GROUND-WATER MOVEMENT AND EFFECTS OF COAL STRIP MINING ON WATER QUALITY OF

HIGH-WALL LAKES AND AQUIFERS IN THE MACON-HUNTSVILLE AREA, NORTH-CENTRAL

MISSOURI

By Dennis C. Hall and Robert E. Davis

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4102

Rolla, Missouri

1986

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Dallas L. Peck, Director

For additional write to:

information Copies of this report can be purchased from:

District ChiefU.S. Geological Survey1400 Independence RoadMail Stop 200Rolla, Missouri 65401

Open-File Services Section Western Distribution Branch Box 25425, Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 Telephone: (303) 236-7476

n

CONTENTSPage

Abstract - 1

Introduction- 2

Purpose and scope 2

Previous investigations- - 7

Physiography and drainage 7

Climate 7

Coal mining in Missouri - 7

Acknowledgments 9

Geology 9

Stratigraphy 9

Mineralogy 13

Ground-water movement 13

Transmissivity - 13

Recharge and discharge 19

Potentiometric surface- 20

General geochemical processes affecting ground-water quality 27

Effects of strip mining on water quality of high-wall lakes andaquifers 28

Summary - 60

References 62

Supplemental data --- 64

Figures 1.-4. Maps showing:

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

1. Location of study area, spoil areas, and wellsoutside of spoil areas ~ 3

2. Location of observation wells, lake staff gages, andmiscellaneous lakes in 1940 spoil 4

3. Location of observation wells, lake staff gages, andmiscellaneous lakes in 1952 spoil 5

4. Location of observation wells, lake staff gages, andmiscellaneous lakes in 1968 spoil 6

Figure 5. Graph showing precipitation at Macon, May 1981through December 1983 8

6. Generalized lithologic section through an abandonedstrip mine- 10

7. Generalized stratigraphy of study area- 11

8. Map showing Pennsylvanian bedrock in the studyarea 12

9. Map showing potentiometric surface in shallowaquifers in parts of Macon, Randolph, and Chariton Counties, summers 1981 and 1982 21

10. Map showing potentiometric surface of shallowaquifers in 1940 spoil, summer 1983 22

11. Map showing potentiometric surface of shallowaquifers in 1952 and 1968 spoil, summer 1983 23

Figures 12.-14. Graphs showing:

12. Altitude of water surfaces in wells and lakes in1940 spoil, May 1981 through December 1983 24

13. Altitude of water surfaces in wells and lakes in1952 spoil, May 1981 through December 1983 25

14. Altitude of water surfaces in wells and lakes in1968 spoil, May 1981 through December 1983 26

ILLUSTRATIONS ContinuedPage

Figure 15. Diagram of major ions in water from 14 wells(55 analyses) completed in or near spoil and 3 high-wall lakes in or near spoil 39

16. Diagram of major ions in water from 4 wells completed in bedrock, 18 wells completed in glacial drift, and 1 lake in glacial drift, not affected by mining 40

Figures 17.-19. Graphs showing:

17. Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected chemical constituents in water from three wells completed in 1940 spoil 44

18. Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, andselected chemical constituents in waterfrom four wells completed in 1952 spoil 46

19. Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected chemical constituents in water from three wells completed in 1968 spoil 48

TABLESPage

Table 1. Sand-silt-clay grain-size distribution in glacial driftand spoil 14

2. Percentage of calcite and dolomite by weight in glacialdrift and spoil 15

3. Minerals selected for geochemical modeling -- 16

4. Reported transmissivities of alluvium, glacial drift, spoil, and bedrock in the Macon, Randolph, and Chariton Counties area--- 17

5. Average chemical composition of precipitation at Ashland,December 1981 to April 1982 29

6. Summary of selected properties and concentrations of chemical constituents in water from three high-wall lakes 30

7. Summary of selected properties and concentrations of chemical constituents in water from nonstrip-mine affected glacial drift 32

8. Summary of selected properties and concentrations ofchemical constituents in water from bedrock 34

9. Summary of selected properties and concentrations of chemical constituents in water from in or near spoil- 36

10. Comparison of medians of properties and selected chemical constituents in precipitation, high-wall-lake water, and well water from glacial drift, bedrock, and in or near spoil 38

11. Comparison of means of property or constituent concentration in water from spoil of different ages---------------------------------------------------- 43

12. Oxidation potential (Eh) values used in chemical -equilibrium calculations- 50

13. Summary of saturation states in water from precipitation, high-wall lakes, and wells completed in glacial drift, bedrock, and in or near spoil -- 52

14. Results of mass-balance calculations for chemical changes resulting from selected initial sources to spoil using pyrite as the parent-material source of sulfate 54

TABLES--ContinuedPage

Table 15. Results of mass-balance calculations for chemical changes resulting from selected initial sources to spoil using gypsum as the parent-material source of sulfate 57

16. Selected data pertaining to wells for which quality-of-water data were obtained 65

17. Water-quality analysis data for wells and lakes 68

18. Reported chemical compositions of water from wells notaffected by strip mining 80

19. Surface altitudes of and selected quality-of-waterdata for lakes in spoil areas 84

20. Summary of selected properties and concentrations ofchemical constituents in water from 1940 spoil 86

21. Summary of selected properties and concentrations ofchemical constituents in water from 1952 spoil 88

22. Summary of selected properties and concentrations ofchemical constituents in water from 1968 spoil 90

23. Saturation indices of selected minerals in water fromselected lakes and precipitation 92

24. Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wells completed in glacial drift and bedrock not affected by strip mines 94

25. Saturation indices of selected minerals in water fromwells completed in or near spoil 97

vn

CONVERSION FACTORS

For readers who prefer to use metric units, conversion factors for terms used in this report are listed below:

Multiply inch-pound unit By To obtain metric unit

inch

inch per hour

foot

foot per mile

mile

square mile

foot squared per day

gallon

ton

gallon per minute

25.40 0.02540

0.007056

0.3048

0.1894

1.609

2.590

0.09290

3.785 0.003785

0.9072

0.06309

millimeter meter

millimeter per second

meter

meter per kilometer

kilometer

square kilometer

meter squared per day

liter or cubic decimeter cubic meter

megagram or metric ton

liter per second

Temperature in degree Celsius (°C) may be converted to degree Fahrenheit (°F) as follows: F = 9/5 °C + 32.

Temperature in degree Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degree Celsius (°C) as follows: °C = 5/9 (°F-32).

vm

GROUND-WATER MOVEMENT AND EFFECTS OF COAL STRIP MINING ON WATER QUALITY

OF HIGH-WALL LAKES AND AQUIFERS IN THE MACON-HUNTSVILLE AREA,

NORTH-CENTRAL MISSOURI

By Dennis C. Hall and Robert E. Davis

ABSTRACT

Glacial drift and Pennsylvan!an bedrock were mixed together forming spoil during prereclamation strip mining for coal in north-central Missouri. This restructuring of the land increases the porosity of the material, and increases aqueous concentrations of many dissolved constituents. Median sodium and bicarbonate concentrations were slightly greater, calcium 5 times greater, magnesium 6 times greater, manganese 15 times greater, iron 19 times greater, and sulfate 24 times greater in water from spoil than in water from glacial drift. Median potassium concentrations were slightly greater, and chloride concentrations were two times greater in water from glacial drift than in water from spoil. Water types in glacial drift and bedrock were mostly sodium bicarbonate and calcium bicarbonate; in spoil and lakes in the spoil, the water types were mostly calcium sulfate. Median pH values in water from spoil were 6.6, as compared to 7.4 in water from glacial drift and 9.0 in water from bedrock. Neutralization of acid by carbonate rocks causes the moderate pH values in water from spoil; a carbonate system closed to the atmosphere may result in alkaline pH values in bedrock.

Alluvium, glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil are aquifers in the study area. Transmissivities general Iy are greatest for spoil, and decrease in the following order: alluvium, glacial drift, and bedrock.

Recharge to spoil is from precipitation, lateral flow from glacial drift, and lateral and vertical flow from bedrock. Precipitation probably is the major source of recharge, both directly by infiltration and indirectly as inflow from lakes. The rate of recharge to the aquifers is unknown, but probably is small. Ground-water discharge from the glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil is to alluvium, which general Iy discharges to streams.

The potentiometric surface in the shallow aquifers generally conformed to the topography. The direction of flow general Iy was from high-walI lakes in the spoil toward East Fork Little Chariton River or South Fork Claybank Creek.

Significant differences (95-percent confidence level) in values and concentrations of aqueous constituents between spoil areas mined at different times (1940, 1952, and 1968) were obtained for pH, calcium, magnesium, manganese, sulfate, chloride, and dissolved solids, but not for iron. These differences are attributed to local variations in the geohydrologic system rather than spoil age. The changes in water quality occurred in fewer than 12 years and have persisted for more than 40 years.

Water from high-walI lakes, glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil was saturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and quartz, but only water from spoil was saturated with respect to gypsum. The difference can be attributed either to dissolution of freshly exposed gypsum or to oxidation of freshly exposed pyrite, or both, in spoil. The exposure of the minerals probably results from disturbance of the drift and bedrock overburden during mining.

The general chemical processes that occur as water moves into spoil are dissolution and precipitation of calcite, dissolution of dolomite, consumption of oxygen gas, consumption and release of carbon dioxide gas, dissolution of pyrite and gypsum, precipitation of goethite (or iron hydroxide), and release of sodium ions by ion exchange. Vtfhen all the pyrite has been consumed through oxidation, the quality of water in the spoil probably will begin to improve. How long this might take is not known.

INTRODUCTION

Strip mining of coal has a significant effect on the near-surface environment because overburden, the material above the coal, is removed successively in furrows or strips. After the first strip cut, the broken and mixed overburden from successive cuts is placed into the previous cut forming spoil. The last cut is left open and eventually may fill with water, forming a high-wall lake. Strip mining can alter both the hydraulic and geochemical characteristics of hydrologic systems in the mined area.

To administer coal-mining regulations, State and Federal agencies need to assess the probable effects of strip mining on the movement and quality of ground water. However, to date (1984), information about the effects has been insufficient to make these assessments.

Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this study was to describe the ground-water hydrology and general geochemical processes affecting ground-water quality in the Macon-Huntsville area of north-central Missouri (fig. 1). Specifically, the objectives were to determine the ground-water conditions in the area and the effects of strip mining of coal with a substantial sulfur content in a humid climate on water quality of high-wall lakes and aquifers.

An extensive data-collection program was begun during 1980 to provide hydrologic and geochemical information for the study. Existing wells in the study area were inventoried. In addition, 15 observation wells were installed in or near mine spoil emplaced during 1940 (fig. 2), 1952 (fig. 3), and 1968 (fig. 4) in southern Macon County. Cuttings were collected during drilling and were analyzed for physical properties and mineralogy. Water levels in the observation wells were measured monthly, and several sets of water samples were collected from the wells for on-site and laboratory chemical analysis. Staff gages were installed in nine lakes in spoil to determine the relationship between the lakes and ground water in the spoil. Samples of water from the lakes were collected and analyzed for specific conductance, pH, temperature, and carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations (see "Supplemental Data" section at the back of the report for data collected during the study).

Study Area

92° 45'

39° 45' ,

EXPLANATION

1952 £3 SPOIL AND YEAR OF M STRIP MINING

A WELL AND IDENTIFYING LETTER

39° 30'

Moberly\ ""?

012345 MILES

01 2345 KILOMETERS

Figure 1.--Location of study area, spoil areas, and wells outside of sooil areas.

92C32'30"

I

EXPLANATION

SPOIL

NON-MINED AREA

OBSERVATION WELL AND NUMBER

101 LAKE STAFF GAGE AND NUMBER

££> LAKE- Numbered where 100F data were collected

39'37'30"-

0.5

0.5 1 MILE -\

KILOMETER

Figure 2.--Location of observation wells, lake staff gages, and miscellaneous lakes in 1940 spoil.

92° 32'30"R.14 W.

39° 40

EXPLANATION

| | SPOIL

0 NON- MINED AREA

OBSERVATION WELL AND NUMBER

LAKE STAFF GAGE AND NUMBER

LAKE -Numbered where datd were collected

T56N

I , !,__, I 4__, ,0.5

1 MILE

KILOMETER

Figure 3.--Location of observation wells, lake staff gages, and miscellaneous lakes in 1952 spoil.

39.42-30"

EXPLANATION

SPOIL

NON- MINED AREA

11 OBSERVATION WELL AND

301 LAKE STAFF GAGE AND NUMBER

300 LAKE -Numbered where data were collected

0.539°40'

Figure 4.--Location of observation wells, lake staff gages, and miscellaneous lakes in 1968 spoil.

Previous Investigations

Studies of the coal resources of Missouri have been made by Gentile (1967), Robertson (1971 and 1973), Robertson and Smith (1981), and Searight (1967). Studies of ground-water resources in and near the study area have been made by Haliburton Associates (1981), Horner and Shifrin, Inc. (1981), and Vaill and Barks (1980). Studies made by Draney (1982); Lewis (1982); Older (1982); and Seifert (1982) relate directly to certain geologic and hydrologic aspects of the study area.

Physiography and Drainage

North-central Missouri has been glaciated and is in the Dissected Till Plains physiographic area (Fenneman, 1938). The topography consists of rolling hills with about 100 feet of relief. The major streams, East and Middle Forks Little Chariton River, drain southward to the Missouri River. Two major reservoirs, Thomas Hill and Long Branch, are located in the study area (see fig. 1).

Climate

North-central Missouri has a humid climate. Mean annual precipitation for 1941-70 at Macon (fig. 1) was 38.7 inches (National Weather Service, 1981-83). The mean annual temperature was 52.1 °F (National Weather Service, 1981-83). Mean annual potential evapotranspiration is 28 inches (Lewis, 1982, p. 23) and mean annual runoff is 8 to 9 inches (Skelton, 1971, plate 1).

Precipitation at Macon (fig. 5) was 52.4 inches during 1981; 47.4 inches during 1982; and 41.7 inches during 1983 (National Weather Service, 1981-83; and U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Long Branch Reservoir, oral commun., 1983). The 1981 and 1982 values were considerably greater than the mean annual precipitation.

Coal Mining in Missouri

Missouri has an estimated 47 billion tons of coal reserves, of which 18 billion tons are identified, 12 billion tons are hypothetical, and 17 billion tons are speculative (Robertson and Smith, 1981, p. 12-13) . Of the 18 billion tons of identified reserves, 5 billion tons are considered recoverable. Of these recoverable reserves, 2 billion tons are considered recoverable by strip mining. The coal in Missouri is bituminous and has a relatively large sulfur content. In a study by Wedge and others (1976), the sulfur content of Missouri coal ranged from 2.7 to 6.9 percent, averaging 4.3 percent.

Macon County produced 43 million tons of coal from 1889 to 1964 (Gentile, 1967) , which was more than any other county in Missouri. During the same period, Randolph County produced 24 million tons of coal. Both underground and strip mines have been significant in the production of coal. About 37 percent of the total coal produced has been strip mined and almost all coal produced since the mid-1960's has been strip mined. In the 108 square-mile drainage of East Fork Little Chariton River between Macon and Huntsville (see fig. 1) , 14 percent of the area has been disrupted by strip mining.

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The hilly topography has made contour strip mining the method of choice in Macon and Randolph Counties (Vaill and Barks, 1980). By this method, the overburden is removed successively in strips following the contour of the land (fig. 6). Mining generally continues until the thickness of the overburden makes mining uneconomical or until the thickness of the overburden exceeds the removal capacity of the equipment. The maximum thickness of overburden removed in Missouri generally is not more than 150 feet.

Before 1972, reclamation was not required and ordinarily was not practiced in Missouri mining operations. After the coal was removed, strip mines were abandoned and left to natural processes. The mine areas were not recontoured, topsoil was not replaced, and the fertility of the surface material varied widely. As a result, vegetation varies from sparse to dense in unreclaimed areas.

Public Law 95-87 (U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, 1979) requires that land stripped for mining be reclaimed. With reclamation the spoil is recontoured, the topsoil is replaced, and the area is reseeded and revegetated. However, high-wall lakes are still a characteristic feature.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the cooperation of the Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc., which owns much of the property where this study was made; and to the many employees who offered assistance, particularly Kimery C. Vories and Daniel L. Henry. Also, many thanks to Scott and Carol Phillips, owners of Phillips Farms, who permitted the installation of wells and staff gages on their property.

GEOLOGY

Stratigraphy

The near-surface geology of northern Missouri consists of Quaternary alluvium, loess, and glacial drift overlying Pennsylvanian bedrock (fig. 7). Alluvium primarily is present in the larger stream valleys and consists of sand, silt, and clay. Maximum thickness of the alluvium is about 50 feet. The loess is a post-glacial deposit composed of fine-grained, wind-blown material and primarily occurs on the higher ridges. The loess generally is 5 to 10 feet thick (Gentile, 1967). The glacial drift, consisting of till and outwash deposits, is composed of poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay with some well-sorted sand lenses. Glacial drift is present throughout most of the study area, except where locally eroded, and is as much as 150 feet thick, generally thinning to the south. In some areas, fractures occur in the glacial drift (Horner and Shifrin, Inc., 1981).

Pennsylvanian bedrock underlies the entire area (fig. 8) and consists of shale, limestone, sandstone, and coal with shale predominating (Gentile, 1967). Total thickness of Pennsylvanian bedrock in southwest Macon County is about 280 feet. Coal seams of interest are the Mulky and Bevier-Wheeler seams that generally are within 100 feet of the land surface.

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L-'Salisbury

01 2345 MH.ES

01 2345 KILOMETERS

EXPLANATION

MARMATONGROUP, UNDIFFERENTIATED

CHEROKEEGROUP, UNDIFFERENTIATED

Figure 8.--Pennsy1vanian bedrock in the study area. (Geology by Anderson, 1979.)

12

Soils in the study area vary depending on the parent material (Vaill and Barks, 1980). Soils formed from alluvium or loess are rich and fertile, and soils formed from glacial drift are less fertile.

Spoil is present where surface mining has occurred. The spoil consists of a heterogeneous mixture of glacial drift and broken bedrock. The composition of spoil varies from place to place depending on the relative quantities of disturbed glacial drift and bedrock. Thicknesses are about 30 to 55 feet in the 1940 spoil, 30 to 40 feet in the 1952 spoil, and 25 to 110 feet in the 1968 spoil.

Mineralogy

The major minerals present in the spoil are quartz, calcite, dolomite, and various clays. Pyrite, gypsum, goethite, amorphous iron hydroxide, and jarosite also are present (Older, 1982). Quartz, is the dominant mineral in the sand-silt fraction of glacial drift and spoil (table 1).

Calcite and dolomite are present in approximately equal quantities ranging from about 2 to 10 percent and averaging about 4 to 5 percent (table 2). Calcite generally was observed in the clay fraction (grains less than 2 micrometers in diameter).

The clay-mineral groups are calcium montmorillonite, vermiculite, kaolin, illite, mixed-layer illite-vermiculite, and degraded chlorite (Older, 1982). Calcium montmorillonite, vermiculite, kaolin, and illite probably are derived from the glacial drift; kaolin, illite, and also small quantities of vermiculite probably are derived from the bedrock. The average quantity of clay in the spoil was 39 percent. Calcium montmorillonite has the largest cation-exchange capacity of the clay present, although iron-hydroxide coatings on the clay probably inhibit exchange. The major minerals or mineral groups observed or expected to be in the spoil and selected for geochemical modeling are listed in table 3 (Seifert, 1982).

GROUND-WATER MOVEMENT

Alluvium, glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil are aquifers in the study area. The alluvial aquifer generally is confined, although unconfined conditions may exist locally. The glacial drift and bedrock aquifers generally are confined. The spoil aquifer is unconfined.

Transmissivity

Data on hydraulic properties of the aquifers are few. A summary of available data is given in table 4. Although the ranges of known values vary considerably, transmissivities generally are greatest for the spoil and decrease in the following order: alluvium, glacial drift, bedrock above the coal, and bedrock below the coal. Transmissivities determined for the spoil with permeameters in the laboratory were considerably less than those determined in wells. However, the investigators (Shell Engineering Associates, 1981) stated that the samples in the permeameters were packed too tightly.

13

Table 1.--Sand-silt-clay grain-size distribution in glacial drift

[Data from Draney, 1982]

Well number and

identifying letter

(figs. 1-4)

1W

Average

2345

Average

789

101415

Average

6111213

Average

Average spoil

Sand

333032

3226342730

5161928243221

2212101816

22

PercentSilt

Glacial drift

283230

1940 spoil

3034263030

1952 spoil

40504134434041

1968 spoil

4245543845

39

Clay

393838

3841404340

55344038332738

3743364340

39

1Due to rounding of numbers, percentages may not always total 100,

14

Table 2.--Percentage of calcite and dolomite by weight in glacial drift and spoil

[Data from Draney, 1982]

Well number and

identifying letter

(figs. 1-4)

1W

Average

2345

Average

789

101415

Average

6111213

Average

Percentage, by weightCalcite Dolomite

5.85.95.8

6.44.07.13.45.2

1.92.53.99.93.14.64.3

6.07.36.44.76.1

Glacial drift

4.75.55.1

1940 spoil

5.43.45.43.64.4

1952 spoil

4.82.43.28.22.82.84.0

1968 spoil

4.74.95.54.75.0

Average spoil 5.1 4.4

15

Table 3.--Minerals selected for geochemical modeling

[Modified from Seifert, 1982]

Adularia (KAlSi 308 )

Albite (NaAlSi 308 )

Alunite [KAl 3 (S04 ) 2 (OH)g]

Amorphous aluminum hydroxide [A1(OH) 3A]

Amorphous iron hydroxide [Fe(OH)J\]

Calcite (CaC03 )

Calcium montmorillonite [Cag -jyAl^ 33^1*5

Dolomite [CaMg(C03 ) 2 ]

Goethite [FeO(OH)]

Gypsum (CaS04 *2H20)

Illite [K0 . 6Mg0>25Al 2>3Si

Jarosite [KFe(S04 ) 2 (OH) 6 ]

Kaolinite [Al 2 $i 2

Pyrite (Fe$ 2 )

Quartz (Si02 )

Siderite (FeC03 )

16

Tabl

e 4.

Rep

orte

d tr

ansm

issi

viti

es of a

lluvium, glacial

drift, sp

oil,

an

dbedrock

Source

Hali

burt

on A

ssociates

(1981) Do

.

Do.

Horner a

nd Shifrin,

Inc. (1981)

J.

Do.

Do.

Do.

H. Wi

llia

ms,

(Missouri

Department

in the

Maco

n, Randolph,

and

Chariton Co

unti

es area

[>,

grea

ter

than

]

Number o

f si

tes

or

well

nu

mber

Aq

uife

r Lo

cati

on

(fig

s. 2-

4)

Allu

vium

Near E

xcel

lo

1 site

Glacial

do.

7 si

tes

drift

Bedr

ock

do.

2 si

tes

Alluvium

Near T

homa

s 2

sites

Hill

Glacial

do.

5 si

tes

drift

Bedr

ock

above

do.

5 si

tes

Bevi

er c

oal

Bedrock, Be

vier

do

. 4

site

s coal and

belo

w

Glacial

Near Ex

cell

o 3

site

s drift

Transmissivity (T),

in feet s

quared

per

day

4.1

0.02

- 3.

3

.089

- 1.0

9.9

->11

.0021

- 29

.007

-

1.0

.003

-

.016

1 -

51

of N

atur

al Resources,

written

comm

un.,

19

82)

Tabl

e 4.

--Re

port

ed t

rans

miss

ivit

ies

of a

lluv

ium,

gl

acia

l dr

ift,

spoil, and

00

bedr

ock

in th

e Macon, Randolph,

and

Chariton C

ounties

area Continued

Sour

ce

Seif

ert

(198

2, p.

37-4

0) Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Shell

Engi

neer

ing

Associates (1

981,

p.

21

and

51-5

4)

Aquifer

Glac

ial

drif

t

Spoi

l

do.

do.

do.

do.

Spoil

Loca

tion

Stud

y ar

ea

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

Near T

homa

s Hi

ll

Numb

er o

f sites

or

well

number

(figs. 2-

4)

Well

1

Well

3

Well

7

Well

8

Well

9

Well

12

Laboratory

permeameters

Transmissivity (T),

in feet sq

uare

d pe

r da

y

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

o.

11 23 8.7

2.9

57 35

08

- 10

Satu

rate

d th

ickn

ess,

13.0 f

eet.

Saturated

thic

knes

s, 26

.6 f

eet.

'Saturated th

ickn

ess,

9.2

feet.

Satu

rate

d th

ickn

ess,

20

.8 f

eet.

Saturated

thickness, 59.4 f

eet.

Saturated

thickness, 40.3 feet.

^Ass

umes

a

hypo

thet

ical

sa

tura

ted

thic

knes

s of

25

feet.

During well drilling in spoil and in glacial drift close to the spoil, layers were encountered in which penetration was rapid and large quantities of drilling fluid containing Revert1 were lost. This was true for wells l f 6, 7 , 11 and 12 (figs. 2, 3, and 4). These wells all had yields of more than 5 gallons per minute. Attempted slug tests failed in wells 1, 7, 11, and 12 because recovery was too rapid to measure manually.

Recharge and Discharge

Recharge to the alluvium occurs by infiltration of precipitation and by lateral and probably vertical flow from adjacent aquifers. Recharge probably occurs during periods of high stream stage. The rate of recharge by infiltration of precipitation is unknown, but probably is small.

Recharge to glacial drift occurs by infiltration of precipitation and lateral flow from adjacent aquifers. The potential rate of infiltration in glacial drift is about 0.06 inch per hour (Dennis K. Potter, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, oral commun., April 1984). Due to extensive layers of clay in the glacial drift, infiltration of precipitation probably occurs mainly in localized areas where sand lenses or fractures are present. The actual rate of recharge to the glacial drift probably is small. Based on tritium dating, Haliburton Associates (1981, p. 173-174) report that no significant vertical recharge to the deeper parts of glacial drift has occurred since 1952 in an area east of Excello. By means of a ground-water flow model, Horner and Shifrin, Inc. (1981, p. 32) estimate an annual recharge rate of 4 x 10~ 5 inch to the glacial drift throughout a 100 - square-mile area in Randolph and Chariton Counties near Thomas Hill. However, Lewis (1982, p. 38-40), also using a ground-water flow model for part of the Excello basin east of the study area, determined a possible range of annual recharge to the glacial drift of 0.2 to 5.2 inches.

Recharge to bedrock probably occurs by infiltration of precipitation and vertical flow from overlying alluvium and glacial drift. The rate of recharge is unknown, but probably is small.

Recharge to spoil is from precipitation, lateral flow from glacial drift, and lateral and vertical flow from bedrock. Precipitation probably is the major source of recharge, both directly by infiltration and indirectly as leakage from lakes. The potential rate of infiltration into spoil ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 inch per hour (Dennis K. Potter, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, oral commun., April 1984). The annual recharge to the spoil is unknown.

Reclamation of spoil areas, as is currently (1984) practiced in newer surface mines, may have a significant effect on recharge. Smoothing of the reclaimed surface eliminates many small ponds and puddles conducive to infiltration, although high-wall lakes and sediment ponds are retained. In

' Use of trade names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.

19.

addition, topsoil is replaced and planted with grasses and legumes. Topsoil would most likely be less permeable than the unreclaimed spoil surface, and thick vegetative cover would result in an increased evapotranspiration loss. Recharge in reclaimed spoil, although less than in unreclaimed spoil, would still be greater than in nonmined parts of the study area.

Ground-water discharge from glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil is to the alluvium. The alluvium generally discharges to streams.

Potentiometric Surface

The potentiometric surface in the shallow aquifers (alluvium, glacial drift, and spoil) in parts of Macon, Randolph, and Chariton Counties generally conformed to the topography (fig. 9) . The larger streams and some of the smaller streams gain from ground-water inflow during wet weather. However, during extended periods of dry weather, ground-water contribution decreases and may be entirely consumed by evapotranspiration.

In and near the 1940 spoil, the potentiometric surface sloped away from high-wall lake 101 on the east, west, and south sides (fig. 10). Ground-water flow on the east side was to tributaries of the East Fork Little Chariton River; ground-water flow on the west side was toward the South Fork Claybank Creek; and ground-water flow to the south probably contributes to both surface-water systems. Ground-water flow immediately north of lake 101 was toward the lake. The hydraulic gradient in the spoil area ranged from about 110 to 210 feet per mile outside the spoil and from 40 to 120 feet per mile inside the spoil.

In and near 1952 spoil, the potentiometric surface generally sloped from west to east toward the East Fork Little Chariton River (fig. 11) . The hydraulic gradient outside the spoil was not determined, but inside the spoil the hydraulic gradient ranged from 120 to 400 feet per mile.

In and near 1968 spoil, the potentiometric surface sloped from north and west to the east toward the East Fork Little Chariton River (see fig. 11). The hydraulic gradient was about 240 feet per mile outside the spoil on the north and west and ranged from 20 to 80 feet per mile inside the spoil.

Because precipitation in the study areas was considerably greater than normal during 1981-82, the altitudes of the potentiometric surfaces during 1981-83 also may have been greater than normal. The response time between precipitation and changes in the potentiometric surfaces is not known, although it probably is days or months because altitudes of water in observation wells in or near spoil have considerable seasonal variability. Changes of as much as 13.5 feet were measured during 1981-83 (figs. 12-14).

20

92

° 45

'

EX

PLA

NA

TIO

N 8

00-P

OT

EN

TIO

ME

TR

IC

CO

NT

OU

R -

Sho

ws

alti

tud

e

abov

e se

a le

vel

at

whi

ch

wat

er

wou

ld

have

st

ood

in

tigh

tly

case

d w

ells

, su

mm

ers

1981

an

d 19

82.

Das

hed

whe

re

appr

oxim

atel

y lo

cate

d.

Con

tour

in

terv

al

50

feet

-!

RA

ND

OLP

H

CO

UN

TY

acks

onvi

lle

.AR

RO

W

IND

ICA

TES

DIR

ECTI

ON

O

F W

ATE

R

MO

VE

ME

NT

DA

TA

PO

INT

inV

80

0^

85

0

"u*"

'Mo

ber

ly

01 2

34

5K

ILO

MET

ERS

Figure 9. Potentiometric

surf

ace

in s

hall

ow a

quifers

in parts

of M

acon,

Rand

olph

, and

Chariton

Counties,

summers

1981 an

d 1982.

92°32'30"

39°37'30"

EXPLANATION

SPOIL

NON-MINED AREA

800-POTENTIOMETRIC CONTOUR- Shows altitude above sea level at which water would have stood in tightly cased wells. Contour interval 10 feet.

DATA POINT

Figure 10.--Potentiometric surface of shallow aquifers in 1940 spoil, summer 1983.

22

92° 32'30'

39°42'30"

39"40

01 '0 05

0.5 1 MILE

1 KILOMETER -

EXPLANATION

SPOIL

NON-MINED AREA

LAKE

-770- POTENTIOMETRIC CONTOUR-Shows altitude above sea level at which water would hove stood in tightly cased wells. Dashed where inferred. Contour interval 10 feet.

DATA POINT ^-""'

Figure 11.--Potentiometric surface of shallow aquifers in 1952 and 1968 spoil, summer 1983.

23

in

voCO

-sCD

ro i

ALTITUDE ABOVE SEA LEVEL, IN FEET

O. CD

CU

CD-s

-s-h Q) O fD

OJZ3 O.

7TfD

vo-p>O

-a o

voCO

\

T o

o

afDofDa~fD-s

770

ro

en

760

750

740

730

E,

ESTI

MA

TED

Wel

l and

lake

lo

catio

ns

are

sh

own

in

fig

ure

3

20

0

300

1981

100

200

1982

D

AY

AN

D

YE

AR30

010

0 20

019

8330

0

Figu

re 13.--Altitude

of water s

urfaces

in w

ells a

nd l

akes in 19

52 s

poil

, Ma

y 1981 through

Dece

mber

198

3.

ro

cr>

770

LU

LU > LU <

760

LU

CO O :D

750

E, E

STI

MA

TED

Lake

301

Wel

l 6

We

ll an

d la

ke

loca

tions

are

show

n in

fi

gu

re

4

______I_

_______.

, .

Wel

l 6

«=

:W

ell

12W

ell

12

-

200

300

10

019

812

00

1982

300

100

200

1983

300

DAY

A

ND

YE

AR

Figure 14.--Altitude

of w

ater

sur

face

s in

wells and

lakes

in 1

968

spoil, Ma

y 1981 through

Dece

mber

198

3.

GENERAL GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES AFFECTING GROUND-WATER QUALITY

The general geochemical processes that affect the ground-water quality in the study area usually begin with the dissolution of carbonate minerals or the oxidation of pyrite, or both. In a near-surface environment, carbon dioxide gas (CO2) from organic decay or the atmosphere reacts with water (H 2O):

the resulting carbonic acid (H2 CO3 ) dissociates

HCC^" and (2)

2_ HCO^ ^ ^H + COg . (3)

The effect of reactions 1, 2, and 3 is to produce a slightly acidic environment conducive to the dissolution of calcite (CaCCg) and dolomite [CaMg (CCL )2 ]:

CaCC^+H :^=z±± Ca2 + HCO3 ~ and (4)

(5)

Reactions 4 and 5 result in an increase in the concentrations of calcium (Ca2+ ) and magnesium (Mg2+) / and an increase in bicarbonate (HCO3~ ) concentration.

If pyrite (FeS 2 ) is present in an oxidizing environment, the acidity (H concentration) of the water can be increased:

4FeS2 + 1502 + 14H2 0 ^=±4Fe (OH) 3 + 8SC^ 2 - + 16H+ . (6)

The iron compounds formed by reaction 6 can be iron hydroxide [Fe(OH) 3 ] as shown or iron oxyhydroxide [FeO(OH)] (goethite) . The sulfate (SO^ 2 ~) produced either remains in solution or precipitates, probably as calcium sulfate (CaSO^) . The H produced increases the acidity and promotes the dissolution of carbonate minerals, if present, as in reactions 4 and 5. The carbonate dissolution results in a decrease in H concentration.

The adsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and the release of sodium (Na ) by exchange reactions with clay minerals and organic materials results in decreased Ca2+and Mg 2+ concentrations and an increased Na concentration. This process also results in additional carbonate-mineral dissolution, resulting in a decrease in H concentration and an increase in HCO 3 ~ concentration.

The geochemical processes that predominate in an area are dependent on the hydrologic and mineralogic conditions. Therefore, depending on local conditions, the ground water can be of a calcium magnesium bicarbonate, calcium magnesium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium sulfate type. Although the initial reactions result in an increase in acidity, much of the acidity is buffered by dissolution of carbonate materials.

27

EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING ON WATER QUALITY OF HIGH-WALL LAKES AND AQUIFERS

Water from high-wall lakes and aquifers in the study area had dissolved-solids concentrations several orders of magnitude greater than precipitation. Precipitation at Ashland (45 miles south of the study area) had a dissolved-solids concentration of about 7 milligrams per liter. Concentrations of specific constituents in precipitation also were determined (table 5).

Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from three high-wall lakes ranged from 1,090 to 2,410 milligrams per liter, and had a median value of 2,059 milligrams per liter (table 6) . The water generally was a calcium magnesium sulfate type (fig. 15).

Concentrations of dissolved-solids in water from the glacial drift ranged from 239 to 1,280 milligrams per liter, and had a median value of 559 milligrams per liter (table 7). The water generally was either a calcium magnesium bicarbonate or calcium magnesium sulfate type (fig. 16).

Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from bedrock ranged from 580 to 883 milligrams per liter and had a median value of 775.5 milligrams per liter (table 8) . The water generally was either a sodium bicarbonate or calcium bicarbonate type (see fig. 16).

Concentrations of dissolved-solids in water from wells in or near spoil ranged from 1,890 to 4,660 milligrams per liter, and had a median value of 2,860 milligrams per liter (table 9) . The water generally was a calcium magnesium sulfate type (see fig. 15), which was similar to water from high-wall lakes and similar to some of the water in the glacial drift. Water from wells completed in or near spoil was more uniform in composition than water from wells completed in glacial drift or bedrock, as shown by the closer grouping of ion-percentage values of water from spoil (see figs. 15 and 16).

Water from wells completed in or near spoil had greater median concentrations of many ions than water from other wells completed in the glacial drift or bedrock (table 10.) In water from wells completed in or near spoil, the median concentration of calcium was 5 times greater, magnesium 6 times greater, sulfate 24 times greater, iron 19 times greater, and manganese 15 times greater than in water from wells completed in glacial drift. The median concentrations of potassium and chloride were smaller in water from wells completed in or near spoil than in water from wells completed in glacial drift.

Water from wells completed in or near spoil also had greater median concentrations of many ions than water from wells completed in the bedrock. In water from wells completed in or near spoil, the median concentration of calcium was 45 times greater, magnesium 22 times greater, sulfate 16 times greater, iron 242 times greater, and manganese 47 times greater than in water from wells completed in bedrock. In contrast, the median concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride were smaller in water from wells completed in or near spoil than in water from wells completed in bedrock.

28

Table 5.--Average chemical composition of precipitation at Ashland,December 1981 to April 1982

Property or,constituent Quantity or concentration

pH, in units 4.5

Calcium 0.30

Magnesium 0.06

Sodium 0.11

Potassium 0.05

Bicarbonate2 2.0

Sulfate 2.44

Chloride 0.22

Ammonia 0.27

Nitrate 1.30

Phosphate Less than 0.003

In milligrams per liter, unless otherwise noted. Averages are weighted by volume for 20 weeks, except pH which is for 7 months, beginning during November 1981. From G. S. Henderson (Columbia, University of Missouri, written commun., 1983).

p Estimated from data compiled by Freeze and Cherry (1979, p. 239).

29

Table

6. S

umma

ry o

f se

lect

ed p

roperties

and

conc

entr

atio

ns of

che

mica

l constituents in

water

from t

hree hi

gh -w

all

lake

s

[Con

cent

rati

ons

in m

illigrams

per

lite

r unless ot

herw

ise

indicated; j

jS/c

m, mi

cros

ieme

ns pe

r ce

ntim

eter

at

25°

Cels

ius;

°C,

degrees

Cels

ius;

jug

/L,

micr

ogra

ms pe

r li

ter;

--

, not

calc

ulat

ed]

Prop

erty

or

constituent

Specific conductance, in

jjS/cm

pH,

in un

its

Wate

r te

mper

atur

e, in

°C

Hardness,

as CaC0

3

oo N

oncarbonate

hard

ness

, as CaC0

0O

J

Dissolved

calc

ium

Dissolved ma

gnes

ium

Dissolved

sodi

um

Dissolved

pota

ssiu

m

Bicarbonate

Alka

lini

ty,

as C

aC03

Number

of

samp

les

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Mean

2,460

25.2

1,19

1

1,076

297

109 47 8 82 116

Medi

an

2,46

0 7.4

27.5

1,265

1,265

350 95 40 8.

3

96 125

Minimum

1,420 2.

3

18

690

570

140 83 33 6.

4

0 0

Maximum

3,30

0 8.2

30

1,620

1,390

400

150 68 10 150

224

Stan

dard

de

viat

ion

1,040

--

6.3

468

443

137 36 19 1.

8

76 112

Tabl

e 6.

--Su

mmar

y of

selected

prop

erti

es an

d co

ncen

trat

ions

of

chem

ical

co

nsti

tuen

ts in w

ater

from

three high-wall

lake

s Co

ntinued

Property

or

cons

titu

ent

Dissolved

sulfate

Dissolved

chloride

Dissolved

fluo

ride

Dissolved

sili

ca,

as S

i02

Dissolved

soli

ds,

calc

ulat

ed s

um

Dissolved

aluminum,

in

jug/L

Dissolved

iron

, in pg/

L

Dissolved

manganese, in jug/L

Numb

er

of

samples

3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3

Mean

1,337 3.

9

0.35

9.3

1,854

5,300

30,0

00

1,700

Median

1,40

0 4.0

0.35

9.3

2,05

9 10 40 340

Minimum

710 3.6

0.3

3.6

1,090 0 19 8

Maxi

mum

1,90

0 4.1

0.4

15

2,41

0

16,000

90,0

00

4,700

Standard

devi

atio

n

596 0.

3

0.07

8.1

685

9,23

0

51 ,900

2,62

0

Tabl

e 7.--Summary

of s

elected

properties and

concentrations of

chemical constituents in

wat

er f

rom

00 ro

nons

trip

-min

eaf

fect

ed g

laci

al dr

ift

[Con

cent

rati

ons

in m

illigr

ams

per

liter

unless otherwise

indi

cate

d;

juS/

cm,

micr

siem

ens

per

centimeter

at 2

5° Ce

lsiu

s; °C,

degr

ees

Celsius;

jug/L, micrograms pe

r li

ter;

,

not

calc

ulat

ed]

Prop

erty

orconstituent

Spec

ific

co

nduc

tanc

e, in ju

S/cm

pH,

in units

Water

temperature, in °C

Hard

ness

, as CaCO-

Noncarbona

te ha

rdne

ss,

as CaCO-

Dissolve

d ca

lciu

m

Dissolved

magn

esiu

m

Dissolve

d so

dium

Dissolved

potassium

Bicarbonate

Number

ofsa

mple

s

4 18 6 1 1 18 18 17 15 18

Mean

778 -- 15.3

670

240

102 31 46 20 354

Median

679 7.

4

14.85

670

240 85.5

28.5

48 10

363

Minimum

405 6.

8

11 670

240 42 4.

6

1.0

0.22

124

Maximum

1,340 8.3

21 670

240

210 84 120 69 618

Standard

deviation

405 -- 3.

3

-- -- 47 19 38 24 154

Tabl

e 7. Summary o

f selected properties an

d concentrations of

che

mica

l co

nsti

tuen

ts in

wat

er from

nonst

rip-m

ine

affecte

d g

lacia

l drift C

ontinued

Pro

pert

y o

r co

nstitu

en

t

Alk

alinity,

as

CaC

03

Dis

solv

ed su

lfa

te

Dis

solv

ed

ch

lorid

e

Dis

solv

ed fluoride

Dis

solv

ed

silic

a,

as

SiO

^

Dis

solv

ed

so

lids,

calc

ula

ted

sum

Dis

solv

ed

alum

inum

, in

ju

g/L

Dis

solv

ed

iro

n,

in

jjg/L

Dis

solv

ed

m

anga

nese

, in

jjg

/L

Num

ber

of

sam

ples

4 18 18 16 7 18

5

17 15

Mea

n

306

158 17.9

0.3

5

17

602 4

.0

944

919

Med

ian

32

6.5

77 10.5

0.3

05

16

559 0

260

300

Min

imum

136 10

4 0.0

0

7.4

239 0 0 0

Max

imum

435

756 62 0

.73

33

1,2

80 10

3,5

00

5,0

00

Sta

ndard

d

evia

tio

n

126

184 17 0

.19

8.4

289 5

1,2

07

1,3

50

Tabl

e 8.--Summary

of s

elec

ted

prop

erti

es an

d co

ncen

trat

ions

of

che

mica

l constituents in

wat

er f

rom

bedr

ock

[Con

cent

rati

ons

in m

illi

gram

s pe

r li

ter,

unless otherwise

indi

cate

d;

juS/

cm a

t 25

°C,

micr

osie

mens

per

centimeter a

t 25°

Cels

ius;

°C,

degrees

Cels

ius;

jug

/L,

micrograms pe

r liter; --

, not

calculated]

CO

Pro

pert

y o

r constitu

ent

Sp

ecific

co

nduct

ance

, in

jjS

/cm

pH,

in

un

its

Wat

er te

mp

era

ture

, in

°C

Har

dnes

s,

as

CaCO

o

Non

carb

onat

e h

ard

ne

ss,

as

CaCC

L

Dis

solv

ed

ca

lciu

m

Dis

solv

ed

mag

nesi

um

Dis

solv

ed

so

dium

Dis

solv

ed

pota

ssiu

m

Bic

arb

on

ate

Num

ber

of

sam

ples

2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4

Mea

n

1,4

10

14.4

38 0 25 8.4

187 38 414

Med

ian

1,4

10 8

.95

14.1

37.5

0 10.9

8.3

5

190 15

418

Min

imum

1,3

70 7

.8

14.0

13 0 3.7

0.8

49

1.8

269

Max

imum

1,4

50 10.3

15.3

62 0 76 16

320

120

550

Sta

nd

ard

devia

tion

57 0.6

35 0 34 6.3

143 55 133

Tabl

e 8. Summary o

f se

lect

ed properties an

d co

ncen

trat

ions

of

che

mical

cons

titu

ents

in

wa

ter

from

oo

en

bedr

ock C

on

tinu

ed

Pro

pe

rty

or

co

nstitu

en

t

Alk

alinity,

as

CaCO

~

Dis

solv

ed su

lfa

te

Dis

solv

ed

chlo

ride

Dis

solv

ed

fluoride

Dis

solv

ed silic

a,

as

SiO

^

Dis

solv

ed solid

s,

calc

ula

ted

sum

Dis

solv

ed

al

umin

um,

in

jug/

L

Dis

solv

ed iro

n,

in

jug/L

Dis

solv

ed

m

anga

nese

, in

jjg

/L

Num

ber

of

sam

ples

2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Mea

n 710

124 10 0

.8

18

754 10 28

2,5

50

Med

ian

710.5

113.5

7.3

5

0.3

17.5

77

5.5

5

21 100

Min

imum

461 0 6

.6

0 9.4

580 0

20

7

Max

imum

960

270 19 2 28

883 30 50

10,0

00

Sta

ndard

d

evia

tio

n

353

111 6

.0

1.0

8.8

134 14 15 4

,97

0

Table 9.

Sum

mary

of

selected properties and

conc

entr

atio

ns of

che

mical

cons

titu

ents

in

wa

ter

GO cn

from i

n or

near

spoil

[Concentrations

in m

illigrams

per

lite

r, un

less

otherwise

indicated;

juS/

cm a

t 25°C,

micr

osie

mens

pe

r centimeter a

t 25

° Celsius; °C

, de

gree

s Celsius; j

ug/L,

micrograms per

lite

r; --

, no

t ca

lcul

ated

]

Property

orco

nsti

tuen

t

Spec

ific

co

nduc

tanc

e, in

juS

/cm

pH,

in un

its

Wate

r temperature, in °C

Hard

ness

, as CaCCU

Noncarbonate ha

rdne

ss,

as CaCCL

Dissolved

calc

ium

Diss

olve

d magnesium

Dissolved

sodium

Diss

olve

d po

tassium

Bicarbonate

Number

ofsamples

55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55

Mean

3,18

0

14.5

2,010

1,590

484

194

104 7.

7

504

Medi

an

3,060 6.

6

15.5

2,00

0

1,60

0

500

190 75 6.

1

510

Minimum

2,210 4.

2

9.5

910

590

220 86 9.

8

2.2

0

Maximum

4,680 7.

4

18.5

3,400

2,90

0

650

420

410 19 910

Standard

deviation

534 -- 2.

4

513

506 99 75 101 4.

3

241

Tabl

e 9. Summary o

f se

lect

ed pr

oper

ties

an

d co

ncen

trat

ions

of

che

mica

l co

nsti

tuen

ts in

wat

erfr

om

in

or

near

sp

oil

--C

on

tinu

ed

Pro

pe

rty

or

co

nstitu

en

t

Alk

alin

ity,

as

CaC0

3

Dis

solv

ed sulfate

Dis

solv

ed chlo

ride

Dis

solv

ed

fluoride

Dis

solv

ed silic

a,

as

SiO

^

Dis

solv

ed

solid

s,

calc

ula

ted

su

mG

O

Dis

solv

ed nitra

te,

as

N

Dis

solv

ed

al

umin

um,

in

;ug/

L

Dis

solv

ed iron,

in

yg/L

Dis

solv

ed

m

anga

nese

, in

jug

/L

Num

ber

of

sam

ples

55 55 55 55 55 55

18 55 55 55

Mea

n 413

1,86

0 4.7

0.7

14

2,90

0 0.0

3

1,51

0

14,9

00

5,88

0

Med

ian

418

1,90

0 3.6

0.4

15

2,86

0 0.0

0

40

5,10

0

4,70

0

Min

imum 0

1,10

0 1.1

0.2 1.3

1,89

0 0.0

0

0

250

1,00

0

Max

imum

746

3,00

0 18 2.8

21

4,66

0 0.1

6

25,0

00

96,0

00

18,0

00

Sta

ndar

d d

evia

tio

n

198

445 3

.7

0.5

7

4.2

610 0.

04

5,11

0

19,0

00

3,86

0

Table 10.--Comparison of medians of properties and selected chemicalconstituents in precipitation, high-wall lake water, and well

water from glacial drift, bedrock, and in or near spoil

[Results reported in milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated; AJg/L, micrograms per liter , no data]

Property or

constituent

pH, in units

Dissolved calcium

Dissolved magnesium

Dissolved sodium

Dissolved potassium

Bicarbonate

Dissolved sulfate

Dissolved chloride

Dissolved silica, as Si^

Dissolved solids

Dissolved iron, in jug/L

Dissolved manganese, in /jg/L

Precipij tation

4.5

0.30

0.06

0.11

0.05

2.0

2.44

0.22

--

7

--

--

High -wall lakes

7.4

350

95

40

8.3

95

1,400

4.0

9.3

2,059

40

340

Glacial drift

7.4

85.5

28.5

48

10

363

77

10.5

16

559

260

300

Wells

Bedrock

8.95

10.9

8.35

190

15

418

113.5

7.35

17.5

775.5

21

100

In or near spoil

6.6

500

190

75

6.1

510

1,900

3.6

15

2,860

5,100

4,700

Values for precipitation are volume-weighted means (see table 5).

38

EXPLANATION

SINGLE WELLTWO OR MORE WELLS HIGH -WALL LAKE

80 60 40

Co Iciu m

20 40 60 Chloride

80

PERCENT OF TOTAL MILLIEQUIVALENTS PER LITER

Figure 15.--Major ions in water from 14 wells (55 analyses) completed in or near spoil and 3 high-wall lakes in or near spoil.

39

EXPLANATION

+ BEDROCK WELL

GLACIAL-DRIFT WELL

* GLACIAL-DRIFT WELL UPGRADIENT FROM STUDY AREA

* LAKE 300H IN STUDY AREA

60 40 Calcium

40 60 Chloride

80

PERCENT OF TOTAL MILLIEQUIVALENTS PER LITER

Figure 16.--Major ions in water from 4 wells completed in bedrock,18 wells completed in glacial drift, and 1 lake in glacial drift, not affected by strip mining.

40

The median pH of water from in or near spoil was 6.6, which was smaller than the median pH of water from glacial drift (7.4) and the median pH of water from bedrock (8.95). The smaller pH in water from in or near spoil probably was caused by sulfuric acid produced from pyrite oxidation, although carbonate reactions probably neutralize most of the acidity that is produced. The pH of water from the bedrock was somewhat alkaline and probably results from carbonate reactions in a hydrologic system closed to the atmosphere (G. G. Seifert, University of Missouri, written commun., 1981; Freeze and Cherry, 1979, p. 108-112 and 256-257).

Changes in pH and selected chemical constituents along flow paths were examined in each spoil area. In 1940 spoil, wells 2 and 3 are downgradient from well 4 (see fig. 10) and water from wells 2 and 3 generally had larger concentrations of magnesium, sulfate, and dissolved solids (fig. 17) . In 1952 spoil, the concentration of manganese increased downgradient, but pH and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and dissolved solids decreased downgradient (see figs. 11 and 18). Concentrations in water from well 8 generally did not conform to these trends, possibly due to different solute sources or mixing with water from the underlying bedrock. In 1968 spoil, well 12 was downgradient from wells 11 and 13 (see fig. 11) , and water from well 12 generally had larger concentrations of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, sulfate, and dissolved solids and had a smaller pH value (fig. 19).

The downgradient trends in water quality were similar for the 1940 and 1968 spoil areas, but different for the 1952 spoil. The lack of a similar trend in water-quality changes for all three spoil areas indicates different solute sources or different sources of recharge to the spoils. Because mineralogical changes were not discerned, the source of recharge probably was the main contributing factor.

Statistical comparisons were used to determine if the general water quality differed between the 1940-, 1952- and 1968-spoil areas. Because the data generally were not normally distributed, the nonparametric Duncan multiple-range test on the means of the ranks of the data was used. Statistical summaries of data by spoil area are given in the "Supplemental Data" section at the back of the report.

Comparisons of mean rank values of pH, and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, sulfate, chloride, and dissolved solids are shown in table 11. For each property or constituent shown in the table, spoil-area mean designated by the same arbitrary letter are not different at the 95-percent level of confidence. For example, the mean-rank pH values of the 1940 and 1952 spoil were not significantly different, as indicated by the letter designation of B. However, they were significantly different from the mean-rank pH of 1968 spoil, indicated by A. If the letter designation for a mean includes both A and B, as for manganese from the 1940 spoil, then that mean was not significantly different from the means of either the A or B classification.

The 1940 and 1952 spoil mean-rank values were not significantly different for pH, calcium, iron, manganese, and dissolved solids and were significantly different for magnesium, sulfate, and chloride. The 1952 and 1968 spoil values were not significantly different for iron, but were significantly different for

41

pH, calcium, magnesium, manganese, sulfate, chloride, and dissolved solids. However, the 1940- and 1968-spoil values were not significantly different for the listed constituents, except calcium and pH. Therefore, although differences in general water quality existed among the spoil areas, these differences cannot be attributed to age of the spoil. For the spoil areas studied, the major changes in water quality occurred within 12 years or less and have persisted for more than 40 years.

Chemical-equilibrium relationships were determined using the computer program WATEQF (Plummer and others, 1976). WATEQF calculates the degree of saturation of the water from a water-quality analysis with respect to given minerals. The degree of saturation is expressed by the saturation index, which is the logarithm of the ratio of the ion-activity product to the temperature-corrected equilibrium constant (see "Supplemental Data" section at the back of report). Positive values of the saturation index indicate supersaturation, negative values indicate undersaturation, and values of about zero indicate saturation or equilibrium.

To evaluate the saturation index for minerals involved in oxidation or reduction reactions, the oxidation potential (Eh) needs to be determined. For water from wells N, P, Q, and R (see fig. 1) , which were completed in either glacial drift or bedrock, the Eh was determined by calomel electrode. These measured values range from 0.075 to 0.222 volt, which represent oxidizing conditions (table 12) . The Eh of water from most other wells completed in either glacial drift or bedrock was assumed to be 0.222 volt, based on the measured value from well N.

For water from wells completed in or near spoil (wells 1-15) , the Eh was determined in WATEQF from the ratio of the concentrations of sulfate to sulfide. The odor of hydrogen sulfide gas was detected in water from all wells in or near spoil and, because the odor is detectable in water containing small concentrations, the sulfide concentration was estimated to be 0.1 milligram per liter. The calculated Eh values ranged from -0.197 to 0.014 volt (see table 12), which generally indicates reducing conditions.

For water from wells T, U, and V, which were completed in glacial drift, and water from high-wall lakes, Eh was not determined or estimated. The value of 0.000 volt was used for these calculations in WATEQF.

Because most Eh values used for equilibrium calculations were estimated, the results of calculations for all minerals involved in oxidation or reduction reactions need to be considered with caution. However, the results can be useful to discern general equilibrium conditions and trends. The minerals of interest that are involved in oxidation or reduction reactions are amorphous ferric hydroxide, goethite, pyrite, and siderite.

The saturation indices for water from precipitation, high-wall lakes, and wells in the study area are included in the "Supplemental Data" section at the back of this report. A summary of the saturation indices is given in table 13. Water from all sources, except precipitation, generally was near equilibrium with respect to calcite, dolomite, and quartz; water from all sources, except wells completed in or near spoil, was undersaturated with respect to gypsum.

42

Table 11. Comparison of means of property or constituent concentration

Property or

constituent

pH

Dissolved solids

Dissolved calcium

Dissolved magnesium

Dissolved iron

Dissolved manganese

Dissolved sulfate

Dissolved chloride

in water from

1940 spoil (18 samples)

B

A,B

A

B

A

A,B

B

A

spoil of different ages

Mean-rank comparison letter1952 spoil

(25 samples)

B

A

A

A

A

A

A

B

1968 spoil (12 samples)

A

B

B

B

A

B

B

A

1significantly different at the 95 percent level of confidence as determined by the Duncan multiple-range test on ranks.

43

Propertyor

constituent Well 2 Well 3 Well 4

Number of samples 455

800

Water level, in feet 795 above sea level

790

6.8

6.6

pH, in units

6.4

6.2

600

Dissolved calcium, in milligrams per ,-nn liter 5UU

400

220

200

Dissolved magnesium, in milligrams per liter JQQ

160

140

EXPLANATION

-

. r i-

; i " i-

--

'- - :. i-

r- -T-

1

-

^ i

-

I MAXIMUM

MEDIAN Well locotioes qr^ shown in figure 2

MINIMUM

^ - ./

Figure 17.--Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected chemical constituents in water from three wells completed in 1940 spoil.

44

Propertyor

constituent 7000r We" 2 We" 3 We" 4

5000

Dissolved iron, in, microgroms per liter

3000

1000

9000

Dissolved manganese, 7000 in micrograms per liter

5000

3000

2000

Dissolved sulfate, in 180° milligrams per liter

1600

1400

12

Dissolved chloride, in 8 milligrams per liter

4

0

3500

Dissolved solids 3000 (calculated sum), in milligrams per liter

2500

2000

-

_ _

-

r

-

-

: -1-

-

-

-

-

-

1

1

-

[ J I^

I1

1 1

- X j-

-

-

1

--

Figure 17.--Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected chemical constituents in water from three wells completed in 1940 spoil--Continued.

45

Property or

constituent Well 7 -Well 8 Well 14 Well 15

Number of samples 55 44

760

Water level, in feet above sea level 750

740

730

7

6pH, in units

5

4

600

Dissolved calcium, in milligrams per liter 500

400

300

Dissolved magnesium, 2QO in milligrams per liter

100

100,000

Dissolved iron, in micrograms per liter 50,000

EXPLANATION 0

1 I

x

31

r i

: I; I-

-I -. " i-^

i

X _LI

-

: I . -- i-r- MAXIMUM

t MEDIAN ^e " 'oca*'0 ar* shown in figure 3-J- MINIMUM

Figure 18.--Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected^chemical constituents in water from four wells completed in 1952 spoil.

46

Propertyor

constituent Well 7 Well 8 Well 14 Well 15

20,000

Dissolved manganese, \Q 000 in micrograms per liter

0

2500

Dissolved sulfate, in milligrams per liter 2000

1500

15

10Dissolved chloride, inmilligrams per liter

5

0

3500

Dissolved solids (calculated sum), in 3000 milligrams per liter

2500

-j-

; I '- J

i-

11 j I

1 I

i- -r-

__

|

-

I IL"~

r- '

[' i ' '

Figure 18.--Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selectedchemical constituents in water from four wells completed in 1952 spoil--Continued.

47

Property or

constituent

Number of samples

Water level, in feet above sea level

760

750

Well 11 Wel'l 12 Well 13

pH, in units

7.4

7.0

6.6

400

Dissolved calcium,in milligrams 'per liter 300

200

I

200

Dissolved magnesium, in milligrams per liter

I

Dissolved iron, in micrograms per liter

6000

4000

2000

0

4000

Dissolved manganese,in micrograms per liter 2000

EXPLANATION""MAXIMUM

" MEDIAN

__ MINIMUM o SINGLE VALUE

I

Well locations are shown in figure 4

Figure 19.--Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected chemical constituents in water from three wells completed in 1968 spoil.

48

Propertyor

constituents Well 11 Well 12 Wel I 13

Dissolved sulfate, in milligrams per liter

2000

1000

Dissolved chloride, in milligrams per liter

10.0

6.0

2.0

rv i A \-A 300° Dissolved solids(calculated sum), in milligrams per liter 2000

I

Figure 19.--Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected chemical constituents in water from three wells completed in 1968 spoil--Continued.

49

Table 12. Oxidation-potential (Eh) values used

Sample source

12346

789

1011

12131415

A BCDE

FGHIH

IJKLM

N 0 P QR

in chemical -equil[--, not

Eh value, in volts

WELLS

-0.155 to -0.133-.146 to -.131-.153 to -.118-.145 to -.132-.168 to -.158

-.149 to -.122-.173 to -.144-.177 to -.123-.167 to -.136-.174

-.197 to -.154-.191 to -.168-.138 to -.068-.348 to .025

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.222

.142

.075

.109

ibrium calculationsapplicable]

Method of determining Eh

(figs. 1-4)

Sulfate-to-sulfide-ion ratio 1Do.Do.Do.Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.

Assigned 2 Do.Do.Do.Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.

Measured by calomel electrode 3 Assigned 2

Measured by calomel electrode 3 Do.Do.

50

Table 12.--Oxidation-potential (Eh) values used in chemical-equilibrium calculations Continued

Sample source

Eh value, in volts Method of determining Eh

WELLS (figs. 1-4)--continued

101 201 301 300H

Ashland

0.222 AssignedOxidation or reduction ignored

Do. Do.

LAKES (figs. 2-4)

Oxidation or reduction ignored Do. Do. Do.

PRECIPITATION (table 5)

Oxidation or reduction ignored

1 Sulfide-ion concentration assumed to be 0.1 milligram per liter.2 Assigned the same value as measured for well N.3 From Seifert, 1982.

51

Table 13.--Summary of saturation states in water from precipitation, high-wall lakes, and wells completed in glacial drift, bedrock, and

in or near spoil

[U, undersaturated; E, equilibrium; S, supersaturation; --, not calculated]

Mineral

General saturation state for water from indicated source

PrecipitationHigh -wall lakes

Glacial drift

Wells

BedrockIn or near

spoil

Calcite (CaC03 )

Dolomite[CaMg(C03 ) 2 ]

Gypsum(CaS04 '2H 20)

Amorphous

E to S

E to S

U to E

U to S

E E to S E(except wells 14 and 15)

Near E to S E E (except wells

14 and 15)

U

E to Sferric hydroxide [Fe(OH) 3 ]

Goethite [FeO(OH)]

Siderite (FeC03 )

Pyrite (FeS 2 )

Quartz (Si0 2 )

S S S E to S (except well 15)

U U U U to S

s

E E E E

Saturation indices for individual water samples are in "Supplemental Data" section at back of report.

52

Precipitation infiltrating through glacial drift, bedrock, or spoil would dissolve quartz and carbonate minerals, such as calcite and dolomite, until chemical equilibrium is attained. Precipitation infiltrating spoil also would dissolve gypsum or oxidize pyrite until equilibrium is attained or limiting reactants, such as oxygen, are consumed.

Water flowing from high-wall lakes, glacial drift, or bedrock through spoil would dissolve gypsum or oxidize pyrite until equilibrium is attained. Carbonate minerals also probably would be dissolved because they are more soluble at the lesser pH values in water from spoil.

Water from glacial drift and bedrock generally was undersaturated with respect to gypsum, whereas water in or near spoil generally was saturated with respect to gypsum. The difference in spoil could be attributed either to dissolution of freshly exposed gypsum or to oxidation of freshly exposed pyrite, or both. The exposure of the minerals probably resulted from disturbance of the glacial drift and bedrock overburden during mining because, during a long period, any exposed gypsum would have been dissolved in the chemically undersaturated environment and any exposed pyrite would have been oxidized in the generally oxidizing environment.

Mass-balance calculations using the computer program BALANCE (Parkhurst and others, 1982) determined the quantities of the principal minerals or other reactants that hypothetically would have dissolved or precipitated in the spoil (tables 14 and 15) . The calculations are based on the change in concentration of the principal constituents in water moving into spoil from an outside source: namely, precipitation, high-wall lakes, glacial drift, or bedrock. The computer program BALANCE requires that the number of constituents equals the number of minerals or other reactants and that each constituent be present in at least one mineral or reactant.

For this study, the principal constituents are calcium, magnesium, carbon (present in water as carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide gas, and carbonic acid), sulfur (present in water mainly as sulfate), iron, and sodium. Two different sets of minerals and other reactants were used for all calculations, the difference being the mineral assumed to be the source of sulfate in water in spoil.

For the calculations in table 14, the source of sulfate was assumed to be pyrite. Considering all initial-water and spoil-water sources shown, the determined changes in water quality generally resulted from dissolution of calcite and dolomite, consumption of oxygen gas, release of carbon dioxide gas, dissolution of pyrite, and precipitation of goethite (or iron hydroxide). Ion exchange, which is the adsorption of calcium ions and subsequent release of sodium ions, occurred in all examples except for bedrock water flowing into spoil at wells 3 and 8. At wells 3 and 8, ion exchange probably was not occurring; more likely, the smaller sodium concentrations are caused by adsorption of sodium ions by organic materials in the spoil.

For the calculations in table 15, the source of sulfate was assumed to be gypsum. Considering all initial-water and spoil-water sources shown, the determined changes in water quality generally resulted from precipitation of calcite, dissolution of dolomite and gypsum, consumption of carbon dioxide gas, and the same ion-exchange reactions as described for the data in table 14.

53

Table

14.

Resu

lts

of m

ass-balance

calc

ulat

ions

for

chemical ch

ange

s re

sult

ing

from s

elected

init

ial

sources

to

spoil

usi

ng

p

yrite

as

th

e

pa

ren

t-m

ate

ria

l so

urc

e

of

su

lfa

te

Initia

l w

ate

r S

po

il -w

ate

r so

urc

e

and

sourc

e

and

date

date

(f

ig.

1)

(fig

s.

2,

3,

and

4)

Pre

cip

ita

tio

n

(see

ta

ble

5,

footn

ote

s

1 an

d

01 L

ake

101

* (

9-2

2-8

3)

Lake

20

1 (7

-26

-83

)

Lake

30

1 (7

-25

-83

)

Gla

cia

l-d

rift

w

ell

V (8

-25

-83

)

Wel

l 3

(12-9

-81)

2)

Wel

l 8

(12-9

-81)

Wel

l 12

(3

-25

-82

)

Wel

l 3

(7-2

6-8

3)

Wel

l 8

(7-2

6-8

3)

Wel

l 12

(7

-25-8

3)

Wel

l 3

(7-2

6-8

3)

Wel

l 8

(7-2

6-8

3)

Mill

imo

les

per

lite

r of

ind

ica

ted

re

acta

nt

adde

d to

solu

tion

(po

sitiv

e)

or

rele

ase

d

from

solu

tion

(negative)

lC

alc

ite

7.2

9

8.7

3

9.61

8.6

2

3.9

6

5.3

4

7.3

4

7.3

3

Do

lom

ite

8.2

3

6.1

9

7.8

4

14.3

0

-.4

1

1.9

3

8.2

7

4.9

8

Oxy

gen

(ga

s)

39.0

0

33.3

7

39.0

7

4.11

12

.92

20.8

1

69

.99

29.2

1

Car

bon

di­

oxi

de

(g

as)

-6.0

4

-9.5

9

-16

.38

-17

.42

9.4

0

-2.5

8

-10

.26

-12

.87

Pyrite

10.3

9

8.8

9

10

.44

1.0

0

.50

3.0

6

10.3

4

7.7

4

Go

eth

ite

-10.3

1

-8.8

7

-10.3

4

-2.5

5

-.39

-3.0

4

-10.2

9

-7.6

4

Ion

ex

chan

ge

2.8

3

3.9

2

8.9

5

2.7

6

2.3

2

3.5

2

2.8

3

2.8

3

Table

14.

Resu

lts

of m

ass-balanc

e ca

lcul

atio

ns for

chem

ical

changes

resu

ltin

g from s

elected

initial

sources

tospoil

using

pyrite as

the

pare

nt-m

ater

ial

source of

sul

fat

e Co

ntin

ued

Initial

water

sour

ce a

nd

date

(fig.

i) (figs

Glacial-drift

well

T

(8-24-83)

Glacial-drift

well Q

(9-1

5-81

)

Bedrock

well

R

(9-1

5-84

)

Spoil -w

ater

source a

nd

Mill

imol

es per

liter

of indicated

reactant a

dded

to so

luti

on (p

osit

ive)

or

date

released from s

olut

ion

(neg

ativ

e)1

. 2,

3,

and

4) Calcite

Well

12

6.12

(7-2

5-83

)

Well

3

3.72

(12-9-81)

Well

8

5.15

(12-9-81)

Well

12

6.04

(3-25-82)

Well

3 .71

(12-9-81)

Well

8

2.15

(12-9-81)

Well

12

3.03

(3-25-82)

Dolomite

Oxyg

en (ga

s)

Carb

on d

i-

Pyri

te

oxide

(gas)

4.89

43.99

-9.98

6.48

6.05

33.0

0 -6.22

8.78

4.01

27.3

7 -9.77

7.28

5.66

33.0

7 -1

6.59

8.84

7.94

33.77

-5.68

9.00

5.90

28

.14

-9.2

3 7.50

7.55

33.8

4 -16.02

9.04

Goethite

Ion

exch

ange

-6.4

7 4.82

-8.73

1.56

-7.29

2.66

-8.75

7.68

-8.92

-3.7

2

-7.48

-2.62

-8.94

2.40

Table

14.--R

esults of

mas

s-ba

lanc

e ca

lcul

atio

ns for

chem

ical

changes

resu

ltin

g from s

elec

ted

initial

sources

to spoil

using

pyrite as

th

e pa

rent

-mat

eria

l source of

su1fate--Continued

Init

ial

wate

r Sp

oil-

wate

rsource and

sour

ce a

nd

Millimoles pe

r liter

of in

dica

ted

reac

tant

added to solution (positive) or

date

date

released from s

olution

(neg

ativ

e)^

(fig

. i)

Bed

rock

w

ell

(9-1

5-8

1)

(fig

s.

2,

3,

and

4)

S W

ell

3 (1

2-9

-81

)

Wel

l 8

(12-9

-81)

Wel

l 12

(3

-25

-82

)

Ca

lcite

0.29

1.73

2.61

Dol

omite

8.2

0

6.16

7.81

Oxy

gen(

gas)

38.9

4

33.3

1

39.0

1

Car

bon

di­

oxi

de

(gas

)

-1.7

2

-5.2

8

-12.0

6

Pyrite

10.3

7

8.87

10.4

2

Go

eth

ite

-10

.30

-8.8

6

-10.3

2

Ion

exch

ange

-4.1

2

3.0

2

2.00

1 Result

s from c

ompu

ter

progra

m BA

LANC

E (Parkhurst a

nd ot

hers

, 1982).

A po

siti

ve m

illimole-per-liter

value

for

ion

exchange indicates

binding

of t

hat

quan

tity

of

calc

ium

ion

and

rele

ase

of twice

that q

uant

ity

of s

odium

ion.

Conversely,

a ne

gati

ve value

indicates

bind

ing

of t

wice the

mill

imol

e-pe

r-li

ter

quan

tity

of

sodi

um io

n an

d re

leas

e of t

hat

quan

tity

of

calc

ium

ion.

Tabl

e 15

.--R

esul

ts of

mass-balance

calc

ulat

ions

fo

r ch

emic

al changes

resu

ltin

g from s

elec

ted

initial

sources

en

-J

to s

poil using

gypsum a

s the

pare

nt-m

ater

ial

sour

ce o

f su

lfat

e

Init

ial

wate

r source an

d date

(fig.

i) (figs

Precipitation

(see ta

ble

5,

footnotes

1 an

d 2)

Lake 10

1 (9-22-83)

Lake 201

(7-26-83)

Lake 30

1 (7

-25-

83)

Glacial-drift

well

V

(8-25-83)

Spoil -w

ater

source and

date

.

2, 3,

and

4)

Well

3

(12-

9-81

)

Well

8

(12-

9-81

)

Well

12

(3-2

5-82

)

Well

3

(7-26-83)

Well

8

(7-26-83)

Well

12

(7-25-83)

Well

3

(7-26-83)

Well

8

(7-26-83)

Mill

imol

es pe

r li

ter

of indicated

reactant a

dded

to s

olut

ion

rele

ased

from s

olution

(neg

ativ

e)1

Calcite

-13.

48

-9.05

-11.

26

6.62

2.96

-.77

-13.34

-8.1

5

Dolomite

8.23

6.19

7.84

14.3

0

-.41

1.93

8.27

4.98

Gypsum

20.7

7

17.7

7

20.8

7

2.00

1.00

6.11

20.68

15.4

8

Carb

on di

­ ox

ide

(gas)

14.7

4

8.18

4.50

-15.

42

10.4

0

3.53

10.4

2

2.62

(positive) or

Ion

exch

ange

2.83

3.92

8.95

2.76

2.32

3.52

2.83

2.83

Table

15.

Resu

lts

of m

ass-balanc

e ca

lcul

atio

ns for

chem

ical

changes

resu

ltin

g from s

elected

init

ial

sources

00

Init

ial

wate

r source and

date

(fig.

i)

Glac

ial-

drif

t we

ll T

(8-24-83)

Glacial -drift

well

Q

(9-1

5-81

)

Bedrock

well

R

(9-1

5-84

)

to sp

oil

using

gypsum

Spoil -water

source and

Mi

date

(figs. 2,

3, an

d 4)

Well

12

(7-25-83)

Well

3

(12-9-81)

Well

8

(12-

9-81

)

Well

12

(3

-25-

82)

Well

3

(12-9-81)

Well 8

(12-9-81)

Well 12

(3-2

5-82

)

as the

parent-material

source of

sul fate Continued

llim

oles

pe

r li

ter

of indicated

reactant a

dded to s

olution

released from s

olution

(neg

ativ

e)1

Calc

ite

-6.85

-13.

86

-9.42

-11.64

-17.

28

-12.

84

-15.

06

Dolomite

4.89

6.05

4.01

5.66

7.94

5.90

7.55

Gyps

um

12.97

17.57

14.57

17.67

17.99

14.99

18.09

Carbon d

i­

oxide

(gas

)

2.99

11.36

4.80

1.12

12.31

5.76

2.07

(positive) or

Ion

exchange

4.82

1.56

2.66

7.68

-3.7

2

-2.6

2

2.40

Table

15.-

-Res

ults

of

mass-balance

calc

ulat

ions

for

chem

ical

ch

ange

s re

sult

ing

from s

elec

ted

init

ial

sour

ces

to s

poil

using

gypsum

as

the

parent-material

sour

ce of

su1fate

--Continued

Initial

wate

r Spoil-water

source and

sour

ce a

nd

Millimoles pe

r li

ter

of in

dica

ted

reactant a

dded

to s

olution

(positive) or

date

date

rele

ased

fr

om solution (n

egat

ive)

1(f

ig.

i)

Bed

rock

w

ell

(9-1

5-8

1)

(fig

s.

2,

3,

and

4)

S W

ell

3 (1

2-9

-81

)

Wel

l 8

(12

-9-8

1)

Wel

l 12

(3

-25

-82

)

Calc

ite

-20

.46

-16

.02

-18.2

4

Dolo

mite

8.2

0

6.1

6

7.81

Gyp

sum

20

.75

17

.75

20

.85

Car

bon

di­

oxi

de

(g

as)

19

.02

12.4

9

8.7

8

Ion

exch

ange

-4.1

2

-3.0

2

2.0

0

en UD

Results

from

computer

progra

m BALANCE

(Parkhurst a

nd o

ther

s, 1982).

A positive m

illi

mole

-per

-lit

er

value

for

ion

exch

ange

indicates

bind

ing

of th

at q

uantity

of c

alcium io

n and

release

of tw

ice

that q

uant

ity

of s

odium

ion.

Conversely,

a ne

gati

ve value

indi

cate

s binding

of t

wice the millimole-per-liter

quantity o

f so

dium

ion

and

release

of t

hat

quantity of

cal

cium

ion.

The chemical processes that occur as water moves into spoil probably are a combination of the two sets of processes shown in tables 14 and 15. Generally, these processes are dissolution and precipitation of calcite, dissolution of dolomite, dissolution of pyrite and gypsum, precipitation of goethite (or iron hydroxide), and release of sodium ions by ion exchange.

SUMMARY

The near-surface geology of northern Missouri consists of Quaternary loess, alluvium, and glacial drift overlying Pennsylvanian bedrock. The loess is composed of fine-grained, wind-blown material and occurs on the higher ridges. The alluvium and glacial drift are composed of sand, silt, and clay. The bedrock is composed of shale, limestone, sandstone, and coal. Coal deposits of interest are the Mulky and Bevier-Wheeler seams that generally are within 100 feet of land surface. Spoil, which consists of a heterogeneous mixture of glacial drift and broken bedrock, is present where the coal seams have been strip mined. Most older mines were abandoned without reclamation.

Alluvium, glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil are aquifers in the study area. Transmissivities generally are greatest for spoil and decrease in the following order: alluvium, glacial drift, and bedrock.

Recharge to alluvium is by infiltration of precipitation and by lateral and probably vertical flow from adjacent aquifers. Recharge to glacial drift is by infiltration of precipitation and lateral flow from adjacent aquifers. Recharge to bedrock is by infiltration of precipitation and vertical flow from glacial drift. Recharge to spoil is from precipitation, lateral flow from glacial drift, and lateral and vertical flow from bedrock. Precipitation probably is the major source of recharge, both directly by infiltration and indirectly as leakage from high-wall lakes. The rate of recharge to the aquifers is unknown, but probably is small. Ground-water discharge from glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil is to alluvium, which generally discharges to streams.

The potentiometric surface in the shallow aquifers generally conformed to the topography. The direction of flow generally was from high-wall lakes in the spoil toward the East Fork Little Chariton River or South Fork Claybank Creek.

Water from high-wall lakes had a median dissolved-solids concentration of 2,059 milligrams per liter and was a calcium magnesium sulfate type. Water from glacial drift had a median dissolved-solids concentration of 559 milligrams per liter and was either a calcium magnesium bicarbonate or calcium magnesium sulfate type. Water from bedrock had a median dissolved-solids concentration of 775.5 milligrams per liter and was either a sodium bicarbonate or calcium bicarbonate type. Water from spoil had a median dissolved-solids concentration of 2,860 milligrams per liter and was a calcium magnesium sulfate type. Water from spoil had a median pH value of 6.6, which was less than the median pH value of water from drift (7.4) and the median pH value of water from bedrock (9.0).

Dissolved-solids concentration increased downgradient in two of three spoil areas. Although differences in water quality existed between the three spoil areas, the differences cannot be attributed to the age of the spoil. The changes occurred in fewer than 12 years and have persisted for more than 40 years.

60

Water from high-wall lakes, glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil was saturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and quartz, but only water from spoil was saturated with respect to gypsum. The difference can be attributed either to dissolution of freshly exposed gypsum or to oxidation of freshly exposed pyrite, or both, in spoil. The exposure of the minerals probably results from disturbance of the glacial drift and bedrock overburden during mining.

The general chemical processes that occur as water moves into spoil are dissolution and precipitation of calcite, dissolution of dolomite, consumption of oxygen gas, consumption and release of carbon dioxide gas, dissolution of pyrite and gypsum, precipitation of goethite (or iron hydroxide), and release of sodium ions by ion exchange.

61

REFERENCES

Anderson, K. H., coordinator, 1979, Geologic map of Missouri: Rolla, Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey, scale 1:500,000.

Draney, D. E., 1982, Physical properties of coal mine spoil piles of variousages in Macon County, Missouri: Columbia, University of Missouri, unpublished M.S. thesis, 109 p.

Fenneman, N. M., 1938, Physiography of eastern United States: New York, McGraw Hill, 714 p.

Freeze, R. A., and Cherry, J. A., 1979, Groundwater: Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall, 604 p.

Gann, E. E., Harvey, E. J., Jeffery, H. G., and Fuller, D. L., 1971, Waterresources of northeastern Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-372, 4 sheets.

Gentile, R. J., 1967, Mineral commodities of Macon and Randolph Counties:Rolla, Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey Report of Investigations 40, 106 p.

Haliburton Associates, 1981, Prairie Hills controlled industrial waste treatment and disposal facility: Wichita, Kans., Missouri Industrial Environmental Services, Inc., 1981, 402 p., 11 appendices (permit application to Missouri Department of Natural Resources).

Horner and Shifrin, Inc., 1981, Groundwater study for the general area of thePrairie Hill Mine (near Moberly Missouri): St. Louis, prepared for Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc., 45 p., 19 exhibits, 6 appendices.

Lewis, J. C., 1982, Surficial hydrogeology of a small drainage basin nearExcello, Macon County, Missouri: Columbia, University of Missouri, unpublished M.S. thesis, 81 p.

National Weather Service, 1981-83, Climatological data, Missouri: Asheville,N.C., U.S. Department of Commerce, v. 85, nos. 5-13; v. 86, nos. 1-13; v. 87, nos. 1-13.

Older, Kathleen, 1982, A mineralogic study of coal mine spoil in north centralMissouri: Columbia, University of Missouri, unpublished M.S. thesis, 86 p.

Parkhurst, D. L., Plummer, L. N., and Thorstenson, D. C., 1982, BALANCE Acomputer program for calculating mass transfer for geochemical reations in ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 82-060, 29 p.

Plummer, L. N., Jones, B. F., and Truesdell, A. H., 1976 (revised 1978),WATEQF A FORTRAN IV version of WATEQF, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibrium of natural waters: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-13, 63 p.

62

Robertson, C. E., 1971, Evaluation of Missouri's coal resources: Rolla,Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey Report of Investigations 48, 100 p.

____1973, Mineable coal reserves of Missouri: Rolla, Missouri Division ofGeology and Land Survey Report of Investigations 55, 71 p.

Robertson, C. E., and Smith, D. C., 1981, Coal resources and reserves ofMissouri: Rolla, Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey Report of Investigations 66, 49 p.

Searight, W. V., 1967, Mineral fuel resources, coal, in Mineral and waterresources of Missouri: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, U.S. 90th Congress, 1st session, Senate Document 19, p. 235-243 and 251-252.

Seifert, G. G., 1982, Hydrogeochemistry of coal mine spoil piles of various ages in Macon County, Missouri: Columbia, University of Missouri, unpublished M.S thesis, 101 p.

Shell Engineering Associates, 1981 Engineering study and report for solid waste disposal permit Thomas Hill operation: Columbia, Mo., prepared for Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc., 62 p., 6 appendices.

Skelton, John, 1971, Carryover storage requirements for reservoir design inMissouri: Rolla, Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey Water Resources Report 25, 43 p.

U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining Reclamation andEnforcement, 1979, Surface coal mining and reclamation operation: Federal Register, v. 44, no. 50, Tuesday, March 13, 1979, part II, p. 15311-15463.

Vaill, J. E., and Barks, J. H., 1980, Physical environment and hydrologiccharacteristics of coal-mining areas in Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 80-67, 33 p.

Wedge, W. K., Bhatia, D. M. S., and Rueff, A. W., 1976, Chemical analyses ofselected Missouri coals and some statistical implications: Rolla, Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey Report of Investigations 60, 36 p.

63

SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

64

Tabl

e 16.--Selected

data

pe

rtai

ning

to w

ells fo

r wh

ich

quailty-of-wat

er d

ata

were o

btained

Depth

of p

erforated

inte

rval

: 0, op

en ho

le.

Type o

f se

al:

B, be

nton

ite;

C,

concrete.

Method o

f development:

A, compressed a

ir su

rgin

g;

D, flushe

d with w

ater

fro

m nearby lake.

Drilling f

luid:

E, Re

vert

(J

ohns

on Screens);

F,

Petr

o SH-1200

L and

Stafoam

202

(Pet

ro-C

hem,

Inc.).

Prod

ucin

g aq

uife

r:

H, glacial

drif

t;

I, consolidated

rock

above

coa

l; J

, coal and

15 to

20

feet b

enea

th

coal

; K,

sp

oil;

L,

gl

acia

l dr

ift

adjacent t

o spoil.

Addi

tion

al co

mmen

ts:

M, dr

illi

ng losses substantial

during drilling;

N, obstruction

afte

r construction-­

wate

r sa

mple

s ca

nnot

be

obtained w

ith

avai

labl

e equipment; P,

obstruction water

samp

les

can

no

long

er be ob

tain

ed w

ith

pres

ent

equi

pmen

t;

Q, ob

serv

atio

n we

ll of

the U

.S.

Geological Su

rvey

; R,

ob

serv

atio

n we

ll of A

ssoc

iate

d Electric

Coop

erat

ive,

Inc.;

S, dug

well,

rock o

r brick

lined

U, in

form

ation

not

available.

Wells

1-15

are

located

in sp

oil

areas,

outs

ide

of s

poil

areas.

--,

No da

ta or

comments.

Wells

A-V

are

Wel

l nu

mbe

r en

an

d01

id

en

tify

ing

lett

er

(fig

s.

1-4

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Altitude

of

land

sufa

ce(f

eet

abov

ese

a le

vel)

85

0.3

8818.9

9798.7

08

17

.79

806.2

5

791.

4178

2.43

752.

7577

9.91

765.

96

Dep

thof

we

ll(f

ee

t)

86.2

51.2

35.0

50.6

37.2

56.1

27.2

39.5

31.2

13.8

Dep

th

of

perf

ora

ted

inte

rva

l(f

ee

t)

77.0

-83.0

41.2

-49.2

26.0

-34.0

40.6

-48.6

27.2

-35.2

46.1

-54.1

17.2

-25.2

29.5

-37.5

21.2

-29.2

3.8

-11

.8

Dep

thof

sea

l(f

eet)

10.0

1.0

6.5

3.2

8.0

9.0

9.0

17.0

4.0

3.5

Typ

eof

sea

l

B B B B B B B B B B

Drillin

gfluid E F E F F E E E F F

Dat

eco

mp

lete

d

5-1

9-8

110-8

-81

5-1

3-8

110

-29-

8110

-28-

81

5-21

-81

6-3

-81

6-2

-81

10-2

9-81

10-3

0-81

Met

hod

of

de

velo

p­

men

t

AA

, D

A,

D DA

, D A A A

A,

DA

, D

Pro

duci

ng

aquifer

L K K K K K L L K K

Addi­

tio

na

lco

mm

ents

M -- -- N -- M M -- -- --

Table

1

6.

Se

lecte

d

data

p

ert

ain

ing

to

we

lls fo

r w

hic

h q

ua

lity-o

f-w

ate

r data

w

ere

ob

tain

ed

Co

ntin

ue

d

Wel

l nu

mbe

r an

d id

entify

ing

letter

(fig

s.

1-4

)

11 12 13 14 15 A B C D E »

F G H I J K L M N 0

Altitude

of

land

sufa

ce

(fe

et

abov

e se

a le

ve

l )

801.3

9770.6

37

83

.64

770.4

2764.9

9

849

844

838

848

823

822

810

828

780

834

845

768

863

771

771

Dep

th

of

we

ll (f

ee

t)

10

1.5

59.7

47.0

25.2

22.2

22 22 30 24 31 27 23 77 32 35 45 60 98 10

5.0

13

7.5

Dep

th

of

perf

ora

ted

inte

rval

(fe

et)

91.5

-99.5

49

.7-5

7.5

37.0

-45.0

15.2

-23.2

12.2

-20.2

__ -- -- -- _ _ -- U -- U U U U84.2

5-8

9.2

51

09

.0-1

37

.5,

0

Dep

th

of

sea

l (f

ee

t)

16.0

20.0

4.0

4.5

3.0 __ -- -- -- -- __ -- U -- U U U U

4.0

109.5

Typ

e of

sea

l

B B B B B __ _- -- -- -- __ -- U -- U U U U C C

Drillin

g

fluid E E F F F __ _

- _- -- _.. U -- U U U U U U

Dat

e co

mp

lete

d

6-9

-81

6-1

1-8

111-2

-81

10-3

0-81

11-2

-81

U U U U U U U U U U U U U5-5

-80

4-3

1-8

0

Met

hod

of

deve

lop­

men

t

A AA

, D

A,

DA

, D U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U

Pro

du

cin

g

aq

uife

r

K K K L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H I

Ad

di­

tional

com

men

ts

M,

PM -- M -- 0 S 0 0 S S S

-- S -- _ _ --

--

-- --

Tab

le

16.-

-Sele

cted

data

pert

ain

ing

to w

ells

fo

r w

hich

qu

al it

y-o

f-w

ate

r da

ta

wer

e o

bta

ine

d C

on

tinu

ed

Wel

l nu

mbe

r an

did

en

tify

ing

letter

(fig

s.

1-4

)

P Q R S T U V

Altitude

of

land

su

face

(feet

abov

ese

a le

ve

l)

771

775.

0677

5.83

775.

0883

2

824

860

Dep

thof

well

(feet)

160.

56

4.5

125.

015

1.0

14.6

13.5

14.5

Dep

th of

pe

rfo

rate

d

140

inte

rva

l(f

ee

t)

.0-1

60.5

,5

9.5

-64

.571 12

5.0

-12

5.0

,.0

-151.0

,-- __ --

Dep

thof

seal

(fe

et)

0 14

0.0

4.0

0 7

1.0

0 12

5.0

__ _-

Type of

seal C C C C _ _ --

Drillin

gflu

id U U U U __ --

Dat

eco

mpl

eted

4-1

5-8

05

-7-8

05

-12

-80

5-6

-80

U U U

Met

hod

of

deve

lop­

men

t

U U U U U U U

Pro

duci

nga

qu

ife

r

J H I J L L L

Addi­

tional

com

men

ts

.. -- -- -- S S S

cr»

Tab

le

17.-

-Wate

r-qualit

y a

na

lysi

s da

ta fo

r w

ells

an

d la

kes

tUM

HOS,

m

icro

mho

s pe

r ce

ntim

ete

r a

t 25

°C

els

ius

now

re

po

rte

d

as m

icro

siem

ens

per

cen

time

ter

at

25 °C

els

ius;

DE

G C

, de

gree

s C

els

ius;

M

G/L

, m

illig

ram

s pe

r lite

r;

UG

/L,

mic

rogr

ams

per

lite

r;

num

bers

in

pa

rent

hese

s in

co

lum

n he

adin

gs

are

WAT

STOR

E co

des;

,

no d

ata

; <

, le

ss

tha

n]

cr>

CO

WELL OR

LAKE IDEN­

TIFYING

NUMBER OR

LETTER

(FIGS. 1-4)

1

2 3

4 6 7

DATE

OF

SAMPLE

31-07-21

61-12-08

32-03-24

32-06-07

82-09-01

31-1

2-08

32-0

3-24

82-06-07

32-0

9-01

31-07-20

31-12-09

32-0

3-26

32-0

6-07

32-08-31

83-07-26

33-0

9-23

61-12-09

32-0

3-24

82-06-07

82-09-01

31-0

7-21

32-03-25

32-0

6-03

32-0

9-02

31-07-21

31-12-09

82-0

3-25

52-0

6-03

32-0

9-02

SPE­

CIFI

CCON­

DUCT­

ANCE

(UMHOS)

(000

95)

2670

2650

2530

2670

2730

2590

3350

3330

3130

3090

3370

3630

3700

3660

3630

3530

3150

3320

3025

3020

3540

4550

4630

4320

3*50

3460

3150

3340

3130

PH

(STAND­

ARD

UNITS)

(00400)

6.7

6.6

6.7

6.4

6.6

6.5

6.6

6.4

6.6

6.5

6.5

6.7

6.2

6.3

6.3

6.6

6.6

6.5

6.4

6.6

6.8

7.0

6.8

6.9

6.6

6.5

6.6

6.0

6.6

TEMPER­

ATURE

(OEG C)

(000

10)

16.5

12.5

15.0

16.0

16.0

12.0

12.0

15.0

15.5

16.5

11.0 9.5

16.0

16.0

16.0

16.0

10.5

11.5

15.5

15.0

13.5

13.0

16.0

16.5

17.5

10.0

11.5

1o.O

15.0

COLOR

(PLAT-

INJM-

C03ALT

UNITS)

(00080)

.. 10 ~ 5

-- -

5 5

--

..

0 -- 10 -- 105

-- --

OXYGEN,

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L)

(00300)

0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .8 .0 .4 .0 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .2 .C

OXYGEN,

DIS­

SOLVED

(PER­

CENT

SATUR­

ATION)

(00301) 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0

__ --

4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

HARD­

NESS

(MG/L

AS

CAC03)

(00900)

1637

1479

1603

1653

1678

1676

2165

2174

2174

1901

2100

2266

2457

2432

2357 --

1363

2076

2013

1943

2095

26^1

2755

2600

2305

2296

2364

2405

2256

HARD­

NESS/

NONCAR-

8CNATE

(MG/L

CAC03)

(009

02) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C

ACIDITY

(MG/

LAS

CAC03)

(00435)

79--

114

94 __

79

293--

149--

209

596--

__ _

25129--

149

174

253--

154.0

65 74 50

Tab

le 17,-

-Wate

r-qualit

y a

na

lysi

s da

ta fo

r w

ells

an

d la

kes-

-Co

ntin

ue

d

LAKE OR

WELL IO

EN-

TIFflNG

NUMBER OR

LETTER

(FIGS. 1-4)

1 2 3

en l£»

<* 6 7

DATE

OFSAMPLE

81-07-21

31-12-08

82-03-24

82-06-07

32-09-01

81-12-08

82-03-2*

32-06-07

32-09-01

81-07-20

81-12-09

82-03-26

82-06-07

32-08-31

83-07-26

33-09-2a

81-12-09

32-03-24

82-06-07

82-09-01

81-07-21

32-03-25

82-06-08

82-09-02

81-07-21

31-12-09

32-03-25

82-06-38

32-09-02

CALCIUM

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS CA

>(0

0915

)

490

410

460

480

490

390

520

540

540

480

513

560

620

010

583--

503

553

563

533

493

580

573

530

513

493

553

550

543

MAGNE­

SIUM*

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS MG)

(00925)

100

110

110

110

110

170

210

200

200

170

200

210

220

220

220

150

170

150

150

210

300

320

310

250

260

240

250

220

SOQIUM/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS NA

)(00930)

75 90 84 75 77 76 64 56 69 11130

140

150

150

140

95110 98 90 18

300

343

360 11 49 41 33 26

POTA

S­SIUM/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS K)

(00935)

6.8

8.0

7.9

7.6

7.6

5.1

2.9

2.9

2.7

6.2

8.0

6.1

6.2

5.7

6.1 --

5.2

4.0

4.7

3.3

14 17 19 15 10 13 11 129.

5

BICAR­

BONATE

(MG/L

ASHC

03)

(00440)

550

440

370

450

440

560

720

740

740

560

860

860

860

x 82

0

870

900

750

740

720

720

910

860

330

730

510

430

380

390

340

CAR­

BONATE

(MG/

LAS

C03)

(OQ4

45) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ALKA­

LINITY

FIELD

(MG/L

ASCAC03)

(00410)

451

361

303

369

361

459

591

607

607

459

705

705

705

673

-- --

615

607

591

. 591

746

705

681

640

418

353

312

320

279

CARBON

DIOXIDE

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS C0

2)(00405-)

167

176

132

285

176

281

287

468

295

316

432

273

562

653

693

359

299

372

455

237

246

137

209

156

194

216

152

156

136

SULFATE

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS S0

4)(30945)

1403

1400

1500

1500

1500

1400

1700

1700

1600

1500

2000

2300

2000

2000

2000

1900

1700

1700

1503

1500

1700

2900

3000

2700

2100

2200

2100

2200

2000

CHLO­

RIDE/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS CD

(00940)

13 158.5

3.2

3.2

4.6

3.6

3.4

3.4

115.

85.1

4.9

5.2

4.0 --

123.7

4.0

3.4

4.5

6.2

6.4

6.1

3.4

2.9

1.8

1.3

1.4

FLUO-

RIOE,

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS F)

(00950)

0.6 .7 .6 .7 .6 .5 .4 .4 .4 .3 .4 .4 .4 .3 .4 -- .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 .4 .3 .3 .6 .7 .7 .8 .7

SILICA/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

ASSI

02)

(00955)

16 14 16 16 16 19 20 21 21 12 17 15 18 16 17--

17 17 19 13 16 14 12 12 14 11 11 10 10

Tabl

e 1

7.-

-Wa

ter-

qu

alit

y an

alys

is d

ata

for

well

and

lake

s C

ontin

ued

UcLL OR

LAKE IOEN-

TIFTING

NUM3ER OR

DATE

LETTER

OFSAMPLE

(FIGS. 1-

4)

1 81

-07-21

81-12-03

82-03-24

82-06-07

82-0

9-01

2 31-12-08

82-03-24

82-06-07

82-09-

01

°

3 81-07-20

81-12-09

32-03-26

82-06-07

82-08-

31

83-07-26

33-09-23

4 81-12-09

82-03-24

82-06-37

82-09-

01

6 81

-07-

2132-03-25

82-06-08

82-09-02

7 81-07-21

81-12-09

32-0

3-25

82-06-38

82-09-02

SOLIDS/

RESI

DUE

AT 130

DcG. C

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/

L)(70330)

2340

2460

2o30

2520

2510

2630

3260

3090

2390

2720

3560

3020

3620

3530

3540 --

3050

3200

2960

2340

3520

4710

4030

4360

3<>C

O35

303110

3330

3200

SOLIOSs

SUM

OFCONSTI­

TUENTS*

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/

L)(7

0301

)

2398

2238

239*

2442

2*49

2353

2385

2893

2313

2480

3309

3372

3456

3424

3*09

--

2857

2931

2700

2059

2969

' 46

1647

354354

3193

3286

317*

3282

2986

NIT30-

NITRATE

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS N)

(00618)

0.05 -- -- ~

-- -- -- -- .23 -- _. .. -- -- -- .04

--

-- --

.07

--

-- - »

--

NITRO-

GENs

NITRITE

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS N)

(00613)

0.000

<.02

0 ~ --

<.020 --

.000

<.02

0 -- --

-- --

<.020 -- -- --

.010 -- -- __

.000

<.G2

0 -- --

NITRO­

GEN/

AMMONIA

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS N)

(00609)

0.720

.330

3.70

.440

.670 --

.310 ~ --

1.oO-- --

.530

.900 -- --

PHOS­

PHORUS^

ORTMOx

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS P)

(00671)

0.000

<.01

0 -- --

<.01

0 --

.010

<.010 -- ----

-_

<.010 -- -- --

.000 -- -- --

.000

<.010 -- -- --

ALUM-

INUM,

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS AL)

(01106) 0

<10 10 90

<10 30 20 10

<10

1000 10 70

<10 10 10 --

160 80 80 10 0 20 20 10

1000 90 40 40 10

ARSENIC

DIS-.

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS AS

)(01000) 2<t -- --

1-- ~ --

3 4------

--

--

2 -- --

2 --

2 2-- --

CADM

IUM

DIS­

SOLV

ED(U

G/L

AS CO)

(01025) 0<1 -- --

1-- -- --

1 1-- "

__ -- <! -- -- 0 -- --

0<1 -- -- --

CrtSO-

MlUMx

DIS­

SOLVED

(US/L

AS CR

)(01030) 10 10

- -

<10 -- ~ -- 10 10 -- --

.. -- <10 -- - 10 -- -- -- 10 10 -- -- --

CHR3-

MlUMx

HEXA-

VALENTx

DIS.

(UG/

LAS

CR

)(01032) -- ~ -- -- -- -- -- -

..

-- -- ~

__ -- -- -- -- -- -

-- -- -- -- -- .- --

COPP

ERx

DIS­

SOLV

ED(U

G/L

AS CU)

(01040) 0 2-- -- -- <t -- -- - 1 2-- -- ~~ -- --

2 -- -- 0-- -- --

0<1 -- -» --

Tab

le

17.-

-Wate

r-qualit

y a

na

lysi

s da

ta fo

r w

ells

an

d la

kes

Co

ntin

ue

d

WELL AND

LAKE IDEN­

TIFYING

NUMBER OR

LETTER

(FIGS. 1-4)

1 2 3 4 6 7

DATE

OFSAMPLE

81-07-21

81-12-08

82-03-24

82-06-07

82-09-01

81-12-08

82-03-24

82-06-07

82-09-01

81-07-20

31-12-39

82-03-26

82-00-37

82-08-31

83-07-26

83-09-28

81-12-39

82-03-24

82-06-37

82-09-01

81-07-21

32-03-25

32-06-33

82-09-02

81-07-21

81-12-39

82-03-25

82-06-38

82-09-02

IRON/

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS FE)

(01046)

15000

17000

19000

18000

18000

1200

4100

4500

6200

3300

4200

2000

3100

3600

3300

3000

1100

5100

3600

3300

49000

61000

42000

32000

35000

A2000

23000

24000

7700

LEAO/

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS PS)

(01049) 0<1 --

<1 -- -- - 0

<1 -- -- -

-- -

2-- --

0-- -- - 0 <1 -- -- --

MANGA­

NESE/

DIS­

SOLVED

(JG/L

AS MN)

(013

56)

3500

4000

*300

3900

3900

4400

3900

4200

4700

5900

7900

3500

3100

3200

7900 --

4500

5000

3300

3900

12000

7600

5200

<»30

0

3500

2500

1600

13QO

1000

MERCURY

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS HG)

(71390)

0.1

<.1 -- -

<.1 -- -- .0

<.1 -- -- -- -

<.1 -- .1 -- -- -- .1

<.1 -- -- --

NICKEL/

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS NI)

(01065) 0 2 2<1 <1 14 16 157

33 24 30 27 37 39 -- 12 12 118 5

217 9

*70

25C

300

260

330

SELE­

NIUM/

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS SE)

(01145) 0<1 -- -- <1 -- -

0<1 -- «

-_ -- <1 -- -- 0

-- -- -- 0 <1 --

-- --

STRON­

TIUM/

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS SR)

(01080)

1500

1500

1500

1400

1500

1600

1300

1600

1300

1700

2100

2130

2220

2100

2300 --

1SOO

1900

1?00

1500

5600

5600

12COO

400

2000

1700

1600

220C

1300

ZINC/

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS IN)

(01090) 20 60 30 30 30

590 20 20 20

110

140 50 20 70 20 --

100 30

100 40 20 50 50 50

470

430

530

490

590

Tab

le 17.-

-Wate

r-qualit

y a

na

lysi

s da

ta fo

r w

ells

an

d la

kes

Co

ntin

ue

d

HELL OR

LAKE IOEN-

TIFriNG

DATE

NIMBER OR

OF

LETTER

SAMPLE

(FIG

S. 1-4)

8 31-07-21

81-12-09

32-0

3-25

32-06-08

82-09-02

83-07-26

33-09-29

9 81-12-09

32-0

3-25

82-06-03

32-0

9-01

10

32-0

3-25

82-06-03

32-0

9-01

11

81-07-21

12

81-07-21

32-03-25

82-0

6-03

32-09-01

83-0

7-25

83-09-28

13

32-0

3-25

32-06-03

32-0

9-01

33-09-23

14

31-12-0*

82-0

3-25

32-0

6-08

82-09-02

15

31-1

2-09

32-0

3-25

32-0

6-03

32-0

9-02

SPE­

CIFIC

CON­

DUCT­

ANCE

(UMHOS)

(00095)

2330

3100

2650

3000

2950

2750

2940

2860

3920

4000

4040

3130

3040

3030

2440

3630

3630

3030

2920 271

2660

2210

2370

2260

2150

2330

2930

3025

3010

3063

2910

2923

2930

PH

(STAND­

ARD

UNITS)

(00400)

6.7

6.8

7.0

6.7

6.8

6.6

6.9

7.2

7.1

6.3

6.4

7.0

6.5

6.4

7.0

6.8

7.2

6.9

6.7

6.9

7.0

7.4

7.1

6.9

7.6

6.5

5.6

5.8

6.0

5.0

4.4

4.2

4.0

TEMPER­

ATURE

(OEG C)

(00010)

16.5

10.0

15.0

18.0

14.5

16.5

16.5

12.0

14.5

15.5

16.5

12.0

15.0

18.0

15.5

17.0

11.5

15.5

16.5

17.0

16.0

10.0

15.5

16.0

16.5

15.0

11.0

15.5

16.0

13.5

13.0

15.5

17.5

COLOR

(PLA

T­IN

UM-

COBA

LTUNITS)

(00030) 0 0-- -- --

80 -

-- 5

-- 0 30 -- -- --

0 -- 25 -- -- - 5 --

OXYGEN/­

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L)

(303

00) .2 .2 .2

2.1

2.2 .4 .4 -- .0 .0

1.6 .1 .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 -- .0 .0 .0 .0 .2 .0

OXYG

EN,

DIS­

SOLVED

(PER­

CENT

SATUR­

ATION)

(003

01) 2 2 222 21 ._ --

4-- 0 0 151 2 0 0 0 0 0

-- 0 0 0"

0--0 0 0 0 2 0

HARD

­ NE

SS(MG/L

AS

CAC03)

(009

30)

1562

1719

1728

1844

1844

1703 --

1357

3354

3058

3146

2454

2322

2239 907

1539

1637

1239

1239

1264

1115

1107

1016 --

1907

2141

2173

2067

1957

2221

19*0

2032

hARD

- NE

SSr

NONCAR-

dONA

TE(M

G/L

CAC0

3)(00902) 0 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ACIDITY

(MG/L

AS

CAC03)

(00435)

74.0

129

149-- _» -- _. --

442

104

_-89 65

--

55--

154-- -- __ -- -- -- .0

55 74 25

__377

223

114

Tab

le 17.-

-Wate

r-qualit

y a

na

lysi

s da

ta fo

r w

ells

an

d la

kes

Contin

ued

*ELL OR

LAKE IDEN­

TIFYING

DATE

NiHdER OR

OFLETTER

SAMPLE

(FISS. 1-4)

8 81-07-21

81-12-39

32-03-25

82-06-08

82-09-02

83-07-26

33-09-29

9 81-12-09

82-03-25

32-06-08

82-09-01

10

82-03-25

oj

82-06-08

82-09-31

11

81-07-21

12

81-07-21

32-03-25

82-06-08

32-09-01

83-07-25

83-09-28

13

82-03-25

82-06-03

32-09-01

83-09-28

14

31-12-39

82-03-25

82-06-08

32-09-02

15

31-12-J9

82-03-25

32-00-38

82-09-32

CALCIUM

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS CA

)(00915)

413

443

463

493

493

450--

433

050

533

603

573

553

573

223

373

340

233

283

293

233

233

253-

453

560

543

533

473

513

433

5C3

MAGNE­

SIUM,

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS MG

)(00925)

130

150

140

150

150

140

190

420

3?0

400

250

230

210 86

160

190

130

130

130

100 98

?4--

190

133

230

180

190

230

130

1 ?0

SODIUM,

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS NA)

(00930)

160

180

140

130

140

140

31 31 26 27 1d 13 14

260 38

410

300

230

230

180

180

130

27 18 20 22 11 129.

312

POTAS­

SIUM,

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS K)

(00935)

8.6

5.7

5.0

4.8

5.3

5.3

4.3

5.1

4.9

4.8

4.6

2.2

2.4

11 15 14 12 12 13

15 14 14

103.8

5.3

6.1

3.5

3.0

3.0

3.7

BICAR­

BONATE

(MG/L

ASrtC03)

(00440)

430

630

610

590

580

580

600

480

560

560

610

360

330

340

390

530

610

513

470

440

430

340

360

340

320

290 48 120

200 160 0

12

CAR­

BONATE

(MG/

LAS

C0

3)(00445) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ALKA­

LINITY

FIELD

(MG/L

ASCAC03)

(00410)

353

517

500

484

476

--

394

450

459

500

295

271

279

320

476

500

413

385--

279

295

279

238 39 93

164 13.0 .0

10

CARBON

DIOXIDE

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS C02>

(00405)

140

159 97

187

146

232

120 43 71

446

386 57

166

215 59

146 61

102

149 S3 63 22 45 63 13

146

192

302

318

254.3 .3

302

SULFATE

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS S0

4)(00945)

1500

1700

1500

1600

1500

1500

1400

1900

2300

2600

2600

2100

2000

1900

1103

1700

2000

1303

1500

1309

1100

1200

120C

1200

1000

1900

2300

2103

2000

2400

2233

2103

2103

CHLO­

RIDE

,DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS CD

(00940)

15 4.0

4.1

4.1

4.1

4.0

2.3

2.6

2.0

2.6

1.4

1.2

1.7

7.7

8.5

3.8

3.5

3.6

5.1

3.5

3.2

3.3 --

3.9

1.3

1.8

2.4

1.8

1.6

1.1

1.5

FLUO-

RIOE,

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS F)

(00950) .2 .4 .4 .4 .4 .5

1.0 .8 .9 .8

1.2

1.5

1.3 .3 .2 .3 4 .3 .3 .4 .4 .3 _- .7

1.7

1.2

1.3

2.3

2.4

2.4

1.6

SILICA,

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

ASSI02)

(00955)

14 13 16 18 17 17

129.4

9.7

10 1.3

11 12

8.3

11 118.3

8.3

3.7 --

8.3

8.3

7.7 --

15 21 18 18 19 20 17 1o

Tab

le

17.

Wate

r-qualit

y a

na

lysi

s da

ta fo

r w

ells

an

d la

kes

Contin

ued

WELL OR

LAKe IDEN­

TIFYING

NUMBER OR

LETTER

(PIGS. 1-

4)

8 9

-j 5.

10 11 12 13 14 ^5

DATE

OFSAMPLE

81-07-21

81-12-09

82-03-25

82-06-08

82-09-02

33-07-26

83-09-29

81-12-09

82-03-25

82-06-08

82-09-01

82-03-25

82-06-08

82-09-01

31-07-21

81-07-21

82-03-25

82-06-08

32-09-31

83-07-25

33-09-28

82-03-25

82-C6-38

82-09-01

33-09-28

31-12-09

32-03-25

32-06-08

82-09-02

81-12-09

32-03-25

32-06-38

32-09-32

SCLI3S*

RESIDUE

AT 13

0DEG. C

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L)

(70330)

2700

2970

2330

2390

2310

2620 --

3230

4270

4170

4220

3310

3220

3170

2330

2970

3590

2410

2560

2310

1990

2300

1940 --

3140

3380

3140

3360

3350

3230

3360

3130

SOLI

DS*

SUM

OFCONSTI­

TUENTS*

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L)

(70301)

2459

2816

2573

2700

2oOO

2554

2852

4207

3907

3964

3132

2980

2337

1897

2604

3234

2294

2454

2219

1'62

1?66

1"*2

2

2851

2835

2989

2921

3167

3051

2851

2aeG

NITRO­

GEN*

NITRATE

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/

LAS N)

(00618)

.00 -- _. --

-- --

0.22 -- -- .51

.00 -- -- -- .03 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ...

-- .. --

NITRO­

GEN*

NITRITE

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS N)

(306

13)

.020

<.020 -- -- -- --

<.02

0 -- -- --

.020 -- --

.000

.000 -- -- -- --

.020 -- --

<.020 -- -- --

<.02

0

-- --

NITRO­

GEN*

AMMONIA

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS N)

(006

08)

.280

.300 -- - -- --

2.90 -- --

.250 -- --

1.20

1.30-- -- -- --

1.40 ----

-

1.70 -- --

.710 -- -- --

PHOS­

PHORUS*

ORTHO*

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS P)

(00671)

.030

.010 -- -- -- -- --

<.010 -- -- --

.020 --

.000

.000 -- -- -- -- -^

.010 -- -- --

<.01

0 -- -- --

<.010 -- -- --

ALUM­

INUM*

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS AL)

(01106) 10 60 20 40 10 10 --

<10 40 30 10 40

120 10

1500

1000 30 40

<1 0 10 60 70 10 -- 50

620

460 90

12000

20030

25000

19000

ARSENIC

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS AS)

(010

00) 1 1-- -- -- -- 4-- -- <t -- -

4 3-- -- -- -- --

1-- -- --

3-. .. --

3-- -- --

CHRO-

CHSO-

MIUM*

CADMIUM

MUM*

HEXA

-OIS-

OIS-

VALENT*

SOLVED

SOLVED

DIS.

(UG/

L (UG/L

(UG/L

AS CO

) AS CR)

AS CR)

(01C

2S)

(01030)

(010

32)

<1

10<1

10

0.. ..

--

._--

--

--

.. --

--

--

<1

<10

0-- .-

..

..

-

--

--

7 10

--

..--

--

--

<1

10

0 10

..

..

--..

~-

--

-.

..

..--

--

--

.. <1

<10

..

..

..

--

--

--

<1

10

0_-

..

-.-

..

..

..

--

--

--

5 10

--

..-- ..

COPPER*

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS CU

)(01040) 0<1 -- --

--

<t -- -- --

1.. --

0 0-- -- -- -- 2.. .- --

7-- -- --

3-- -- --

Tab

le 1

7.-

-Wa

ter-

qu

alit

y a

na

lysi

s da

ta fo

r w

ells

an

d la

kes

Contin

ued

en

WELL OR

LAKE IDEN-

FYING

NUMBER OR

LETTER

(FIGS. 1-4)

3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

DATE

OF

SAMPLE

81-07-21

81-12-09

82-0

3-25

82-06-08

82-09-02

83-07-26

83-09-29

31-12-09

82-0

3-25

32-06-33

82-09-01

82-0

3-25

32-06-33

82-0

9-01

81-0

7-21

81-0

7-21

32-03-25

82-06-08

82-0

9-01

83-0

7-25

83-0

9-28

82-0

3-25

82-0

6-08

82-0

9-01

33-0

9-23

31-12-09

32-0

3-25

82-06-08

32-0

9-02

31-1

2-39

32-0

3-25

32-C

S-33

32-0

9-32

IRON/

LEAD

/DIS-

DIS­

SOLVED

SOLVED

(UG/L

(UG/L

AS FE

> AS PB

)(01046)

(01049)

280

196

0 <1

1300

4700

3600

6000

2300

27000

<111

0061

008300 250

<1600

1100

1600

0

3900

0

5600

2700

2300

1000 530

440

1310

430

200

96000

<116

300

33000

52000

29300

<131300

13300

16300

MANGA­

NESE/

MERCURY

OIS-

DIS­

SOLVED

SOLVED

(JG/L

(UG/L

AS IN)

AS HG)

(01056)

(71890)

6300

.033

00

<.1

3000

6100

2400

3300

-

1300

0 <.1

10000

3600

9200

4900

<0.1

6300

5300

1500

.0

3400

.040

0023

0023

0017

00

1500

.1

1200

1300 --

12000

<.1

6000

3500

9000

16000

<.1

1300

013003

1200

0

NICKEL/

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS NI

)(01065) 33 20 30 58 40 46 26 79 62 75

120

190

190 15 14 149

11 13 16 13 19 -- 130

460

290

220

610

300

580

550

SELE

- STRON-

NIUM/

TIUM/

DIS-

DI

S­SOLVED

SOLVED

(UG/L

(UG/L

AS SE)

AS SR)

(011

45)

(010

80)

1 2500

<1

2300

2200

2000

2200

2400

<1

1100

1500

3000 840

2 950

330

890

0 31

00

0 5000

5000

3900

4000

4200

<1

3600

3900

3300

--

--

<1

81 C

850

930

1600

<1

56C

53C

530

58C

ZINC/

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/

LAS

ZN

)(0

1090

) 30 90 100 30 60 200 -- 50

150

170

150

430

630

520 10 10 30 40 40 30 ~ 20 40 40 -- 300

1030 450

320

1530

1430 850

750

Tab

le

17.-

-Wate

r-qualit

y a

na

lysi

s da

ta fo

r w

ells

an

d la

kes

Co

ntin

ue

d

WELL OR

LAKE IDEN­

TIFYING

N-.M

3ER

ORLETTER

(FIGS. 1-4)

Q R S T U V

101

201

331

330M

DATE

OF

SAMPLE

31-09-15

81-09-15

31-09-15

83-08-24

83-03-24

83-03-25

33-09-22

83-07-26

53-07-25

83-08-12

SPE­

CIFIC

CON­

DUCT­

ANCE

(UMHOS)

(00095)

1340

1370

1450

405

770

533

3 5 DO

2460

1420

130

PH(STAND­

ARD

UNITS)

(00400)

7.1

3.1

10.3 7.3

7.1

7.6

2.3

7.4

3.2

8.2

TEMPER­

ATURE

(D5G C)

(000

10)

14.0

14.0

14.0

16.0

15.0

21.0

18.0

27.5

30.0

27.5

COLOR

(PLAT­

INUM-

COBALT

JNITS)

O0080) 5 0 5

-- -- --

OXYGEN/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L)

(003

00)

.1 .5 .0 --

OXYGEN/

DIS­

SOLVED

(PER­

CENT

SATUR­

ATION)

(00301) 0 5 0

--

HARD­

NESS

(MG/L

AS '

CAC03)

(00900)

669 62 13

150

416

251

1265

1613

693 66

HARD­

NESS/

NONCAR-

BONATE

(MG/L

CAC03)

(00902) 0 6

330 0 0 0

0 0 0

ACIDITY

(MG/L AS

CAC03)

(00435)

--

--

695 15

--

--

Tab

le 17. W

ate

r-qualit

y a

na

lysi

s da

ta fo

r w

ells

an

d la

kes

Contin

ued

WELL OR

LAKE IOEN-

TI^YING

UUM3ER OR

LETTER

(FIGS. 1-4)

Q R S T U V

^, 13

1 J

231

301

300H

DATE

OFSAMPLE

81-09-15

81-09-15

81-09-15

33-03-24

33-0

3-24

33-03-25

33-0

9-22

33-07-26

33-07-25

33-08-12

CALCIUM

DIS­

SOLVED

(.MG

/LAS

CA)

(00915)

180 13

3.7

42 130 69 350

400

140 25

MAGNE­

SIUM/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS HG)

(00925)

53

7.0 .8

11 22 19 95

150 83 5.

6

SODIUM/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS, NA)

(00930)

58

300

320 8.

5

15

9.8

40 33 68

4.9

POTAS­

SIUM/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS K)

(00935)

4.1

10 20 26

1.7

20 10

8.3

6.4

2.3

BICAR­

BONATE

(MG/L

AS

HC03)

(00440)

530

550

500

170

430

360 96 150 78

CAR­

BONATE

(MG/L

AS C03)

(00445) 0 6

330 0 0 0 0 0 0

ALKA­

LINITY

FIELD

(MG/L

ASCAC03)

(00410)

435

461

960

--

.0

CAR30S

DIOXIDE

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS CO 2)

(00405)

70 6.9 .0

14 54 14

.0

6.1

1.5 .3

SULFATE

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS S04)

(00945)

310

270 <5.0

51 53 11

1900

1400

710 25

CHLO-

RIQr/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS CD

(00940)

5.2

6.6

19 10 11 6.8

4.1

3.6

4.0

2.2

PLUO-

3IOE/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS F)

(00950) .5 .6

2.1 .3 .3 .3 .4 .3 .2

SILICA/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

ASSI02)

(00955)

22 12

9.4

7.4

17 16

15

3.6

2.7

Tab

le 17. W

ate

r-q

ua

lity

an

aly

sis

data

fo

r w

ells

an

d la

kes

Co

ntin

ue

d

WELL OR

LA<E IDEN­

TIFYING

NUMBER OR

LETTER

(FIGS. 1-4)

Q R S T U V

S 101

231

301

309H

DATE

OF

SAMPLE

81-09-15

81-09-15

81-09-15

83-03-24

83-03-24

83-03-25

83-09-22

33-07-26

83-07-25

83-08-12

SOLIDS/

RESI

DUE

AT 180

DEG.

C

DIS­

SOLV

ED(MG/L)

(703

JO)

909

383

831

243

459

313

2670

2430

1130 114

SOLIDS

/SUM OF

CONS

TI­

TUENTS/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L)

(70301)

897

904

956

240

469

331

.

2059

1090

106

NITRO­

GEN/

NITRATE

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS N)

(00618)

.03

.14

.39

--

NITRO­

GEN/

NITRITE

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS N)

(00613)

.000

.010

.020 --

NITRO­

GEN/

AMMONIA

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS N)

(00608)

.310

1.10

3.10

PHOS­

PHORUS/

ORTHO/

DIS­

SOLVED

(MG/L

AS P)

(00671)

.010

.000

.010 --

ALUM­

INUM/

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS AL)

(01106) 10

10 30 10

<10

<10

1600

0 10

<10 10

ARSENIC

CADMIUM

DIS-

DIS­

SOLVED

SOLVED

(UG/L

(UG/L

AS AS)

AS CD)

(01000)

(01025)

4 <1

1 <1

2 <1

CHRO-

CHRO-

MIUM/

MIUM/

HEXA-

OIS-

VALEMT/

SOLVED

DIS.

(UG/L

(UG/L

AS CR

) AS CR)

(01030)

(01032)

0 0 0 .. -.

COPPER/

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS CU)

(01040) 1

16 16 --

37

Tabl

e 17

. Water-qua!itv a

nalysis

data f

or w

ells a

nd l

akes Continued

W?LL OR

LAKE IDEN-

FYING

NUMBER OR

LETTER

(FIGS. 1-4)

Q R S T U V

101

201

301

300N

DATE

OF

SAMPLE

81-09-15

81-09-15

81-09-15

33-03-24

33-03-24

83-03-25

33-09-22

83-07-2*

83-07-25

33-03-12

IRON/

DIS­

SOLVED

(JG/

LAS FE

)(01046)

1100 20 22 21 2oO

180

9000

0 40 19 50

MANGA-

LEAD/

NESS/

MERCURY

DIS-

3IS-

DIS­

SOLVED

SOLVED

SOLVED

(UG/L

(UG/L

(UG/L

AS P3)

AS MN

) AS

HG

)(01049)

(01056)

(71390)

2 87

0 .0

2 10

0 .1

4 7

.1

32

1300

1300

<1

4700

340 8

21

NICKEL/

DIS­

SOLVED

(UG/L

AS NI)

(01065) 22

7

13

3 5 5

8 7 2

SELE-

STRON-

NIUM/

TIUM/

OIS-

DIS­

SOLVED

SOLVED

(UG/L

(uG/L

AS S6)

AS SR

)(01145)

'(01080)

0 920

0 400

0 61

140

360

270

330

1200 95

ZINC

/DI

S­SOLVED

(UG/L

AS ZN)

(01090) 33 29 24 130 22 7

14CO 20 24

5

Tabl

e 18.--Reported

chemical compositions of

water from w

ells no

t af

fect

ed by s

trip m

ining

[PBA

C, bedrock

above

Bevi

er coal se

am;

PBBC

, be

droc

k including

Bevi

er c

oal

and

below;

°C,

degr

ees

Cels

ius;

mg/L, m

illi

gram

s pe

r li

ter;

--

, no

dat

a; <

,

less

th

an]

Well

- identifying

letter

(fig.

i)

A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 61 H1 I1 J2 K2 L3 M3 N5 O5 P5

Aquifer

Glac

ial

drif

t do

do

do

-do

do

do

-do-

do

do

do

do

do

-do

PBAC

PBBC

Date

of

samp

le

10-11-80

10-9

-80

10-2

0-80

10-2

-80

10-20-80

9-2-

80

9-23

-80

10-22-80

9-14-80

2-26-80

2-26

-80

3-16

-66

3-15-66

4-9-81

4-9-

81

4-9-81

Temp

er-

pH

ature

(units)

(°C)

7.4

7.3

7.4

7.3

7.4

7.2

6.8

7.0

8.0

8.0

8.3

11.0

7.4

7.6

7.4

14.7

7.8

14.2

9.8

15.3

Calc

ium,

di

ssol

ved

(mg/

L)

66.8

60.2

86.1

69.4

74.4

93.7

159

135.

8

46.8

213 78.9

108 85 130 76 8.

8

Magnesium,

dissolved

(mg/

L)

28.3

16.9

29.3

13.4

14.1

39.7

31.5

42.6 4.6

83.5

23.4

35 40 49 16 9.7

Sodium,

dissolved

(mg/L)

54 44.7

77.1

40.4 1.7

47.9

28.8 1.0

6.1

115.5

52.6

458 81 120 49 80

Pota

ssiu

m,

dissolved

(mg/L)

2.6

3.4 .8

6.9

6.9

4.4

26.9

10.3

12.2 __ __ __ 0.22

5.4

1.8

120

Bicar­

bona

te

(mg/

L)

408.

7

317.2

305.0

173.

2

257.4

475.

1

366

433.

1

147.

6

124.

2

189.

6

496

581

618

269

336

Tab

le

18.-

-Report

ed

chem

ical

co

mp

osi

tion

s of

wate

r fr

om w

ells

not

aff

ect

ed

by

str

ip m

inin

g C

ontin

ued

Well

- id

enti

- fying

letter

(fig.

1)

A B C D E F G£2

H I J K L M N 0 P

Sulfate,

diss

olve

d (mg/L)

65 <10

206

129 60 25 246

226 18 756.

3

251.

2

89 16 310

125

102

Chlo

ride

, di

ssol

ved

(mg/L)

5.5

43.9 8 17 6 62 51 4 6 32.5

17.7 7.5

12 14 6.8

7.9

Fluo

ride

, dissolved

(mg/L)

0.65 .31

.73

.38

.37

.39

.21

.54

.15

-- 0.3 .1 <.l

<.l

<.l

Sili

ca,

dissolved

as silica

diox

ide

(mg/

L)

-- -- -- -- -- -- 15 10 33 28 23

Soli

ds,

dissolved

residue

(mg/

L)

427

388

641

461

378

659

803

776

239

1,142

570

594

548

1,276

580

720

Nitrogen,

nitr

ate

dissolved

(mg/

L)

0.40

4.1

40 36.4

0.22

1.1

3.8

9.2

106 60.4

18 12.4

91.

607.23

Alum

inum

, dissolved

(mg/L)

-_ -- -- -- __ 0.01 .01

.03

Arse

nic,

dissolved

(mg/L)

<0.0

05<.

005

<.00

5<.

005

<.00

5<.

005

<.00

5<.

005

<.00

5

<0.1 <.l

<.l

Bori

um,

dissolved

(mg/L)

-_ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

0.03

6

.065

.021

Cadm

ium,

di

ssol

ved

(mg/

L)

<0.0025

<.0025

<.00

25<.0025

<.0025

<.0025

<.00

25

<.0025

<.0025

<0.0

1<.

01

<.01

Table

18.

Repo

rted

chemical

comp

osit

ions

of

water fr

om w

ells

no

t affected by

strip m

ining Continued

Well-

iden

tify

ing

lett

er

(fig.

1)

A B C D E F G HS

I J K L

Chro

mium

, di

ssol

ved

(mg/L)

<0.0

025

<.00

25<.0025

<.00

25<.

0025

<.00

25<.

0025

<.00

25<.

0025

-- __

Copp

er,

dissolved

(mg/L)

0.2 .09

.08

.14

.24

.01

.13

.08

.03 -- __

Iron

, di

ssol

ved

(mg/

L)

3.4

3.4 .11

.10

3.3 .62

2.7 .39

.10

.0

6.2

1.8

Lead,

Manganese,

dissolved

dissolved

(mg/L)

(mg/

L)

0.03

3 0.3

.024

.94

<.01

.02

<.01

<.

02

<.01

.73

<.01

5.

0

<.01

2.4

<.01

<.

02

<.01

.12

__

__ .00

Mecu

ry,

dissolved

(mg/L)

<0.0005

.0005

<.005

<.0005

<.0005

<.0005

<.00

05

<.0005

<.0005

-- __

Sele

nium

, St

ront

ium,

di

ssol

ved

dissolved

(mg/

L)

(mg/L)

0.00

55<.

0025

<.0025

<.0025

<.00

25

<.0025

<.0025

.0093

<.00

25__

__

__

__

Zinc,

dissolved

(mg/L)

-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- __

Tabl

e 18

.--R

epor

ted

chemical co

mpos

itio

ns of

water f

rom

well

s not

affe

cted

by

str

ip m

ining--Continued

Well-

identifying

letter

(fig.

1)

M N 0 P

Chro

mium

, di

ssol

ved

(mg/

L)

__

<0.01

.02

<.01

Copp

er,

diss

olve

d (m

g/L) __

0.02 .02

.01

Iron

, dissolved

(mg/

L)

1.7

<0.0

2.02

.05

Lead,

dissolved

(mg/L)

__

<0.0

5<.

05

<.05

Mang

anes

e,

dissolved

(mg/

L)

0.22 .99

.10

.01

Mecury,

diss

olve

d (mg/L)

__ --

Sele

nium

, St

ront

ium,

dissolved

dissolved

(mg/

L)

(mg/L)

__

__

<0.1

0.

77

<.l

.28

<.l

.21

Zinc,

dissolved

(mg/L)

__

<0.01

.02

<.01

R. W.

Maley, (M

isso

uri

Division of

Health, w

ritten c

ommu

n.,

1983).

o Mali bur

ton

Associates (1981).

3Gann

and

othe

rs (1971).

OJ

4 Sodium

plus

potassium.

5Sei

fert

(1982).

Total

iron

.

Table 19.--Surface altitudes of and selected quality-of-waterdata for lakes in spoil areas

[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; juS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25°Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; --, no data; (E), estimated]

Lakenumber(figs.2-4)

101

102

103

201

202

203

301

302

Dateof

sample

3-24-826-7-829-1-82

6-16-836-16-836-16-83

3-24-826-7-829-1-82

3-26-826-7-829-1-821-16-836-16-83

3-25-826-8-829-2-82

7-26-83

3-25-826-8-829-1-82

3-25-826-8-829-2-82

3-25-826-8-829-1-827-25-83

3-25-826-8-829-1-82

Altitudeof surfaceabove sea

level(ft)

803.38804.78(E)805.28 ----

783.07782.92782.79

788.46788.61788.45

--

762.18761.59761.83762.78

762.82762.63762.69

756.42755.26756.40

766.79766.77767.20764.78

761.02760.93761.25

Temper­ature(°C)

10.027.024.524.023.019.0

10.526.025.0

9.028.027.024.520.0

10.515.023.027.5

9.523.027.5

11.025.024.0

8.523.024.530.0

8.523.024.0

Speci­fic con­ductance^uS/cm)

1,8002,2802,7002,1003,3002,160

750878715

860950895

1,0701,600

1,1702,0401,1502,460

1,1201,3001,080

1,0751,7701,070

9051,3201,1801,420

1,0601,3201,360

pH(units)

3.22.73.02.82.92.8

7.87.97.8

7.98.08.46.46.4

7.07.47.37.4

8.28.18.6

7.63.84.2

8.18.28.18.2

7.87.67.7

Bicar­bonate(mg/L)

000

-- --

14013072

12014074 --

82804079

12012053

1800

110130no120

no130130

Dissolvedoxygen(mg/L)

----4.64.7.9

__--

__----5.93.2

__ --

__----

__ --

__ --

__----

84

Table 19.--Surface altitudes of and selected quality-of-waterdata for lakes in spoil areas Continued

[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; juS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25°Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; --, no data; (E), estimated]

Lake number Date (figs. of2-4) sample

303 3-25-826-8-829-1-82

100 A 8-10-83B do C do D do--E do F do G do

200 A 8-9-83B do C --do

300 A 8-11-83B -do C do D -do E do F do G do H 8-12-83

Altitude of surface above sea

level(ft)

753.98753.36753.59

786.19791.12797.21778.69789.72810.64810.68

760.08751.22749.85

742.96759.92749.89769.81769.84787.40787.84791.88

Temper­ ature(°C)

9.022.024.5

26.031.032.032.031.532.032.5

35.036.030.0

25.530.029.030.030.531.029.527.5

Speci­ fic con­ ductance(jjS/cm)

1,2101,3201,280

2,560540775

2,4502,150

920320

3,1005,3001,545

3,7803,2804,3502,9803,480

5801,400

180

Bicar- pH bonate

(units) (mg/L)

8.2 958.5 678.2 77

7.18.37.88.13.23.48.5

7.62.87.6

7.98.17.88.38.08.68.08.2 64

Dissolved oxygen(mg/L)

_ ----

_ _------------

__--

__--------------

85

Tabl

e 20.--Summary o

f se

lect

ed p

rope

rtie

s and

concentrations of

che

mica

l co

nsti

tuen

ts in

wat

er f

rom

1940 s

poil

[Con

cent

rati

ons

in m

illigrams

per

liter

unless ot

herw

ise

indicated; j

uS/cm, mi

cros

ieme

ns per

centimeter

at 2

5° Celsius;

jug/L, m

icro

gram

s per

lite

r; °C

, de

gree

s Celsius; --,

not

calc

ulat

ed]

00

Prop

erty

or

constituent

Specific cond

uctance, j

uS/c

m

pH,

in u

nits

Wate

r te

mper

atur

e, in °C

Hard

ness

, as

CaCO^

Nonc

arbo

nate

hardness, as Ca

C03

Dissolved

calcium

Dissolved

magnesium

Dissolved

sodi

um

Dissolved

potassium

Bicarbonate

as HCO^

Alka

lini

ty,

as CaCO-

Numb

er

of

samp

les

18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

Mean

3,120

14.0

1,970

1,420

513

164 91 5.

6

660

542

Median

3,110 6.

55

15.0

1,950

1,400

515

170 87 5.

9

720

591

Mini

mum

2,680 6.

2

9.5

1,50

0

1,10

0

390

100 11 2.

7

370

303

Maxi

mum

3,87

0 6.7

16.5

2,50

0

1,80

0

620

220

150 8.

0

860

705

Standard

deviation

418 -- 2.

4

297

201 60 43 35 1.

8

161

132

Tabl

e 20. Summary

of s

elec

ted

prop

erti

es and

conc

entr

atio

ns of

chemical

constituents in

water

Pro

pert

y o

r co

nstitu

en

t

Dis

solv

ed

su

lfa

te

Dis

solv

ed cholrid

e

Dis

solo

ved

flu

orid

e

Dis

solv

ed

silic

a,

as

SiO

^

Dis

solv

ed

so

lids,

ca

lcu

late

d

sum

oo

Dis

solv

ed

n

itra

te,

as

N

Dis

solv

ed

alum

inum

, in

jug

/L

Dis

solv

ed iro

n,

in A

ig/L

Dis

solv

ed

m

anga

nese

, in

jug/L

fro

m

1940

Num

ber

of

sam

ples

18 18 18 18 18 6 18 18 18

sp

oil

--C

ontin

ued

Mea

n

1,6

40 7.

1

0.5

17

2,7

20 0

.06

0.0

88

7.3

5

5.1

4

Med

ian

1,55

0 5.1

5

0.4

17

2,7

00 0

.00

0.0

80

3.4

5

4.2

0

Min

imum

1,40

0 3.4

0.3

12

2,2

60 0

.00

0.0

0

1.1

0

3.5

0

Max

imum

2,0

00 18 0

.7

21

3,4

70 0

.55

1.0

0

19.0

8.5

0

Sta

nd

ard

d

evia

tio

n

220 4

.34

0.1

2.3

380 0.

11

2.2

32

6.5

7

1.7

5

Table

21.-

-Sum

mary

of

se

lect

ed pr

oper

ties

and

concentrations of

che

mica

l cons

titu

ents

in

wat

er f

rom

1952

spoil

[Concentrations

in m

illigrams

per

liter

unle

ss ot

herw

ise

indicated; j

uS/cm, mi

cros

ieme

ns per

cent

imet

erat 2

5° Celsius;

JUg/

L, m

icrograms

per

lite

r; °C,

degr

ees

Cels

ius;

--,

not

calc

ulat

ed]

Property o

r constituent

Specific c

onductance, pS

/cm

pH,

in un

its

Wate

r te

mper

atur

e, in

°C

Hard

ness

, as CaC0

3

Noncarbonate

ha

rdne

ss,

as CaCOo

00 00 D

issolved c

alci

um

Diss

olve

d magnesium

Dissolved

sodium

Dissolved

potassium

Bica

rbon

ate

as HC

Oo

Alka

lini

ty,

as CaCO-

Numb

er

of

samples

25 25 25 25 25

25 25 25 25 25 25

Mean

3,16

0

14.6

2,210

1,92

0

517

223 48 6.

1

353

289

Median

3,04

0 6.5

15.0

2,200

2,000

510

200 26 5.

0

380

312

Minimum

2,65

0 4.2

10.0

1,60

0

1,200

410

130 9.

8

2.2

0 0

Maximum

4,04

0 7.2

18.0

3,40

0

2,90

0

650

420

180 13 630

517

Standard

devi

atio

n

370 -- 2.

4

448

440 57.5

77.5

53.5 3.1

215

177

Tabl

e 21

.--S

umma

ry o

f selected p

rope

rtie

s and

concentrations of

che

mica

l constituents in

water

from 1952 spoil Co

ntin

ued

Prop

erty

or

constituent

Dissolved

sulfate

Dissolved

chol

ride

Diss

olve

d fluoride

Diss

olve

d si

lica

, as Si

Op

Dissolved

soli

ds,

calc

ulat

ed sum

oo D

issolved ni

trat

e, as N

Diss

olve

d al

umin

um,

in j

ug/L

Dissolved

iron,

in j

ug/L

Dissolved

manganese, in

/ig/

L

Number

of

samp

les

25 25 25 25 25 8 25 25 25

Mean

2,04

0 2.9

1.1

14

3,05

0 0.14

3.15

19.4 7.35

Median

2,100 2.

0

0.8

14

2,970 0.

035

0.04

0

16 6.3

Mini

mum

1,50

0 1.1

0.2

1.3

2,500 0.

00

0.0

0.25

1.0

Maxi

mum

2,80

0 15 2.8 .21

4,18

0 0.70

25.0 9.6

18

Standard

devi

atio

n

334 2.

7

0.68 .45

415 0.

24

7.31

22.0 4.7

Tabl

e 22

.--S

umma

ry o

f selected pr

oper

ties

an

d concentrations of

chemical

constituents in

wat

er f

rom

1968 s

poil

[Con

cent

rati

ons

in m

illi

gram

s pe

r li

ter

unle

ss ot

herw

ise

indi

cate

d; j

uS/c

m, mi

cros

ieme

ns pe

r ce

ntim

eter

at

25°

Ce

lsiu

s;

jug/L, m

icrograms

per

lite

r; °C

, de

gree

s Celsius; --

, no

t calculated]

Pro

pe

rty

or

constitu

ent

Specific

co

nduc

tanc

e, j

jS/c

m

pH,

in

un

its

Wat

er

tem

pe

ratu

re,

in

°C

Har

dnes

s,

as

CaCC

L

^0

Non

carb

onat

e ha

rdne

ss,

as

CaCC

L0

0

Dis

solv

ed

calc

ium

Dis

solv

ed

mag

nesi

um

Dis

solv

ed

sodi

um

Dis

solv

ed

po

tass

ium

Bic

arb

on

ate

as

H

CO

j

Alk

alin

ity,

as

CaCC

L

Num

ber

of

sam

ples

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

Mea

n

3,29

0

15.1

1,65

0

1,18

0

372

177

237 14

582

477

Med

ian

3,27

0 6.9

15.8

1,40

0

960

310

145

270 14 545

477

Min

imum

2,21

0 6.7

10.0

910

590

220 86 18 11

340

279

Max

imum

4,68

0 7.4

18.5

2,70

0

2,00

0

580

320

410 19 910

746

Sta

ndar

d devi

atio

n

898 -- 2

.4

694

539

133 89 122 2.

2

215

176

Tabl

e 22. Summary

of s

elected

properties and

concentrations of

chemical

cons

titu

ents

in

water

Pro

pert

y or

constitu

ent

Dis

solv

ed su

lfa

te

Dis

solv

ed cholrid

e

Dis

solv

ed

fluoride

Dis

solv

ed silic

a,

as

SiO

^

Dis

solv

ed so

lids,

calc

ula

ted

sum

10 D

isso

lved nitra

te,

as

N

Dis

solv

ed

alum

inum

, in

;jg

/L

Dis

solv

ed iro

n,

in j

ug/L

Dis

solv

ed

man

gane

se,

in j

ug/L

from

1

Num

ber

of

sam

ples

12 12 12 12 12 4 12 12 12

968

spoil C

on

tinu

ed

Mea

n

1,7

90 5

.0

0.3

11

2,8

50 0

.16

0.2

3

16.7

3.9

2

Med

ian

1,60

0 4.1

5

0.3

9.9

2,3

45 0

.06

0.0

25

3.3

2.8

5

Min

imum

1,1

00 3

.2

0.2

7.7

1,8

90 0

.00

0.0

0

0.31

1.2

Max

imum

3,0

00 8

.5

0.4

16

4,6

60 0.

51

1.5

61 12

Sta

nd

ard

devia

tion

703 1

.9

0.0

6

2.6

1,0

60 0

.24

0.4

9

22.6

3.2

Table 23.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in waterfrom selected lakes and precipitation

[--, not calculated]

Lake number and identi­

fying letter (figs. 2-4)

101 201 301 300 H

Date of

sample

9-22-83 7-26-83 7-25-83 8-12-83

Calcite

0.190 .851 .119

Dolomite

0.280 1.81 -.105

PRECIPITATION (see

Gypsum

-0.282 -.0586 -.606 -2.30

table 5)

Amorphous ferric

hydroxide

-2.36 -1.22 1.83 2.21

Goethite

4.48 9.08 9.09 9.39

Ashland 12-81 to 4-82 -0.707 -14.6 -5.00

Lake number and identi­ fying letter (figs. 2-4)

101201301300 H

Date of

sample

9-22-837-26-837-25-838-12-83

Al unite

-7-2-9

-10

.21

.62

.09

.4

Albite

-2.43-4.40-5.38

Adularia Kaol

-.724-3.16-3.40

PRECIPITATION

1-2-1

Amorphous ferric

inite hydroxide Pyrite Siderite

.54

.14

.42

-8-1-2-2

.22

.42

.57

.14

-27-29-29

.7

.2

.0

(see table 5)

Ashland 12-81 to 4-82

92

Table 23.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from selected lakes and precipitation--Continued

Lake number and identi­ fying letter (figs. 2-4)

Date of

sample Quartz 111

Calcium montmo-

ite rillonite

101 201 301 300 H

9-22-83 7-26-837-25-838-12-83

0.368-.301-.390

0.535-3.66-3.46

0.990-3.95-3.35

PRECIPITATION (see table 5)

Ashland 12-81-4-82

93

Table 24.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wells completedin glacial drift and bedrock not affected by strip mines

[--, not calculated]

Well-identi­ Datefying letter of

(fig. 1)

ABCDE

FGHIJ

KLMNQ

TUV

sample

10-11-8010-9-80

10-20-8010-2-8010-20-80

9-2-809-23-80

10-22-809-14-802-26-80

2-26-803-16-663-15-664-9-81

9-15-81

8-24-838-24-838-25-83

Calcite

WELLS

0.160-.048.092

-.289.0407

.159-.192.0224.252.531

.688

.419

.599

.516

.817

-.428.174.456

Dolomite

COMPLETED IN

0.116-.485-.104

-1.11.471

.109-.907-.281-.337.358

.990

.5171.03.799.023

-1.24-.241.603

WELLS COMPLETED

0PRS

4-9-814-9-81

9-15-819-15-81

0.4281.20.177

1.05

0.3582.68.270

1.67

Gypsum

Amorphousf erri c

hydroxide Goethite

GLACIAL DRIFT

-1.65--

-1.11-1.31-1.59

-1.97-.840-.926-2.21-.394

-1.04-1.38-2.20-.871-.744

-1.84-1.46-2.37

IN BEDROCK

-1.31-2.44-1.83-4.31

3.533.462.031.923.52

2.622.912.262.22

2.353.253.34--

2.65

1.302.202.55

1.50.580

1.49-.313

10.210.18.718.6110.2

9.309.598.948.90

8.929.9310.0

--9.33

8.068.929.49

8.197.318.186.37

94

Table 24.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wells completed In glacial drift and bedrock not affected by strip mines--Continued

Well- identi­ fying Date letter of (fig. 1) sample Alunite Albite Adularia Kaolinite

Amphorousaluminumhydroxide Pyrite Siderite

WELLS COMPLETED IN GLACIAL DRIFT

ABCDE

FGHIJ

KLMNQ

TUV

10-11-8010-9-80

10-20-8010-2-80

10-20-80

9-2-829-23-80

10-22-809-14-802-26-80

2-26-803-16-663-15-664-9-81

9-15-81

8-24-838-24-838-25-83

--

--__

__

_ _

--

--

__

------

-1.62-2.92-5.71

3.18 -0.243 2.46 -0.921 2.26 -.738 2.79 -1.14 2.37 .327 2.07 -1.33

WELLS COMPLETED IN BEDROCK

4-9-814-9-81

9-15-819-15-81

-3.69-3.66-5.32-5.46-3.89

-4.14-3.16-4.14-6.63

-7.15-3.90-4.13

-1.09

-27.7-26.1-26.8

6.69 10.3 5.01 13.8

95

Table 24. Saturation indices of selected minerals In water from wells completedin glacial drift and bedrock not affected by strip mines Continued

Well -identi­fy ing letter

(fig. i)

ABCDE

FGHIJ

KLMNQ

TUV

0PRS

Dateof

sample

WELLS

10-11-8010-9-8010-20-8010-2-8010-20-80

9-2-809-23-8010-22-809-14-802-26-80

2-26-803-16-663-15-664-9-819-15-81

8-24-838-24-838-25-83

WELLS

4-9-814-9-81

9-15-819-15-81

Quartz mite

COMPLETED IN GLACIAL DRIFT

__ ______

_ _ _ _______ -_--

_ _ _ _0.578.401.910.746

.238 1.19

.616 1.11

.492 1.47

COMPLETED IN BEDROCK

0.844.569.479

-.197

Calciummontmo-rillonite

--------

_ _--------

_ _--------

1.542.411.64

-----_

96

Table 25.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wellscompleted in or near spoil

[--, not calculated]

Well number

(figs. 2-4)

1

2

3

4

6

7

8

Date of

sample

7-21-8112-8-813-24-826-7-829-1-82

12-8-813-24-826-7-829-1-82

7-20-8112-9-813-26-826-7-82

8-31-827-26-83

12-9-813-24-826-7-829-1-82

7-21-813-25-826-8-829-2-82

7-21-8112-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82

7-21-8112-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82

7-26-83

Calcite

0.174-.151-.052-.236-.037

-0.183.112

-.018.198

-0.141.235.255

-.114-.040

.362

0.095.043.015.185

0.372.549.360.427

0.002-.397-.175-.110-.173

-0.122.153.453.197.247.044

Dolomite

-0.103-.684-.500-.877-.488

-0.546.013

-.245.190

-0.492.235.231

-.441-.287

.539

-0.172-.250-.317

.041

0.6361.02

.713

.869

-0.055-1.54-.529-.321-.506

-0.501.003.611.137.359

-.178

Gypsum

0.038-.009.044.053.060

-0.044.094.098.077

0.034.131.166.174.170.152

0.100.121.083.068

0.041.186.189.142

0.122.192.145.145.144

-0.012.056.025.052.022.013

Amorphous ferric

hydroxide

-4.14-4.87-4.64-8.72-4.84

-6.21-5.51-5.82-5.32

-5.94-5.35-5.67-6.36-6.11-5.44

-6.09-5.60-5.91-5.59

-4.24-2.68-3.20-3.12

-4.59-4.89-3.70-.870

-4.24

-6.65-5.79-5.13-5.25-5.20-1.29

Goethite

2.041.752.081.561.91

0.3991.09

.8981.42

0.8391.22

.835

.403

.6451.32

0.458.986.832

1.13

2.613.963.563.65

2.231.642.883.002.48

0.123.735

1.591.581.501.45

97

Table 25.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wells

Well number

(figs. 2-4)

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Date of

sample

12-9-81 3-25-82 6-8-82 9-1-82

3-25-82 6-8-82 9-1-82

7-21-81

7-21-81 3-25-82 6-8-82 9-1-82

7-25-83

3-25-82 6-8-82 9-1-82

12-9-81 3-25-82 6-8-82 9-2-82

12-9-81 3-25-82 6-8-82 9-2-82

completed

Calcite

-0.059 .533

-.279 -.115

0.220 -.278 -.298

0.002

0.145 .412 .090

-.154 .066

0.360 .162

-.103

-0.411 -2.05 -1.42 -.992

-3.21

-3.42

in or near

Dolomite

-0.282 1.11 -.492 -.157

0.275 -.705 -.769

-0.178

0.176 .758 .073

-.397 .029

0.425 .096

-.396

-0.965 -4.42 -3.03 -2.21

-6.59

-7.00

spoil Continued

Gypsum

0.070 .260 .201 .206

0.187 .157 .149

-0.306

-0.021 -.026 -.197 -.158 -.181

-0.174 -.191 -.231

0.073 .195 .171 .151

0.164 .158 .134 .137

Amorphous ferric

hydroxide

-4.52 -5.23 -5.91 -5.57

-6.03 -6.53 -6.43

-5.15

-5.16 -4.32 -5.12 -5.56 -5.58

-5.01 -5.69 -5.91

-4.32 -6.70 -6.03 -5.47

-7.51 -8.52 -9.09 -8.09

Goethite

2.08 1.47

.829 1.21

0.578 .190 .400

1.59

1.63 2.27 1.62 1.21 1.22

1.52 1.05

.852

2.40 -.131

.710 1.28

-0.845 -1.87 -2.35 -1.27

98

Table 25. Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wellscompleted in or near spoil --Continued

Well number Date (figs. of 2-4) sample

1

2

3

4

6

7

8

7-21-8112-8-813-24-826-7-829-1-82

12-8-813-24-826-7-829-1-82

7-20-8112-9-813-26-826-7-82

8-31-827-26-83

12-9-813-24-826-7-829-1-82

7-21-813-25-826-8-829-2-82

7-21-8112-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82

7-21-8112-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-827-26-83

Alunite

0.5431.112.96

2.142.00.513--

7.451.854.35

--.940

1.41

5.173.803.45.988

_ _2.913.011.75

7.623.292.852.72.930

1.634.131.892.861.26.900

Albite

-2.62-2.10-2.12

-1.89-1.69-2.58

-1.79-1.64-.886_-

2.69-1.70

-0.769-1.31-1.52-2.03

_ _-0.720-1.27-1.41

-1.28-2.88-2.60-2.83-3.55

-2.03-.384-.941

-1.10-1.46-2.00

Adualria

-1.18-.664-.669

-0.563-.536

-1.41

0.400-.339.284--

-1.67-.619

0.487-.247-.389-.942

_ _0.513-.078-.353

1.10-.934-.669-.888

-1.53

0.862.641.071

-.117-.413-.984

Kaolinite

1.892.593.24

3.173.432.11--

6.073.004.65--

1.712.84

5.204.203.912.66

_ _3.873.362.83

6.442.713.042.841.72

2.604.913.864.013.122.44

Amorphous ferric hydroxide

-1.58-1.22-.872

-1.08-.976

-1.58

0.680-1.15-.309--

-1.64-1.10

-0.059-.536-.628-1.24

_ _-0.581-.693-.945

0.820-1.13-.927-.870

-1.46

-1.12-.240-.591-.491-.999

-1.29

Pyrite

-3.6010.710.810.410.6

9.5110.19.8010.1

9.6010.210.09.349.539.91

9.6410.19.099.87

11.012.512.112.0

10.811.012.011.711.2

8.759.809.959.9810.110.1

Siderite

0.565.332.435.237.427

-0.333-.126-.202.156

-0.399.010

-.351-.508-.363.024

-0.712-.130-.279-.307

1.302.452.132.12

0.750.385

1.391.43.872

-1.38-.660-.062.098

-.002.075

99

Table 25. Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wellscompleted in or near spoil --Continued

Well number(figs.2-4)

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Date of

sample

12-9-813-25-826-8-829-1-82

3-25-826-8-829-1-82

7-21-81

7-21-823-25-826-8-829-1-82

7-25-83

3-25-826-8-829-1-82

12-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82

12-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82

Al unite

0.1612.81

.613-.079

2.651.57

-2.03

7.78

7.823.023.27

__1.38

3.153.591.54

2.78.261

2.31.070

7.004.383.857.34

Albite

-3.191.90

-4.25-4.22

-4.90-3.51-4.76

0.350

-0.629-.417

-1.24__

-2.02

-0.604-1.05-2.24

-2.60-4.85-3.98-4.29

-4.19-6.09-6.97-4.63

Adualria

-1.55-.220

-2.52-2.53

-3.00-1.82-3.11

1.43

1.40.620

-.187__

-.831

0.843.296

-.901

-0.575-3.01-2.10-2.41

-2.21-4.21-5.03-2.71

Kaolinite

1.753.99

.994

.778

2.062.44-.058

7.03

6.684.213.83

__2.54

4.61--

2.51

3.08.131

1.68.567

3.27.488

-.3853.04

Amorphous ferric

hydroxide

-1.59-.308

-1.80-1.89

-0.476-1.14-2.35

1.30

1.03-.342

.331__

-.934

-0.185-.041-.920

-0.950-2.67-1.72-2.26

-1.00-2.42-2.73-.938

Pyri te

11.09.769.779.99

9.259.039.04

9.90

10.010.710.09.759.34

9.869.249.24

11.29.489.87

10.3

8.747.907.268.01

Siderite

0.604-.342-.357-.040

-1.27-1.35-1.10

-2.44

0.081.493

-.0812.334

-.489

-0.607-.902-.971

0.809-1.75-.741-.102

-2.54--__

-3.01

1QO

Table 25. Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wellscompleted in or near spoil Continued

Well number

(figs. 2-4)

1

2

3

4

6

7

8

Date of

sample

7-21-8112-8-813-24-826-7-829-1-82

12-8-813-24-826-7-829-1-82

7-20-8112-9-813-26-826-7-82

8-31-827-26-83

12-9-813-24-826-7-829-1-82

7-21-813-25-826-8-829-2-82

7-21-8112-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82

7-21-8112-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-827-26-83

Quartz

0.571.578.595.579.579

0.720.743.715.707

0.446.690.662.633.582.608

0.698.681.663.647

0.540.577.461.452

0.499.517.493.378.393

0.513.731.596.599.631.598

Illite

-0.077.906

1.33

1.361.67-.037--

4.431.453.20--

-.5671.23

3.732.412.08.785

2.912.071.51

5.30.549

1.261.03-.337

0.7873.672.602.521.62.584

Calcium montmor- rillonite

1.152.072.73

2.773.161.58

5.862.604.46--.924

2.41

5.133.933.622.20

3.602.842.25

6.441.902.362.07.755

1.964.893.643.792.761.89

101

Table 25.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wellscompleted in

Well Date number of

(figs. 2-4) sample

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

12-9-813-25-826-8-829-1-82

3-25-826-8-829-1-82

7-21-81

7-21-813-25-826-8-829-1-82

7-25-83

3-25-826-8-829-1-82

12-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82

12-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82

or near

Quartz

0.521.377.374.371

-0.444.434.423

0.300

0.400.493.327.311.297

0.392.300.260

0.568.781.640.631

0.696.727.614.556

spoil --Continued

nine

-0.3302.68

-1.64-1.76

-0.760.061

-2.85

6.08

5.733.302.38

__.914

3.803.19

.801

1.33-3.15-1.12-2.15

-0.273-4.11-5.44-.802

Calcium montmor- rillonite

0.9223.54-.205-.406

0.1071.62

-1.28

6.91

6.623.883.20--

1.68

4.253.841.57

2.53-.977

.785-.446

2.39-.999

-2.191.96

102