graphics standards
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Arvind Deshpande
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Incompatibility among representations
Complex CAD/CAM systems
Shape, non-shape, design and manufacturing data
Need to integrate and automate design and manufacturing processes to obtain maximum benefits from CAD/CAM systems
Direct translators and neutral formats
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GKS (Graphical Kernel System)
PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interface for Graphics)
CORE (ACM-SIGGRAPH)
GKS-3D
IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
DXF (Drawing Exchange Format)
STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data)
DMIS (Dimensional Measurement Interface Specification)
VDI (Virtual Device Interface)
VDM (Virtual Device Metafile)
GKSM (GKS Metafile)
NAPLPS (North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax)
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The main objectives that were put forward for
GKS are:– To provide the complete range of graphical
facilities in 2D, including the interactive
capabilities,
– To control all types of graphic devices such as
plotters and display devices in a consistent
manner,
– To be small enough for a variety of programs
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GKS 3D
PHIGS
NAPLPS
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IGES is the most comprehensive standard and is designed to transmit the entire product definition including that of manufacturing and any other associated information
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1. Flag section – Optional ASCII/binary/compressed ASCII
2. Start section(S) – Man readable prologue
3. Global section(G) – Details of product, person originating the product, name of the company originating it, date, details of system which generated it, drafting standard used etc.
4. Directory section(D) – Index for the file and attribute information like colour, line type etc.
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5. Parameter Entry section(P)
Geometric entities- Point, line, arc, different surfaces, curves, solid primitives etc.
Annotation entities – Angular dimension, diameter dimension, label, note, etc.
Structure entities – Associativity definition, text font definition, color definition, units data etc.
6. Terminate section – Sub-totals of record in each of earlier sections
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The broad scope of STEP is as follows:
– The standard method of representing the
information necessary to completely define
a product throughout its entire life, i.e.,
from the product conception to the end of
useful life.
– Standard methods for exchanging the data
electronically between two different
systems.
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The DXF format has been developed
and supported by Autodesk for use with
the AutoCAD drawing files.
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A coordinate measuring machine is a dimensional measuring device, designed to move the measuring probe to determine the coordinates along the surface of the work piece. Apart from dimensional measurement, these machines are also used for profile measurement, angularity, digitizing or imaging.
A CMM consists of four main components: the machine, measuring probe, control system and the measuring software. The control system in a CMM performs the function of a live interaction between various machine drives, displacement transducers, probing systems and the peripheral devices.
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Control systems can be classified according to the following groups of CMMs.1. Manually driven CMMs2. Motorized CMMs with automatic probing systems3. Direct computer controlled (DCC) CMMs4. CMMs linked with CAD, CAM and FMS etc.
The first two methods are very common and selfexplanatory. In the case of DCC CMMs, thecomputer control is responsible for themovement of the slides, readout fromdisplacement transducers and datacommunication.
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Cantilever type CMM
Gantry type CMM
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Dimensional Measurement Interface
Specification (DMIS) is a new standard
in communication being established by
CAM-I for manufacturing.
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Function:Specifies a circularity tolerance for a
feature, and assigns to it a label.
• Format: T(label) = TOL/CIRLTY, tolzon,
var_1, F(label)
• var_1 can be: MMC or: LMC or: RFS
• label is an alphanumeric label assigned
to the tolerance, and is up to 10 characters
in length.
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