green mobile networks: the operator view and 5green … · green mobile networks: the operator view...

GRUPPO TELECOM ITALIA

Green Mobile Networks:

the operator view and 5GrEEn project

TREND PhD School in GREEN NETWORKING

Politecnico di Torino, 1-5 July 2013

Dario Sabella Telecom Italia, Wireless Access Innovation dept.

TREND PhD School in GREEN NETWORKING – Politecnico di Torino, 1-5 July 2013

Telecom Italia strictlyconfidentialand proprietary


Presentation outline

� Motivation

� Mobile Energy Efficiency

� The simple truth about mobile Energy Efficiency…

� Telecom Italia commitment:

� EARTH project

� ETSI EE

� Other «green» activites

� 5GrEEn project (Toward Green 5G Mobile Networks)

� Conclusions

Dario Sabella 2




Motivation

• Currently, 3% of the world-wide energy is consumed by ICT

Which causes about 2% of the world-wide CO2 emissions.

Comparable to airplanes

1/4 of CO2 emissions by cars

� In few words:

� …and Wireless communication approx. 15% of total ICT sector.

Dario Sabella 3

Today ICT CO2 equals global air

traffic contribution.




Motivation

• Mobile broadband data usage has experienced dramatic growth.

• 1000× more capacity will be needed in 2020!

Dario Sabella 4




Motivation

Telecom Italia is the second largest user of electric power in Italy (2.2 TWh/year) (*)

Dario Sabella 5

(*) S.Pileri, Energy and Communication: engine of the human progress,

INTELEC 2007 keynote, Rome, Sep. 2007.

�….and the price of electricity is continuously increasing! (EU + 10% annually).

� Impose increasing operational cost for operators.

(expected growth: 3x in 7 years)




Motivation

• ARPU on the other hand is decreasing,

and high bit rate services provide lower

revenues.

� Current growth is not sustainable.

� Economical operation of networks must

be ensured.

Dario Sabella 6

Source: EARTH D2.1: Economic and

Ecological Impact of ICT




� Energy Efficiency (EE) express the relationship between consumed power (or

energy) and the production of a certain selected KPI of interest.

� As an example considering KPI = Traffic, an EE metric can be expressed in the

following manner:

and in this case it express the consumed watt of power per transferred

traffic (in bps), or equivalently the energy per number of transferred bits.

� Depending on the purpose of the evaluation, also other KPI are possible.

Mobile Energy Efficiency 1/3

Dario Sabella 7

� ��

��

� ��

��[W/bps] or [J/bit]




� Most of the today’s power consumption comes from the RAN:

� high number of sites

� high and not scalable base station consumptions

Breakdown of Carbon Footprint in Mobile Communications

Mobile Devices Manufacturing

Mobile Devices Operation

RAN sites manufact. & construction

RAN operation

Operator activities

Data centers


� In mobile communication networks, a large part of the carbon footprint stems

from electricity consumption during operation and manufacturing.

Mobile Devices Manufacturing

Mobile Devices Operation

RAN sites manufact. & construction

RAN operation

Operator activities

Data centers

Dario Sabella 8

(2007)(2007)(2007)(2007)





� Radio access network energy consumption is a considerable portion of the

entire energy consumption of the mobile network, both considering already

deployed network but also growth forecasts due to the increasing mobile ultra-

broadband traffic demand.

� Areas of potential improvements:

Dario Sabella 9

at component / node level:

► Hardware improvements can give in a first stage the most of

the gains; in general each new HW generation is typically

more energy efficient but will reside unchanged in the network

for several years.

at system and network level:

► New functions, network management mechanisms and RRM

algorithms, features typically implemented in SW; potentially

can be upgraded and introduced in the network over the

lifetime of several HW generations.




� Up to now conventional design of Mobile Networks is performed by considering

full load (maximization of the capacity of the nodes; performances traditionally

evaluated in terms of spectral efficiency).

� But in practical situations the problem is that:

Source: EARTH D2.3

Energy Efficiency

analysis of the

reference systems,

areas of improvements

and target breakdown

The simple truth about mobile Energy Efficiency…

1. most of the time the

network is not loaded

2. in that period Base Stations

still consume a lot

Dario Sabella 10




Mobile Energy Efficiency: Telecom Italia commitment

Due to the importance of the topic, Telecom Italia is involved in many activities:

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� EU funded research projects:

� EARTH project (energy aware radio and networking

technologies): an FP7 EU project, partially funded by EC.

� 5GrEEn project (Towards Green 5G Mobile Networks)

� ETSI normative (ETSI EE, sub-group EEPS, Eco

Environmental Product Standards):

� TS 102 706: «Measurement Method for Energy

Efficiency of Wireless Access Network Equipment»

� Other «green» activities:

� LTE auction in Italy, DREAM project, power consumption

measurements, characterization of network nodes …



EARTH projectEARTH projectEARTH projectEARTH project

Dario Sabella 12




Dario Sabella 13

Access NetworkMobile Core Network

Gateway (PDG, GGSN)

Media Server (IMS)

Base Station

Network Server (SGSN, HLR)

PSTInternet

70-80%2-10%10-20%Energy Consumption

(CO2-contribution)

Green Networks Green Radio

reduce by 50%

Focus on present and future mobile cellular networks (LTE-A,…)

Terminals

EARTH target




Dario Sabella 14

Telecom Italia involvement in EARTH project

Multi-RAT

Relay Nodes

QoS, Packet Scheduling

Test Plant

AAS and BF

ETSI, E3F, power model

Relay Nodes investigated as a

potential tool for improving EE

in network deployment

Deployment and evolution of

the mobile network together

with legacy systems

Design of innovative Packet

Scheduling algorithms in order to

improve the EE of the system

Evaluation of Active Antennas in

conjunction to Beamforming from

an EE perspective

Telecom Italia is WP leader of a workpackage dedicated

to proof of concepts and demonstration of selected

findings of the EARTH project

Telecom Italia contributions to reference

systems and scenarios, bringing in the views

from an operator perspective




Technical research in EARTH: our best technical result Design of innovative EE packet scheduler

As a first step, the performances of various classical scheduling algorithms taken from the literature have been

considered, as a basis for the assessment of further innovative energy aware algorithms.

EE gains of about 20202020----30% 30% 30% 30% at low load (sleep

mode during MBSFN subframes)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Number of average users per cell

Ga

in i

n t

erm

s o

f P

IN /

T

[W/M

bp

s]

Proportional Fair

Max C/I

0,00

0,10

0,20

0,30

0,40

0,50

0,60

0,70

0,80

0,90

1,00

5 users 35 users

Number of average users in the cell

Ja

in's

fa

rin

es

s i

nd

ex

Round Robin

Proportional Fair

Max C/I

Tradeoff between fairness and Energy Efficiency

(Proportional Fair algorithm is a compromise)

Relative gains up to 60%

(for Max C/I algorithm)

Thus an MBSFN switching mechanism (based on Max C/I

and taking into account fairness and QoS constraints) has

been investigated in order to improve the Energy Efficiency

at low load.

Energy savings can be achieved by means of the triggering

of sleep mechanisms during the data region of MBSFN radio

subframes (containing neither cell specific reference symbol

(CRS) nor data).



Testing activities in EARTH: our Test PlantSome of the innovative solutions developed by EARTH project have been integrated in the

framework of WP5 activities, and showed at the Telecom Italia Test Plant.

EE enablers

Scheduling solutions in time

and frequency:

• Micro-DTX

• Bandwidth / Capacity Adaptation

• Low Loss Antenna Interface

Features Network mgmt methods

Energy Adaptive components:

Component Deactivation

Operating Point Adjustment

ON-OFF scheme:

Switch off-on LTE cells of RBS

Validation Platforms build up and Test Scenarios setup




EARTH validations in Telecom Italia Test Plant

� Test Plant in Turin hosted a testbench for the validation of a Network

Management algorithm based on a «ON/OFF scheme» implemented in a

centralized way in a cluster of cells.




ON/OFF schemes basics

� ON/OFF schemes are well known in literature:

The basic concept:

� Switching ON-OFF a BS (or multiple BSs) when load conditions let, while

maintaining the same QoS and QoE in the network

� Network deployments, calculated for peak traffic

� Minor quantity of network nodes in use

� Adjustment of power emitted by each BS

M. Aimone Marsan; L. Chiaraviglio; D. Ciullo; M. Meo:

“Optimal Energy Savings in Cellular Access Networks”, First International Workshop on

Green Communications (GreenComm'09) (Dresda, Germany) June 2009




Validation in TI Test Plant of the “ON/OFF scheme” (I)

Test Plant

infrastructure

Computer equipped

with the ON/OFF

scheme

“ON/OFF algorithms”

BS Power

consumption

is measured

Core Network LTE

Cell CCell B

Capability to switch

On/Off the Cell

SGW PDN-GW

Cell A

Data calls are

managed here

Traffic

generation

endpoints

UE1

UE2

UE3

RF matrixOUT1

OUT2

OUT3IN1 IN2 IN3

FTP Server

eNB

RS485

DC power measurement

Setup attenuations

AMOS element manager for:

• Monitoring of data traffic inside each cell

• Sending the ON/OFF commands to eNB for switching on-off the single cell

Data calls are

managed here




Validation in TI Test Plant of the “ON/OFF scheme” (II)

Shielded boxLTE data cards




A challenging target…

� EARTH target is to reduce

energy consumption of new

nodes up to 50%: however this

will affect only new nodes!

� The big challenge is the energy

consumption of installed base

stations.

Source: EARTH D2.1: Economic and Ecological Impact of ICT

� But if OPEX with new nodes are

significantly lower, swapping to

new nodes can become

attractive…

Dario Sabella 21




Key results from EARTH

� EU FP7 EARTH project 2010-2012

~75% energy savings vs 2012 state-of-the-art

� Received the Future Internet Award 2012

https://www.ict-earth.eu

Dario Sabella 22

B BH BHD BHDA BHDAS

Serie1 0.46 0.26 0.2 0.15 0.12

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

P/A

[kW

/km

2]

-44%

-57%

-68%-74%

B: State-of-the-art 2012H: Hardware solutionsD: Discontinuous transmissionA: Antenna mutingS: Adaptive Sectorization



ETSI EEETSI EEETSI EEETSI EE

Dario Sabella 23



ETSI EE (Environmental Engineering)

� The Technical Committee EE (chairman B. Gorini, ALU) is responsible for defining the environmental and

infrastructure aspects for all telecommunication equipment in different installations.

� The Environmental activity covers:

� Environmental conditions on the telecommunication equipment (mechanical, biological and climatic)

� Active substances (mechanical and chemical)

� Equipment acoustic noise emission

� Environmental tests for all telecommunication equipment and facilities, including customer premises.

� Observation of European environmental legislation, in terms of ecological aspects, and assessing its

impact on Telecommunication infrastructure and equipment.

� Within ETSI EE is active the sub-group EEPS (Eco Environmental Product Standards Group, chairman P.

Gemma, Huawei), which deals with aspects of

� Reduction of energy consumption in telecommunications equipment and related infrastructure.

� Renewable energy sources for powering telecom/datacom equipment

Dario Sabella 24




Dario Sabella 25

ETSI EE (Environmental Engineering)� In ETSI EE-EEPS a specification about Radio Base Stations energy efficiency

measurements has been agreed and released (EEPS TS 102 706).

� In October 2011 a new WI DTREE-EEPS002 was opened to study possible

enhancements of TS 102 706 wrt fading, dynamic GSM, multicarrier HSPA,…

� At the same time another WI was opened (DTREE-EEPS004) about network level energy

efficiency, led by Telecom Italia



Other Other Other Other «greengreengreengreen» activitiesactivitiesactivitiesactivities

Dario Sabella 26



Other «green» activities

LTE auction in Italy

� Obtainment of the discount of 3% foreseen by the Italian auction

for the LTE license

Dream project

� A modernization project with impacts on the energy efficiency

of the mobile network

EE measurements

� Measurements in laboratory

� Measurements in real network

Dario Sabella 27



15

5 5800 MHz

1800 MHz

2600 MHz

5

5

5 5

2600 TDD

5

5

15

5

5 5 55 5 55 5 55

5

5

1.260M€ 1.120M€1.260M€ 305M€

specific blockMHz

Results of the acquisition of LTE frequency (closing date: 29/09/2011)

Final value:

Other «green» activities: LTE auction in Italy

Dario Sabella 28



The starting point:

� Obtainment of the discount of 3% foreseen by the

Italian auction for the LTE license for the

implementation of energy efficiency measures in the

network

� Due to the overall cost of the LTE spectrum license,

i.e. 1260 M€, this aspect has a strong economic

impact for Telecom Italia.

See web link to the Italian Ministry of Sviluppo Economico:

http://www.sviluppoeconomico.gov.it/images/stories/documenti/Discip

linarevesrionedefinitiva.pdf


Dario Sabella 29



Telecom Italia commitment:

Attainment of energy savings in 5 years of:

� 10 % in infrastructure parts (power systems, cooling, …)

� 20 % in transmission equipment (specifically radio access network)


timetA tB

Dario Sabella 30



Other «green» activities: the DREAM project

Impacts on energy efficiency

� The modernization of RBS sites is expected to have a relevant impact in terms of energy

savings (Telecom Italia internal test activities are still ongoing)

upgrade

Swapped BTS

• 2G/3G/LTE RBS multistandard

• Increased Hardware efficiency

• Reduced footprint in the site

Dario Sabella 31



Other «green» activities: EE measurements

EE measurements in laboratory

� A measurement campaign about EE on a RBS 3G took place end 2010 in TI Test Plant, also to

support activities in ETSI and EARTH

� Measurements relevant to evaluate RBS consumption, both at node and at site level, and to assess

the importance of dynamic measurements (w UEs) w.r.t. static measurements (w/o UEs)

EE measurements in real network

� Motivation: for a valuable EE assessment

RBS need to be in operational state and in

(as much as possible) realistic conditions,

in order to enable all features running on-

board when the RBS is deployed.

� This method permits also to inglobe in the

assessment an RBS implementing possible

future features (e.g. studied by EARTH)

Dario Sabella 32



5GrEEn project5GrEEn project5GrEEn project5GrEEn project

Dario Sabella 33



5GrEEn project (Toward Green 5G Mobile Networks)

5GrEEn is a project funded by EIT ICT Labs

Partners:

• Telecom Italia (Trento node)

• KTH (Stockholm node)

• AALTO University (Helsinki node)

• Ericsson (Stockholm node)

Dario Sabella 34

The project team will focus on designing

Green 5G Mobile networks, a clean slate

solution for environmentally friendly mobile

networks of the future for a “connected

society”.




5GrEEn project: Challenges/Solutions

• No green incentive: currently networks are optimized based on non-

energy related objectives

• Results: <0.4% fluctuation in energy consumption compared to >3.5X

fluctuation in traffic, due to

1. Non-scalable equipment

2. Lack of traffic adaptation at node & network level

• What is the solution: Holistic system approach in all levels of network

Hardware design

RRM techniques: Adaptation of radio transmission

Network deployment: Power consumption modeling + impact of densification

Network Management: Traffic adaptive BS activation

Dario Sabella 35




5GrEEn: the starting point… Lessons learned from EARTH project (task 3.4, Future Architecture)

Looking further ahead in time and beyond today’s existing system standards and typical

deployments, there are several promising design options and technology solutions that

may enable enhanced energy efficiency in future mobile radio systems.

► We have found that a revolutionary

concept, where the transmissions of

data and control information are

decoupled from each other (see FIGURE

18), can open the possibilities to more

efficient sleep modes by eliminating the

high signaling overhead (especially in

low load) and provide 85-90% energy

saving potential compared to today's

systems.

Dario Sabella 36




Toward Green 5G Mobile Networks:

5GrEEn Activity Architecture

Test Beds, Testing Platforms & Simulation

ToolsStandards Booster

Mobility

Program

Task 1:

A new clean slate system architecture

Task 2:

Standardization

in 5GreenTask 3:

Mobility of

Researchers

Task 4:

Energy efficiency in

mobile access with

wireless-fiber

integration

Ericsson KTH

Technology Transfer

Program

Meetings,

Workshops

and

Conferences

Task 5:

Techno-economic

analysis of green

wireless access

networks

Task 6:

Sharing and

marketing of

the results

Task 7:

Energy and QoE

trade-off

Task 8:

Energy

efficiency

assessment in

5GrEEn

KTHTelecom Italia AALTO




5GrEEn Workplan and Goals

► Traffic adaptive solutions and deployment strategies in 5G.

► New physical layer signaling and higher layer protocols with minimizing energy

consumption.

► Modeling of the cost structure of wireless access networks, including the

backhaul, with particular focus on the energy cost.

► Optimizing the trade-off between QoE and energy-efficiency in converged

mobile access networks

► Network level energy efficiency assessment to allow operators to apprehend

their current status.

Dario Sabella 38



ConclusionsConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

Dario Sabella 39




Conclusions

� Energy efficiency is crucial for a sustainable growth of the mobile network.

� Telecom Italia is actively involved in EU projects (EARTH, 5GrEEn), in normative

(ETSI EE) and in internal «green» activities in order to:

� analyze all aspects related to the EE assessment

� evaluate innovative solutions

� quantify the associated EE gains

� In the view of an growing network the energy efficiency of new nodes is important.

� Also a big challenge is the energy consumption of installed base stations: swapping

to new nodes can be a key point.

Dario Sabella 40

� The improvement of energy efficiency at every level is crucial

for a sustainable growth of the mobile network.




…The role of ICT in a greenergreenergreenergreener world

Source: Smart 2020 report by Global

e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI)

Opportunity to reduce consumption:

powerpowerpowerpower – sensors in grids monitor distribution of

power (e.g In India tested with 15 % savings).

Potential 2 GtCO2e a year saving.

transporttransporttransporttransport – smart track logistics. In Europe 60% of fleet

composed by small companies with less than 6

trucks. Can save 1.52 GtCO2e a year.

manufacturingmanufacturingmanufacturingmanufacturing – smart controls for more efficient motor

systems in factory (e.g. China can save 200 MtCO2e

a year).

technological substitutions technological substitutions technological substitutions technological substitutions – virtualization and

dematerializing goods (CDs, DVDs, book, paper,

magazine). 0.5 GtCO2e saved.

buildingsbuildingsbuildingsbuildings – automation and networks for lighting,

heating, ventilation. Up to 1.68 GtCO2e saved.

Dario Sabella 41

GRUPPO TELECOM ITALIA

Thank you!

[email protected]

Dario Sabella____________________________________TELECOM ITALIATelecom Italia Lab (TILAB)Wireless Access Innovation



BACKUP SLIDESBACKUP SLIDESBACKUP SLIDESBACKUP SLIDES




BACKUP: energy efficiency in LTE Radio Base Stations

� Power consumption models for different kind of nodes (source EARTH).

Dario Sabella 44

green mobile networks: the operator view and 5green … · green mobile networks: the operator view...

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