؟ كًائنًا كنت Xأين

been

be

He will be with us. . معنًا يكون سوف

- The dictionary meaning of ‘been’ as .is strictly not advisable to use كائن

-The full form of the verb ‘be’ is always literally translated.

Page 5: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

2 .Translation of verb ‘DO’(do, does, did)

That girl doesn’t comb her hair.The horse does not fall down.The horse did not fall down.

تمشط ًال الفتًاة تلكشعرهًا.

. الحصًان يسقط لم. الحصًان سقط مًا

Do and did in the negative

Do and did in the question

0؟ بًاكرا تنًام هلليلة علي انتظرك هل

أمس؟

Do you sleep early?Did Ali wait for you last night?

Page 6: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

I will do my best.Some students do their homework quickly.

. بوسعي مًا سأفعلالطلبة/ بعض يكتب يعمل

. بسرعة واجبًاتهم

Do as a main verb

At translating verb DO, the translators see whether it has a grammatical function (i.e. auxiliary), or as a main verb .

As an auxiliary, it has no lexical meaning in Arabic, but implies the grammatical question particle

هل

As a main verb, it has a full lexical meaning.

Page 7: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

Muslims do recite the Holly Koran everyday.The girls did behave well.

كل القرآن المسلمون يتلو. بًالتأكيد يوم

zأحسن قد الفتيًات أن شك ًالالتصرف.

Do as an emphatic device

Arabic emphatic words and phrases: , , , , , ال, فيه شك ال مما شك ال المؤكد من بالتأكيد Eحقا Eفعًال. ذلك, إلى وما ريب

Page 8: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

3 .The translation of verb ‘Have’(have, has, had)

The worker has left today.The patient has had the medicine.

. اليوم 0 بًاكرا العًامل غًادرالمريض/ تنًاول أخذ

الدواء.

Have as an auxiliary

Verb HAVE used as an auxiliary is meaningless in Arabic.

Page 9: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

She has money.She has her breakfast at 7 AM everyday.She has just had the ticket.She had a telephone call.She had a nice holiday.Have a good journey.

. / نقود معهًا نقود لديهًا. السًابعة السًاعة عند فطورهًا تتنًاول

. للتو التذكرة على حصلت. هًاتفية مكًالمة تلقت. جميلة عطلة قضت

/ برحلة استمتع ممتعة رحلة لك أتمنىجميلة.

Have as main verb

What helps students to distinguish between these meanings of " have" is the consideration of the word immediately after the object. Together with object " have " makes a special combination in Arabic

Page 10: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

4 .The Translation of Modals (can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to)

He will forgive me!! / يسًامحني/ لي يغفر سوف سـ

will , would , shall

(future particles)can , may , must

(literal translation)

Shall , should (Obligation= must)

could , would , might (possibility)

يجب / / يمكن يستطيعwe may walk. نمشي. أن يمكننًا

The defendant shall appear before the court at once.

يمثل أن عليه المدعى على يجبالمحكمة أمًام 0 فورا

I should believe my parents

والدي أصدق أن علي يجب

she could blame herself.she would blame herself.she might blame herself.

نفسهًا / تلوم أن يمكن قد

Page 11: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

They must have finished work.

. العمل أنهوا أنهم ًالبد

They should have finished work.. العمل ينهوا أن عليهم كًان

Must have, should have

Action which did not took place

Action which took place

Page 12: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

5 .Translation of questions

Are you playing tennis?؟ التنس تلعب هل

Have you played tennis?؟ التنس لعبت هل

Do you play tennis?؟ التنس تلعب هل

Why = لمًاذاWhat = مًاذا

Who = منWhen = متىWhere = أين

One word for Yes/No QsDifferent words for

WH Qs

Page 13: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

6 .Translation of negation

she cannot pay money.. النقود تدفع أن تستطيع ال

she will not pay money.. النقود تدفع لن

she has not money.. E نقودا تملك ال

All that glitters isn't gold.. E ذهبا يلمع ما كل ليس

Do not, does not = ًالDid not = لم

Many people do not play chess. الشطرنج الناس من الكثير يلعب الThe children did not sleep early yesterday

. باألمس Eباكرا األطفال ينم لم

‘Not’ has more than one equivalent

Negation in English includes the following words "not , do not , does not , did not , never , neither ,

nor & no ."

Do not, does not, did not

Page 14: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

+ / + / + 0 أبدا لم 0 أبدا ًال 0 أبدا لنwe never give up.

. أبد نستسلم لن

Neither…nor = وًال..ًال

Either..or = أو.. إمًا

I like neither lying nor cheating.

. الغش وًال الكذب أحب ًالYou can either come with me or stay here.

البقًاء أو معي القدوم بًاستطًاعتكهنًا.

Never Neither…nor, either…or

No

/ / ليس ال ممنوعNo smoking.

. التدخين ممنوعShe has no money.. / 0 نقودا تملك ًال نقود لديهًا ليس

Page 15: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

7 .Translation of word order

God likes us.. يحبنا الله

The diplomat left for London.. لندن إلى الدبلوماسي غادر

Nominal word order

The order of the words of the sentence: In Arabic: verb + subject + object/complement.In English: subject + verb + object/complement.

Verbal word order

Page 16: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

8 .Translation of adjectives:

That tall man is my cousin.

ابن الطويل الرجل ذاكعمي.

A. An adjective-noun order:

The adjective occurs before the noun in English, whereas in Arabic it comes after the noun.

Page 17: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

Throw that small, round ball.

He read a big, popular, useful book.

.) الصغيرة ) المدورة المدورة الصغيرة الكرة تلك ارم

.) ( 0 كبيرا 0 شعبيًا 0 مفيدا 0 مفيدا 0 شعبيًا 0 كبيرا 0 كتًابًا قرأ

B. The ordering of a series of adjectives:

Successive adjectives in English can be translated either from left to right, or from right to left in Arabic.

Page 18: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

Her dress is blue, soft, comfortable and cheap. . ورخيص ومريح ونًاعم أزرق ثوبهًا

C. Imitation of the English sequence of adjectives:When ‘and’ is used before the last adjective in English, it is repeated before every adjective in Arabic.

Page 19: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

The rich should help the poor. . الفقراء يسًاعدوا أن األغنيًاء على يجب

D. The use of adjectives as nouns:

Adjectives used as collective nouns are translated into plural nouns in Arabic, not into adjectives or singular nouns.

Page 20: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

9 .Translation of tenses

The wend is blowing now.اآلن الريًاح تهب

Present simple

present

Present progressive

Simple present and present progressive:

Page 21: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

We heard the news.We have heard the news.We had heard the news.

. ) / األخبًار ) سمعنًا لقد قد سمعنًا

Past simple, present perfect and past perfect:

Past simple

Present perfect Past

Past perfect

Page 22: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

The horses were jumping.

The soldiers have been fighting.

The tailor had been sewing all night.

. تقفز الخيول كًانت

. اليوم طوال يقًاتلون الجنود كًان

. الليل طوال يخيط الخيًاط كًان

Past progressive, present perfect progressive and past perfect progressive:

Past progressive

مضارع + Present perfect progressiveكانPast perfect progressive

Page 23: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

10.The change of word classes:

The president palaceالرئًاسة / قصر الرئًاسي القصر

Nerve cell / خلية أعصًاب خلية

عصبية

Adjectives as nouns

adj → adj / N

Nouns as adjectives

N → N / adj

Page 24: GRAMMATICAL PROBLEMS IN TRANSLATION 1. Translation of verb ‘BE’ 2. Translation of verb ‘DO’ 3. The translation of verb ‘HAVE’ 4. The Translation of Modals

They gave their agreement.

وافقوا / موافقتهمأعطوا

English is easy to understand.

سهلة تفهم / الفهماًالنجليزية أن

Nouns as verbs

N → N / V

Verbs as Nouns

V → V / N