gross structure of the brain

Gross Structure of the BrainGross Structure of the Brain

TJ del Mundo, MD, DPBOCollege of OptometryCEU

TJ del Mundo, MD, DPBOCollege of OptometryCEU

Nervous SystemNervous System

CNS (central nervous system)

Brain Spinal Cord

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Peripheral Nerve Ganglion

CNS (central nervous system)

Brain Spinal Cord

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Peripheral Nerve Ganglion

Central Nervous System - BrainCentral Nervous System - Brain

Gross Divisions of the BrainGross Divisions of the Brain

Cerebrum (cerebral hemisphere)

Diencephalon

Cerebellum

Brainstem

Cerebrum (cerebral hemisphere)

Diencephalon

Cerebellum

Brainstem

telencephalontelencephalonCerebral cortex

Cerebral white matterBasal ganglia

Cerebral cortexCerebral white matter

Basal ganglia

metencephalonmetencephalon CerebellumPons

CerebellumPons

Primary vesiclePrimary vesicle Secondary vesicleSecondary vesicle DerivativesDerivatives

ProsencephalonProsencephalon

diencephalondiencephalon

ThalamusHypothalamusSubthalamusEpithalamus


MesencephalonMesencephalon mesencephalonmesencephalon MidbrainMidbrain

RhombencephalonRhombencephalon

myelencephalonmyelencephalon Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata

Embryonic (developmental) divisions of the BrainEmbryonic (developmental) divisions of the Brain

Inner Structures of the BrainInner Structures of the Brain

1. Basal ganglia

2. Thalamus

3. Hypothalamus

4. Midbrain

5. Pons

6. Medulla oblongata

1. Basal ganglia

2. Thalamus

3. Hypothalamus

4. Midbrain

5. Pons

6. Medulla oblongata

Cerebrum – Cerebral HemisphereCerebrum – Cerebral Hemisphere

1. Cerebral Cortex- lobes, gyrus & sulcus

2. Cerebral White Matter (medullary center)

3. Basal Ganglia

1. Cerebral Cortex- lobes, gyrus & sulcus

2. Cerebral White Matter (medullary center)

3. Basal Ganglia

Telencephalic structure –lateral ventriclesTelencephalic structure –lateral ventricles

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (lateral surface)Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (lateral surface)

1. Frontal lobe

2. Parietal lobe

3. Temporal Lobe

4. Occipital lobe

5. Limbic lobe

1. Frontal lobe

2. Parietal lobe

3. Temporal Lobe

4. Occipital lobe

5. Limbic lobe

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (medial surface)Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (medial surface)

1. Frontal lobe

2. Parietal lobe

3. Temporal Lobe

4. Occipital lobe

5. Limbic lobe

1. Frontal lobe

2. Parietal lobe

3. Temporal Lobe

4. Occipital lobe

5. Limbic lobe

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)

1. Frontal lobe

2. Parietal lobe

3. Temporal Lobe

4. Occipital lobe

5. Limbic lobe

1. Frontal lobe

2. Parietal lobe

3. Temporal Lobe

4. Occipital lobe

5. Limbic lobe

Lateral Surface

Precentral Gyrus --- primary motor areaSuperior Frontal Gyrus Middle Frontal GyrusInferior Frontal Gyrus Pars Opercularis Pars Triangularis Pars Orbitalis

Medial SurfaceMedial Frontal Gyrus Paracentral Lobule

Basal SurfaceRectus Gyrus Orbital GyrusInferior Frontal Gyrus

Lateral Surface

Precentral Gyrus --- primary motor areaSuperior Frontal Gyrus Middle Frontal GyrusInferior Frontal Gyrus Pars Opercularis Pars Triangularis Pars Orbitalis

Medial SurfaceMedial Frontal Gyrus Paracentral Lobule

Basal SurfaceRectus Gyrus Orbital GyrusInferior Frontal Gyrus

Gyri of the Frontal LobeGyri of the Frontal Lobe

] Broca’s area (dominant hemisphere)] Broca’s area (dominant hemisphere)

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Lateral Surface)


Broca’s area

Pars Opercularis

Pars Triangularis

Pars Orbitalis

Motor HomunculusMotor HomunculusMotor HomunculusMotor Homunculus

Photograph of the brain of Broca’s patient called “Tan” (real name is Leborgne).

Broca’s AreaBroca’s AreaBroca’s AreaBroca’s Area

Pars triangularis and pars Pars triangularis and pars opercularis of the inferior opercularis of the inferior frontal gyrus of dominant frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere.hemisphere.

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (Medial Surface)

Gyri of the Cerebral Cortex (basal surface)


Gyri of the Parietal LobeGyri of the Parietal Lobe

Lateral Surface

Postcentral Gyrus ---- primary somesthetic area

Superior Parietal Lobule

Inferior Parietal Lobule ---- Wernicke’s area

Supramarginal Gyrus

Angular Gyrus

Medial Surface

Paracentral Lobule

Precuneus

Lateral Surface

Postcentral Gyrus ---- primary somesthetic area

Superior Parietal Lobule

Inferior Parietal Lobule ---- Wernicke’s area

Supramarginal Gyrus

Angular Gyrus

Medial Surface

Paracentral Lobule

Precuneus

Sensory HomunculusSensory HomunculusSensory HomunculusSensory Homunculus

Gyri of the Occipital LobeGyri of the Occipital Lobe

Lateral SurfaceLateral Occipital Gyrus

Superior Occipital Gyrus Inferior Occipital Gyrus

Medial Surface

CuneusLingual Gyrus

Basal Surface

Lingual Gyrus

Occipitotemporal Gyrus

Lateral SurfaceLateral Occipital Gyrus

Superior Occipital Gyrus Inferior Occipital Gyrus

Medial Surface

CuneusLingual Gyrus

Basal Surface

Lingual Gyrus


Gyri of the Temporal LobeGyri of the Temporal Lobe

Lateral Surface

Superior Temporal Gyrus

Middle Temporal Gyrus

Inferior Temporal Gyrus

Basal Surface

Lingual Gyrus


Medial Occipitotemporal Gyrus

Lateral Occipitotemporal Gyrus

Lateral Surface

Superior Temporal Gyrus

Middle Temporal Gyrus

Inferior Temporal Gyrus

Basal Surface

Lingual Gyrus


Medial Occipitotemporal Gyrus

Lateral Occipitotemporal Gyrus

PET (positron emission tomography) scanPET (positron emission tomography) scan

Gyri of the Limbic LobeGyri of the Limbic Lobe

Outer RingCingulate Gyrus

Isthmus of Cingulate GyrusParahippocampal Gyrus

Uncus, Uncinate Gyrus Inner Ring

Hippocampal FormationHippocampus, Ammon's HornDentate Gyrus

Fasciolar Gyrus Indusium Griseum (Supracallosal Gyrus) Paraterminal Gyrus (Subcallosal Gyrus) Subcallosal Area (Parolfactory Area)

Outer RingCingulate Gyrus

Isthmus of Cingulate GyrusParahippocampal Gyrus

Uncus, Uncinate Gyrus Inner Ring

Hippocampal FormationHippocampus, Ammon's HornDentate Gyrus

Fasciolar Gyrus Indusium Griseum (Supracallosal Gyrus) Paraterminal Gyrus (Subcallosal Gyrus) Subcallosal Area (Parolfactory Area)

Structures of the Lateral Surface of the BrainStructures of the Lateral Surface of the Brain

1 2

3 4 5

Structures of the Medial Surface of the BrainStructures of the Medial Surface of the Brain

1

2

3

4

Structures of the Basal Surface of the BrainStructures of the Basal Surface of the Brain

1

2

Insula of ReilInsula of Reil

Structures around the Limbic LobeStructures around the Limbic Lobe

1

2

3

Structures of the Limbic LobeStructures of the Limbic Lobe

1

23

Structures of the Limbic LobeStructures of the Limbic Lobe

1

2

3

Structures of FornixStructures of Fornix

1. Uncus

2. Hippocampus

3. Fimbria

4. Crus

5. Commissure

6. Corpus

7. Column

8. Mammillary body

1. Uncus

2. Hippocampus

3. Fimbria

4. Crus

5. Commissure

6. Corpus

7. Column

8. Mammillary body

1 2 34

56

7

8

Cerebral White MatterCerebral White Matter

Projection fiberCorona radiata

Commissural fiber

Corpus callosumrostrum, genu, trunk, splenium

Anterior commissureCommissure of fornix

Association fiber

Short association fiber

Long association fiber

Projection fiberCorona radiata

Commissural fiber

Corpus callosumrostrum, genu, trunk, splenium

Anterior commissureCommissure of fornix

Association fiber

Short association fiber

Long association fiber

Fibers of Cerebral White Matter (coronal section)Fibers of Cerebral White Matter (coronal section)

1. Corpus callosum

2. Internal capsule

3. Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus

4. Superior longitudinal fasciculus

5. Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus

6. Cingulum

7. Uncinate fasciculus

8. Inferior longitudinal fasciculus

1. Corpus callosum

2. Internal capsule

3. Superior occipitofrontal fasciculus

4. Superior longitudinal fasciculus

5. Inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus

6. Cingulum

7. Uncinate fasciculus

8. Inferior longitudinal fasciculus

Basal Ganglia (traditional concept)Basal Ganglia (traditional concept)

Corpus striatum

lenticular nucleus

putamen

globus pallidus

caudate nucleus

Amygdaloid body

Corpus striatum

lenticular nucleus

putamen

globus pallidus

caudate nucleus

Amygdaloid body

Basal GangliaBasal Ganglia

12

3

12

43

Basal GangliaBasal Ganglia

1 23

12

3

DiencephalonDiencephalon

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Subthalamus

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Subthalamus

3rd ventricle and tela choroidea3rd ventricle and tela choroidea

DiencephalonDiencephalon

1

2

3

45

1

32

Ventral Surface of DiencephalonVentral Surface of Diencephalon

1

2

3

4

5 5

6

CerebellumCerebellum

Anterior LobePosterior LobeFlocculonodular Lobe

flocculus, nodulus

VermisParavermal RegionCerebellar Hemisphere

Anterior LobePosterior LobeFlocculonodular Lobe

flocculus, nodulus

VermisParavermal RegionCerebellar Hemisphere

Cerebellum (posterosuperior view)Cerebellum (posterosuperior view)

1

2 3

Cerebellum (posteroinferior view)Cerebellum (posteroinferior view)

flocculus

Cerebellum (anterior view)Cerebellum (anterior view)

1

23

Cerebellum (medial view)Cerebellum (medial view)

Brain StemBrain Stem

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

4th Ventricle

Rhomboid Fossa

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla Oblongata

4th Ventricle

Rhomboid Fossa

BrainStemBrainStem

Anteriorsurface

Anteriorsurface

1

2

3

4

III

VI

V

VII VIII

5

IX

X

XI

XII

BrainStemBrainStem

Posteriorsurface

Posteriorsurface

IV

1

2

3

4

5 6

7

89

10

Rhomboid FossaRhomboid Fossa

4

5

6

7

8

1

2

3

Roof of the 4th VentricleRoof of the 4th Ventricle

1

2

telencephalontelencephalonCerebral cortex

Cerebral white matterBasal ganglia

Cerebral cortexCerebral white matter

Basal ganglia

metencephalonmetencephalon CerebellumPons

CerebellumPons

Primary vesiclePrimary vesicle Secondary vesicleSecondary vesicle DerivativesDerivatives

ProsencephalonProsencephalon

diencephalondiencephalon



MesencephalonMesencephalon mesencephalonmesencephalon MidbrainMidbrain

RhombencephalonRhombencephalon

myelencephalonmyelencephalon Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata

Embryonic (developmental) divisions of the BrainEmbryonic (developmental) divisions of the Brain

gross structure of the brain

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