Section 4

Mr. McCammon

Biology I and SSR

Section 4.1I. Organic Chemistry

A. Compounds created by living organisms are called organic compounds.

B. Study of organic compounds is the branch of chemistry called organic chemistry.

Section 4.1I. Organic Chemistry (con’t)

C. Carbon is very important

1. Has 4 outer shell electrons to bond – It can form 4 bonds.

2. Can covalently bond with itself as well as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.

Section 4.1I. Organic Chemistry (Con’t)

D. Can form rings and can combine into thousands of different combinations.

Section 4.1I. Organic Chemistry (con’t)

Drawing Diagrams

H

|

H-C-H

|

H

Hydrogen can form 1 bond.

Oxygen can form 2 bonds

Nitrogen can form 3 bonds.

Carbon can form 4 bonds.

Section 4.1I. Organic Chemistry (con’t)

Draw the following structural formulas.

C2H4

C6H12O6

C2H2

H2O

Section 4.1I. Organic Chemistry (con’t)

E. When smaller molecules joint to form larger molecules.

F. Momomers (small molecules) join to form Polymers (large molecules) it is called polymerization.

G. Macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Section 4.1I. Organic Chemistry (con’t)

H. Functional Groups

1. -OH – Hydroxyl group - Alcohols

2. -COOH – Carboxyl group – carboxylic acids

3. -NH3 – Amine group – Amino acids

Section 4.1I. Organic Chemistry (con’t)

I. Examples

1. Organics – carbs, proteins, lipids, fats, enzymes

2. Non-Organics – Salts, minerals, water, ionic compounds, anything without carbon

If you don’t learn anything else from this chapter, LEARN THIS CHART!

Monomers Polymers (Macromolecules)

Monosaccharides – simple sugars

Carbohydrates (oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, disaccharides.)

Glycerol + fatty acids Lipids

Amino acids Proteins

Nucleotides Nucleic Acids

Complete 1-8 (don’t write questions) and 1-5 (SSR write these questions) on page 80.

Carbohydrates

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Ratio of 1:2:1 Primary source of energy for most all

living things. Also used for support and protection in

plants and some animals.

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide

means “simple sugar” or “one sugar”. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose,

fructose (fruit sugar), and galactose (milk sugar).

Polysaccharides poly means many; therefore polysaccharide means

many sugars. simple sugars linked by covalent bonds. Examples are starch (plants) and glycogen (animal

starch used to store extra sugar).

Carbohydrates COMPLETE 1-10 ON PAGE 82.

Lipids Lipids include fats, waxes, phospholipids

and steroids. Make up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen NOT water soluble. Used for long term energy storage Waxes are used as coverings on leaves,

skin or fur.

Lipids Phospholipids are important parts of cell

membranes. Steroids are important chemical

messengers Cholesterol is a steroid lipid used to make

hormones your body needs.

Lipids Fats

made up of a glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acid molecules.

fats can be classified as saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fats

Every carbon atom in the fatty acid chain has a single bond with another carbon atom

Solid at room temperature Usually comes from animals Includes butter, shortening, and lard

Lipids Fats

Unsaturated fats If they have one double bond, it is called

monounsaturated; polyunsaturated means more than one double bond.

Usually a liquid at room temperature Oils are examples

Lipids Fats are important for life

Two important lipids include omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids.

Found in cold water fish, nuts, and seeds. Phospholipids

Instead of 3 fatty acids, it has 2. One fatty acid has been replaced by a phosphate group.

The phosphate group is hydrophilic (water loving) and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (water hating).

Lipids COMPLETE PAGE 84 1-5 WRITE

QUESTIONS.

Proteins Functions of proteins

structure component of skeletal muscles, skin, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, horns, bone, hair, and feathers.

Detect chemical signals so that cells can respond to stimuli

important in movement of muscles and cells antibodies to protect against disease function as enzymes Help transport substances through the body. Stores elements like iron

Proteins Made up of amino acids. Alpha carbon They not only contain carbon, oxygen, and

hydrogen but Nitrogen as well. Make up of:

Proteins The above is the same for every amino acid except

for the R group. The R group changes to give different amino acids. Primary level of Protein Structure – sequence of

amino acids. Secondary level of Protein Structure – Shape of

Protein – coil or sheet. Third level of Protein structure – 3-D shape of

protein structure. Fourth Level of Protein structure – How 1 protein

interacts with another protein.

Proteins COMPLETE PAGE 85 1-4.

Nucleic Acids contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,

nitrogen, and phosphorus Make up of nucleotides 3 parts of a nucleotide

sugar (DNA-Deoxyribose or RNA – Ribose) Phosphate group one of 4 nitrogen bases.

DNA stores genetic information and RNA caries the instructions from DNA to the ribosomes (protein making organelles)

Nucleic Acids Primary differences between DNA and RNA

DNA RNA

Nitrogen bases are adenine (A), cytosine (C),Guanine (G), and thymine (T)

Nitrogen bases are A, C, G, but Uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

Double stranded called a “double helix”

Single stranded

Inside the nucleus In the cell

Nucleic Acids COMPLETE PAGE 86 1-5.

Enzymes Many chemical reactions in cells normally

would occur too slowly to be practical. In order to speed up chemical reactions the body

uses ENZYMES. A catalyst is anything that speeds up a chemical

reaction without being affected by the reaction. In other words the enzyme is not changed by the reaction.

Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Enzymes Some catalyst are not organic, some are

inorganic such as magnesium oxide. Enzyme are very specific and will work only on

certain substances. The specific substance an enzyme will work on

is called a substrate. Each enzyme has an active site (where the

substrate will attach) that fits like a puzzle piece with the substrate. This is called the “lock and key model”

Enzymes If the substrate doesn’t fit the active site, the

enzyme will not work on it. When the enzyme bonds with the substrate, it

forms the enzyme-substrate complex. At the end of the reaction, the products are

released and the enzyme (which has not been changed) can be used again and again.

Enzymes Factors that affect enzyme activity.

concentration – the higher the concentration of a substrate, the greater chance that it fill it into the active site and the rate of reaction will increase.

Temperature – most body enzymes work around 37 degrees (your body temp) if the temp gets higher, the enzyme changes shape (denatures) and the active site will no longer match the substrate and the reaction slows or stops.

pH – Most enzymes work around a certain pH. If the pH changes, the enzyme will change shape (denature) and the active site won’t match the substrate and the reaction rate slows or stops.

Enzymes

Enzymes COMPLETE PAGE 87-88 1-6. COMPLETE PAGE 88 1-8.