grid code compliance in megawatt projects
TRANSCRIPT
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GRID CODE COMPLIANCE IN MEGAWATT PROJECTS
PRACTICAL COMMISSIONING IN THE NETHERLANDS
Ehsan Nadeem Khan
April 28, 2021
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AGENDA
➢ GRID INTEGRATION
➢ POWER PLANT CONTROLLER
➢ GRID CODE COMPLIANCE
➢ A COMPARISON BETWEEN GERMANY AND THE NETHERLANDS
➢ COMPLIANCE TESTING: PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
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INTEGRATING RENEWABLES INTO THE GRID
GRID INTEGRATION
• Renewables such as PV and wind are intermittent in nature
• Grid is stabilized by the delicate balance between demand and
supply
• What happens when this is disturbed? Europe synchronous grid
separation on 8th of January 2021
• Fast automatic control and manual intervention prevented a
Europe wide blackout
• What does it mean?
GRID INTEGRATION
3
Image source: ENTSO-E
North-West area: deficit of power
and decrease in frequency
South-East area: surplus of power
and increase in frequency
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POWER PLANT CONTROLLER
4
What is a power plant controller?
• Enables all the individual parts of a plant to
act as single entity at the PCC
• Some requirements from the grid operator
need to be fulfilled at the PCC and not at the
individual inverter terminals
POWER PLANT CONTROLLER
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WHY GRID CODE COMPLIANCE (GCC)?
5
Grid Code Compliance (GCC)
means “the tasks related to assessment, verification and certification of technical performance capabilities
required in grid codes and similar documents”
• Conducting the tests and providing the necessary documentation
• To successfully connect a renewable plant to the grid
• Ensuring grid stability
GRID CODE COMPLIANCE (GCC)
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TYPES OF COMPLIANCE VERIFICATION
6
GRID CODE COMPLIANCE (GCC)
compliance by
testing and simulation
compliance by
certification
Verification
means “confirmation, through the provision of objective evidence, that specified requirements have been fulfilled.”
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compliance by certification vs.compliance by testing and simulation
OVERVIEW BY COUNTRIES
7
IMPLEMENTATION OF NC RFG ON THE NATIONAL LEVEL
• Compliance by certification via project certificate only in
Germany (since 10 years) and Spain until now (Poland and
the Netherlands are discussing about)
• Equipment certificates accepted in many countries
• Supplementary compliance testing still very common
• Although this is the broad classification, most countries
accept a mixture of both
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YOUR ROAD TO A FAST AND SAFE GRID CONNECTION
8
GRID CONNECTION REQUIREMENTS AND VERIFICATION
Scope of functionality
(Pre-screening)
• Active power management
• Solar power trading interface
• Reactive power management
• Real-time process data
exchange
Planning Realization Commissioning Operation
GCC services
• Project consulting
• Controller tuning
• Test procedure
• Simulation models
(project-specific)
GCC services
• Site Acceptance
Testing (SAT)
• Test report
• Model validation
(project-specific)
Service & O&M
• PPC monitoring
• KPIs (e.g. PR)
• Remote service access
• Diagnosis options
(remote / local)
A comparison between Germany and the Netherlands
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GERMAN IMPLEMENTATION
10
EEG / EnWGRenewable Energy
Sources Act
NELEVOrdinance to proof electrical
behaviour of generators at gridLA
WT
EC
HN
ICA
LG
UID
EL
INE
S
VDE-AR-N 4105(generators LV grid)
VDE-AR-N 4110(connetion MV grid)
VDE-AR-N 4130(connetion extHV grid)
VDE-AR-N 4120(connetion HV grid)
VDE-AR-N 4100(connetion LV grid)
Technical Connection Rules forlow voltage, medium voltage & high voltage
ENTSO-E
RfG
TG8TG3 TG4
FGW Technical guidelines for
testing, simulations & certification
DIN EN ISO/IEC 17065
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GERMAN IMPLEMENTATION
11
Demand of certification starting from 135kW at PCC
Component and type certificate
Project planning(independent to
certification body)
Project certificate
Commissioningdeclaration
Declaration ofconformity
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DUTCH IMPLEMENTATION
12
LA
WT
EC
HN
ICA
LG
UID
EL
INE
S
ENTSO-E
RfG
Electricity Act 1998Ministry of Economic
Affairs and Climate (EZK)
ACM DecisionsNetherlands Authority for Consumers
and Markets (ACM)
Netcode elektriciteit
(‘Dutch Grid Code’, last updated: June 2020)
Type A(0.8 kW ≤ Pmax < 1 MW)
(Vn < 110kV)
Type C(50 MW ≤ Pmax < 60 MW)
(Vn < 110kV)
RfG compliance verification
(Compliance Verification Procedure)
Netbeheer Nederland’s guideline for
testing, simulations & certification
Type B(1 MW ≤ Pmax < 50 MW)
(Vn < 110kV)
Type D(Pmax ≥ 60 MW)
(Vn ≥ 110kV)
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RFG/POWER GENERATING MODULES COMPLIANCE VERIFICATION
DUTCH IMPLEMENTATION
13
• Multiple revisions in a short span of time
• Power-generating modules compliance verification – Power-generating modules type B, C and D according
to NC RfG and Netcode elektriciteit’:
1. Version 0.1, April 2019
2. Version 1.1, December 2019
3. Version 1.2 and Version 1.2.1, July 2020
This is a common trend in many countries. As their total renewable capacity increases, amendments are being
made in their grid codes.
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COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENT BASED ON TYPE
DUTCH IMPLEMENTATION
14
RfG states that the significance of Power-generating
modules should be based on their size and effect on
overall system. Meaning compliance requirements are
based on the size
Type A
• require only equipment certificate
Type B & C
• require PGMD (Power-generating module document)
• PGMD includes test reports and simulation studies
reports
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COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENT BASED ON TYPE
DUTCH IMPLEMENTATION
15
Type D
• Have to go through a more rigorous process and detailed testing due to their scale and impact
• three stages in taking the plant into operation
EON (Energization operational notification)
Equipment energization but no generation
ION (Interim operational notification)
Operate and generate for a limited period of time (no more than 24 months)
FON (Final operational notification)
Continuous commercial operation EON ION FON
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COMPLIANCE TESTING & SIMULATION
16
IMPLEMENTATION OF NC RFG ON THE NATIONAL LEVEL
‘POWER-GENERATING MODULES COMPLIANCE VERIFICATION – POWER-GENERATING MODULES TYPE B, C AND D ACCORDING TO NC RFG AND NETCODEELEKTRICITEIT’, VERSION 1.2.1, NETBEHEER NEDERLAND, 2020-07-21
Features RfG article
Testing Simulations
Type Type
Article B C D Article B C D
Frequency range 13(1) x x x
LFSM-O 13(2) 47.3 x x x 54.2 x x x
LFSM-U 15(2)(c) 48.3 x x 55.2 x x
FSM 15(2)(d) 48.4 x x 55.3 x x
Frequency restoration 15(2)(e) 48.5 x x
Active power controllability 15(2)(a) 48.2 x x
Reconnection after disconnection 14(4) x x x
Post-fault active power recovery 20(3) 54.5 x x x
REQUIREMENTS - FREQUENCY STABILITY
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COMPLIANCE TESTING & SIMULATION
17
IMPLEMENTATION OF NC RFG ON THE NATIONAL LEVEL
Features RfG article
Testing Simulations
Type Type
Article B C D Article B C D
Voltage range 16(2) x x x
Reactive power capability 21(3)(b/c) 48.6 x x x 55.6 x x X
Voltage control mode
(V1-mode & V2-mode)21(3)(d) 48.7 x x
Reactive power control mode 21(3)(d) 48.8 x x
Power factor control mode 21(3)(d) 48.9 x x
Fast fault current injection 20(2)(b) 48.4 x x x 54.3 x x x
Fault-ride through (FRT) 14(3)(a) / 16(3) 48.5 x x x 54.4/56.3 x x x
Synthetic Inertia 21(2)(a) 55.5 x x x
Power Oscillation Damping (POD) 19(2)/21(3)(f) 55.7 x x
REQUIREMENTS – VOLTAGE STABILITY
‘POWER-GENERATING MODULES COMPLIANCE VERIFICATION – POWER-GENERATING MODULES TYPE B, C AND D ACCORDING TO NC RFG AND NETCODEELEKTRICITEIT’, VERSION 1.2.1, NETBEHEER NEDERLAND, 2020-07-21
Compliance testingExamples from practice in the Netherlands
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PLANT SPECIFICATIONS
TYPE B
19
• Power-generating modules compliance verification,
Version 1.1, December 2019
On-site
• LFSM-O
• Reactive power capability
Parameter Value
Agreed connected active power >30.0 MW
Installed active power Pinst 33.9 MW
Declared supply voltage Vc 10.4 kV
Number of PVGUs (PV inverters) NPVGU, total 226
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PROJECT TAKEAWAYS
TYPE B
20
• Currently there was no interface with the grid operator for type B plants but it is being considered and may
be implemented in the future (feedback from the grid operator)
• Type B plants alternatively can show compliance through equipment certificates
• On site testing for reactive power capability was not conducted
Unavailability of initial active power
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PLANT SPECIFICATIONS
TYPE D - 1
21
• RfG compliance verification – Power-generating modules type
B, C and D, Version 0.1, April 2019
Parameter Value
Agreed connected active power >70.0 MW
Installed active power Pinst 84.0 MW
Declared supply voltage Vc 110 kV
Number of PVGUs (PV inverters) NPVGU, total 28
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ON-SITE TESTS
TYPE D - 1
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• Active power controllability
• Reactive power control mode tests
• Voltage sub mode 1
• Voltage sub mode 2
• Q mode
• PF mode
• Power and voltage quality compliance test
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ACTIVE POWER CONTROLLABILITY
TYPE D - 1
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Initial conditions
Parameter Value
Actual active power >60% Pmax
Voltage sub mode 1 activated 0 Mvar
Parameter Value
No protection action (tripping) as a consequence of the test
during or after the test
Y/N
Settling time ≤20 s
Steady-state error ΔPref ≤ ±5 % Pref
The tests show damped oscillations Y/N
Evaluation criteria
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ACTIVE POWER CONTROLLABILITY
TYPE D - 1
24
Steady state accuracy Settling time
Remained below 5% PMAX Settling time ≤20 s
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VOLTAGE SUB MODE 1
TYPE D - 1
25
Initial conditions and settings Evaluation criteria
Parameter Value
Active power setpoint 100% Pmax
Actual active power >20% Pmax
Voltage droop 10 %
Minimum voltage setpoint Vsetpoint, min 0.90 V/Vc
Maximum voltage setpoint Vsetpoint, max 1.10 V/Vc
Dynamic threshold Qdynamic upper / lower 7 Mvar/ -7Mvar
Disturbance threshold Qdynamic upper/lower 14 Mvar / -14 Mvar
Maximum absorbed / underexcited reactive power Qmin, V
control
-40 % Pmax
Maximum injected / overexcited reactive power Qmax, V
control
35 % Pmax
Parameter Value
Voltage droop sV 10%
Dynamic and Disturbance threshold violations -
Rise time Trise 90% <2.5 s
Settling time ≤7.0 s
Steady-state error ΔQrmax ≤ ±5 % Pmax
Maximum overshoot V/VC 1% VC
The tests show damped oscillations Y/N
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VOLTAGE SUB MODE 1
TYPE D - 1
26
Test Procedure Description Measurement data
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VOLTAGE SUB MODE 1
TYPE D - 1
27
Measured data Rise and settling time
• Remained below 5% PMAX
• Settling time ≤7 s
• Rise time ≤2.5 s
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Dead band
PROJECT TAKEAWAYS
TYPE D - 1
28
SAT was conducted two times
• Initial power requirements were not met the first time
• First SAT conducted independently
• Second SAT in presence of an independent certification body
Settings
• Dead band
• FRT in the inverters was triggered
• Maximum power limitation to keep the power at PAV
Success criteria
• Overshoot
• Rise and Settling time
• Coordination with the grid operator
• Several revisions of the GCCTPD: 10 months from first draft (Sep 2019)
to final confirmation (June 2020)
• Time consuming tests
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PLANT SPECIFICATIONS
TYPE D - 2
29
• Power-generating modules compliance verification,
Version 1.1, December 2019
Parameter Value
Agreed connected active power >110.0 MW
Installed active power Pinst 123.1 MW
Declared supply voltage Vc 110 kV
Number of PVGUs (PV inverters) NPVGU, total 257
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PROJECT TAKEAWAYS
TYPE D - 2
30
Same type (type D) and same grid operator: compliance testing should be similar?
→ No, because of new compliance requirements!
SAT
• was again conducted two times
• first one was non compliant - equipment settings
Transformer reactive power
• 18MVar
• Reactive power capability a challenge
Inverters
• 238 String inverters
• 19 Central inverters
• On site testing compliance was to be shown at the PCC as opposed to the inverter
• More control modes were required
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CHANGES
TYPE D - 2
31
• On-site testing for frequency control
• Only one reactive power control mode tested
• Changes in methods of testing: LFSM-O
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5.000
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CHANGES
TYPE D - 2
32
• Changes in methods of testing: Voltage sub mode 1
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SUMMARY
33
✓ Renewables are the fastest growing power source in the world
✓ Important to ensure grid stability
✓ GCC very important
Every country has its own requirements
Very rapidly changing compliance landscape
✓ From start to finish this is a long process
Coordination with different stake holders
Tests
✓ Component manufacturers need to stay on top of their game
Continuous R&D is the key
CONTACT
Ehsan Nadeem Khan
Grid Code Compliance Engineer
Email: [email protected]
Phone: +49 821 34666 1214