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Emblems of Authority: The Modes in Italian Baroque Music

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Greg Barnett, Professor of Musicology, Rice University presentation: Emblems of Authority - The Modes in Italian Baroque Music (video is available on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WHByemg1ZDY

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Page 1: Greg Barnett - Bellagio Presentation

Emblems of Authority:

The Modes in Italian Baroque Music

Page 2: Greg Barnett - Bellagio Presentation

Rome, Theater of Marcellus (13 BCE)

Page 3: Greg Barnett - Bellagio Presentation
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Emblems of Authority:

The Modes in Italian Baroque Music

Page 5: Greg Barnett - Bellagio Presentation

The Nicene Creed Credo in unum Deum, Patrem omnipotentem, I believe in one God, the Father almighty, factorem coeli et terrae, maker of heaven and of earth, visibilium omnium, et invisibilium. and of all things visible and invisible. —J. S. Bach, Messe in h moll (late 1740s) —Guillaume de Machaut, Messe de Nostre Dame (early 1360s)

Page 6: Greg Barnett - Bellagio Presentation

Antonio Vivaldi, Stabat Mater (1712) Stabat Mater dolorosa iuxta crucem lacrimosa dum pendebat Filius The grieving Mother stood weeping beside the cross where her Son was hanging . . . Quis non posset contristari Christi Matrem contemplari dolentum cum filio? Who could not be sorrowful to behold the pious Mother grieving with her Son?

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Camillo Angleria, La regola del contraponto e della musical compositione (Milan, 1622): Molti hanno scritto della formatione, & cognitione de’ Tuoni, mà l’uno dall’altro confusamente; & per questo molti non intendono di che Tuono sia una Cantilena in vederla, e manco in sentirla solamente. Giovanni Maria Bononcini, Musico prattico (Venice, 1673): Il trattare de i Tuoni, ò Modi è materia assai difficile per la diversità dell’opinioni, tanto nel numero loro, quanto nel nome.... Zaccaria Tevo, Il musico testore (Venice, 1706): Arduo, e molto difficile è il trattato de Tuoni, per le molte discrepanze, che si trovano tra li Scrittori, così Antichi, come Moderni.

Many have written about the formation and recognition of the modes, but there is confusion among them; and, because of this, many cannot perceive the mode of a composition when they see it, and much less when only hearing it. A discussion of the tones, or modes, is quite difficult because of the diversity of opinions, as much about their number, as about their nomenclature. Treating the modes is arduous and very difficult because of the many discrepancies that one finds among writers, both ancient and modern.

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Horace, Satirae I. I. 106-07: Est modus in rebus sunt certi denique fines: Quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum. Scipione Cerreto, Della prattica musica vocale et strumentale (Naples, 1601): Modo, altro non denota, che quella ragione, cioè quella misura ò forma che adoperiamo nel fare alcuna cosa, che poi ne astringe à ragione. Lorenzo Penna, Li primi albori musicali (Bologna, 1672): Senza la cognizione de’ Tuoni, procedereb- be molto male il Contrapuntista e le sue Cantilene sarebbero prive del vero ordine, e dovuta Armonia, perciò dalli Autori Antichi furon trovati li Tuoni, à Ciascheduno de’ qua- li assegnaranno le proprie Corde, e Cadenze.

There are certain limits, beyond which, on either side, nothing right can exist. Mode denotes nothing other than that reason—by which I mean that measure or form—which we adopt in doing anything that constrains us toward reason. Without knowledge of the modes, the contra-puntist would be deprived of true order and harmony. For this reason, since the ancient writers onward, the modes have been found, to each of which were assigned proper pitches and cadences.

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Heinrich Glarean, Dodecachordon (Basle, 1547)

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Heinrich Glarean, Dodecachordon (Basle, 1547)

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Gioseffo Zarlino, Le istitutioni harmoniche (Venice, 1558)

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Rocco Rodio, Regole di musica (Naples, 1609)

Page 13: Greg Barnett - Bellagio Presentation

Camillo Angleria, La regola del contrapunto (Milan, 1622)

Page 14: Greg Barnett - Bellagio Presentation

Silverio Picerli, Specchio secondo di musica (Naples, 1630)

Page 15: Greg Barnett - Bellagio Presentation

Giovanni Maria Bononcini, Musico prattico (Bologna, 1673)

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Zaccaria Tevo, Il musico testore (Venice, 1706)

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F. A. Vallotti, Trattato dei tuoni, vol 2 (MS, 1735)

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G. B. Martini, Storia della musica (Bologna, 1757)

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Lorenzo Perti, Viglietto (1650s): tutta la Cantilena, e fatta senza modo, senza raggione, poco leggiadra, meno elegante, orba delle leggi, e de precetti de gl’eccelenti Mae- stri da qual non si deve partire per haver quelli finite, e limitate le buone Regole di questa mattematica scienza. Quali errori aspetti que-sto prima abboliti affatti mediante il sapere e le recondite regole, che V. S. à benefitio comu-ne possiede. Pierfrancesco Tosi, Opinioni de’ cantori antichi, e moderni (Bologna, 1723): se la Professione deve esistere, e finir col Mondo, o voi stessi vi disingannerete, o lo riformeranno i vostri Successori; Sapete come? Esiliando gli abusi; e richiamando il primo, il secondo, e il terzo Tuono per sollevare il quin-to, il sesto, e l'ottavo oppressi dalle fatiche: Faranno risuscitare il quarto, e il settimo morti per voi, e sepolti in Chiesa.

The whole piece is composed without mode, without reason, with little grace, less elegance, and is bereft of the laws and precepts of the excellent masters from which one must not depart if one is to follow the aims and objectives of the good rules of this mathematical science. If the profession is to continue, and end with the world, either you yourselves will see your mistake, or your successors will reform it. Would you know how? By banishing the abuses; and recalling the first, second, and third modes to relieve the fifth, sixth, and eighth, which are quite oppressed by their labors. They will then revive the fourth and the seventh now dead to you, and buried in church.

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Antonio Vivaldi, Juditha triumphans (1716) Vagaus (aria): Bagaos (aria): Armatae face, et anguibus Armed with your firebrands and serpents, a caeco regno squallido come forth from your dark, foul kingdom, furoris sociae barbari you cruel attendants. furiae venite ad nos. Furies, come to us! Morte, flagello, stragibus, In death, scourging, and slaughter, vindictam tanti funeris we will follow you: irata nostra pectora teach us, whose hearts are full of rage, duces docete vos. to avenge this murderous deed.