GROUNDWATER INVESTIGATION OF POTENTIAL QUARRY DEWATERING

AND DEPRESSURIZATION IMPACTS ON KELLEYS ISLAND, ERIE COUNTY, OHIO

Tom Tomastik and Tom Benko, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, p

Division of Mineral Resources Management

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

• Conflicting water uses are a common legal andConflicting water uses are a common legal and regulatory issue in Ohio

• Courts and/or regulatory agencies must determine g y gwhich party’s water rights take precedence and what is the proper compensationI 2005 l d k th Ohi S C t• In a 2005 landmark case, the Ohio Supreme Court ruled “that Ohio landowners have a property interest in the groundwater underlying their land g y gand that government interference with that right can constitute an unconstitutional taking”

• Carbonate rocks form the primary bedrock aquifersCarbonate rocks form the primary bedrock aquifers throughout northwestern Ohio and are also extensively quarried by the aggregate industry

• For quarry mining operations to proceed some quarries• For quarry mining operations to proceed, some quarries must be kept dry by pumping surface water and groundwater out of the quarry in a process called “dewatering”dewatering

• Dewatering causes a pumping stress on the aquifer which creates an area of decreased hydraulic head known as a “ f d i ”“cone of depression”

• Water wells within a cone of depression of a quarry-dewatering operation can show evidence of decreased water supply, degraded water quality, or can even go “dry”

QUARRY DEWATERING OPERATIONS

• In 2005 68 9 million gallons of groundwater and• In 2005, 68.9 million gallons of groundwater and surface water was pumped daily by mineral extraction quarry operations in Ohioq y p

• Water rights disputes involving coal or industrial minerals quarrying operations are regulated by the q y g p g yOhio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mineral Resources Management

KELLEYS ISLANDKELLEYS ISLAND

LOCATIONLOCATION

• Kelleys Island is a 2 888 acre island located• Kelleys Island is a 2,888 acre island located in Lake Erie approximately 3-1/2 miles north of Marblehead Ohionorth of Marblehead, Ohio

• Since the 1830’s limestone and dolomite h b t i l i d t fhave been extensively quarried on parts of the island

• The island is mainly aThe island is mainly a resort community with approximately 230 full-time residentstime residents

• About 1/3 of the island utilizes water wells and the remaining portion ofthe remaining portion of the island is serviced by the village water department (water fromdepartment (water from Lake Erie) or by private cisterns

KELLEYS ISLAND INVESTIGATION

• Since September of 2004 the Division of• Since September of 2004, the Division of Mineral Resources Management has received 10 formal complaints against thereceived 10 formal complaints against the current quarry operation alleging loss water, reduced and delayed recharge and changesreduced and delayed recharge, and changes in water quality

• Since the initial• Since the initial investigation, the Division has measured water levels in 106 private water wells on numerous occasions

• Additionally theAdditionally, the Division used its Marks Geovision Jr.

l d h l idcolor downhole video camera in 16 water wells on the island towells on the island to further understand the geologic and h d l i thydrogeologic nature of the rocks

• Due to the complexity ofDue to the complexity of the geology, transient or seasonal natural of most of the landowners, and thethe landowners, and the lack of water well data within the central portion of the island, the Divisionof the island, the Division received a NOAA Federal Grant to drill three monitoring wells on statemonitoring wells on state park property within the central portion of the islandisland

GEOLOGIC SETTINGGEOLOGIC SETTING

• Unconsolidated glacial tills and clays deposited on• Unconsolidated glacial tills and clays deposited on the island are the result of the Illinoian and Wisconsin ice sheets

• Thicknesses of these tills range from zero to up to 30 feet

• The bedrock geology is composed of carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite) from the Middle Devonian period and are exposed at various outcrop locations and in the quarries

KELLEYS ISLAND GLACIAL GROOVES

BEDROCK GEOLOGY INCLUDES:

GEOLOGIC GROUP ROCK UNITS MEMBERSAGE NAME

Middle Devonian

Columbus Limestone

VeniceMarbleheadBellepoint

Middle Devonian

Detroit River Lucas Dolomite

FRACTURE SYSTEMFRACTURE SYSTEM

• Structurally the island’s bedrock exposures are• Structurally, the island s bedrock exposures are highly fractured and jointed

• Approximately 451 fracture trends were measuredApproximately 451 fracture trends were measured by the Division or obtained from a University of Toledo senior thesis

• The main stress fracture trends on the island are N4-50E and N1-10W, with an average extensional fracture trend of N81E

HYDROGEOLOGYHYDROGEOLOGY

• The highly complex• The highly complex carbonate bedrock fracture system as you y ycan see plays an important role in the understanding of the hydrogeologic nature of the island’s bedrockof the island s bedrock aquifers

BEDROCK AQUIFERSBEDROCK AQUIFERS• There are at least two distinct aquifers on KelleysThere are at least two distinct aquifers on Kelleys

Island• The upper aquifer is developed in the Columbus pp q p

Limestone and is a leaky confined system, meaning that some of the groundwater is obtained through percolation of rainfall through the surfacethrough percolation of rainfall through the surface fracture system

• The deeper, confined aquifer is developed in the p , q pLucas Dolomite and is characterized by mineralized water with a higher hydrogen sulfide contentcontent

• Historically the water levels on Kelleys• Historically, the water levels on Kelleys Island ranged from 570 to 610 feet above mean sea levelmean sea level

• Interestingly, these historic water levels t d t i i th i l d’ b d ktend to mimic the island’s bedrock topography

HISTORIC MINING OPERATIONS

• Quarrying operations first started on Kelleys• Quarrying operations first started on Kelleys Island in 1833 and early operations burned limestone for flux and used it for building stoneg

• Today, most of the stone is used for aggregate or cement manufacturingg

• The first modern industrial mineral mining permit was issued to Kellstone, Inc. by the Division in 1980

KELLSTONE QUARRY IN 1991

• The original permit was valid for 10 years and hadThe original permit was valid for 10 years and had an original proposed mining depth of 535 feet above mean sea level

• In 2001, the Division received a request for modification to mine deeper to an elevation of 480 feetfeet

• The Division approved the modification, but the new operator did not start mining deeper until p g pJune of 2004

• At an elevation of 531 feet groundwater was d fl i f h hi h ll dencountered flowing from the high walls and ramp

DISCHARGE PERMITDISCHARGE PERMIT

• In September of 2004 the operator received• In September of 2004, the operator received a revised NPDES permit which allows for a discharge of groundwater and surface waterdischarge of groundwater and surface water into Lake ErieDi h t b t 4 75 t 5Discharge rates were between 4.75 to 5 million gallons per day with a maximum di h t f 9 2 illi ll ddischarge rate of 9.2 million gallons per day with the 3 existing turbine pumps

METHODS OF STUDYMETHODS OF STUDY• Used Solinst water level meters to measure waterUsed Solinst water level meters to measure water

levels• Garmin GPS to accurately plot water wells onto a y p

DeLorme Xmap base map• Used Marks Color Geovision Jr. to conduct

d h l ll l tidownhole well evaluations• Installed 21 Solinst Leveloggers and a barologger

in water and the monitoring wells in April andin water and the monitoring wells in April and September 2007 to continuous record the water levels

INVESTIGATIONINVESTIGATION

• Initial objective was to try and determine the• Initial objective was to try and determine the impact of quarrying dewatering operations on the island’s domestic water wells

• Division measured water levels in 105 private wells on numerous occasions and ran the downhole video camera in 16 wells to determine well bore conditions and to record geologic and h d l i di ihydrogeologic conditions

• Potentiometric surface maps bedrock• Potentiometric surface maps, bedrock topography, cross sections, and drawdown maps were constructed to further understandmaps were constructed to further understand the effects of the quarry dewatering operationsoperations

• Limited pump tests were conducted on l t ll t d t i iseveral water wells to determine pumping

rates and recovery times

LIMITED PUMP TESTSLIMITED PUMP TESTS00

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-120

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-160

-120

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0 50 100 150 200 250Time (in minutes)

-160

Graph 1RecoveryDrawdown

Korenko Newer Well - Pump Test - 11/21/2006

0 40 80 120 160 200Times (in minutes)

Graph 1Drawdown

Recovery

Korenko Newer Well - Pump Test - May 24, 2006

NOAA GRANTNOAA GRANT• Based upon lack of water well data in central portion of the

island the Division applied for and received a NOAAisland, the Division applied for and received a NOAA grant to drill three monitoring/observation wells on the Division of Parks and Recreation property

• Three monitoring wells were drilled in Park property in September of 2007

• Downhole videos were conducted and three leveloggers• Downhole videos were conducted and three leveloggers were installed and have been measuring water levels every hour since September of 2007

LEVELOGGERSLEVELOGGERS• Currently 21 leveloggersCurrently, 21 leveloggers

and a barologger are installed in private water

ll d i th Di i i ’wells and in the Division’s three monitoring wells

• Water levels have been recorded hourly since April and September of 20072007

LEVELOGGER DATALEVELOGGER DATA585.00

y = -0.0044x + 575.91

y = -0.0038x + 577.88

565.00

570.00

575.00

580.00

545.00

550.00

555.00

560.00

530.00

535.00

540.00

17/0

7 15

:00

20/0

7 10

:00

4/23

/07

5:00

4/26

/07

0:00

28/0

7 19

:00

5/1/

07 1

4:00

5/4/

07 9

:00

5/7/

07 4

:00

5/9/

07 2

3:00

12/0

7 18

:00

15/0

7 13

:00

5/18

/07

8:00

5/21

/07

3:00

23/0

7 22

:00

26/0

7 17

:00

29/0

7 12

:00

6/1/

07 7

:00

6/4/

07 2

:00

6/6/

07 2

1:00

6/9/

07 1

6:00

12/0

7 11

:00

6/15

/07

6:00

6/18

/07

1:00

20/0

7 20

:00

23/0

7 15

:00

26/0

7 10

:00

4/1

4/2 4 4 4/2 5 5 5/1

5/1 5 5 5/2

5/2

5/2 6 6 6/1 6 6 6/2

6/2

6/2

Wtr Elev DL Korenko Wtr Elev DL Neumann Linear (Wtr Elev DL Neumann) Linear (Wtr Elev DL Korenko)

Chart Title

565

570

575

580

y = -0.0051x + 562.74

550

555

560

565

540

545

17/0

7 15

:00

4/19

/07

8:00

4/21

/07

1:00

22/0

7 18

:00

24/0

7 11

:00

4/26

/07

4:00

27/0

7 21

:00

29/0

7 14

:00

5/1/

07 7

:00

5/3/

07 0

:00

5/4/

07 1

7:00

5/6/

07 1

0:00

5/8/

07 3

:00

5/9/

07 2

0:00

11/0

7 13

:00

5/13

/07

6:00

14/0

7 23

:00

16/0

7 16

:00

5/18

/07

9:00

5/20

/07

2:00

21/0

7 19

:00

23/0

7 12

:00

5/25

/07

5:00

26/0

7 22

:00

28/0

7 15

:00

5/30

/07

8:00

6/1/

07 1

:00

6/2/

07 1

8:00

6/4/

07 1

1:00

6/6/

07 4

:00

6/7/

07 2

1:00

6/9/

07 1

4:00

6/11

/07

7:00

6/13

/07

0:00

14/0

7 17

:00

16/0

7 10

:00

6/18

/07

3:00

19/0

7 20

:00

21/0

7 13

:00

6/23

/07

6:00

24/0

7 23

:00

26/0

7 16

:00

4/1 4 4 4/2

4/2 4 4/2

4/2 5 5 5 5/1 5 5/1

5/1 5 5 5/2

5/2 5 5/2

5/2 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6/1

6/1 6 6/1

6/2 6 6/2

6/2

Wtr Elev DL Kuyoth Linear (Wtr Elev DL Kuyoth)

QUARRY ACTIVITYQUARRY ACTIVITY

• Mining operations at the Kellstone Quarry ceased• Mining operations at the Kellstone Quarry ceased on June 25, 2008 due to economic reasons and the dewatering pumps were shut down on October 2, g p p ,2008 and subsequently removed

• The Division continued to measure water levels in private water wells and collect levelogger data in the 21 wells during groundwater recovery to assist i d fi i h f h K ll Qin defining the extent of the Kellstone Quarry dewatering and depressurization impacts

KELLSTONE QUARRY SEPTEMBER 16, 2008

20080916-DSC04426.JPG

KELLSTONE QUARRY AS OF AUGUST 25, 2009

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

• Based upon the Division’s hydrogeologic• Based upon the Division s hydrogeologic investigation, a cone of depression was established by the quarry dewateringestablished by the quarry dewatering operations at the Kellstone Quarry Th t t d it d till b i• The extent and magnitude are still being investigated by evaluation of the water level

d t b t l k t h i t drecovery data, but looks to have impacted the most of Kelleys Island

• Water rights disputes are g pbecoming more prevalent in Ohio

• Changes to Ohio Ad i i t ti C d i 2002Administrative Code in 2002 now require groundwater modeling of a projected cone of depression for new mining p gpermits or amendments that may result in dewatering

• These rules may help in l i i h diresolving water rights disputes

or they can be settled in the civil court system