graphite for engineered process equipment
TRANSCRIPT
Graphite for Engineered Process Equipment
Process Technology
DIABON®
Broad Base. Best Solutions.
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SGL Group – The Carbon Company
SGL Group – The Carbon Company – is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of carbon-based products. We have a comprehensiveportfolio ranging from carbon and graphite products to carbon fibersand composites.
Our core competencies include a wide knowledge of raw materials, specialized production expertise and in-depth application andengineer ing know-how. As a result, we have built up a comprehensivetechnology and product portfolio. We operate on a global scale and are close to our customers anywhere at any time. Supported by this broad base, we offer our customers the best solutions. That is what SGL Excellence stands for.
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Our Business Line Process Technology is focused on supporting the technical processes of our globally operating customers in the chemical industry, metal manufacturing and environmental protectiontechnology. A maximum degree of know-how and expertise in corrosionprotection, a global presence and full-package systems from a singlesource: that’s what our customers need – and get from us:
Process TechnologyPerfection in Graphite and PTFE
� Long-standing experience and a high level of expertise in process technology
� Comprehensive process, material and design know-how on graphite and PTFE
� Closeness to customers: cost-effective manufacturing to internationaland local standards at our production sites in Europe, America andAsia and worldwide customer service
� A consistently high standard of quality
Our comprehensive range of products and services extends from process equipment and components made from DIABON®
graphite, POLYFLURON® virginal, paste-extruded PTFE and LICUFLON® steel/PTFE composite, through FLUROFLEX®
bellows, FLUROPIPE® pipe systems, FLUROSIC® silicon carbideheat exchangers and DIABON® graphite or exotic metal pumps, to the planning and assembly of complex systems.
Contents
Criteria for Use 4
Production 5
Characteristics of Graphite 6
Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Components 10
Abrasive Wear Protection for Components 11
Material Properties 12
Corrosion Resistance 13
Customer Service 18
Quality Assurance 19
4
Criteria for the Use of Graphite in Chemical Process Equipment Construction
Graphite is a material with cera-mic properties. Because of its ex-cellent thermal stability, chemicalresistance and high electricalconductivity, it is widely used inelectrometallurgy.
Graphite has been employed inchemical process equipment engi-neering for more than 70 years.In this sector, its applications aredetermined in the first place by itschemical and physical propertiesand in the second place by itssuitability as a construction mate-rial for equipment and pressurevessels.
An ideal process equipment material for numerous fields of high-temperatureprocess technology:
� Excellent corrosion resistance� High thermal conductivity� Easily machined with standard machine tools� Simple joining technique by cementing� Favorable price-performance ratio
We regularly analyze graphite equipment used inchemical production plants, communicate with ourcustomers and focus on research and developmentwork to further improve our graphite materials.This work involves:
� Adjusting the pore volume and pore size to improve strength, corrosion resistance, thermalstability and thermal conductivity
� Ensuring uniform pore distribution, therebyproviding a substantial increase in strength values and improved material reliability
� Increasing the stability of graphite componentsunder mechanical load by using carbon fiberreinforcement (DIABON® HF brand)
� Exploiting the good properties of composite materials
� Expanding the application range for graphitecomponents for solids-bearing media by erosionprotection measures, e.g. for tube sheets, blocksand pump impellers.
Cubic DIABON® graphite block
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Production of DIABON® Process Equipment Graphite
Production process for semi-finishedgraphite productsThe production process for graphite requires an extensive amount of time and energy.
Mixing and formingThe raw materials (low-iron petroleum cokes andpitch binders) are mixed at a moderate temperature,forming a homogeneous compound.
Forming by ram extrusion� Continuous process� Forming into solid material or tubes
Forming by vibration molding� Discontinuous process� Graphite properties non-directional (isotropy)� Forming by isostatic pressing
Baking, impregnation and rebakingThe baking process converts the binder pitch to coke,removes most of the volatiles at 1200°C, and leavesa solid, non-deformable carbon body (amorphouscarbon). Baking is followed by pitch impregnationand subsequent rebaking to improve density andother properties.
GraphitizationThis production step heats the carbon material to atemperature of approx. 3000°C by electricity, in-ducing the formation of the crystalline graphitestructure.
Synthetic resin impregnation by a vacuum-pressureprocess fills the pores within the graphite, makingthe material impermeable.
Forming byextrusion
Graphitizationplant
DIABON®
plates for heatexchangers
Production process
View inside a ringfurnace chamber
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DIABON® Process Equipment GraphiteCharacteristic Properties
Grain size distribution� Pore distribution, pore volume and pore size aregoverned mainly by the grain size distribution.They are selected so that optimum base graphitestrength is achieved with the poorest possibleceramic properties.
� Synthetic resin impregnation increases thestrength of graphite by a factor of about 2 to 3.
� Compressive strength of graphite is some 3 to 5times its tensile strength. This fact is of major signifi-cance when graphite is used as a constructionmaterial for chemical process equipment.
� Mechanical strength calculations in graphiteprocess equipment construction are based onspecification AD 2000-Merkblatt N2.
Corrosion resistancePure carbon and non-impregnated graphite (DIABON0) display excellent corrosion resistance. Carbon isattacked only by strongly electronegative elements,such as oxygen at temperatures above 500°C andelemental halogens, as well as by powerful oxidizingacids such as nitric and chromic acid.
In the case of impregnated graphite for processequipment, the corrosion resistance is governedessentially by the corrosion and thermal shrinkagebehavior of the synthetic resin, as well as by thepore structure of the graphite. Another major factoris the temperature. For this reason it is advisable toconsult the resistance tables.
Thermal stability Non-impregnated graphite can be employed in aninert atmosphere up to 3000°C and in an oxidizingatmosphere up to about 500°C (DIABON 0). According to specification AD 2000-Merkblatt N2,graphite and carbon are permitted materials for theconstruction of pressure vessels with wall tempera-tures between -60°C and +400°C. The followingmaximum permissible temperatures have been de-termined for synthetic resin-impregnated graphitesby experts of the German Technical SupervisoryBoard (TÜV):� 180°C for DIABON N� 200°C for DIABON NS1 and DIABON NS2� 140°C for DIABON F100
The material brand is characterized by one letterand three numbers, the latter separated from oneanother by hyphens, e.g.:
G32-0-200G - for graphite32 - for tensile strength in N/mm2 at 20°C0 - for decline in strength in ‰ per 10 K
temperature increase200 - for max. permissible material temperature
in °C
Optimal grainsize distribution
Narrow grainsize distribution
Pore distribution in various graphite brands (%)
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Thermal conductivityThe thermal conductivity of DIABON graphiteat 20°C averages� 60 to 80 W/mK for tubes and � 100 to 160 W/mK for blocks. It is higher than that of many metals. DIABON processequipment graphite is therefore an ideal materialfor the construction of heat exchangers, combustionfurnaces and gas coolers. Synthetic resin impregna-tion does not impair thermal conductivity.
Mechanical strength The inherent strength of impregnated graphite isgoverned by the pore size, the pore distributionand other major factors such as the forming oper-ation for blanks and the baking and graphitizationprocess. The vibration molding or isostatic pressingtechniques that we use for the forming of blocks im-part virtually identical mechanical properties to allblocks, regardless of size.
Compared with vibration-molded material, iso-graphites are noted for their further improved poredistribution, lower pore volume and higher inherentstrength values.
Thermal expansionThe coefficient of thermal expansion is governed by the production process and the impregnating resin.
PermeabilityAs a result of SGL Group’s optimum synthetic resinimpregnation in combination with the base materialemployed, the graphite brands used for DIABONequipment have high impermeability, not merely asa short-term property in new equipment but also incontinuous plant operation.
Thermal conductivity of graphite and other materialsSource: VDI-Wärmeatlas
Stress-strain behavior of graphite and other materials
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Properties and Uses of DIABON® Graphite Brands
DIABON® N
PropertiesSynthetic resin-impregnatedimpermeable graphite material.Maximum permissible servicetemperature 180°C under mostprocess conditions.
ApplicationsComponents subjected to lowmechanical and thermal stresses.
DIABON® NS1
PropertiesStandard material for a widerange of applications in chemi-cal technology, environmentalprotection and similar industries.DIABON NS1 is an imperme-able, synthetic resin-impregnatedprocess equipment graphitewith a highly homogeneousmaterial structure. This results in greater corrosion resistanceand thermal stability. Maximumpermissible material temperatureis 200°C.
ApplicationsStandard material for the pro-duction of heat exchangers andhydrogen chloride synthesisplants, as well as for all otherpressure- and temperature-stressed components.
DIABON® NS2
PropertiesGraphite material for superiordemands. This graphite brandis distinguished by its lowerpore volume combined withreduced pore size and greatermechanical strength. Maximumpermissible material temperatureis 200°C.
ApplicationsDIABON NS2 is suitable for heatexchanger blocks, tubes andtube sheets, if these are subjectedto elevated mechanical stressand/or extremely corrosivemedia and solvents.
Micrograph of DIABON® N Micrograph of DIABON® NS1 Micrograph of DIABON® NS2
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DURABON®
PropertiesDURABON baked carbon differsfrom DIABON graphite mainlyin its low thermal conductivity(4 to 6 W/mK) and great hard-ness. Compared with graphite,its tensile and flexural strengthvalues are some 20 % higherand its compressive strength is50 % higher.
ApplicationsLike graphite, DURABON hardburned carbon is rendered imper-meable by resin impregnation. Inthis impermeable form, it is usedin the construction of thermallyinsulating, corrosion-resistantlinings for columns and vessels,as well as for abrasion-resistantpump components.
DIABON® CT
PropertiesDIABON CT is an impermeable,PTFE-impregnated process equip-ment graphite with a highlyhomogeneous structure. Maximum permissible materialtemperature is 200°C. Bestsuited for oxidizing and alkalinemedia.
ApplicationsBlocks for block heat exchangers,in particular for stainless steelpickling lines and the pharma-ceutical industry.
Micrograph of DIABON® CT Micrograph of DIABON® F100 Micrograph of DURABON®
DIABON® F100
PropertiesFluoroplastic-bonded graphitewith an extremely high graphitecontent of over 80 % and ahighly homogeneous structure. A special advantage of thismaterial is its increased corrosionresistance in oxidizing media.Owing to the anti-adhesiveproperties of fluoroplastic,DIABON F100 has an extremelylow tendency to fouling andincrustation of surfaces. The highsurface bonding strength makesthis composite material bestsuited for use in abrasive media.Maximum permissible materialtemperature is 140°C.
ApplicationsPlates for plate heat exchangers,also for processes involvingoxidizing acid mixtures.
Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Components for Increased Safety
In developing the carbon fiber reinforcement of components (DIABONNS1�HF1 and DIABON NS2�HF2), SGL Group has found a way toincrease the operational reliability of DIABON graphite componentsappreciably and expand their range of application under high-stressconditions. The fiber reinforcement is used for tube sheets, headersand column sections, but in particular for tubes.
The DIABON HF tube is a DIABON NS tube around which highly pretensioned fibers are wound like a net. The specific behavior ofthe carbon fiber ensures that the pretensioning of the reinforcementis retained even under sharply fluctuating load or stress surges.Owing to the carbon fiber’s negative coefficient of thermal expan -sion, the bursting pressure and leakage resistance pressure are greater at higher temperatures than room temperature.
Properties of graphite tubes with carbon fiber reinforcement
� Increased bursting pressureThe tube becomes more resistant to steam hammerand service pressures above the permitted limit, its bursting pressure at room temperature beingraised to 130 to 140 % of that of a non-reinforcedtube, depending on the tube dimensions.
Comparison of properties
Bursting pressure at 20°C
Bursting pressure at 50°C
Resistance to pressure surges
bar
bar
relative
80
75
1.0
137.5 %
160.0 %
250.0 %
37/25 diam. format
110
120
2.5
DIABON HF1Unit DIABON NS1 Comparison
� Resistance of a cracked tube to leakageShould a longitudinal crack occur in a DIABON HF tube as a resultof overstressing, the tube will not allow any major leakage up to adifferential pressure of some 2 to 5 bar. In all instances, the reinforce-ment prevents any spalling from the tube and a consequent escape ofproduct in large quantities. Usually, the equipment can continue inoperation without interruption until the next planned shutdown.
DIABON® HF tubes
Carbon fiber-reinforced tube sheet
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Abrasive Wear Protectionfor Heat Exchangers and Pumps
Heat exchangers� The tube sheet inlet areas in shell and tube heatexchangers are protected against erosion by wearsleeves cemented in the tube sheet passages.
� In block heat exchangers, a hard-wearingoxide ceramic coating of both end faces and theflow passage inlet zone allows the blocks to beeffectively protected against wear.
Pumps� The pump impeller and pump volute case can beceramic oxide-coated; alternatively, the impellercan be manufactured from DURABON.
DURABON® impellerTube sheet with wear sleeves
In chemical processes involving corrosive mediaand high velocities, damage due to erosion mayoccur if the products have a high solids content.
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Characteristic Properties of DIABON® Process Equipment Graphite
Block brand
Max. service temperature °C
Bulk density g/cm3
Dyn. modulus of elasticity MPa
Flexural strength MPa
Compressive strength MPa
Tensile strength MPa
Lin. coefficient of thermal
expansion (20 - 200°C) K-1•10 6
Thermal conductivity W/mK
Coefficient of permeability cm2/s
Ash content vol. %
180
1.85-1.90
15-20 •103
20-25
40-50
>16
4-6
>120
10-5
< 0.5
200
1.88-1.92
15-20 •103
25-35
60-80
>18
8-10
>5
10-6
< 0.5
200
1.88-1.92
15-20 •103
25-35
60-80
>18
8-10
>120
10-6
< 0.5
200
1.90-1.92
15-20 •103
25-30
50-60
>18
8-10
>140
10-6
< 0.5
200
1.88-1.92
15-20 •103
30-40
60-80
>20
8-10
>140
10-6
< 0.5
140
2.05
>13•103
>47
80-100
28
(20-140°C)
35
>20
10-6
–
Property Unit(guide values)
DIABONN
DURABONDIABONNS1
DIABONCT
DIABONNS2
DIABONF100
Tube brand
Max. service temperature °C
Bulk density g/cm3
Dyn. modulus of elasticity MPa
Flexural strength MPa
Compressive strength MPa
Tensile strength MPa
Lin. coefficient of thermal
expansion (20 - 200°C) K-1•106
Thermal conductivity W/mK
Coefficient of permeability cm2/s
Ash content vol. %
Bursting pressure bar
Property Unit(guide values)
200
> 1.93
25-27•103
> 52
> 85
> 28
4-5
> 60
10-6
< 0.5
80 -100
200
> 1.93
25-27•103
> 52
> 85
–
4-5
50
10-6
< 0.5
100 -110
200
> 1.90
25-27•103
> 60
> 90
> 30
4-5
> 60
10-6
< 0.5
80 -100
200
> 1.90
25-27•103
> 60
> 90
–
4-5
50
10-6
< 0.5
100 -110
DIABONNS1
DIABONHF1
DIABONNS2
DIABONHF2
The corrosion tables enable statements to be madeon the resistance of DIABON graphite to aggressivemedia and its suitability for process equipmentconstruction.
The concentration data apply to aqueous solutions.If organic compounds are used, the data apply topure substances. The corrosion resistance limitsapply at normal pressure and take no account ofany phase changes.
Users of mixtures (especially mixtures with impurities) should requestour advice, since the corrosive properties of mixtures may deviatesubstantially from the properties of pure substances. Statements are,however, made without guarantee. In cases of doubt, especially whereexposure to various substances, together or successively, is concerned,corrosion tests should be conducted in the actual plant in questionwith the original media, if this is possible. Subsequently, a carefulinvestigation of samples in our laboratories reveals whether the ma-terial tested can be classified as resistant, or not.
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Corrosion Resistanceof DIABON® Process Equipment Graphite
Media to which DIABON graphite is resistant at all concen-trations and up to the permitted material temperature.
Group A
Media to which DIABON graphite is resistant only up to certain concentrations and temperatures.
Media on which our material specialists should be consulted.
Based on their aggressiveness to DIABON, the media are divided into three groups:
Group B
Group C
Group A
Acids� Arsenic acid� Boric acid� Hydrobromic acid� Hydrochloric acid� Hydrofluosilicic acid� Phosphoric acid� Sulfurous acid
Salt solutions (aqueous)� Acetates� Chlorides� Fluorides� Nitrites� Sulfates� Sulfites
Miscellaneoussubstances� Carbon disulfide� Hydrogen bromide, gaseous� Hydrogen chloride, gaseous� Hydrogen sulfide� Phosgene (anhydrous)� Phosphorus oxychloride� Sodium thiosulfate� Sulfur dioxide, gaseous� Thionyl chloride
Aliphatic hydrocarbons� Heptane� Hexane� Kerosene� Mineral oil� Naphtha � Pentane� Petrol/gasoline� Synthetic petrol/gasoline
Aromatic hydrocarbons� Benzene� Toluene� Xylene
Halogenated hydrocarbons� Allyl chloride� Carbon tetrachloride� Chlorobenzene� Dibromoethane� Dichlorobenzene� Dichloroethane� Dichloroethylene� Dichloromethane� Ethyl chloride� Ethylene chlorohydrine� Tetrachloroethylene� Vinyl chloride
Alcohols, thioalcohols(mercaptans), phenols� Amyl acolhol� Butanol� Ethanol� Glycol� Glycerine
� Methanol� Octanol� Phenol� Propanol
Ethers� Diethyl ether� Dimethyl ether� Isopropyl ether
Amines, nitro compounds, nitriles(CN compounds)� Aniline� Aniline hydrochloride� Cyanogen chloride� Cyanuric chloride� Dimethyl aniline� Nitrobenzene� Nitrotoluene� p-Nitrochlorobenzene
Aldehydes, ketones� Acetaldehyde� Acetone� Chloral� Chloral hydrate� Formaldehyde� Glyoxal� Paraldehyde
Carboxylic acids� Acetic acid� Acrylic acid� Benzoic acid� Butyric acid� Caprylic acid� Chloroacetic acid
(mono-, di-, tri-)
� Citric acid� Dichloropropionic acid� Formic acid� Fumaric acid/
maleic acid� Glycolic acid� Lactic acid� Linoleic acid� Malic acid� Nicotinic acid� Oleic acid� Palmitic acid� Propionic acid� Salicylic acid� Stearic acid� Tannic acid� Tartaric acid
Esters� Butyl acetate� Butyl acrylate� Ethyl acetate� Isopropyl acetate� Vinyl acetate � Acetic acid esters
Miscellaneous compounds� Amino acids, such
as folic acid� Carboxylic acid
anydrides, such as acetic acid anhydride
� Organic sulfonic acids,such as benzene-sulfonic acid
� Toluene-sulfonic acid
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Inorganic substances Organic substances
Media to which DIABON graphite is resistant at all concentrationsand up to the permitted material temperature.
Group B
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Typical corrosion resistance to:
DIABON NS1 DIABON NS2 DIABON CT DIABON F100
Sodium hypochlorite / NaOCl
Pickling liquors / HNO3 + HF 5%
Hydrofluoric acid / HF
Nitric acid / HNO3
DIABON 0
DIABON NS1 DIABON NS2 DIABON CT DIABON F100DIABON 0
DIABON NS1 DIABON NS2 DIABON CT DIABON F100DIABON 0
DIABON NS1 DIABON NS2 DIABON CT DIABON F100DIABON 0
Media to which DIABON graphite is resistant only up to certain concentrations and temperatures.
0 20 40 60 80 100Concentration [%]
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0 20 40 60 80 100Concentration [%]
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
] 200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
] 200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
] 200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
] 200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Fully resistant Partially resistant Not resistant No information available
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We’ll be glad to send you our complete corrosion resistance table on request.
Group B
Typical corrosion resistance to:
DIABON NS1 DIABON NS2 DIABON CT DIABON F100
Sulfuric acid / H2SO4
Caustic soda solution / NaOH
Chromic acid / H2CrO4
DIABON 0
DIABON NS1 DIABON NS2 DIABON CT DIABON F100DIABON 0
DIABON NS1 DIABON NS2 DIABON CT DIABON F100DIABON 0
Media to which DIABON graphite is resistant only up to certain concentrations and temperatures.
0 20 40 60 80 100Concentration [%]
0 20 40 60 80 100Concentration [%]
0 20 40 60 80 100Concentration [%]
0 20 40 60 80 100Concentration [%]
0 20 40 60 80 100Concentration [%]
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0 20 40 60 80 100Concentration [%]
0 20 40 60 80 100Concentration [%]
0 20 40 60 80 100Concentration [%]
0 20 40 60 80 100Concentration [%]
0 20 40 60 80 100Concentration [%]
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
] 200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
] 200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
] 200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Fully resistant Partially resistant Not resistant No information available
Oxidizing acids� Chlorosulfonic acid� Oleum
Acid mixtures� Aqua regia� Nitric acid/hydrochloric acid > 20 %� Nitric acid/hydrofluoric acid > 20 %
Free halogens� Bromine, bromine water� Chlorine, moist, and chlorine-water solution� Fluorine� Iodine
Bleach liquors� Calcium hypochlorite� Sodium hypochlorite
Alkalis� Caustic potash solution > 10 %� Caustic sodium solution > 10 %
Organic solvents� Dimethylformamide� Dioxane� Tetrahydrofurane
Please consult our materials specialists.
Group C
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DIABON® tube bundles with andwithout carbon fiber reinforcement
Media to which DIABON graphite is only partially resistant, if at all.
Production process
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Individual tube testing on a shell and tube heat exchanger
Customer Servicewith a Full Package of Benefits
Our continuing partnership with customers is based on the excellentservices and system solutions we provide. These are a key part of ourcommitment.All items of SGL Group’s DIABON process equipment are qualityproducts manufactured in our own plants from high-grade materialsusing the latest technologies. If a product still failsto meet your requirements, SGL Group’s world -wide network of service centers will be on handto help. We see every problem as a freshopportunity. Give us the chance to prove it.
Spare parts and repairsSGL Group’s responsibility for its products doesn't end when customerstake delivery of DIABON equipment. In fact, we give our customerssystematic support all the time it's in use. This support is a key part ofour customer service. The long service life of our graphite equipment depends crucially onits high quality and the servicing and/or cleaning it gets when incontact with highly corrosive and contaminated media.
Visual inspection of a tube sheet
19
Heat exchanger during pressure testing
As a manufacturer of carbon and graphite products, process equipmentand systems for the chemical industry and environmental protection tech-nology, SGL Group maintains a targeted quality management systemdesigned to attain and meet the product quality standards demandedby customers. Our quality management system meets the require-ments of DIN EN ISO 9001:2000 and Pressure Equipment Directive97/23/EC Annex III, Module H/H1 and has been certified by the ap-proved associations of DQS and TÜV SÜD. In process equipment con-struction, Quality Management is responsible for the testing andapproval of semi-finished graphite products, impregnating resin, cementcomponents, outsourced parts, process equipment and components.
Quality Management by Process Technology
Synthetic resin impregnation, cementing and assemblyare all subject to continuous monitoring.
Appropriate marking of the semi-finished graphite prod-ucts before and after synthetic resin impregnation, during
machining and thereafter until assembly of the completeequipment or plant provides comprehensive evidence of the
semi-finished products employed. Consequently, they meetthe traceability requirement of specification AD 2000-Merk-
blatt N2 for pressure vessels made from electrographite andhard burned carbon. The conditions for synthetic resin im-pregnation of the semi-finished graphite products and those forcementing of the components are stipulated, monitored andchecked.
Evidence of the quality characteristics of the material gradesemployed, as required by specification AD 2000-MerkblattN2, is provided in a report issued by the testing laboratoryof TÜV SÜD Industrie Service GmbH.
Process Technology
SGL CARBON GmbH
Werner-von-Siemens-Straße 1886405 Meitingen/GermanyPhone +49 8271 83-1564Fax +49 8271 [email protected]
www.sglcarbon.com
Process Technology Brochures
� Process Technology – We Combat Corrosion – from Process Equipment and Components to Complex Systems
� DIABON® Graphite for Engineered Process Equipment
� DIABON® Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
� DIABON® Block Heat Exchangers
� DIABON® Plate Heat Exchangers
� DIABON® Economizers for Heat Recovery
� DIABON® and LICUFLON® Columns and Column Internals
� DIABON® Hydrogen Chloride Synthesis Plants
� DIABON® and Exotic Metal Pumps
� DIABON® Safety Disks
� Systems – Solutions for Corrosive Processes
� ECOPOR® Porous Burners
® registered trademark of SGL Group companies 01 2008/1 2NÄ Printed in Germany
The data contained herein represent the current state of our product knowledge and are intended to provide general information on our productsand their application spectra. In view of the variety and large number of application possibilities, these data should be regarded merely as generalinformation that gives no guarantee of any specific properties and/or suitability of those products for any particular application. Consequently,when ordering a product, please contact us for specific information on the properties required for the application concerned. On request, ourtechnical service will supply a profile of characteristics for your specific application requirements without delay.