greek grammar for beginners

8/3/2019 Greek Grammar for Beginners

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GIFT OF

John H. Mee



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/



A GREEK GRAMMAR

FOR BEGINNERS.

BY WILLIAM HENRY WADDELL,//

PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA.

NEW YORK:HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,

FRANKLIN SQUARE.

1873.



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1869, by

HARPER & BROTHERS,

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the

Southern District of New York.



PRE FAC E.

Tins book is an attempt to be precisely what its

name imports nothing more, and nothing less. It is

&"Gree7c Grammar for Beginners" The author has

studiously avoided the insertion of a solitary word not

absolutely essential. Such a book has been, for many

years, a great desideratum a book which shall contain

no notes, remarks, observations, "fineprint" in short, to

be marked by a teacher for omission, but only essential

and elementary principles and paradigms, which are to

be thoroughly memorized by the pupil, without any ex-

ception whatever. The Grammar is designed to be

committed to memory, from cover to cover, the first

time the pupil goes over it. It is not, therefore, a

Grammar of reference the world is full of such. It

is a schoolboy's book, and intended for a schoolboy's

use. Whether the author has succeeded in perfecting

his wishes, and in giving expression to his many years'

experience in teaching Greek, he leaves the public to

decide,

796411



CONTENTS.

PART I. ORTHOGRAPHYPage

9

The Greek Alphabet 9

Euphonic Changes * 11

Accents Punctuation ,. 15

PART IT. ETYMOLOGY 1C

Some general Rules of Declension 16

First Declension 17

Contracts of the First Declension 18

Second Declension 19

Contracts of the Second Declension 20

Third Declension 20

Contracts of the Third Declension 22

Adjectives 27

Numerals Comparison of Adjectives 34:

Article Pronouns 36

The Verb 39

Synoptical Table of the Verb ruTrrw, I strike 42

Table of the Inflections 43

Formation of Tenses 53

Augment Reduplication 53

Compound Verbs 54

The Root 54

Secondary Root 55

Special Rules for Formation of the Tenses 55

Special Rules for Pure Verbs , 59

Examples of Pure Contract Verbs 60

Table of Inflections 64

Liquid Verbs 68

Verbs in/zi 70

Synoptical Table 72



Vlll CONTENTS.

Table of Inflections Page 73

Exercises in Formation 77

Tables of the Synopses and Inflections of certain Irregular arid

Defective Verbs 78

Deponent Verbs 84

Synopsis of the Deponent Verb !%o^ai, / receive 85

Adverbs Prepositions 85

PART III. SYNTAX 8G

Syntax of the Cases 89

Syntax of the Verb 96

Negatives Accents 99

General Rules for Writing the Accents 101



>

GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.

PART I. ORTHOGRAPHY.

THE GREEK ALPHABET.

1. The Greek Alphabet consists of twenty-four letters,

viz.:

Figure.



10 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.

2. The Vowels are seven in number, viz. :

e and o, Short.

7?and w, Long.

a, t,and v, Doubtful.

The last three are so called because they are sometimes

short and sometimes long.

3.

A combination of two vowelsis called a

Diphthong.These are twelve in number, viz. :

tit, ft,Oi.

au, v, oi>.

at, ?;(,wt.

The last three are usually written with the Iota sub-

scribed,thus :

They are pronounced as follows, viz. :

at like ai in aisle ; e. g. aipw.

ti elheight ;

e.

g. etc.

01 oi coin ; e. g. rot*/.

av ou house ; e. g.

v and 7/u eu in neuter; e. g.

ou oo noon; e. g.

vt we in pronoun we / e. g. /zvta.

The improper diphthongs, 9, 77,and w, are pronounced

precisely like a, ry,and w.

4. The Consonants are seventeen in number, viz., Nine

Mutes, subdivided as follows :

Smooth. Medial. Rough.

Palatals, K y x Kappa-mutes.

Linguals, r d 3- Tau-mutes.

Labials, IT ft <j>Pi-mutes.

One Sibilant letter, <r,so called from its hissing sound

;

Four Liquids, X, yu, v,and

p,so called from their flowing

sound;and



ORTHOGRAPHY. 1 1

Three Double Consonants, v//, , ,so called because

formed respectively by the composition of the Smooth,

Medial, and Bough Mutes with the letter Sigma, thus :

for 2<r-

forKOT, y<r, x<r*

\JJfor

7T<7, /3<7, 0(7.

5. The Breathings are two in number, viz. :

Smooth (').

Rough (').

One of these must be written over every vowel or diph-

thong which commences a word. The Smooth Breathing

produces no change in the pronunciation ofa word. The

Rough Breathing has the same effect as if the letter Hwere written before the first vowel or diphthong ; thus :

is pronounced Hekaton ;

evpev

Heuren.

EUPHONIC CHANGES.6. The following rules of Euphony are to be carefully

observed in the formation and derivation ofGreek words,

viz. :

RULE 1. A Labial or a Palatal occurring before a Lin-

gual is changed into its corresponding Smooth, Medial, or

Rough, according as the Lingual is Smooth, Medial, or

Rough. E.g.,

rfVpt/3rat is written reYjOiTmu.

RULE 2. A Labial before/z

is changed into p. E. g.,

TETpiTTfjiatis written

rtrpi/i/xac.

RULE 3. A Palatal beforep,

is changed into y. E. g.,

TTw%iJiai IS writtenrtrEvy^icu.

RULE 4. A Lingual before/x

is changed into a. E. g.,

is written7reVei<7//cu.



12 GREEK GRAMMAR TOR BEGINNERS.

RULE 5. A Labial before a unites with it and forms $.

E. g., Tpififfwis written rptya).

RULE 6. A Palatal before a unites with it and forms .

E.g.,irXtKffu) is written TrXt'4'w.

RULE 7. A Lingual before a is rejected. E. g.,

TrXaOffw is written TrXaffw.

RULE 8. A Lingual before another Lingual is changedinto ff. E. g.,

ireTrXadrai is written TrfVXaorcu.

RULE 9. A Lingual before a Palatal is rejected. E. g.,

7T7rt0m is written TreVam.

RULE 10. The letter o-

occurring

between two Conso-

nants is rejected. E.g.,

yeypa(f)(Tdatis written

yeypatydai.

RULE 11. The letter v before a Labial is changed into

P . E.g.,

fy/3aXXw is written

RULE 12. The letter v before a Palatal is

changedinto

7- E.g.,trvvKuXetx) is written <riy/caXew.

RULE 13. The letter v before another Liquid is changedinto that same Liquid. E.

g.,

(TvvpiTTTd)IS written

(rvppirrTd).

RULE 14. The letter v before a- or is dropped. E. g.,

^alpovfftis written (Haifiom.

RULE 15. When v and a Lingual are rejected beforeo-,

the preceding short vowel is lengthened, and e becomes

ft;

o becomes ov; d, ,

v become respectively d, I,and v,

E. g., yipovrai is written yepovvt.

RULE 16. A Smooth Mute ending a word is changed

into its corresponding Rough before an aspirated vowel

beginning the next word. E. g.,

CITTO ov is first written TT'e>v,

and then a$ ov.



ORTHOGRAPHY. 1 3

RULE 1 7. Iftwo successive syllables begin with a Rough

Mute, thefirst is

changed into its own smooth. E. g.,

(j)(j)iXrjKais written

TrefytXrjxa.

RULE 18. The letter p in tne beginning of a word is

doubled when a short vowel is prefixed to it. E. g.,

tpevtcais written

tppevKa.

RULE 19. Words ending ino-t,

and verbs of the third

person ending in c or i, annex v to these terminations

when the next word begins with a vowel, or before a

pause. E. g., /\ AJI*

iffri is written iariv.

7. The following words violate the preceding rules.

Let the pupil correct them, repeating the rule

by

which

the correction is made :

tXnre ov eSrjK 6&$fj.ai

XsiTrffU)Xrificra)

^

(bdffi t/j<j)(J)a.Kct

crvvTrXtKbJ ffvvyovoQ 7rpay&r)v

tXsye OVQ SlSsiKa- tvfiaivu) eyêu) ivfiaXXit)

tine ayati avvtyepu (rvv^lu) Tvirrovrffi

a.<j)(TaiivKXivit) crvvîv^ 7reV^<Toyuat

arvvpltt)

XeoVTGL

8. A vowel preceded by another vowel, with which it

does not unite and form a diphthong, is said to be pure.

A pure vowel often combines with the one immediately

preceding it,and forms one long syllable. This is called

contraction, and commonly takes place according to the

following rules, viz. :

aa are contracted into a, as fivda arj are contracted into a, asTifJLarjre

ay , as [ivaaai at, as fjivdai nval. cii

^t,as diacrtt)

^'or

a a, as r//ia rt'/ia.ao a>, as nâo^v

aei p, as Tipdti ripy. aot y, asTifidoifjiev




aov are contracted into w, as n- oa are contracted into w or a, as

liaovai rt/iuJ(7t. fix*1

TO*** aTrXoa aTrXa.au) uj, as rijjidd) Tijjiat.

oai* at, as $t7rX6at dtTrXal.

rj, as 7a 777.Sometimes of

,as drjXoere drjXovre.

into a, as xpvfffa XPvff^y vytsa' oei ou, as drjXoeiv deXovv. Verbs

fym. in oo> contract the endings oa and

y> as Xpvoty XPVff$'

ofi in^o ot and ot^, as tfyXoa

at y or at, as TVTrreai TVTTTiy, c^?Xot, drjXoeig drjXolQ.

Xpvaeai \pvgai. ot] w, as drfXorjre drjX&re. Some-

t, as 0i'Xff 0t\t. Some- tinies into j;, as o^tTrXo?; dnrXrj.

times into rj, as rpirjpee rprijpr]. oy ot, as drjXoyg drjXolg. This

fft t, as (j)iXttig 0tXftc. contraction occurs only in verbs

*n *7>as

(piXerjre QiXrJTE.in oat. Verbs in wjut contract oy

ey y, as tyiXeyg <f>iXyg.into

^>.

tft, as TroXft TrdXft. ot ot, as v)\oi /x **

o ~ of. as (biXsoutv <bi\.ovu,Vt oo ou. as dnXoo

01 ot, as QiXsoifitv 0iXot/iv. oot ot, as <

ov of, as QiXeovffi <biXov<7t. oov ov , as dqXoouffi drjXovai.

o> w, as 0iXw 0tXui. oo> w, as drjXou) ^Xw.

tye 7j,as

rifJLrjeffaa rtfjirjaffa. o^j ^j,as 7rX6<^ 7rX<p.

?t ^, as Qpfjiffffa Qpyaaa. vi vi, as TrXrj&vi TrXrj&vl.

ut, as TroXtt TroXi.

The following words violate the preceding rules. Letthe pupil correct them, referring in each instance to the

concurring vowels in the list above by which the correc-

tion is made :

Arj/zoeScVec Ar)-6og p,\iTOV

tap Arjjj.o(T$Va Arjroa

lIpaK\Tjg

%r]\6ov ^rjXorj

TtfjLacj \aag rip-ae

TljJLO.OV(Tt TlfJLaCl TILLCLT] TlfJLaig

Kfpag -aTog ocj>ig ofyu

TiSfiai Tip,f]v Ktpaa

Kpaoiv p,pog fjitpti pepe

fJLpOLV flpa fJLpOJV TToXtt

TroXeec <



ORTHOGRAPHY. 15

KepctTi Kpara /iar/

KEpaTwv SrjXorj 17X001

ffite (TCLOQ

ACCENTS.

9. The accents are three :

The acute(

'

) ; as, w?/, life.

The grave (

v

) ; as, rat, and / rig, some one.

The circumflex (~ ), composed of the acute and grave;

as, yrj, land.

When words are accented on the last syllable, they are

called oxytones ; when not, barytones.

PUNCTUATION.

10. The Greek has the following punctuation marks:

Comma




PAET II. ETYMOLOGY.

11. The Greek Language has Nine Parts of Speech,

viz. :

Noun, Adjective, Article, Participle, Pronoun, and Verb

which are declined;and Adverb, Preposition, and Con-

junctionwhich are not declined.

12. There are Three Persons : First, Second, and Third.

1 3. There are Three Genders : Masculine, Feminine, and

Neuter.

14. There are Three Numbers: the Singular, denoting

one;the Dual, denoting two

;and the Plural, denoting

more than one.

15. There are Five Cases: the Nominative, Genitive,

Dative, Accusative, Vocative.

16. There are Three Declensions: First, Second, and

Third.

The First Declension has four terminations, viz. : a, 77,

? ?

The Second Declension has two terminations, viz. : oc, ov.

The Third Declension has nine terminations, viz. : a, , v,

SOME GENERAL RULES OF DECLENSION.

1 7. (a) The Nominative and Vocative are usually alike

in the Singular, and always alike in the Dual and Plural.

(b)The Dative Singular always ends in

t,annexed or

subscribed.

(c)The Genitive Plural always ends in wr.

(d) The Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative of Neu-

ters are the same in all three Numbers, and these Cases in

the Plural end always in a.

(e)In the Dual Number, the Nominative, Accusative,

andVocative are alike, as also are the Genitive and Dative.



ETYMOLOGY.

18. The following Table exhibits a comparative view

ofthe

terminationsof

theThree

Declensions.

I. Declen. II. Declen. III. Declen.




S.o




belonging to the Attic Dialect, and are inserted as exam-

ples.

CONTRACTS OF THE SECOND DECLENSION.

23. Nouns which



ETYMOLOGY.

They are declined as follows, viz. :

21




o, vulture.

D.N.yuTreG. yv-jToiv



ETYMOLOGY. 23

The following rules are for the contractions of the Third

Declension, and for Verbs also:

1. A short vowel followed by itself becomes its own

diphthong ; as, /3a<nXee, flafftXeig.

2. Two consecutive short vowels become ou; as,

3. A short vowel before t becomes its own diphthong ;

4. A short vowel before a unites with it and becomes

its own long ; as, tap, ?]p.

5. E before a long vowel or a diphthong is rejected ; as,

6. O before a long vowel becomes w;before a diphthong

it combines with the second vowel of the diphthong ; as,

?7Xow, 77X0) ; c)/?Xoot, 77X01.

7. A before o or w becomes w;before the other vowels

it becomes d; as, o-aoc, <7a>e ; r//xaf, r//za.

8. If the first of two vowels is, v, or a long vowel, the

last is rejected ;

EXAMPLES.

S. i] (galley} S. TO (wall)

N.rpirjprjQ N. Ti1xS

G. Tpirjpeog TpirjpovQ G. rftô^D.

Tpirjpti Tpirjpti "D.

A.rpirjpea rptrjprj A. rttôg

V. Tpiqptg V. Telxog-

/) Oô galleys) D. (two walls)

N.A.V. rpujpEe rpifiprj N.A.V. rt'x

G. D. rpiripkoiv Tptrjpolv G. D.

P.(galleys) t

P. (walls)

N.Tpifipet rpirjpeig N. ra'xftf

G.rptrjpiwv Tpirjp&v

G.TEIX&UVD. Tpif)pai(v) D.

A. Tpirfpeac rpiripfiQ A.

V. TpiripteQ Tpujpeiz V.




S. TO (prize) S. rj (echo)

N. yepag N. r/xw

G. yspaog yepwg G. riXQD. yipa'i ytpy D. jfaoi 77x01

A. ye/oac A. i]\QCL r/xw

V. y|oa V. J?x*-

Z). (wo prizes) D. (two echoes)

N. A.V. ye/oat ylpa N. A.V. jfow

G. D. jpdoiv ytp<fv G. D. ^xocy

P. (prizes) P. (echoes)

N. ykpaa y*'|o5N. 3?%oi

G. yepdajv ytp&v G.

D. ykpaai(v) D.

A. ykpaa ykpa A.

V. yipaa ytpa V.

Proper names in tfX^V, contracted K-X?7c5 undergo a

double contraction in the dative singular', and sometimesin the accusative singular. E. g.,

5. 6 (Pericles)

N.

G.

D. HEpucXeti HepucXeei HepiK\tZ

A. HtpiK\8ea HeptKXta HtpucXij

V.IljOtKX HeptK\eig

Nouns inec, vg, gen. ioc, voc, are contracted in the dative

singular, and in the nominative, accusative, and vocative

plural. E. g.,

S. o (serpent) S. 6 (fish)

N. o0t N. i'x-^

G. 0010 G. IX&VOC,

D. 50u o0I D. ix&vi ix$vl

A. 6<piv A. IX^TVV

V. o0t*

V. tx-^v

Z). (<zro serpents) D. (<wo fishes)

N. A.V. 50tc N. A.V. t'x^e

G. D. oQioiv G. D. ix$voiv

P. (serpents) P. (fishes)

N. o0c o0iC N.G. 6<j)iMv

G.

D. o0i<ri(i>)D.

A. 001GT 00TC A.

V. c0i o0I^ V.



ETYMOLOGY. 25

TO Kptag,flesh. TOicepag, a horn.

Sing. Sing.

N. A.V. Kpk-ag N. A.V. Kkp-ag

G. Kps-arog -aog -a>g G. icsp-arog -aog -wg

D. Kpi-ari -at -^ D. Ksp-art, -at -

Dual. Dual.

N. A.V. Kpk-aT -as -a N. A.V. Ktp-are -as -a

G. D. Kpe-droiv -doiv -yv G. D. Ktp-dT*iv -doiv -(7>v

Plur. Plur.

N. A.V. Kpk-aTa -aa -a N. A.V. Kip-ara -aa -a

G. Kpe-aTuv -dwv -utv G. Kfp-drcov -duv -&v




D. (two kings) P. (kings)

N. A.V. (BaviXee G.t

D./

G. D. paffiXsoiv A.i

V./

S. o (king)

I). paaLXei fiaoiXtl

V. (3aaiXtv

Most Nouns in t, t, vc, v, change i and v into e in all the

cases except the nominative, accusative, and vocative sin-

gular. Substantives in ig and VQ generally change oc into

CJQ. xL. 2f. 9

*sr

.



ETYMOLOGY. 27

ADJECTIVES.

26. Adjectives in Greek have three terminations, two

terminations, and one termination. The first termination

is masculine, the second feminine, the third neuter. Theyare of the First and Second Declensions, and of the Third

Declension. They are declined as follows, viz. :

S. o (wise) rj (wise) TO (wise)

N. GO(j)OQ G0(j)f] GOfyoV

G. GOÔV GotyrJQ Gotyov

JL).GO(f)({J (700$ (TCfpty

A. crcxpuv Gofa'jv Gotyov

V. GOfyk GOî] GO(j)OV

1}.

N. A.V. (T00W G0(f)d G0(f)(i>

G. I).

(70001^ aotyalv Gofyoiv

p.

N.GOtyo'l GO(j)Cli G0(pd

G. GOfpUJV CT00WV GO(f)UJV

D. Gofyoiq Gotyalg Gotyolg

A. GO<pOV GO<pCLQ G0(j)d

V. GO<pOl GO<f)Cli G0(f>d

27. Adjectives in OQ pure and pog make their Femininein a

jas :

fiaicpoG, long.

Sing. Dual. Plur.

N. ftaicp-og, d, 6v N. /zaK-p-ot, ai, a

G. fiaicp-ov, acj ou N. A.V. /uaKp-w, a, w G. fiaKp-uv, a>v, &v

I). juiciKp-y, ^t, ^7I), jita/cp-ot^, att;, 01^

A. fjiaicp-ov, dv, 6v G. D. /j.aKp-o1Vj aiv, oiv A. /ajcp-ov, c>

V. fictKp-E, d, 6v V. paKp-oi, at, a

/S. o (worthy} } (worthy) rb (worthy)

N. ciîoQ d%ia aîov

G. d%iov d^'iaq dt,iov

D. di(jj a^cot a^tV/j

A. atoj> a^tav aîov

V. ft a^/a dîov

J),

N. A.V. i'w ^/a d^/aj

G. D. dîoiv dîcav ct%ioiv




P. b (worthy) r} (worthy) TO (worthy)

N. d^ioi d^icti d%ia

28. Compound and Derivative Adjectives of more than

two syllables have usually but two terminations : one for

the Masculine and Feminine, and one for the Neuter ;as :

S. b, r} (quiet) TO (quiet)

N.

G.

D.

A.

V. }o

D.

KA.V. rye

G.D.

P.

N.

G.

D.

A.V.

Adjectives in we are declined thus:

S. b, if (fertile)TO (fertile)

G. evytto fuytw

D. tvyup tvytip

A. tvytojv tvyewv

D.

N. A.V. #yfw fi>yw

G.D.

P.

G.

1).

A.

V.



ETYMOLOGY. 29

29. Adjectives of the Third Declension have the Mascu-

line and Neuter of the ThirdDeclension,

and the Feminine

of the First. They are declined as follows :

S. o (sweet)



30

D. o (giving)

N. A.V. diSoVTE

G. D. SidovToiv

P.

N. didovTes

G. ClOOVT(Jf)VD\ X ' f*

. ClOOUffli V


?} (giving)

'l (ripe)

TTtTTOVOg

TTtTTOVL

S.

N.

G.

IX

A.

V. TTtTTOV

D.

N. A.V. Tr'tTTQVE

G. D. TreTrovoiv

diooiicraig

didovaag

Sidovaai

TO (giving)

dtdovTE

cidovTOiv

TO (ripe)

TTITTOV

TTtTTOVL

irkirov

S.

N.

G.

I).

A.

V.

N.

G.

D.

A.

V.

TTSTTOPfQ TT&TTOVa

TTtTTOVdJV

TT&TTOVa

TTZTTOVa

TO

TiTVtpOTOQ

N.A.V.

G.D.

P.

N.

G.

D.

A.V.

TTV(j)viaiV TcTVtpOTOlV

TTV(j)6T(t)V

TtTVfpOTa

Participles ending in ug are declined like-E-vfywQ.



ETYMOLOGY. 31

S. o, r) (true) TO (true)

D. d\rid&

"

A. dXrj^sa

V. ciXriStQ

D.

N. A.V. aXrjSie

G. D. aXqSioiv dXrjSolv dXrjStoiv dXifiolv

P.N. dXifiiec; dXi]3rti dXtfiia d\rj$)i

G. d\Ti$kii)v dXi]S<jJV dXTjSsbJV dXtj&uJv

A.

V.

S. o (placing) >} (placing) TO (placing)

G. T&kvTQQ T&llOffc T&'t.VTOq

D. r&tVTi r&tiay T&IVTI

A. T&tVTCt TlStlffdV TlStV

D.

N. A.V. rt^lrre r&tiaa

P.

N. ft&V7^C ft^tMWfl T&SVTtt

G. TiS&VTwv TiSrtiauiv T&ZVTWV

A. T&'tVTCtQ T&tiffdG T&tvTCl

V. rt^s^rfff TiStivai

Participles endingin f

icare declined like

rt0cc.

>Si. o (showing) >} (showing) TO (showing)

N. SUKVVQ

G. StlKVVVTOQ

D. StiKvvvTi dtiRvvffy SeucvvvTi

A. StiKvvvTa StiKvveav SEIKVVV

V. StlKVVQ StlKVVffCi dflKVVV

D.N. A.V. SEIKVVVTS deLKvvcra deiKvuvTe

G. D. felKvtivTofy dElKVVffdtV CtlKVVVTOtV




P. o(showing*) ij (showing) TO (showing)

N. StlKVVVTtQ dtlKVVffCtt $ElKVVVTCt

G. CtlKVVVTWV CtlKVVG&V StlKVVVTUJV

1). diicvvai(v) dtiKvvaaic; ()IK.VV(TI(V)

A. VtlKVVVTClQ SllKVVGaQ deiKVVVTCt

V. StlKVVVTtQ CtlKVVGCtl tl\VVVTCt

Adjectives in wv, genitive o^roc, have three endings : o^,

,or. E.

s.



/). o (great)

N. A.V. jutydXw

G. D. îtyaXoLv

P.

D. jUfydXotg

A. ntyaXovQ

/S. o, } (pleasanter)

1\T

. IjOLMV

Do }&OM

A. ifiiova /ciu,

ETYMOLOGY.

?} (great)

lUyaXat

ro (great)

[.irydXa

ro (pleasantcr)

TIÎQV

ifiiOVOQ

ttfiovt

N. A. /flfW

G. D. /^(Ji/cti/

P.

N. fidiovtg i^cicvQ

G. t'rfwvwv

A. ifiiovaQ t'loiovg

r'l|07/i',tender.

Sing.

rsp-rji', tivct, ii>

TfjO-CVOC, 0'J7ff, ^0<

N.

G.

A. Tp-EVCtj UVCtV, (V

V. rlp-2', ai'tf, tv

Dual.

N.A.V. re'p-f^s W, fw N.A.V.

G. D. rtp-tvoiv, tivaiv, tvoiv G. D.

Plur.

~\T'

c r fi//^

O n c fiit^t/ LIU

D. Ttp-LVl, eiVCllC;, t(Tl

V. T&p-evc, eivai, tva

jova

,honored.

Sing.

G. r/ju-f/iroc, '';cr^C>

T") _"" '

V. Ttp-iiv, faffa,

Dual.

rfTCTff,

rjvrt

IIV

Plur.

N. rtî-JivrtQ^ ijcrfjcti, ijrra/^< . ' ~ /

T ^~ '

'*

A.TifA-ijvrctQ, TiaaaQ, i\vra

V. Tiu-ijvrt, ijffffai, iji>ra

The syncopated Perf. Part, of<Vr>/p,

ô s^c7, is declined

as follows, viz. :

B2




iffTr)jj.i,to stand.

/ufiXac, blade.

Sing. Sing.N. loT-Wfi o)cra, (-JQ N. jusX-ac, aiva, av

G. CT-u>ro, a><7?7, WTOQ G. fj.i\-avoc, aivqc, UVQQ

D. for-wn, (7j7,wri D. /Lt\-ai/<, aiV#, an

A. tar-ujTa, dJaav, WQ A. n'tX-ava, aivav, av

\. f'0r-it>, a!(7(7, tuj; V. n'tX-aV) aiva, av

Dual. Dual.

N. A.V. tor-wrf, wcrfr, wre N. A.V. [ii\-ave , aiva, are.

G. D. iar-uroiv, wvcav, WTOLV G. D. ptX-avoiv, aivaiv, dvoiv

Plur. Plur.

N. iar-MTeg, waai, tira N. yulX-avfc, aivai, ava

G. tar-MTtov, WG&V, WTCOV G. niX-avw, atv&v, avwv

D. dr-w(Tt, waaiQ, OJGI D. jusX-atrt, aivaiQ, acrt

A. tVr-wraCi W(TCJ wra A. ptX-avctQ, aivac, ava

V. tcrr-wrfc, w(Trti, aira V. /tt'X-ni-'fC) aivai, ava

NUMERALS.30. The Cardinal Numbers ac, c^o, rpelcj

and TtffffapE^

are declined below. The remainder, as far as a hundred,

are indeclinable. The numbers above one hundred are

again declinable like the plural of Adjectives of the First

and Second Declensions; as, ciauo'enoi at a?



ETYMOLOGY. 06

Adjectives in OQ drop c, and, if the penult is short, length*

en it;

as :

Adjectives in ac, ^c, and vc annex repoQ and raroe to the

Neuter;as :

peXag (Neuter pfXav) jmeXavrepOQ ^fXuv

acrQevrjz (Neuter aa'diveg) acr'dfvtcrrepOQ

Adjectives in w*/ and r?v annexrfjooe

and raroc to the

Nominative Plural;as :

(Plural (Tu^poveo) ff

epEveg) repevtarrepOQ T

Adjectives

in aedrop

the,and those in 5

change

t of

the Nominative Plural into larepoQ icrraroc ;as :

/3\d| (Plural /3\ac) (3Xxu&<rrpO jSXaoraroc

Some Adjectives, ending in vc andpoc, change the ter-

minations into iwj/ for the Comparative, and into co-roc for

the Superlative ; as:

The following Adjectives are compared irregularly,

viz. :

[ cifjiEivajv, aya3

, wa., 7

aya.joc, aooa,

KptlTTCJV,

iKwrepog. )

KClKLffTOC.KLWV, \

.I/C,. IXU,L*.




Ka\oQ,fair, KaXXiwv, KciXXic

uaicpug, long, < ,

(fia

jikyaQ, great, jjif.

liuepoQ, small,

7roXv, many,

, 7 ,( TtOTTVOTeOOC, TtQTTVOTaTOQ.

TtpjrvoQ, agreeable,

. ,x /. . 77 ( 0tXrfpo, rit'Xraroc.

<j,i\oc,jricnd/y, \, \' A'\

ARTICLE.

32. The Article o, ?7iC, is declined as follows:

S. M. F. N. D. M. F. N. P. M. F. N.

N. 6if TO N. 7"W TCI Tit) N, Ot Ol TCI

G. rou r/yc TOV G. rcl^ rat^ roir G, r&v T&V T&y

I).T(fi Ty T<<> 3). roii^ TCLIV TOIV IX rott,- rt^ TO!Q

A. rov r/p-' ro A. ra> ra rw A. **?& TC\Q TO.

PROXOUNS.

PERSONAL PRONOUN.

33. The Personal Pronouns are eyw. o-^'L The Nomina-

tive 'I is obsolete.

S. (I) S. (thov) S. (he, she, it)

N. fcyw N. GU N. 'I

G. t/uLOV, jjiov G. croi) G. o<;

1). t/io/, /ôiD. crot I). ol

A. tJA, fJLS.A. Gt A.

D. (we two) D. (you two) D. (they two)

N.A. vwi, v<t) N. A.G(J)Oj'i, G(j)<{j

N. A. tr^we

G.D. V(jj(V, ViOV G.D. G(b(iilV, G(b('JV G.D- G(h(t}LV

P. (we) P. (ye, you) P. (they)

N. >//tftC N. VJJLEIQ N. <r0at; n. Gtyka

G.Tt'lfjlOJV

G. VflOJV G. (70WV

I). //n)'D.

?''//tvD.

G(j)iffi(i>)

A.?/û

A. ?'ôc A. Ttfrlc n.*T0f



ETYMOLOGY. 37

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN.

The Possessive Pronouns signify possession. They are

formed from the Personal Pronouns. They aret/zoc, <c,

#, etc., and are declined likeo-oôc.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.

These are tpavTov, creavrov, iavrov. They have no Nom-

inative, They are declined as in the oblique cases of

CLVTOQ.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN.

The Interrogative Pronoun TIC, who? which? what? is

declined in the following manner :

S. M. F. N. D. M. F. N. P. M. F. N.

N. TIQ r'i N. rive N. rive.Q rivet

G. TIVOC, TOV TIVOC, TOV G. TIVOIV G. TIVWV Tivtov

I). Tivit T(} rim, T<$ D. TIVOIV D.

r/(Tt(i') rim(v)

A. riva ri A. rive A. Tivag Tiva

INDEFINITE PRONOUN.

The Indefinite Pronoun rig (grave accent), any, certain,

some, is declined as follows :

S. M. F. N. D. M. F. N, P. M. F. N.

N. riff ri N. rive N. nvic, riva

G. TIVOQ, TOV riVOff, TOV G. TIVOIV G. TlvCoV TLV&V

1^. TlVlt7V<7 TLVlj Tip D. TIVOIV 1). TWI^f) 7"t(T/(l/)

A, rn-'ii ri A. rti^t*

A. TIV&Q Tivd,

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN.The Demonstrative Pronouns are

6'de, ovrog, and EKZLV

"Ode is simply the Article with the inseparable particle

. Thus, oê, ?;'^, roê, G. rouoe, r^rSe.

is declined as follows :

S. M. (tins')F. (this) N. (this)

N.owroff avTtj

TOVTO

TCVTOV Taini]Q TQVTOV

Tovftft ravry rovr^

TOVTOV ravTr,v TOVTO



ETYMOLOGY. 39

1. In the Nominative Case always, and in the Oblique

Cases when it stands first in the

sentence,UVTOQ has the

force of the English selfj ,as, 'Eyw cWoc, I myself.

2. In the Oblique Cases, when not the first word in the

clause, it means him, her, it, etc.

3. With the Article before it,it always means the same ;

as, 6 avroQ c)ovXoc, the same slave. It is declined as follows :

Singular. Dual. Plural.

N. aur-oQ -i] -6 N. A. N. avT-o'i -ai -d

G. avT-ov -i]Q -ov CWT-IO -d -w G. auT-CJv -wv -&v

D. avr-( -y -cf G. D. D. avr-otc; -CL"IQ -tj

A. O.VT-OV -i]V -6 avT-olv -alv -civ A. aur-ovq -ct -d

In the same manner are declined :

dXXoQ dXXrj dXXo another

CQ i] o who, which

tKU.VOQ tKlLVtf LKLLIO that

RECIPROCAL PRONOUN.

The Reciprocal Pronoun aXX/yXw^, of one another, is thus

declined :

D.



40 GllEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.

VOICES.

I.

There are three Voices : the Active, the Passive, and the

Middle.

The Active Voice represents the' agent as acting uponan object ; as, TVTTTIO

ere,I strike you.

The Passive Voicerepresents

the

subjectas

beingacted

upon by some person or tiling; as, rti/rro/^cn,lam struck.

The Middle Voice represents the agent (l) as acting

upon itself; as, Active, Xouw, I wash; Middle, Xouopai, Iwash myself, i.

e.,/ bathe

(2) as acting for its own ad-

vantage ; as, Active, Trapaoram^w, Iprovide ; Middle, ?ra-

pairxEvaopat, I provide for my own use(8)

as causing

something to be done for its own advantage,j as, Active,

Traparidrjpi rr\v rpaTrtZav, Iset forth the table / Middle, Trapa-

TidEfjLai rrjv rpaTTE^ar^T cause the table to be setforth before

me.

II.

There are five Moods : the Indicative, the Subjunctive,

the Optative, the Imperative, and the Infinitive.

The Indicative represents that which actually is or oc-

curs; as, Tvirrei, he strikes.

The Subjunctive represents a possibility or conception

of the mind ; as, fiovXevrj. he may advise.

The Optative represents a wish, and is also used as the

Subjunctive of the Past Tenses; as, TVTTTOI, let him strike,

or, he might strike.

The Imperative represents a command, exhortation, or

entreaty ; as, TVTT-E, strike thou.

The Infinitive represents simply the meaning of the

Verb, without limitation of person or number; as,

to strike.



ETYMOLOGY. 41

TENSES.

III.

There are six Tenses : the Present, the Imperfect, the

Perfect, the Pluperfect, the Future, and the Aorist

The Present, Perfect, and Future are called Primary

Tenses. The Imperfect, Pluperfect, and Aorist are called

Historical Tenses.

The Present Tense represents an action as now taking

place; as, TVTTTW^ I strike.

The Future Tense represents an action which will take

place ; as, TUÊ t,lie will strike. In the Passive Voice two

forms occur : the First Future and the Second Future.

The Imperfect Tense represents an action which was

taking place and was not completed in some past time /

as, eVuTrroj', I was striking.

The Aorist Tense(ao/>joroe, indefinite) represents a past

action as simply done, without reference to the time of its

completion ; as, tVvâ,Istruck. This tense has two forms,

known as the First and Second Aorist, which do not differ

in meaning, and are not both found in the same Verb.

The Perfect Tense represents an action as complete at

the present time; as, render,

I have struck. Of this tense

also, as well as of the Pluperfect, two forms, the First and

the Second, exist.

The Pluperfect Tense represents an action as complete

at some past time; as, i-eruÊu^ I had struck.

PERSONS.

IV.

There are three Persons, First, Second, and Third.

There is no separate form for the First Person Dual in

the Active Voice. _ It is expressed by the form of the First

Person Plural.




2 a

sg"* kPi v

- -lsM lt-l-1

fillsf-Hf'ls> a s> a

.5 5 S'

re

W o



ETYMOLOGY. 43

3G. TABLE OF INFLECTIONS,

ACTIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense. / strike.

S. TV7TTW, TVTTTtig,

I strike. thou strikest.

IX TVTrTETOV,

you two strike.

P.TUTTTOJUV, TUTTTtTf,

ive strike. you strike.

Imperfect. Iwas striking.

S. kTVTTTOV kTVTTTtC;

IX kTVTTTfTOV

P. IT

S.

IX

p.

kTVTTTcTE

Perfect 1 . / have struck.

> TSTvtiaTe

Perfect 2. / have struck.

S. TkTVTTa TiTVTTaQ

D. TiTVTTaTOV

P. TTV7raUV TiTVirOLTf.

Pluperfect 1 . / had struck.

D. kTtTV(f)tlTOV

Pluperfect 2. I had struck.

S. iTtTVTTUV kTcTVTTtlQ

D. kTtTVTTeiTOV

P. kTE.TVTrf.lfJLtVkTtTVTTcLTS.

Future 1. I shall strike.

Future 2. I shall strike.^

TVTTilQ

TV7TTEI,

he strikes.

TVTTTETOV,

they two strike.

TVTTTOVGl,

they strike.

TcTVTTE

Tt-vrraTOV

irtrvtyti

irf.TV7rf.Laav

TV'^tTOV

TV'^OVffl

p.




Aorist 1. I struck. .

S. trvâ trvâg trvifse

I). trvârov trvâT^v

P. kTU'ipctf-lfV cTVl^CtTS tTV$/CtV

Aorist 2. I struck.

S. tTUTrOls tTVTTEC tTVTTS

I). iruTTcTOV tTUTrtrrjv

P. kTUTToptv i-uxEre iTVirov

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present. I may strike.

S. TUTTTiiJ TVTTTyQ TUTTTy

1). TVTTTl]TOV TV7TT1JTOI

P. T^TTrW/ZfJ/ TVTTTIJTk TUTTTWGl

Perfect 1. I may have struck.

D. TTV(f)r]TOV TcTV^tJTO

Perfect 2. / may have struck.

S. TiTVTTW TcTVTTyQ

~D. TTV7TJ]TOV

Aorist 1. I may strike.

J). TV^TJTOV TV^TjTOV

Aorist 2. I may strike.

S. TU7TU) TVTTyQ TVTty

I). rVTTf]TOV TUTTtfTOV

P.TV7ra)[,iLV rvTrrjre

TVTTWGI

OPTATIVE MOOD.

Present. I might, could, icould, or should strike.

S. TUTTTOlfM rVTCTOlQ TVTTTOt

D. TU7TTOITOV TVTTTOirTJV

P. TVTTTOlUtV TVTTTOlTt TVTTTQltV

Perfect 1.

Imiyht, could,would, or should have struck.

S. TtTVÔlfll TETV(j)OlQTBTlHbOl

Y). TfTV([)OirOV TETV(j)OlT1]V

P. TTV(j)Ol[JltV TtrV$OlT6 T(TV$OltV



ETYMOLOGY. 45

Perfect 2. I might, could, would, or should have struck.

S. T&TV7TOIUI TITV7TOIQ TETV7TOL

D. TETV7TOITOV TtTUTTOlTIJV

P. Tf.TVTTOlp.LV TtTVTTOlTe. TeTVTTOtiV

Future 1. I should or would strike.

S. TVÔlfjil TVÔig TV^/Ol

I). TUTpoiTOV TV^QITK]V

P. TVtpotfjttv Ti\ôire TV\poitv

Future 2. I might, could, would, or should hereofter strike.'f

S.TVTTollJLl TVTCOIQ TV7TOI

i' TVTrorrjv

P. TV7TolfJ,EV TVTTOlTS TUTToltV

Aorist 1. I might, could, would, or should strike.

S. Tv\pai[.u

P.

Aorist 2. I might, could, would, or should strike.

S. TVTTOlftl TV7TOIQ TVTCOL

D. ru'/rotrov TVTTOITTJV

P. TVTroipev TVTTOITS

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present, ASVn'/je.

S. rvTrre ri>7T7fcra>

D. TVTTTtTOV TVTTTSrdJV

P. TV7TTLT8 . TVTTTtTUJGaV

Perfect 1. Have struck.

S.T'cTlHpB. TtTV<j)T(i)

~D. TETVÊTOV TtTV(j)tT(t)V

P. TETVfpere TeTv&erwcrav

Perfect 2. //are struck.

S. T&TVTTE TfTVTTtTlt)

D. TtTVTTETOV TtTVTf'iTMV

P. TtTVTTtTc TtTVTc'tTUaCtV

Aorist 1. Strike.

S. rv<l/ov Tv^drw3). Tvyarou TV\^CITOJV

P. Tvâre TVaTuaav




Aorist 2. Strike.S. TV7TE TV7TETW

% D. TVTTtTOV TVTTSTWV

P. TV KITE TVTTtTbMJaV

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present. TVTTTEIV, to strike, to bestriking.

Perfect 1. rtrvtitvai, to have struck.

Perfect 2. rervTrsvai, to have struck.

Future 1 . TVÊIV, to be about to strike,

Future 2. rvTrtiv, to be about to strike.^

Aorist 1. TV^CII, to strike.

Aorist 2. ru/rn^, to strike.

PARTICIPLES.

Present. Striking.

N. TV7TTUJV TVTTTOVffCt

G. TVTTTOVTOQ TVTTTOVarjg

Perfect 1. Having struck.

N. TtTlHpiOQ TETV<pvla

G.

Perfect 2. Having struck.

rervTTwa

OZ TtTVTTViaQ

Future 1. Going to strike.

N. TtTV7r<jj rervTTwa TZTVTTOQ

G. TETVTTOTOZ TtTVTTViaQ TtTUTTOTO

N. TVIJJWV

G. TVÔVTt

Future 2. Going to strike.^

N. TV7TWV TUTTUUGCt TVTTOiJV

G. TVXOVVTOZ TVTrovcrrjc; TVTruvvTog

Aorist 1. Having struck.

N.Tv-(jja Tvijjacra rvâv

G. TV^CIVTOQ TV\jJClG1ig TV\JJC(PTO

Aorist 2. Having struck.

N. TVTTOtV TVTTOVffa TV7TUV

G. TV7TOPTO TVTTOVVrjQ TUTTGVTQQ



ETYMOLOGY.

D.

P.

S.

I).

P.

S.

D.

P.

S.

D.

P.

S.

D.

P.

S.

D.

P.

S.

D.

P.

S.

D.

P.

S.

D.

P.

PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD,

Present. / am struck.

TVTTTOfJLaC TVTTTy OT -7TTU

TVTTTOfJL^OV

Imperfect. Iwas struck.

irVTTTOV

Perfect. I have been struck.

Pluperfect. / had been struck.

irirv^e

Future 1. I shall or will be struck.

or -era

TVTTTOVrai

rvrrreTO

tTVTTTOVTO

kvoi ijaav

Future 2. I shall be struck.

TVTrfjGOfJiai TV7TY]<ry TVTrfjvtrat

Future 3. I shall be struck.

MTTIJV

Aorist 1. I was struck.

irvfi&rjTov

inxf&rjre

Aorist 2. / was struck.

kTWTJje

trvTrrjrov

tTVTT)]

tTVTrfjTrjf



48 GEEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present. I am struck. I may or can le struck.

S. TVTTTUfJlCtl TVTTTy TVliTT]Tai

I). TVTTTWfjltSoi' TVTTTrjGSrOV TUTTTtjaSrOV

P. TVTrTion&a TVTTrrjaSe rvirr^vrai

Perfect. / have been struck, I may have been struck.

S. TETVfifjiirog (y, ov), w, yq, y-

D. rfri>ju/zro> (a, w), (Oytttv, IJTOV, ijrov.

P. TtTV^fjiepoi (at, a), <u/jj/, jyrf, wfft(v).

Aorist 1. /<m struck, I may or caw ie struck.

S. TvtySuj

J).

P. Tvtyz&niv

Aorist 2. I may be struck.

S. rfTrJ; Tviryz

D. - TVTTtJTOV TVTriJTOV

P. TU7TU>fJ.V TVTTiJTE TVK&Gl

OPTATIVE MOOD.

Present. / mir/ht, could, would, or should be struck.

S. TVTTToifJIJV TV7TTOIO TV7TTOLTO

D. TVTTTOIH&OV TVTTTOiaSrov TVTTToi(j3rr]

P. TWKToifjie&a.TVTTTOKJÊ TVTTTOIVTO

Perfect. I might, etc., Ai*c teerc struck.

S. TervpjjL^vo^ (j], oi/), ('?yv, f'^Cj ' ?7'

D. TtTV^kvit) (, w), eh]Liev,tirjTOV, eu'iTTjv.

P.

Future 1. I should or would be struck.

S. rvtySrnGoifirjv rv^rjuoto TV<p3rrj<joiTO

T). TV(j)^rr](7oiptôv rv(^3rr]ffoi<7ôv nMJ&ijffoiff&l

P. Tv^rjaoifJLf^ra TU(p$i]aoivS8

Future 2. I might, etc., hereafter be struck.

S. TVTrnaoi/Jirjv rvTn'jffoio Tvirr

D. TvirrjcroiiJitSov T

P, rvwqaoipe&a r



ETYMOLOGY. 49

Future 3. I should or would remain struck.

S. rtrvôifjujv rervôio

D. TtTVÔljJl&OV TtTVÔUjStOV TtTVô'ltJ^f

P. reTVifjoifji&a TTU\}JOI<T$ TSTVÔIVT

Aorist 1. I might, could, would, or should be struck.

S.

D.

P. fifv rwj&ttijTt or -are

Aorist 2. I might, etc., be struck.

TV(pllT)Tr]V

S.

D.

P.

TVTrenjv

TVTTtitJlJtEV

rvvfrjg

rv7ri'ir]Tov

TVTTtlTJTe

S,D.

p.

aD.

p.

S.

D.

P.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present. Be thou struck.

TVTTTOV TVTrr

Perfect. Be thou struck.

Aorist 1. Be thou struck.

Aorist 2. Be struck.

S. TVTTTjdt

D. TVTTrfTOV

P. TVTrrjre TVTrrjTOjaav or -evrwv

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present. rvTrrtaSai, to be struck.

Perfect, rfrt/03-at, to have been struck.

Future 1. rv03-7<Teoai, to be about to be struck.'

Future 2. rvirriGtaSai, to be about to be struck.

Future 3. rfru'êaS-ai, to remain struck.

Aorist 1. rv<f)$rivat,to be struck.

Aorist 2. rvTrijvat, to be struck.

c



50 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR REGLXXERS.

PARTICIPLE.

Present. rvTrTofjitvoc., ij, ov, being struck.

Perfect. TITV^^'WOC, rj, ov, struck, having been struck.

Future 1 . ru03^<7o/ji>o, 77, or, about to be struck.

Future 2. Tvirrjcofjitvoc., rj, ov, about to be struck.

Future 3. TervôfjiEvog, about to remain struck.

Aorist 1. TvfyStic., tlffa, &v, being struck.

Aorist 2. TVTTiig, etera, er, being struck.

MIDDLE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense. / strike myself.

S. rvTTTOfjiai rvrcry rvimrai

I). TVTTTOfJl&OV TVTTTtaSoV TV7TTt(T$OV

P. TVTTTUIJl&a TVTTTtGSf TVTTTOVTCLl

Imperfect.

/ wasstriking myself.

S. irvTrrofjiTjvITVTTTOV iTvirnro

P. iTVTTTOfji&a irvrrTtaSe irvTrrovro

Perfect. / have struck myself.

S. rt'rv/u/iat rkrvtyai riruTfrai

D.

P.

Pluperfect. I had struck myself

S. ireTvfifJLrjv irtrvô IrtTVTrro

D. treTvfjin&ov trkrvfySov trtTvQSrtjv

Future 1. I shall strike myself.

S. rvô/iae rv^y TVÊTUI

P. TV'il/OUtOa TVlLfffOt TVll/OVTat

Future 2. I shall strike myself*.f

S. rvTrovfJiai TVTTTJrvTritrai

D. TVTTOVfJt&OV TVTTtiaSoV TVirtla&OV

P. rvTrovfJifâ TviriiaSt rvirovvrai

Aorist 1 . / struckmyself.

S. rwpa/uj;i> trvx//o> irv^dro

P. irvâfieâ eTV\l/aa$6 tTvâvro



ETYMOLOGY. 51

Aorist 2. I struck myself.

S. tTvirofjirjv krvirov

D. irvTTOfJieOov ervTreoOov

P. irvTrofttOa

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present. I strike, I may or can strike, myself.

S. rurrruj/iat Tvirry

D. TVTrrdjfJieôv rvTrrrjaSov

P. TVtrTWH&a TV7TT7](T& T

Perfect. / may have struck myself.

S. TtTVfjLfjitvoG S), yg, y,

D.TiTVjJLfJlBVd}, TJTOV, ffTOV,

P. TtTVJJlfJlivOl WfJieV, iJT, tbffl.

Aorist 1. I may strike myself.

S. TvipufJiai Tv-fyy T

"D. TV^fJltOoV TV^TJffOoV T

P. Tv^w/jitQa rv^rjaOe

Aorist 2. I struck myself.

S. ruTraJfJiai rviry

D. TVTTWfJltOoV TVTTTjaOoV TV7T1]ff9oV

P. ru7ro>/ic9a TvirrjaOe

OPTATIVE MOOD.

Present. / might strike myself.

S. TVTTToiflTJV TV7TTOIO TVTTTOLTO

D. TVTTTOlfJieSoV TVTTTOlffSoV TVTTToiaSrrjV

P. TVTrroifji&a TvirroiffSre TVTTTOIVTO

Perfect. I might have struck myself.

S. Ttrvfjifjitvoc; tirjv, tirig, tlij,

* D. TtTVUfJlBVto), tlrjTOV, tlTJTTJV,

P. TeTvpfJiEvoi elrjfjiev, tlrjTe, tlrjaav.

Future 1. I should strike myself.

S. TVÔlprjV TV\I/010 TVÔITO

D. TVlfjOtfJltQoV TVÔHjQoV TVÔiaQlJ

P. Tv\j/6ifjieQa




Future 2. I should strike myself.^

S. TVTTOlfJiyjV TVTTOIO TV1TOITO

D. TVTToijjllOoV TVTTOtaOov TVTTOlffOrjV

P. TViroifJitQa rvTrourOe TVTTOIVTO

Aorist 1. / mighty etc., strike myself.

S.

D.

P.

Aorist 2. / mighty etc.,strike myself.

S. TVTToijjirjv TVTTOIO TVTTOITO

D. TVTToifjitOov TviroiaQov TVTroiaOrjv

P. TVTTOlfJLeOa TVTTOHtOe TV7TOIVTO

S. TV7TTOV

D. T

P.

S.

D.

P.

IMPERATITE MOOD.

Present. Strikethyself.

Perfect. Have been struck.

T6TV$$<Ji>

Aorist 1.

S. Tinfsai

D. TvifjaaSrov

P. TvipaoSre

S. TVTTOV

D.

P.

Aorist 2. Strike.

TVTTBffSijj

TfTTfVS'WV

Present.

Perfect.

Future 1.

Future 2.

Aorist 1.

Aorist 2.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

,#o strike one's se//*.

to have struck one'sself.

ai, to 6e a&owZ <o strike one's se//*.

, contracted rvTTfi^at, to 6e a6o/ to strike one's seT/If

t, to strike one's se^.

,to strike one's self.



ETYMOLOGY. 53

PARTICIPLE.

Present. TVTTTO^VO^ r\, ov, striking himself.

Perfect. TtrvfijJievoQ, rj, ov, having struck himself.

Future 1. rv^6/ifi>o, rj, ov, about to strike himself.

Future 2. rvireo^tvoQ, contr. TVTroviJ.(vog,rj, ov, about to strike one's self.^

Aorist 1 . Tv^dfievo^j rj, ov, striking or having struck himself.

Aorist 2. rvTrofjievoc,, TJ, ov, striking or having struck himself.

[NOTE. Grammarians have assumed a second future in the Active as well as in

the Passive and Middle Voices. We have given these in the paradigms, marking

them with an obelisk (t). But no such forms actually exist in this voice.]

37. FORMATION OF THE TENSES.

I.

AUGMENT.

The Imperfect and Aorists of the Indicative Mood, and

the Perfect, Pluperfect, and Third Future ofall

of the

Moods, receive an increase at the beginning, whichfris

called Augment.

Of this Augment there are two species, known as the

Syllabic Augment and as the Temporal Augment. The

Syballic Augment consists of a syllable or syllables pre-

fixed to the Verb. The Temporal Augmentis

formed bylengthening the first syllable of the Verb. In most Verbs

which begin with a Consonant, the Syllabic Augment is

used in the Imperfect and Aorist Tenses, and it is formed

by prefixing e to the Root; as, TVTTTW Imperfect, ITVKTOV.

In Verbs which begin with a Vowel, the Temporal Aug-ment is used in all of the

Past Tenses, andit is

formed bylengthening the initial Vowel if it be short, or by leaving

it unchanged if it be long. The Temporal Augment

lengthens a and e into77,and o into w

; as, $w Imperfect,

rjcW.

REDUPLICATION.

In the Perfect, the Pluperfect, and the Third Future,

Verbs which begin with a Consonant repeat this Conso-

nant before the Syllabic Augment, and such repetition is




called Reduplication. In the Pluperfect the Syllabic Aug-

mentis

repeated before the Reduplication ; as,

TUTTTW Perfect, T-e-rvtya Pluperfect,

COMPOUND VERBS.

Verbs compounded with a Preposition take their Aug-

ment between the Preposition and the Verb; as,

t) Imperfect,

II.

THE ROOT.

The Root of a Verb is composed of those letters which

undergo no change in inflection throughout every part of

the Verb.

The Characteristic of a Verb is the last letter of the

Root.

In regular Verbs, the Characteristic is the letter which

immediately precedes the termination of the Present

Tense, Indicative Mood, Active Voice; as, y in

Ae'yoj.In

many instances, however, the Root is modified by the in-

terposition of a letter or letters before the termination;

as, r in Tirnrit)) where the Root is TVTT.

Commonly the Root may be found by striking off from

the Present Indicative Active the letters which follow the

Characteristic. The remainder will be the Root, either

unchanged or as modified by the rules ofEuphony; as,

Xe'yw Characteristic, y Root, Xey.

TVTTTW Characteristic, TT Root, TVTT.

Verbs are Pure, Mute, or Liquid, according as the Char-

acteristic is a Vowel, a Mute, or a Liquid ; as,

rtw Characteristic, t is a Pure Verb;

XC/TTW Characteristic, TT is a Mute Verb;

(nrelpu Characteristic, p is a Liquid Verb.



ETYMOLOGY. 55

SECONDARY ROOT.

In the Perfect, Pluperfect, Aorist, and Future Tenses,

the Root is found to be, in some Verbs, a shortened form.

These Tenses, when formed from this shortened Root, are

called the

Second Perfect,

Second Pluperfect,

Second Aorist,

Second Future.

These are not distinct Tenses, but merely different forms

of the same Tense. The shortened root is found in the

Lexicon, and the Tenses are formed by adding their re-

spective terminations to it,as exhibited in the Second

Aorist Active and in the /Second Perfect Active.

III.

SPECIAL RULES FOR FORMATION OF THE TENSES.

ACTIVE VOICE.

Present. Add -w to the strengthened Root if it be

strengthened ; as, X'TT-W.

Imperfect. Augment and add -or to the Root; as, Xtnr-

1st Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -a to the

Root if the Characteristic is a Labial or a Palatal;add

-ra in all other cases ; as, XaV-w ; \e-\eur-a =\Xei(j)a (6, R.

16).

2d Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -a to the

modified Root, as found in the Lexicon; as, XEITT-CJ

;XOITT

;

\ XOITT a.

1st Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Aug-

ment, and -iw to the Root, if the Characteristic is a Labialor a Palatal

;add -KEIV in all other cases

; as, XaV

(6,R, 16).




2d Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Aug-

ment, and add -v to the modified Root as found in the2d Perfect; as, Xenr-w; Xot?r; eXeXotVeu/.

1st future. Add o-w to the Root; as, XftTr w; XetTr-o-w^

XV/ (6, R. 5).

2d Future. Add -tw, contracted w, to the shortened Root

as found in the Second Aorist; as, Xenr-w

;XITT

; Xnrw.f

IstAorist. Augment and add -o-a to the Root ; as,XC/TT-

w;

eXetTT era= eXen^/a (6,R. 5).

2d Aorist. Augment and add -ov to the shortened Root

as found in the Lexicon; as, XaV-w ;

XITT;

t\urov.

PASSIVE VOICE.

Present. Add -o/itu to the strengthened Root, if it be

strengthened ; as, XW'TT-W; \eiir-op.cu.

Imperfect. Augment and add -o^v to the Root; as,

XCITT it);

I XetTTofirjv.

Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add-/zcu

to the

Root; as, Xenr w

;Ac XCITT

fj.aiz=:\\eip,fjiai (6, R. 2).

Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Augment,and add

-p.rjvto the Root; as, XetV-w; c-Xe-Xc/Tr-^y^cXe-

\EiHfiriv (6, R. 2).

ls Future. Add-drjcrofiai to the Root

; as, XV-w ;XetTr-

Oti(Top,a.L=

\i(t)dfiffop,at (6, R. l).

2(7 Future. Add-qo-o/mi to the shortened Root as found

in the 2d Aorist Active ; as, XEITT-W; XITT; \urfiffop,ai.

3d Future. Augment, Reduplicate, and add-o-o/zcu

to

the Root; as, XC/TT-W; XfXe/7r-o-o/iatrr:XeX/i^o/zai (6,

R.5).

1st Aorist. Augment and add -617v to the Root; as,

X'TT-W; eXetyOriv (6, R. 1).

2c7 Aorist. Augment and add -rjv to the shortened

Root as found in the 2d Aorist Active ; as, XC/TT-W ; XCTT ;



ETYMOLOGY. 57

MIDDLE VOICE.

Present. Add -o/zai to the strengthened Root, if it be

strengthened ; as, Xenr w; XctTro^icu.

Imperfect. Augment and add-ofirjv

to the Root; as,

Xe/7r u); iXftTrofjiriv.

Perfect. Augment, Reduplicate, and add -/zcuto the

Root; as, Xfnr-w

; XcXet/x/xcu (6, R. 2).

Pluperfect. Augment, Reduplicate, repeat the Aug-ment, and add pjr to the Root

; as, XaV w; eXfXaWrp'.

1st Future. Add-tro/icu to the Root; as, XetV-w; XeA//o-

/i<u (6, R. 5).

2df Future. Add-co/icu, contracted -ov/zat, to the short-

ened Root as found in the 2d Aorist Active; as, XEITT-W

;

XITT; XtTToi/^cu.f

1st Aorist. Augment and add-o-a/iijv

to the Root; as,

Xcnr-w; fXei^afJLYiv (6, R. 5).

2d Aorist. Augment and add-o/z??j>

to the shortened

Root as found in the 2d Aorist Active; as, XCITT-W

;Xt?r

;

XtTTOfJUJV.

EXAMPLES.

38. Let the pupil form each Tense in the following

Verbs, giving Rules for all of the Euphonic Changes as

laid down in 6.

1. T/oi, I honor.




Present.

Imperfect.

Future.

Aorist 1.

Aorist 2.

Perfect.

Pluperfect.

Perfect 2.

Pluperfect 2.

\Aw, Ifold.

ACTIVE VOICE.

Parts divided.

t-irXiK-ov

t-TrXtK-a-a

t-7rXaic-ov

7T-7rXo/c-a

Parts combined.

tTrXeicov

tir\a.Kov

Present.

Imperfect.

Future 1.

Future 2.f

Aorist 1.

Aorist 2.

Perfect.

Pluperfect.

MIDDLE VOICE.

irXtK-ojjia.1

i-TrXtK-Ofirjv

i-7T\6K-(T-dfJiT]V

TrXa

Present.

Imperfect.

Future 1.

Future 2.

Aorist 1.

Aorist 2.

Perfect.

Pluperfect.

Future 3.

PASSIVE VOICE.

TrXsKOfiat

iriTrXeyfiat

Present.

Imperfect.

Future 1.

Future 2.

Aorist 1.

w,Ipersuade.

Active. Middle. Passive.

7T-<7-U)

t-TTEl-ff-d t-TTfl-ff-dfJUJV



ETYMOLOGY. 59

Aorist 2. t-iri3r-ov

Perfect. irk-Trti-K-a Trk-TTtia~iiai ire-ireiff-\LOLI

Pluperfect. i-Trt-irri-K-tivs-Tre-Trtiff-fjujv i-TTt-Trdff-iJLfjv

Perfect 2. Tri~Troi$-a

Pluperfect 2. i-ire-noiSr-iiv

Future 3. Tre-nti-a-opai

SPECIAL RULES FOR PURE VERBS.

I.

39. Pure Verbs, whose characteristic is a or e or o, are

contracted in the Present and Imperfect Tenses.

II.

The Tenses are formed according to the Rules given

above; but, (a) when a short vowel occurs before a con-

sonant, it is changed into its own long ; as, 0tXcw ; 0tXc ;

QiXriffu) ; (b) when e or a short doubtful vowel occurs before

a Consonant in the Active and Middle Voice, the Verb in-

serts <r before a Consonant in the Passive Voice; as,

ctXecj5

ciXiffit)y




til



ETYMOLOGY. 61

.2 5 <JI

Ss^^SL

IT!..

r?

%u S>

-f ?

s 5 "

T i 'T

TO " O " O

rTrTr

8 C

1-1A

> X

nZ to ^

v

o

3-3-3-3-t- ^ K K

33 -a =J. G

ft?-<n

I till!




w144-|r ? ?? Tff

g

I

JJ-S-e.

ci s- ;

I ^.3-1

.2 2*

*^ s^

i- -i-.tfc

i.

tlo o

1^? J"

|i

11

ll s

IffHtrllt

l

<2

\ P to 6 -a E b 3



ETYMOLOGY. 63

tl| fti!|lt T.TT!

c> .j



ETY^IOLOGY. 65

S ^ fta, S r,

I 41 III

^* Hi K * I- **

so ^ s ,b

vo b

C '3 -S '3 *Sf

3

Itlili I'Jilili11-4.14 .1

1

S-'3-2=-= =

'3 ^ '3

Goo ~




e e e e g

i 1 II 11-0 '3 -2 o -o o

fifiii iittfi

<<<<u ^ ^ 1*1 wu uu

fH-Ht

g

P H S

g 3 g

a!P

M

gl

A S

g|| || Jlllil

^ .. ^ ^ A aS" R. B- e- R-

NMH

i 4



ETYMOLOGY. 67

to<S b^ to<S

-I-U-l-i'l

Q 3- u o o o iH4HM

o o o o o o

"

ST ST-

e

_.

w p

H

So

2. *

c" |.R1

|.R" a

t> Oi t> ^> to ^>*S t>

vs to *s to

^3-2*3 i^S

1| l I

* C w CD* <I>

^3, vu ^_ "*> 3_ **

* * % ^3 |A|- ^3 .

a V3

V3 o V3

li ii

-Itl'l-l-lC N3 * o o o

\

.5 la

4



68 GKEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.

LIQUID VERBS.

42. Liquid Verbs are those whose characteristic is a Liq-

uid. In the formation of their Tenses, they differ from

the Mute Verbs in the following particulars, viz. :

I.

If the strengthened Root of the Present is long, all of

theTenses excepting

thePresent and Imperfect are form-

ed from the modified Root as found in the 2d Aorist and

2d Perfect.

II.

The Future Active and Middle, instead of <rw ando-oftcu,

add eo) andtojucu,

contracted into & and oi^cu, to the short-

ened Root; as, rtwu; Root reiv, shortened Root nv^Future Active TE.V&

;Future Middle rtvoupai.

III.

The First Aorist Active and Middle lengthen the short-

ened Root, and instead of aa ando-ayuqr,

add a and apriv ;

as, TSIVU ;

Root TEW;

shortened Root rev; re-lengthened

Root reiv'y 1st A. Active iretra;1st A. Middle

IV.

Verbs of two syllables in eivw, u'w and wu drop v before

a Consonant; as, ravw; Root TW, modified Root rav;

Perfect reraica.

43. EXAMPLES OF LIQUID VERBS.

Srf'XXw, I send.

Active. Middle. Passive.

Present. crreXX-werrt'XX-o/zat (TTtXX-ofjLai

Imperfect. f-errtXX-ov

Future 1. <mX--a>, w

Future 2.

Aorist 1. t-araX-a

Aorigt 2. 1-oraX-ov



ETYMOLOGY. 69

Perfect. t-araX-K-a




VERBS INfu.

44. Verbs infit

are formed from Pure Verbs in

aw, w, ow, and vw,

and are consequently offour forms, ending respectively in

rjpty T/JUI, w/a, and vfjit.

The following steps are taken in the formation ofa reg-

ular Verb in /a :

I.

Change w into /a ; as,

/3aw; /3a/a.

II.

Lengthen the Penultima; as,

flaw 5 /3a/a 5 /3rjfj.i.

III.

Prefix the Reduplication.

This consists of i with the initial Consonant when theVerb begins with a Consonant

; as,

or of simply an aspirated t when the Verb begins with

a Vowel or with the letters or or TTT-, as,

fw; If/a ; ^f/a; tiy/a.

oraoi5 trrapt ', ffrrj/Jii 5 itmifju.

/ / /

Trraw5 7rra/a 5 TTT^IJLI ; t7rr7/a.

45. Verbs in /a have but three Tenses of this peculiar

form, viz. : the Present, Imperfect, and 2d Aorist. The

remaining Tenses are formed regularly from the Pure

Verbs

uponwhich

they

are built. The Present is formed

above. The other two Tenses are formed as follows ;

viz. :



ETYMOLOGY. 71

IMPERFECT ACTIVE.

Change p of the Present into v, and prefix the Aug-

ment, unless the Verb begins witht,which remains un-

changed ; as,

Ly Imp. efi&

t; Imp.

SECOND AORIST ACTIVE.

Drop the reduplication of the Imperfect unless the Verb

begins with a Vowel, TTT-,or or, when the aspirated i is

changed into the Augment ; as,

c; Imp. i$i$w, 2d A. cwy.

i; Imp. icmiv} 2d A.

PRESENT, PASSIVE AND MIDDLE.

Change pi of the Present Active into pai and shorten

the Penultima; as,

t;Pres. Pass. Sft

IMPERFECT, PASSIVE AND MIDDLE.

Change pat of the Present into/xiyi/,

and prefix the Aug-

ment, unless the Verb begins witht,which remains un-

changed; as,

Sidopcu ; Imp. i$i$6/jir)v.

Icrrapai ; Imp. tVra/zryv.

SECOND AORIST MIDDLE.

Drop the reduplication of the Imperfect unless the Verb

begins with a Vowel, withTIT, or with or, when the aspi-

rated t is changed into the Augment ; as,

ty e$i()6fj,r]v 5




P ^b I-

^ -I P ^b t-

Bi

11

3 <

$ 3

s?sJ

^ fe

? ^b t- b b

.3-

E *

it

^ S

t

<^a3'-

^ 0,'CECO III III 111 ill



ETYMOLOGY. 73

47. TABLE OF INFLECTIONS.ACTIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present.

Iplace Iput I give I show

ti8<wc;

IffTCLTOV

IffTOTOV

S.

D.

T&iTOV Ci^GTOV Ci'lKVVTQV

T&tTOV dlOOTOV StlKVVTOV

ri&ffitv cido[Jin> dtiicwfltv

T&tTt didoTe dtiKwre

Ti^icun^v) c?t^oacr/(j') deiKvv(i0i(i>)

Imperfect.

tTi&ijv idiSwv tdtiKvvv

tdtlKVV

idtlKVVTIJV

P.




S.

D.

iffrys

IGTIJ

lGTt]TOV

IGT^TOV

SU15JUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present.

T&i]TOV

T&tJTOV

P.VtlKVVWJJLtV

Aorist 2.

OTW inflect- && inflect- da> inflect- dun) inflect-

ed like the ed like the ed like the ed like the

Present. Present. Present. Present.

tffraiijc

term?/

D.

larairjTt

larairjaav

D. iffTalrov

iffraiTfjv

OPTATIVE MOOD.

Present.

citiotrj

didoirjTov

Ti$rfii](Tav ^

Or thus :

tlKVVOlTOV

CtlKVVOlTE

StlKVVOltV

Aorist 2.

GTair]v inflect- Sttrjv inflect- coirjp inflect-

ed like the ed like the ed like the

Present. Present. Present.



S'.' _~ci.,toTu.ji

or i oTty

ioToroo

ETYMOLOGY.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present.

or St'iKvv

T&'tTU dlCUTU) StlKVVTd)

T&fTOV difioTOV StlKVVTOV

Aorist 2.

3-ari or 3-6 c^o3( or <

GT)]TUJV

P. OT^7

or crravrwv or Sivnov or <

Pres. forayac

Aor. 2. (7rm/ai

Pres. i(rrc

Aor. 2. orf

INTFIXITIVE MOOD.

Stivai covvai

PARTICIPLE.

3-it't; dove

PASSIVE! AND MIDDLE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present.

CVTt

durcoaav

or SUVTWV

duvai

dug

or riSy

'iGrarai ri&Tat StdoTftt otiKWrai

'izTClVTCU T&tVTCU FiCOVTCU Ct'lKVVVTa




S.

D.

P.

iGru/uHiv

'iGTUGO

or 'IGTCO

'iGraro

Imperfect.

or ir&

1 7/3*6TO

idiooao

or ididov

tcidoTO

iriSevro

tdt'lKVVTO

tllKWVTO

Aorist 2 Middle.

iffranqv t^rsfjirjv tdopjv i^L<jj.i]i'

inflected inflected inflected inflected

like the like the like the like

Imperfect. Imperfect. Imperfect, t

t(TT:

IffTtJTCtl

D.

P.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present.

TlStJTCtl

Ti3riJG&ov

TiSruvTCii cidisJVTai

like the

Present.

Aorist 2 Middle.

like the like the

Present. Present.

like

S.(TTCllfJlT]V

OPTATIVE MOOD.

Present.

dtdolo

T&tLTO

SeiKvvoto



ETYMOLOGY.

D. Iffraiu&o

lilKVVOLG^OV

like the

Present.

S. \GTCKJQ

or Y0TW

P. VcTTrtl

or i

GTUGO

like the

Present.

T&llVTO Cld(

Aorist 2 Middle.

dKl'VClVTO

like the

Present.

like the

Present.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present,

or riSov or ciccv

or T&wSuv or &,

Aorist 2 Middle.

^t'cTO or 3oi;

like the

Present.

dcffo or ov

like the

Present.

Or ()tlKVVG$WV

like

CL(KVVGO.

INFINITIVE MOOD.

PARTICIPLE.

Pres. ;

A. 2 M.

Pres. 'iGTUfuvoQ

A. 2M. GTClUtVOZ

EXERCISES IN FORMATION.

Let the pupil form all of the Tenses of the following

Verbs according to the foregoing Rules.

Verb. Root. Aorist 2 Root. Perfect 2 Root.

cepK capK




Verb. Root. Aorist 2 Root. Perfect 2 Root.

Xey Xey Xoy

(TTJ7T ffaTT (T)J7C

Oa\

ayap

/3a

Oa\

ay(>

OrjX

ayop

48. TABLES OF THE SYNOPSES AND INFLECTIONS OF CER-TAIN IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE VERBS.

Efp, to be.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present Tense.


f//.',t or a, iffTi terror, earov tcr/^6^, tare, dai

Singular.

Singular.

F/lifl') 1l<fO, I'lTO

Singular.

aofiaij tag, tvtrai

Imperfect.

Dual.

Imperfect Middle.

Dual.

Plural.

Plural.

Future Middle.

Dual. Plural.

Singular,i or tdo, torw

Singular.

Singular.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present.

Dual.

tcrrov, tGTiov

OPTATIVE MOOD.

Present.

Dual.

t'irjroi', tifinjv

Future.

Dual.

Plural.

tTrf, torajcr

Plural.

Plural.



Singular.<^> yc, y

Present.

ETYMOLOGY.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present.

Dual.

IjTGV, fjTCV

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present Participle.

WV, OlHJCl, VV

Plural.

Future.

Singular.

Indie, efyii tit; or ti HGI

Suly. i'w o?c n;

Opt. foijui rote; i'ot

Imper. i'S't irw

Infin. livat Part, iwi/

Sing, foiv or yaDual

Plur. fietufv or y

Present t'-fjut

Imperfect L-E^V

E7^it, to go.

ACTIVE VOICE.

Present Tense.

Dual.

tro^ 'irov

\r\rov trjrov

'ioirov ioirrfv

'irov "iTWV

Plural.

'ITS lei or lam

'h]TE 'ihJffl

wire 'ioitv

ITS 'iTwaav

lovaa iov Gen. iuv-oq iovcrjc, etc.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Imperfect.

ytig or r/ffffS-a ?jti

foiTov or ?JTOV ytiTrjv orIJTTJV

yiT or ?JTE r^eaar, Ion. yicav

"lEfjiai,to hasten.

MIDDLE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

-TCll

-(TO

jetc.

,etc.

Singular.

irjv, "irjc,

;t,to send.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present.

Dual.

Imperfect.

Future 1.

tTOV. (TOV

Plural.

v, t-f, hlt

0/jKV, (T(, OVfTL




Aorist 1. Perfect. Pluperfect.

TJKCl HKrt tlKtLV

Aorist 2.


ortijJLtV) art, tiaav

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Present.


'i&ij Uraj 'itTOV, ikruv 'itrs, ikrwcav

Aorist 1. Perfect.

Aorist 2.

OPTATIVE MOOD.

Present.


iti-ijv, rjc, r\ r\TOVy rjrTjv "n^Wi ?1Tt) tfffav

Future 1. Perfect.

fycroi/y.i f'/K:otjUi

Aorist 2.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present.


iw, ly, \y itjrov, I^TOV iwptv, irjre, iwcrs

Perfect.

tlK-UJ) %C, y 1JTOV, r\TOV (il/MV, 7}TE, COffl

Aorist 2.

,<i>, y, y ijrov, i]rov w//fi>, ?)rf, wat

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Present. Future 1.

Perfect. Aorist 2.

PARTICIPLES.

Present. Future 1.

itic, iuGa, ikv ?;(T(0



ETYMOLOGY. 81

Perfect. Aorist 2.

tiQ 9 dea, 'iv

PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present.

Dual.

Imperfect.

H&ov, <?Sov, aSi}v

Perfect.

v, a$ov, c$ov

Pluperfect.

Aorist 1.

and t&nv

Plural.

H&a, (7.9-f,VTO.I

Future 1.

Singular.

t'f-jUrtt, GCtl, TCIL

ie-f,i?]v, (TO, TO

tl-p]V, (TO, TO

Future 3.

tVfTOjltat

MIDDLE VOICE.

Present and Imperfect like the Passive.

Aorist 1.

Singular. t.Dnal. , . Plural.

Future ].

fjo--o/irtt, y, f.Tai op&ov, ecSrov, taSov 6/u$a, fo-3'c, ovTai

Aorist 2.

tij.ii]v, zero, tro tfji&or, ea&ov, tad)]!' t/j.&a, taSe, 'ivro

Singular.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Aorist 2.

Dual. Plural.

Singular.

Ol-pllV, 0, TO

OPTATIVE MOOD.

Future 1.

Dual.

&ov, G$OV, oSrrjv

Aorist 2.

&ov, crSov, aSrrjv

D2

Plural.




SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Aorist 2.


INFINITIVE MOOD.

Future 1. Aorist 2.

PARTICIPLES.Future 1. Aorist 2.

Tr'jGufjitv-o(;, rj,ov tfitv-og, rj, ov

a^at, to lie down.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Present.


-fjiai) trat, rat /utS'oi/, (73*02^, <J$QV p&a, <r3f, i'rai

Imperfect.

i-fjLrjv, (TO, ro iu2rov, c$ov, v$r,v f.i&a, (73-6, j/ro

Future 1 .

o/uSrov, taSov, taSov c/if3a, fa^f, ovrai

IMPERATIVE MOOD,

Present.


KH(TO, KtiaSrio Kcladov, KeiaSwv KuaSe, KtivSua

OPTATIVE MOOD.

Present.

Singular. Dual. rinral.

toi-fjiijv, o, TO fji&ov, (ToS-oi/, a$r,v ji&a, (r3-f, vro

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Present. Aorist 1.

INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.

Present. Present.

KU.O'ZCUKcifiiv-oCi ^7) ov



ETYMOLOGY. 83



84 GREEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS,

PASSIVE VOICE.

INDICATIVE. IMPERATIVE.

Perfect Trkfyarai TritydaSu


v-oc, ?;. cv

MIDDLE VOICE.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Aorist 2.


^d-fjirji'y (TO, TO n&ov, c$ov, (jdrjv p&a, (7.3-f,VTO

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Aorist 2.

Singular. Dual. Pliirr.!.

(pdcr-o, 3"w S'o)^, &d)v 3", S'uxrav


Aorist 2. Aorist 2.

ic:ilv-Q, ?/,cv

Ol^a, I know.

ACTIVE VOICE.

Present.


Ind. olSa oiaSa oZ^f (^) 'IGTOV 'iarov \G^V 'ivrt 'ia

Subj. eidw tidys *'ti\h

e^' -Opt. etde'irjv tidtirjQ eiddrj, etc.

Imp.- ia$ri ifffu "KJTOV 'ivrcov - ('ors 'LG

Inf. eidtvai Part. iow^ -tia -o^-

Imperfect.

Sing, ydctv ydtiQ (jfaur&a, Att. ydtya&a) ?/^6i, Att. ^yDual - ydeirov y&ftnjv

Plur. -;

!

!- ydeire (or ^ort) ijdeiaav (or yvavj

DEPONENT VERBS.

49. A Deponent Verb is that which under a Middle

or Passive form has an Active or Middle meaning.



ETYMOLOGY. 85

SYNOPSIS OF THE DEPONENT VERB

)

I receive.

Present

ImperfectPerfect

Pluperfect

Future M.

or. 1 M.

Fut. 1 P.

Aor. 1 P.

Future 3

Indicative.|Subjunctive. Optative. | Imper. |

lufiu.I Part.

wanting

-w/itti

wanting

x&'M

wanting

-OlfJLfJV

-erjv

wanting-at

wanting

-J]TL

wanting

-ctcr3*at-OLfJitVOQ

-ofjit

-lie

ADVERBS.

50. Adverbs are words joined to Verbs, Adjectives, and

sometimes to other Adverbs, for the sake of modifying or

:

their meaning;.

PREPOSITIONS.

51. Prepositions are words 'used to express the relations

between Nouns and other words which precede them.

Properly speaking, the Greek language has eighteen Prep-

ositions. They are:

ajjityl,around. Kara, down.

am, on./if-a, after.

avr'i, instead of. Trapa, along.

air6,from. Trep/,around.

2ia, through. Trpo, before.

as, to. Trpoe, towards,

ex or e, outof. GUV, with.

ev, in.i/TTtp,

over.

sir/3 upon. VTTO, under.




PAET III. SYNTAX.

52. Syntax teaches the way in which words are ar-

ranged in Sentences, and in which Sentences are com-

bined together. Sentences are either Simple or Com-

pound. A Simple Sentence is one which contains only

one Subject and one Predicate. A Compound Sentenceis a combination of two 01 more Simple Sentences.

Every Sentence contains a Subject and a Predicate.

The Subject is that of which something is affirmed.

The Predicate is that which is affirmed of the Subject ;

as,

'ASravcLTOQ ianvij ^v%ir}, The soul is immortal.

In this Sentence, // i/w^) is the Subject and aQavaros ka-

TIV is the Predicate.

The Subject of a Sentence is always either a Noun in

the Nominative Case, or some word or words represent-

ing a Noun in the Nominative Case.

The Predicate is cither a Verb alone, or a Verb in con-nection with other words which are dependent upon it.

The relations of the words in a Sentence to each other

are regulated by the following Rules, viz. :

RULE I.

53. A Noun modifying the meaning of another Noun,

and denoting the same thing, is put in the same case; as,

'S.wKpdrrjQo

^i\o'(7o0oc, Socrates the Philosopher.

Ill the example given, (ptXcvofog modifies the meaningof

Sw.vpun;?, denoting the same person, and is therefore

put by Apposition in the same case.

When the modifying Noun denotes a different personor thing, it is put in a different case.



RULE II.

54.

Adjectives, Adjective Pronouns, Participles,and

the Article agree with their Nouns in gender, number,

and case; as,

Avijp (7o0oc, or 2o0o ctvt'ip,A wise man.

'\\tfjLtij Trarpi, To my father.

TLapwv o KvpoCj Cyrus being present.

Eyu> aroXjiioe f'A"? I am timid.

(a) If the Adjective refers to two or more Nouns, it is

put in the plural number, and in gender prefers the Mas-

culine before the Feminine, and the Feminine before lac

Neuter.

(b)A Collective Noun in the singular commonly has

its Adjective in the plural.

(o) (l) The Article 6, //, TO is originally a Demonstrative

Pronoun, and in Homer occurs only as such. In later

Greek it generally corresponds to the English definite

article"the" and is used either to specify a single object

or a class.

(2) When employed to designate a single object above

others of the same kind, it is called the Individualizing

Article. When employed to designate a v/hole class of

objects, it is called the Generic Article.

(3)The Article is not used when a substantive express-

es an idea in general; e. g., Oeug. the divinity; o Oec'c, a

particular god.

(4) The Predicate generally has no Article ; e. g.,

Kf>po tyiveTO [3aai\tvQ rwv Tlepcwv, Cyrus became king of the Per-

sians.

KCLE III.

55. The Relative Pronoun agrees with its antecedent in

gender, number, and person ;the case is determined by

the construction of the clause to which it belongs: as,7"7

Ot(T-pciTL(u-ai

MViif>x*i The soldiers whom he commanded.

In this example, the Relative wi> agrees with its ante-




cedent orpartiDraiin gender, number, and person, but its

case is determined by ?lpê,which is construed with the

Genitive.

(a) Very often the Relative agrees with its antecedent

in case also; it is then said to be attracted into the case

of the antecedent; as,

Îvv rcuQ vavalv CIIQ %, With the ships which, lie had.

HereUIQ

wouldregularly

be in the Accusative Case as

the object ofelÊ,

but is attracted into the Dative by its

antecedent vavv\v.

(b) On the other hand, the antecedent is often attracted

into the case of the Relative; as,

OVK olaSa fjioipaQ ?;c rvxiiv avrijv xpaOj/ ;Knowcst thou not the fate

which she must meet?

KULE IV.

56. A Verb agrees with its subject nominative in num-

ber and person ; as,

Eyw Ae'ycu,I say. ,

(a) Two or more nominatives singular take the Verb

in the plural, the First Person being preferred to the Sec-

ond, and the Second to the Third.

(b)Sometimes a Verb, with two or more nominatives

ofdifferent numbers and persons, agrees with one of them,

and is understood with the rest.

(c)The nominative of the neuter plural takes a Verb in

the singular number.

(d) A Collective Noun in the singular may take a Verb

in the plural.

(e)A dual nominative may take a Verb in the plural.

RULE V.

57.

AnyVerb

mayhave the

samecase after it as before

it, ivhen both words refer to the same thiny ; as,

'Eyw cr'/u didd(7Ka\oc, / am a teacher.



SYNTAX. 80

SYNTAX OF THE CASES.

THE GENITIVE.

58. The Greek Genitive performs some of the functions

of the Latin Ablative as well as those of the Latin Geni-

tive.

It properly, therefore, has two general significations,

viz., (1) Possession, wherein it corresponds to the English

Possessive Case and Latin Genitive ; and (2) Separation,

wherein it corresponds to the Latin Ablative.

RULE VI.

59. A Noun limiting the meaning of another Noun, and

denoting a different person or thing, is put in the Geni-

tive; as, To T&ntvoQ TCV Seov, The temple of the god.

In the example given, Qzov limits the meaning of rfpevoc,

and confines its application to this word. It is the"tem-

ple" not of man nor of any other creature, but specifical-

ly of God.

60. A Noun, limiting the meaning of an Adjective for

the purpose of farther specifying its meaning, is put in

the Genitive; as,

Tpificuv \~TTIK~IQ, Skilled in horsemanship.

RULE VIII.

01. Nouns, Adjectives, Adjective Pronouns, and Ad-

verbs denoting a part, are followed by a Genitive deno-

ting the whole; as,

'Efcaor?; TUV TroXewr, Each of the states.

Oufittg r&v ndpaiciwv, No one of the young men.

Ilovy// ;

Where on earth f

The words thus limited are usually Partitives andwords used Partitively, Comparatives, Superlatives, In-

terrogatives, and some Numerals.




RULE IX.

62. Adjectives of plenty or want arc followed by the

Genitive; as,

MfOTt> GopujSov, Full of confusion.

RULE X.

G3. The Comparative Degree, without a conjunction,

is followed

by

the Genitive; as,

KpaVrwv TOVTOV, Superior to this man.

RULE XI.

64. Verbs signifying an operation of the senses, except-

ing that of sight, are followed by the Genitive; as,

K\v8i uov, Hear me.

Verbs of hearing govern the Accusative of the tliirg

heard, but the Genitive of the person or thing makingthe sound.

RULE XII.

65. Verbs denoting an operation of the mind are fol-

lowed by the Genitive ; as,

KoMpov avvin[jn, I understand the dumb man.

RULE XIII.

66. All Verbs denoting origin or possession are follow-

ed by the Genitive; as,

"E<m rov TraiSbz, It belongs to the boy.

RULE XIV.

67. All Verbs are followed by the Genitive when their

action does not refer to the whole object, but to a part

only ; as,

Memx " TnQ *jO/, They shared in the festival.

RULE xv.

GS. Verbs signifying to abound and to be dentitnto, to




THE DATIVE.

75. The Greek Dative, like the Genitive, discharges

some of the functions of the Latin Ablative.

It is the case of the Indirect Object, being thus distin-

guished from the Accusative, which is the case of the Di-

rect Object.

It is used to denote the end towards which any thing

tends, or the thing for which any thing is done.

RULE XXII.

76. Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, and Verbs are follow-

ed by the Dative denoting the object or end to or for

which a thing is, or is done; as,

'Boifitiv ry Trdrpa, To aid the country.

HoSreivbc; TOIQ tAci, Dear to his friends.

RULE XXIII.

77. Adjectives of likeness and unlikeness, friendliness,

fitness, equality, and nearness, are followed by the Da-

tive; as,

"\Kt\oQ An, Resembling Jvpiter.

RULE XXIV.

78. Verbals in roc and rlog are followed by the Dative;

as,

Touro ov pr]rov tcriJJLOI,

This is not to le spoken by me.

RULE XXV.

79. 'Etp, IVyvo/zcu,and

f

Y7rapxw are followed by the Da-

tive denoting the possessor, the thing possessed being the

subject of the Verb; as,

TptiQ dsjuot

tial SvyarptCj I have three daughters.

RULE XXVI.

80. Verbs signifying to favor, to please, to trust, and

their contraries;also to assist, command, obey, servo, re-



SYNTAX. 93

sist, threaten, and bo angry, are followed by tlio Dative;

as,'E(3ofj&t)ff

roi "EXX?;<7i, lie assisted the Greeks.

RULE XXVII.

81. Impersonal Verbs are followed by the Dative; as,

"Edo&v avnfy It seemed best to Idin.

RULE XXVIII.

82. A Noun denoting the cause, manner, means, and in-

strument, is put in the Dative; as,

JLuvoia TOVT tTTOirjfft, He did this from good will.

Tourip r<rpoTTtf) fi\$ov, They came in this manner.

T<('0ti t7raraf, He struck with his sword.

RULE XXIX.

83. The Dative is sometimes used to denote the place

where and the time when any thing occurs; as,

'AtyiKovro nj 7T.c:?rry I'l^spa, They arrived the fifth day.>

RULE XXX.

84. The Interjections ot, w, fw, and oval arc followed by

the Dative; as,

O?juoz, Woe is me!

THE ACCUSATIVE.

85. The Greek Accusative is the English Objective. ]jt

is the case of the Direct Object. It designates the per-

son or thing actually reached and affected by the action

of the Verb.RULE XXXI.

83. The Direct Object of an Active Verb is put in tho

Accusative Case; as,

Tbv 'Ax/XXsa r//4J?<ray, They honored Achilles.

RULE XXXII.

8 7. An Intransitive Verb may be followed by an Ac-

cusative of kindred signification to its own; as,

MdxtvOat fJLaxnv, To fight a battle.



94 GllEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.

RULE XXXIII.

88. The particular part or circumstance referred to aft-

er a general affirmation is put in the Accusative for t!u

sake of specifying or more fully explaining the word

which it follows; as,

To (Tw/^a iikyciQ iiv,IIe was large in person.

Tbv daKTvXov a\yu,He is distressed in hisjinycr.

QovKvdldrjQ rovvoua, Thucydides by name.

2<;po ri]v Trarplcja, A Syrian as to his country.

Haiei ue TO VOJTOV, He strikes me on the back.

AlaQtQovai TI dXAgXara', They differ somewhat from each other

This is called the Synecdochical Accusative. It is of

frequent occurrence in the Latin Poets, and is there de-

nominated the Greek Accusative; as, Nudus membra,

with bare limbs. The same principle sometimes applies

to the Genitive and to the Dative.

RULE XXXIV.

89. Tha Particles pa and vi'j are followed by the Accu-

sative; as,

N/} rev IIo(7ac)w i\w <7, Ey Poseidon, I love thee!

RULE XXXV.

90. After Verbs expressing or implying motion, the

name of a town or other place in which the motion ter-

minates is put in the Accusative; as,

*E/3acr 6/;/3af ,Thou earnest to Thebes.

RULE XXXVI.

91. Nouns denoting duration of time or extent of space

are put in the Accusative; as,

Af/ca trrj Koi^vrai, They sleep tc years.

RULE XXXVII.

92. Any Transitive Verb, together with the Accusative,

may take a Genitive, or a Dative, or another Accusative

for the purpose of further explaining its meaning ; as,'

Yfuv ijyfftovcq; c^wtrw, I will give you guides.



SYNTAX. 05

() Verbs of accusing and the like take the Accusative

of the

person

and the Genitive of the crime.

(RuleXVII.)

(b) Verbs of hearing and the like take the Accusative

of the thing heard and the Genitive of the person making

the sound. (Rule XL)

(c) Verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, and taking

away,

take the Accusative of the Direct with the Dative

of the Indirect Object. (Rule XXII.)

(d) Verbs signifying to ask, teach, take away, clothe,

conceal, and some others, take two Accusatives, the first

of a person and the last of a thing ;as (illustrating the

last four rules),

*E/it dfft(3tiag kypctyaro, He accused me of impiety.

'HKOVCTS TOV ayykXov ravra^ lie heard these thingsfrom the messenger.

'T7ri(T%vOjUot ffoi dtica TaXavTa, Ipromise you ten talents.

Qt](3aioug xpriftctTa ?jTrjcrav, They sought moneyfrom the Thebans.

AifidffKOVGi TOVQ TTouSaQ <7(n>(f)oo(jvvr]v, They teach their youths probity.

Tt Troifjvoj avrov; What shall I do to him?

RULE XXXVIII.

93. When a Verb in the Active Voice is followed bytwo cases, the Passive Voice takes after it the latter of

the two; as,

jMrti i:\G7Ti], I am accused of theft.

RULE XXXIX,

04. Some Derivative Adverbs arc followed by the same

case as their primitives ; as,

'A%io)g iavrov t*prjKe,Hehas spoken worthily of himself

RULE XL.

05. Conjunctions commonly connect similar Moods and

Cases; as,

'Av&ff-ri Kcd tlTTcv MO,He rose up and spoke asfollows.

96. Prepositions in Greek are followed by the Genitive,

Dative, and Accusative Cases.




The Accusative, in connection with the Prepositions

preceding it, designatesthe

Object upon which,over

which, towards which an action extends, as well as the

termination of the action itself.

The Genitive, with its Prepositions, designates the

source of an action as regards place, time, and cause.

The Dative designates a connection of a more exter-

nal

character, generally answeringthe

questionswhere ?

when ?

RULE XLI.

(a) The following Prepositions can have only one case

after them, viz. :

ac and we, the Accusative.

avri, a?, EK (e), and Trpo, the Genitive.tv and GVV

(fuj'),the Dative.

(b) The following Prepositions can have two cases after

them, viz. :

&a. icara, and {/Tre'p,the Genitive and Accusative,

dm, the Dative and Accusative.

(c) The following Prepositions have all three of the ob-

lique cases after them, viz. :

Cl/Z^t, 7T/, fJLETU, TTttpCf, TTEp/, TT^OC,aild V7TO, tllC Genitive, tllC

Dative, and the Accusative.

(d) A Preposition in composition is often followed bythe same case as when it stands

byitself. E. g.,

'YTTEptveyKovrtQ rag VCIVQ rbv 'ivS/nov, Carrying the ships across the

Isthmus.

SYNTAX OF THE VERB.

THE INDICATIVE MOOD.

97. The Indicative is used to affirm or to deny in both

dependent and independent Sentences. It is the Moodemployed to represent realities or facts; as, }J.yW)I say ;

ol Xeyw, I do not say.



SYNTAX. 97

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

98. The Subjunctive Mood expresses a conception of

the mind, and is used, therefore, to denote that which mayor can take place always referring to the present. It is

employed :

(1) As a challenge in the first person ; as,

"lajfjievjLet us go.

(2) With the negative ^n in prohibitions ; as,

MJ) TOVTO TrotrjarjG, You ought not to do this.

(3) In questions implying doubt; as,

i Ti 0w, What am I to say ?

(4)In dependent Sentences, to denote that which may

or can take place, when the preceding Verb is in the

Present Tense ; as,

Ayo> 'iv tidyG, I speak in order that you may know it.

THE OPTATIVE MOOD.

99. The Optative Mood alone(i.e., without the Parti-

cle av) is employed to express a wish that something maytake place ; as,

TO Tral yivoio 7rarpo evrvxtarepoQ, O boy, may you be happier than your

father !

(1) With cu', the Optative is used to express that which

might occur; as,

TOJJTO ykvoir dv, That might be.

(2) In dependent Sentences, the Optative is used to de-

note that which might, could, would, or should take place,

when the preceding Verb is in a Past Tense. It is the

Subjunctive of the Past Tenses.

(3) In indirect discourse, the Optative (without av) is

used to express something not as the opinion of the speak-

er, but of another person ; as,

'Ot 'AQqvalot IIspiKXea iKciiciZov, on ffrpartiyog &v OVK t7rtdyoi tTTt TOVQ

7ro\/ztovc, 2 'he Athenians reproached Pericles because, being a gen-

eral, he did not lead them out against the enemy.

E




(4) The Optative is used to denote what happened oft-

en^ when the time spoken of is past ; as,

'TTTEO^OV lixiv OTTOT tv dffTSt diaroi(3oij He had an upper chamber when-

ever he staid in town.

THE IMPERATIVE MOOD.

100. The Imperative Mood is used to give utterance to

a command or a prohibition ; as, ypa^e, write ; prj. Trparre,

do it not.

When a prohibition is to be expressed in the Second

Person, either the Present Imperative or the Aorist Sub-

junctive may be employed the former to express con-

tinued'and general action, the latter to express momentary

and specific action; as, p/ n-XeVrt, steal not, forbids steal-

ing generally, like a command in the Decalogue: /JLTJ/cXe-

1//77C,do not steal, forbids stealing, specifically, some desig-

nated object.

THE INFINITIVE MOOD.

101. The Infinitive is used merely to state the meaning

of the Verb, without limitation of person or number. It

is regulated by the following Rules, viz. :

RULE XLII.

102. The Subject of the Infinitive Mood is put in the

Accusative; as,

AH e/i \kytiVj It is necessary that I should speak.

RULE XLIII.

103. The Infinitive, either with or without the Neuter

Article, may be used as a Verbal Noun, and hence become

the subject or the object of another Verb; as,

<&tvytiv avToiQ aaQaXtartpov t'<my, Tofly is saferfor them..

*Hparo Xtytiv, He began to say.



SYNTAX. 99

PARTICIPLES.

104. AParticiple

is a

part

of the Verb which expresses

its meaning considered as a quality. It differs frohi an

Adjective in conveying the additional idea of time.

RULE XLIV.

105. Participles govern the case of their own Verbs; as,

Ot TroXsfjiioL TO \oyiov eidortc;. The enemies knowing the oracle.

TOVTWV ifiov dfOfjLivov,I being in want of these things,

NEGATIVES.

106. The Negative Particles in Greek are ov and/-t^,

with their various compounds ovre^ ovdeig, ov^apwQ pyre,

nrfeis, pjc)ajuw.Ov is used to deny, p; to decline. Ov is

used in all direct statements, and in all direct questions

when the answer expected is yes. M>) is used when the

answer expected is no.

Two Negatives in Greek generally strengthen the ne-

gation.

ACCENTS.

107. (1) The word accent has

very

different

meaningsin English and m Greek. In the former, accent means

emphasis / in the latter, tone. In English, the accented

syllable is pronounced with more force and stress ; in

Greek, the sound of the same is uttered in a higher or a

lower key. In English, the accented syllable is long ;in

Greek, either long or short. English accent has reference

to strength or feebleness / Greek accent, to the rising or

falling of the voice.

(2)The purpose of the accents was to fix the pronunci-

ation of the language, and to -assist foreigners in the ac-

quisition of the same. Hence the ancient Greeks, though,

of course, regarding them in oral intercourse, made no use

of them in writing, as is shown in the works of Aristotle,,

in ancient inscriptions, and in antique medals. It is. not




precisely known when they were first employed in writ-

ten Greek. Some authorities attribute the introduction

of the present mode of accentuation to Aristophanes of

Byzantium, about two hundred years before Christ.

(3) Besides their importance in aiding us to pronounce

Greek with euphony and rhythmical propriety, a knowl-

edge of the accents is practically useful in enabling us to

distinguish between words which are spelled alike, but

have different significations. Of these, four hundredmight be named

;e. g. :

Noyuoc, a pasture, and No/ioc, a law.

Tie, any one, and Tig, who ? which ? what ?

"Opoe, a mountain; 'Opoe, whey ; and"Opoc, a boundary\

(4) The Accents are threes in number, viz. :

The Acute (de7a 7rpoe<k'a):=('), as, T/e.

The Grave (/3ape7a Trpoo-wS/a) Q, as, Tu/ee.

The Circumflex(Trepto-TrwyueV?? 7rpo<Twc)/a) =:("), as, 2kiae.

The Acute Accent(')

shows that the syllable thus

marked must be pronounced with a sharp or raised tone,

i. e.,one slightly elevated above that used upon the other

syllables.

The Grave Accent Q shows that the syllable thus

marked must be pronounced with a low tone. It, how-

ever, simply denotes a negation of accent, and is not writ-

ten at all unless it stands in place of an acute, which oc-

curs in every Oxytone not immediately followed by a *

pause.

The Circumflex Accent(~),

fromTrepi-crTrwpevog,

twisted

around, alluding to its form, shows that the syllable thus

marked must be pronounced with a tone commencing

upon a higher key, but terminating upon a lower. This

accent is made up by a combination of the other two, thus

(6o)r=w, and denotes a winding ana. prolonged tone.

(5) Every Greek word must have one, and can never



SYNTAX. '

,101

have more than one principal accent. Itfdne but one of

the last three syllables admit any accent at all. Of these

three, the Acute may stand oh any one of the three, theCircumflex only.on one of the last two, the Grave on the

last only.

(6) A word having the Acute Accent upon the last syl-

lable is called Oxytone ; as, Trapd, dni, fiafftXevs.

A word having the Acute Accent upon the Penult is

called Paroxytone ; as, Xe'yw, Qaivw.A word having the Acute Accent upon the Antepe-

nult is called Proparoxytone ; as, \eyerat, eiirere.

(7) A word having the Grave Accent over the last syl-

lable is called Barytone. This being unwritten, the term

is applied to all words which have no accent on the final

syllable.

(8)A word which has the Circumflex Accent upon the

last syllable is called Perispomenon / as, a-yaSov^ <r/aae.

A word having the Circumflex Accent upon the Penult

is called Properispomenon ; as, 0eye, j3fjre .

(9) In the Diphthongs, the Accent, like the Breathing,

is

placed over the last vowel. When the Circumflex andthe Breathing meet upon the same word, the Circumflex

is written over the Breathing. When the Acute and the

Breathing meet, the Acute is placed to the right of the

Breathing ; as, ovroc, this; aye, come.

GENERAL RULES FOR WRITING THE ACCENTS.

108. (1) The Acute stands on long and short syllables

alike, the Circumflex only on such syllables as are long bynature ; i. &, upon such syllables as have either a long

vowel, a, I, v, ?/, w, or a Diphthong.

(2) If the last syllable is long by nature, the Acute Ac-

cent can not stand on the Antepenult nor the Circumfh x

on the Penult.




(3)A word ending with a short syllable has :

(a) The Acute on the Antepenult ; as, Xvwpeda.

(b) The Acute on a short Penult ; as, \E\VKOTOQ.

(c)The Acute on the last syllable ; a^, \e\vKog.

(d) The Circumflex on a long Penult; as, \e\vKv~tav.

(4)A word ending with a long syllable has :

(a) The Acute on the Penult; as, XeXvKorwr.

(b) Either the Acute or the Circumflex upon the last

syllable ; as, \e\vKujg ; \e\vKviwv.

(5) The last syllable is,if accented at

all, generally ac-

cented with the Acute, except :

(a) Contracted syllables ; (b) the Genitive Plural of the

First Declension; (c) the Genitive and Dative of the Ar-

ticle, and of all Nouns of the First and Second Declensions

which are Oxytone in the Nominative; (d) the Vocative

of Nouns in cue; (e)and many naturally long monosylla-

bles all of which take the Circumflex Accent upon the

last syllable.

(6) Compound words have the Accent on the Penult,

as far as is consistent with preceding rules.

(7)The Accent is

variouslymodified

by changesin the

word itself, as well as by its connection with the other

words in the sentence;

e. g., every Oxytone becomes Bar-

ytone when followed by another word, so that the Grave

takes the place of the Acute.

(8)In Contracted words : (a) if the contraction occurs

in the middle of the

word,the

syllable

formed

bycon-

traction takes no accent if none of the contracting sylla-

bles had it. If either of the syllables contracted had an

accent, the contracted syllable in the Penult and Antepe-

nult is accented by (3) and(4).

The contract ultima

takes the Acute if the ultima had it before contraction;

otherwise it

take^the

Circumflex,(b)

With Elision, Ox-

ytone Prepositions and Conjunctions entirely lose the ac-

cent; all other kinds ofwords throw it upon the previous



SYNTAX. 103

syllable as Acutes. (c) With Crasis, the accent of the

first word is lost; as, ra ayaQa=TayaQa ;

but when Parox-

ytones change the first syllable by Crasis into one long

by nature, this takes the Circumflex; as, kirra ^aavtitT

flaw, there were seven.

(9) Prepositions consisting of two syllables, excepting

ap^i, <W/, ava, &<*, when placed after the Noun or Verb to

which they belong, throw their accent on to the first syl-

lable ; as, Trepi TovTwv becomes by Anastrophe TOUTUV irept.

(10) Enclitics are words of one or of two syllables

which are so closely connected with the preceding word

that they throw their accent on to it. The following

words are Enclitics : (a) the Indefinite Pronoun TLQ ,

some one, something, through all of its cases; (b) the Per-

sonal Pronouns in the forms,

fJLOV pol fJLE

(70V (TGI ff

OV O

ffwiv and

(c)The Indicative Present of e/p, I am, and of

say, excepting Second Person Singular el andy^g.

(d) The Indefinite Adverbs TTOV oriroQi, TH/, trot

TTOTt, 7TWQ, and 7TOJ.

(e)The Particles ye, re, rot, vv or vvv, KE or

KEV,^CL or apa,

Qi]v, KEp and $1 (as a demonstrative appendage, meaning

towards).

(11) In these words the accent is thrown back accord-

ing to the following principles, viz. :

(a) A preceding Oxytone before an Enclitic retains the

Acute, which serves also for the Enclitic; as, ayafloV n,

something good ; O.VTOQ $K\<JIV,lie himself says.

(b) If the last syllable has the Circumflex, the accent

of the Enclitic is entirely lost; as, 6pti TWO.Q, I see some.

(c) If the Acute accent is upon the Penult, the Enclitic,



104 GEEEK GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS.

if of one syllable, loses its accent;

if of two syllables, re-

tains that upon the last; as, </\o/zov; Xoyot nvig.

(d) Proparoxytones and Paroxytones retain their ac-

cent, but receive also from the following Enclitic another

Acute accent on the last syllable.

(12) When several Enclitics follow one another, each

throws its accent back upon the preceding ; as,

Ei rig fioi <j>rjoi iron, If any one ever says to me.

(13) Enclitics retain their accent: (a) when standingfirst in the sentence

; (b) when made emphatic ; (c)after

Elision.

(14) Atonies, sometimes called Prolitics, are words

without accent, their own having combined with the fol-

lowing word. The following are Atonies, viz. :

(a) 6, ^f, 01, cu, cases of the Article.

(b) eV, eg or etc, K or t, w, Prepositions.

(c) co, we. Conjunctions.

(d) The Negative ov orGI/X.

(15) Atonies are accented: (a) when ending the sen-

tence; (b) when followed by an Enclitic, which throws

back its accent.

(1 6) The place of the Accent in the Nominative Case

ofNouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives can only be ascertain-

ed from practice and use of the Grammar and Lexicon.

The accent as varied in the Oblique Cases may be deter-

mined by the preceding rules.

(1 7)As a general principle, Verbs throw back their ac-

cent as far as possible, with exception of dpi and ^pi It

is hence termed recessive, because it is placed as far from

the ultimate syllable as the quantity of that syllable will

allow.

FINIS.



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