World War 1: The War to end all Wars

Gallipoli / Çanakkale

Interact ion

Meet ing Place

L ight Footpr int

L ight and S ound

Temporar y

The Ottoman EmpireFor 600 years the Republic of Turkey was a part of the much larger Ottoman Empire. Arising from Byzantine roots the below map shows territories ‘held’ at the height of the Empire (late 16th Century).

The Turks, with a large navy, developed a strong knowl-edge of the stars and charted many of the seas in the Mediterranean, building their Empire as they went. The Empire grew, shrunk and grew again over the centuries. Plagues, Christianity and the rise and fall of other Em-pires prescribed the power of the Ottoman Empire and the lands it occupied.

Up until the 1770’s the Black Sea was primarily an Ot-toman Lake. Then northern countries, namely Russia, discovered the strategic benefits of the Black Sea, which led to the straits of Bosphrous and the Dardanelles then ultimately to the Mediterranean. These areas became highly contested as trading routes and an important site of naval conflict (historylearningsite, March 2012).

The Ottoman Empire was ruled by various sultans and was considered one of the great Empires for centuries. However, during the latter part of the 19th Century and early 20th Century the Ottoman Empire “failed to keep pace with European social and technological develop-ments” and with of a “rise in national consciousness” the Empire became fragmented (Stone, 2010).

The British EmpireIt could be said that at its height the sun never set on the British Empire. Because of its vast hold on the world the British Empire had strengthened to become the largest formal Empire the world had ever scene. It held territories on all major continents and oceans. At the beginning of the First World War in 1914 the Brit-ish Empire was at the pinnacle of its power as well as being the wealthiest of all the great powers. The heart of the Empire was the United Kingdom, an industrial and financial juggernaut. This wealth was achieved through having the world’s largest navy and civilian merchant fleet which connected all the empires terri-tories. The United Kingdom also saw its engineers and businessmen at the forefront of the industrial revolu-tion for the century preceding the First World War. There was little civil unrest throughout the dominions of the empire.

The Dominion New Zealand during World War 1 had a small population of only 1,158,436 people. Like New Zealand, Australia was also a young nation with a population of 4,948,990 at the start of the war. When the British Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith, declared war on Germany in 1914 it automatically committed the rest of the empire to war. New Zealand and Aus-tralia drew arms and entered the war under the British Empire. (Ministry for Culture and Heritage)

WW1 + Gallipoli Brief HistoryWorld War 1, The Great War, or the First World War are names given to the global scale conflicts occurring between numerous nations and empires centred in Europe spanning the years of 1914 to until 1918. The United Kingdom, France and Russia comprised an al-liance referred to as the Allies who opposed the central powers comprised of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These initial alliances restructured and grew over time drawing more nations into the conflict. The Ottoman Empire declared war against France, Britain and Russia on the 11th of November 1914. Shortly after the initial outbreak of war trenches forming a static front line reached from Switzerland to the Belgian cost.

As a way to break German lines the Allied strategy saw the importance of a naval superiority. The allies estab-lished an aim to pass a naval force through the narrow strait of the Dardanelles into the Sea of Marmara and threaten Constantinople the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Constantinople held strategic significance be-ing situated on and fortifying the Bosphorus, which is a narrow waterway leading to the Black sea. This would establish an Allied connection and route to Russia. The Allied War Council approved the strategy and the at-tack on the Dardanelles in January 1915.

A British and French naval attack on the Ottoman forts at the Narrows began on the 19th February. Within a week outer defences had fallen, however intermediate defences such as artillery guarded minefields slowed the allied advance. Sustained attacks saw ships diabled and sunk by naval/water mines. Military forces were always in place to assist the navel operation; however emphasis was shifted to the military after slow progress and the loss of three ships to mines on the 18th of March. A landing was purposed to capture the Chunuk Bair-plateau. From the plateau the positions that dominated the sea approaches on both sides of the strait could be destroyed and the navel operation proceed.

Strategic Position / The PlaceThe Dardanelles is a narrow strait in the northwestern region of Turkey, separating Asian Turkey from Europe-an Turkey (Trace). This is also the division between the two continents, Asia and Europe (Toker, 2004). Over past millenniums control of this area has alternated be-tween Anatolia and the Balkans.

This international waterway and peninsula links the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara. It is 61 kilome-tres long and between 1.2 and 6 kilometres wide. Travel by boat through this waterway can be unpredictable as its waters flow swiftly in both directions. Three differ-ent seas, all with various salinity levels and tidal flows, essentially, feed the Dardanelles Strait. Thus creating a sensitive ecological system and environmental con-straints (The Kitap Book, 1997).

The Ottoman, now a much diminished Empire, prior to the Gallipoli Campaign and WW1the Turkish military had been severely weakened by the Balkan wars, inter-nal strife (the Young Turk Revolution), its largest and most experienced battalions were overseas (in Yemen) and in 1912 the Ottoman High Command dismissed 70,000 mobilized troops. Turkey was left to rely solely upon reserve troops who were poorly trained and had limited ammunition. Turkey had become viewed by the rest of the European community as ‘the Sick Man of Eu-rope” (Toker, 2004).

Under German control a young Ottoman leader, Enver Pasha, chose to ally with the Germans. It was Pasha’s wish that the war in Europe would allow Ottoman to re-claim some of the land Russia had absorbed. And, more importantly, if Russia, Britain and France were to win the war against Germany Austria and Hungary the Ot-toman would lose more land. Hence the British Naval Mission was dismissed from Istanbul. Initiated partially because of Britain’s move to confiscated two naval ships the Ottoman Empire had ordered and paid for. The Dar-danelles Strait was closed severing Russia’s main access to her allies as well as locking out supplies.

Russia declared war on Ottoman on November 2 1914 with France and Britain following suit on November 5th. The powers at be in these countries believed Otto-man was too weak to defend the Dardanelles. The bat-tles that ensued are testament to the tenacious Turks pride and determination to protect their homeland.

Gallipoli: The Landscape This was a beautiful place (a British Historian de-scribes)

“Cliffs… carpeted with flowers, a smiling valley stud-ded with cypress and patches of young corn, Krin-thia standing amidst clumps of mulberry and away to the right the sapphire fields of Troy”. (Hutchinson, 2007)

Physically the geography at Gallipoli has not changed asides from natural erosion. This is “one of the few battle fields where the wild geography has preserved its shape and form from the battles of 1915 until now”(Hutchinson, 2007).

Generally the southern region of Gallipoli Peninsula gently dips with an almost flat bedded landscape. The north has more contours with hills, mountains and deep gullies. There are some alluvial areas.

The Dardanelles being long, narrow and reason-ably shallow create an intricate and fragile ecological system. Its underwater topography, the shape of the straits, prevailing climatic conditions and its being fed from the Aegean, Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea all with different salinity content complicate these systems greatly.

Minute modifications, i.e. change of prevailing winds, will affect the salinity balance thus the stability of the marine biology (The Kitap Book, 1997).

All beaches are considered natural heritage sites thus conserved. Recreational activities are restricted. Sand is relocated, at great cost to maintain the structure of existing beaches. The enormous quantities of lead bullets, bombs and grenades that exploded on these soils created grave fears over the level of contaminants that might be within the soil.

“An environmental geochemical investigation has been carried out around Gallipoli Peninsula in order to determine the extent of chemical pollution in the soil. The preliminary data reveal that soils in the area are, in general, not contaminated” (inderscience.com n/d).

ANZAC COVE

HydrologyAlthough much of the rock types that make Gal-lipoli Peninsula are porous and permeable no im-portant ground water exists. This may be because most of the streams are short running allowing rapid surface drainage, with the sloping landscape encouraging underground drainage to the coasts.

The water quality is generally poor.

Two water sources or springs. One is situated in the north close to Ocakh village, the other at Gal-ata village. Both of these streams have low yields (The Kitap Book, 1997)

ClimateThe climate at Gallipoli is typically Mediterranean, allowing a rich biological diversity. The time the Allies were at Gallipoli seemed particularly severe. The heat of the summer was stifling and there were few areas to provide shade. The sea was a soldiers respite but swimming and putting himself in view of the enemy would also put his life in grave dan-ger.

The prevailing wind is a northeasterly. On average this wind will blow 180 days of the year and can be a cooling sea breeze. However 1915’s summer, described by veterans, appears devoid of cooling winds.

Rotting bodies, left unburied for weeks, in the heat and the generally poor sanitation at the base brought flies in extraordinary numbers. Soldiers complained that it was even difficult to drink a cup of tea without flies swarming around the cup.

Autumn and winter relieved the soldiers of the heat and the flies but strong, biting winds, heavy rainfall and flooding made life miserable. Many soldiers suffered from frostbite.

Fauna and FoliageVegetation on the Gallipoli peninsula is called Maquis, a typically Mediterranean scrubland. It is primarily made up with leathery, broad-leafed evergreen trees and shrubs. The opposite page shows examples of some of the common vegetation that would have been grow-ing at the time of the war and are still growing there today. Now, much of the usable land on Gallipoli is farmed. One could expect to see groves of olives and almond as well as wheat fields. “Aleppo pine trees make dense shaded groves and the arbutus shrub provides a rich green contrast to the otherwise softer grey greens of the peninsula” (Gooding, 8 May 2007)

“The arbutus shrubs dominate the ANZAC area giving the slopes a bronze-ish tint in the late afternoon light” (Gooding, 8 May 2007).

FaunaGallipoli is an important site for migratory bids. Span-ish sparrows, Pelicans and long legged buzzards are but a few of the species one could expect to see during the autumn. There is a wide variety of permanent wad-ing birds also i.e. flamingo and black stork.

There are a number of small mammals i.e. polecat, badger and red fox. Lizards and snakes too are com-mon sights. There is one venomous snake – the horned viper. There are few amphibians.

High Maquis: Oak/Quercus tropinaStrawberry tree/ArbutusCotoneaster salicifoliaMyrtus communisOlea europa var.

Low Maquis: Quercus coccifiraCistus saluifoliusCoridolhymus capitalusAstragallus TrojansJuniperus oxycedrusErica arboreaPaliurus aculeatus

Riparian Areas: Salix spp.Platanus spp.Rubus ClematisConvulvulous spp.

Salty Marsh Areas: Limonium, Goniolimon,Centraurium spp., Frankenia Polygonum maritimu marsh herbs and weeds.

Seaside: Quercus coccifera,Capparis, Paliurus spp, Astragallus spp. Eryngium,Mathoola spp., Salicornia spp.

Conflict / Sense of the War

“It is doubtful most people would know anything about Gallipoli - any more than they know about the im-mense Italian-Austrian- New Zealanders keep alive the memory of Gallipoli because the young men of these young nations sacrificed more at Gallipoli the people at home, strengthening nascent national identities.” (orbat.com, March 7, 2012)

Until April 25th 1915 war in the Dardanelles, for the Al-lies, had only been fought from the water. On the 25th the first of many landings by the Allies took place on 5 beaches. Helles, V Beach, W beach, Y beach and Anzac Cove. Their objective was to take Achi Babi, a hill over looking Helles, then to proceed the 20kms to The Nar-rows.

Anzac Cove 4:30am – 200 Turkish soldiers were taken by surprise, despite the alarming loud engines of the Allies steamboats. At the break of dawn the first boats were sent ashore in bitter temperatures, the soldiers were dropped in water up to their shoulders weighed down by packs and artillery. Sand and sea clogged their rifles and the extra weight of back packs hampered their movement.

Add to this discomfort, the realization that they had been dropped over one kilometer away from the planned destination. They were now on unfamiliar territory, on a narrow stretch of sand facing rugged, scrubby cliffs.

Within 15 minutes the Turkish guards had been reduced to 10 survivors who continued to fight as they retreat-ed but the allies gained ground. A pessimistic Colonel halted the advance after 1.5kms to await reinforcements. This hesitation prevented the opportunity to take im-portant high grounds – Chunuk Bair, Hill Q and 971 and allowed the Turks time to reinforce themselves.

This was but one battle, in a campaign that lasted through a long, hot and enduring summer into a win-ter that was bitterly cold and which the soldiers were ill equipped to survive in. The numbers of lives lost over the eight month long campaign is sickening. But as sick-ening is the use of young, determined and loyal men (in some cases just boys) to fight a futile, stubborn and unimaginative British regime.

Francis Ferdinand assassinated

Austria declare war on Serbia

Germany declare war on Russia

Germany declare war on France and invaded Belgium.

Britain declare war on Germany

Turkey entered the war on Germa-ny’s side. Trench warfare started to dominate the Western Front.

Britain bombarded Turkish forts in the Dardanelles

Allied troops landed in Gallipoli

Italy declare war on Germany and Austria

The Allies start the evacuation of Gallipoli

USA declared war on Germany

Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare campaign started

Armistice between Germa-ny and Russia signed

Germany asked the Allies for an armistice

Turkey made peace

Austria made peace

Germany signed an armistice with the Allies – the offcial date of the end of World War 1

Peace conference met at Paris

The Treaty of Versailles was signed by the Germans.

Implications Of The War

New Zealand For New Zealand the bloodly baptisim of Gallipoli has always loomed larger in national consciousness then any ordeal on the western front. More New Zealanders fought and died in France and Belgium than in any other theater of the first world war. Despite British forces compising the bulk of the Allied contingent at Gallipoli, the prominent and widely celebrated role played by the Anzacs in the events on the peninsula ensured that Gallipoli would be regarded as an ANZAC battle. A battle with a strong imprint from Austrail-ians and New Zealanders. (Sheftall, 01/2010)

During the first world war constription in New Zealand was accepted. At its introduction in 1916 it was widley favoured. Opposition to consription in New Zealand was neither as widespred or as intense as in the Dominions of Australia or Canada. As early as May 1915 shortly after the ANZAC landings in Gallipoli the first heavy New Zealand casualty lists arived home. Many news papers began publishing letters to the editor calling for conscription. However by the middle of the war imperial Dominions such as New Zealand whose homelands remained distant from the principle battlefilds and unthreatend by enemy troops it became less and less satisfactory to justify continued involvment solely in terms of defending the Motherland or ensuring the Empires survival. (Sheftall, 01/2010)

This saw a shift in perspective for New Zealanders and the other Dominions. The war came to represent freedom, or protection of civilisation, and an end to all wars. These ide-als, however, were supplemented and to a certain extent over-shadowed as justification for fighting as a means of achiving respect and status on the world stage. Or similarly as laying foundation for a proud national identity and beginning to break away from the British Empire. (Sheftall, 01/2010)

For many of the Dominions of Great Britain New Zealand included rationalization of the conflict did not cease when the war ended in 1918. Much of the language and imagery in widespread use during the warwas injected and continued into society. Justification and validation was immortalized in stone on countless war memorials. Numerous war related publications and art works aimed at mainstream audiences also emerged. (Sheftall, 01/2010)

The events of World War 1 and the perspectives towards it shaped and developed New Zealands internal identity. New Zealand began to discover a national identity. One separate from the Birthish Empire. The war created a strong sense of

unity and loyaltiy for New Zealand. It was perceived that New Zealands’ sacrifices and achievements by its soldiers was a ‘right of passage’ to newfound status and respect as a bona fide nation. (Sheftall, 01/2010)

TurkeyWorld War 1 left Europe devastated. Those countries that had fought in it, suffered casualties never experienced before:

Britain: 750,000 soldiers killed; 1,500,000 wounded, France: 1,400,000 soldiers killed; 2,500,000 wounded, Belgium: 50,000 soldiers killed, Italy: 600,000 soldiers killed, Russia: 1,700,000 soldiers killed, America: 116,000 soldiers killed.

Those who had fought against the Allies suffered heavy casual-ties as well:

Germany: 2,000,000 soldiers killed, Austria - Hungary: 1,200,000 soldiers killed, Turkey: 325,000 soldiers killed, Bulgaria: 100,000 soldiers killed.

On 3 November 1914, the Allied fleet gave its first warning sig-nal to the Turks. At 6:00 am, four battleships were sighted to the west of the straits, moving at a speed of 15 miles per hour. There were Turks lost nine cannons and nearly all of the forts were heavily damaged. There were fires in the town of Çanakkale and the village of Kilitbahir. Around 35-40 houses in Çanakkale col-lapsed and many civilians were wounded. Losses of the Allied forces were much higher. Three warships were lost and another four were out of service. Human casualties were around 800. The loss of Bouvet (an Allied ship) was the biggest shock for the Allies.

18 March is celebrated as the Victory Day in Turkey. It was the day when the mightiest navy of the time was brought to its knees with obsolete guns, insufficient ammunition and inad-equate fortification. Turkish troops knew that they were actually defending Istanbul and the entire homeland. Their gallantry and sacrifices were combined with the fact that the mines laid by the tiny minelayer Nusrat were unknown to Allied com-manders, producing this outcome.

“Çanakkale” has a very important meaning for Turks. It was the place where the army fought against a mighty multinational force supported by the strongest navy of the time and managed

to stop the enemy and prevent them from invading the Turk-ish homeland. The size of the loss makes the importance of the campaign even bigger. Turks lost around 250,000 men in casualties, with more than 50,000 dead. The “Spirit of Çanak-kale” has become a phrase commonly used phrase in Turkish language defining a spiritual power, which helps the human to `achieve the impossible`. Gallipoli Campaign – or the “Bat-tle of Çanakkale” as it is known in Turkey – has a special place among all the fronts Turks have fought in the First World War. It is not only the strategic importance of the Straits and the de-cisiveness of the campaign, which make it so important. It was an epic drama, where the human aspect of the war was much more significant. Soldiers fought on hills and valleys under a rain of fire. Trench fighting was tragic in Gallipoli, where the size of the no man’s land was no more than just a few meters in some cases. Visitors to the Gallipoli Peninsula today cannot help losing themselves under the spell of the beautiful land-scape. In 1915, the peninsula was synonymous with death and suffering. Gallipoli has not only changed the course of the war. More importantly, the Turkish nation found its identity during the defense of “Çanakkale”. It was where a great leader was born: Mustafa Kemal, who became the founder of the modern Turk-ish Republic after the war.

http://www.turkeyswar.com/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm

Mustafa Kemal (1881 -1938)Ataturk – the Father of Turks.Considered a Turkish war hero during World War 1 Mustafa Kemal would go on to lead the founding of the Republic of Turkey (1923).

“I do not order you to fight, I order you to die. In the time which passes until we die, other troops and commanders can come forward and take our places” (Mustafa Kemal).

“For Turkey, Gallipoli saw the rise of Mustafa Ke-mal, who went from division commander to corps commander to army commander in less than two years, and then continued to overthrow the Turk-ish government and lay the foundations of modern Turkey. Conversely, it was the high point in the final act of the last play of the old, glorious Ottoman Empire” (orbat.com, March 7, 2012).

On April 25 1915, at 8am “Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal, commander of the Turkish 19th (Reserve) Divi-sion, received orders to send a single battalion to op-pose the Anzac landing”(Toker, 2004). Fortunately for the Turks, Kemal sensed the severity of the attack and, instead, mobilized his whole division (Toker, 2004).

On the shores, where the Anzac’s were making their first landings too few Turks were in position to protect the front. The gunfire, of the Allies, was so swift and severe that many of the men in position were already dead.

By 11am Kemal had his troops in place, took command of the whole northern front and attacked. The battle for the heights had begun.”(Toker, 2004). By dark Kemal and his troops of 4,000 Turks stopped the Anzac’s, a force three times their size. (Toker, 2004). But the losses were enormous for both sides.

That night the Turks launched two counter attacks, although the Anzacs held their position, in the dark-ness, both sides took lives of their own as well as of the enemy. It rained that night making an extraordinarily miserable day an extraordinarily miserable and fright-ening night. (Toker, 2004)

This day and the months of battles that followed are seen by Turkey as the birth of national identity, democ-racy and a great leader.

Present Turkey Facts and Figures

Present Area: 780,580 sq km

Population: 737 millionCapital city is Ankara. However Istanbul is by far the largest city with approx 14 million people.

Earthquake prone.

Climate: the west and south enjoy a Mediterranean climate: the interior has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters.

Turkey’s interior is traditionally rural with the coastal area more urbanized.

Major ethnic groups: Turks, Kurds (12 million, making them the largest minority in Turkey).

Religions: 99% Muslim. Bahai, Christian and Jew-ish make up the other 1%. Muslins are broken into 3 strong and righteous groups Sunni, Shiite and Alevi.

Turkey became a Republic October 29 1923.

Turkey has few natural resources: coal, chromium, mercury, copper, boron, oil and gold.

Agriculture is the mainstay of Turkey with 70% of the population, still, living rurally.

Main products produced are: tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beet, hazelnuts, pulse, citrus and livestock.

Turkey’s main Industries are changing. The main growth sector now is automotive, electronics, food pro-cessing, textiles, basic metal and petrochemicals.

It’s exports include textiles and apparel, industrial ma-chinery, iron and steel, electronics, petroleum prod-ucts, and motor vehicles.

Turkey’s major partners are: Germany, U. S, Italy, Rus-sia, Japan, China, Iran, Iraq and U.K.

History of Memorials and memori-alisim in the 20th centuray

Memorial- 1. Something designed to preserve the memory of a person, event, etc., as a monument or a holiday. 2. A written statement of facts presented to a sovereign, a legislative body, etc., as the ground of, or expressed in the form of, a petition or remonstrance.

20th century history of memorialsIn the early 20th century there was no style of having a memorial in New Zealand, until New Zealanders con-sidered their part in the conflict with pride and sorrow. Pride was due to it widely believed that the New Zea-land had come of age through its son’s valiant defense of the ideals of empire on distance battlefields, espe-cially Gallipoli. And sorrows due to of the appealing cost in terms of death and injury. The entire soldiers dead and maimed had relatives and friends for whom the war meant more than statists. The choice of the national war memorial should be as so the designed as to exemplify the objects and sacrifices of the war and virtues display within, in order for the people to be educated inspiration not only to the present but also to future generations. The site was decided where the me-morial will be visible from any part of the city. So the memorial took place at Buckle Street in Wellington. “ Recognizing a carillon tower or campanile, would be a splendid symbolic monument, its bells would unite the living in contemplation of the dead. The carillon would link the whole community with these bells of remem-brance and give fitting music for occasions of sadness in memory of the dead and gladness and thanksgiving for victory”.

Definition and Typology: A memorial is an object, which serves as a focus for memory of something, usually a person (who has died) or an event. Popular forms of memorials include land-mark objects or art objects such as sculptures, statues or fountains, and even entire parks.Particularly for war memorials, the usual landmark objects are buildings, monuments, statues or other edifices to celebrate a war or victory, or (predominating in modern times) to commemorate those who died or were injured in war.

A war memorial can be an entire building, often con-

Present New Zealand Facts and Figures

Present Area: 268,021 km2

Population: 4 millionCapital city is Wellington. However Auckland is by far the largest city with approx 1.3 million people. Major languages: English, MaoriMajor religion: Christianity

Earthquake prone more recently

Climate: mostly cool temperate to warm temperate with a strong maritime influence. In summer its mid-twenties over most of the country and is generally between 10 to 15 (North Island) and 5 to 10 (South Island) in winter.

Major ethnic groups: 78% Europeans, 14.6% Maori, 9.2% Asian and 6.9% Pacific Islanders.

Religions: Christianity is the predominant religion in New Zealand being 55.6% of the population (with many de-nominations), while another 34.7% indicated that they had no religion and around 4% affiliated with other religions.

New Zealand became independent of British with no fixed date, instead independence came about as a result of New Zealand’s evolving constitutional status.

New Zealand Natural resources are Timber, coal, Natural gas, sand, iron ore.

Most of the population (85 percent) lives in villages. Basic Economy. Most of the people are rural villagers who de-pend on subsistence agriculture for sustenance. Therefore, agriculture and fishing are the mainstays of village life. Any surplus food or fish is bartered or sold at the markets.

Main products produced are: Dairy products, forestry products, meat & fish

New Zealand’s main Industries changed over time. The main growth sector now is particularly agriculture, horti-culture, fishing, forestry and tourism.

New Zealand’s major partners are: Australia (being largest trading partner), China, US, Japan, European Union and other Asian Economies.

taining a museum, or just a simple plaque. Many war memorials take the form of a monument or statue, and serve as a meeting place for Memorial Day services. As such, they are often found near the centre of town, or contained in a park or plaza to allow easy public access.Many war memorials bear plaques or slabs listing the names of those that died in battle. Sometimes these lists can be very long. Some war memorials are dedi-cated to a specific battle, while others are more general in nature and bear inscriptions listing various theatres of war. Also sometimes epitaphs, poems, flags and quotes are used in a written form.

In some contemporary memorials have modern con-temporary sculpture or arts are placed in interpretation of the war and soldiers and with the late technology there are now many online memorials in a virtual form.

Changes in Perception and Symbol-ism over time:For most of human history war memorials were erect-ed to commemorate great victories. Remembering the dead was a secondary concern. Indeed in Napoleon’s day the dead were shoveled into mass, unmarked graves. The Arc de Triomphe in Paris or Nelson’s Col-umn in London contains no names of those killed. By the end of the nineteenth century it was common for regiments in the British Army to erect monuments to their comrades who had died in small Imperial Wars and these memorials would list their names. By the early twentieth century some towns and cities in the United Kingdom raised the funds to commemorate the men from their communities who had fought and died in the Second Anglo-Boer War. However it was after the great losses of the First World War that commemo-ration took center stage and most communities erected a war memorial listing those men and women who had gone to war and not returned.

In modern times the main intent of war memorials is not to glorify war, but to honor those who have died. Sometimes, as in the case of the Warsaw Genuflection of Willy Brandt, they may also serve as focal points of increasing understanding between previous enemies.Using modern technology Online Memorials and tributes are becoming increasingly popular especially with the increase in natural burial where the laying of gravestones, or memorial plaques, is often not permit-ted. Online tributes and memorials create a way for family and friends from various countries to interact

and share memories and photographs. This is becom-ing more and more popular as it provides a private space that can be easily reflected upon at any time.

“During and after the First World War, Britain’s atti-tude towards war memorials altered. Instead of com-memorating military triumph, the emphasis fell on the ordinary soldier. War memorials became a permanent reminder of the sacrifice made by so many servicemen and women and the bereavement of those they left behind. There are hundreds of war memorials across London.”

Style:In looking at the history and style of the memorials, I saw the close relationship between historical graves/tombs and memorials.Before world war 1 and 2, not only not many war memorials existed but even the idea of such did not exist in many countries although the idea of indi-vidual grave or a tomb ever-long existed. The graves or tombs all had more significant difference according to their culture, religion and the country compared to the memorials we have today. Post WW2 as the world came to share the cultures they also shared the design. As western countries started building memorials, the concept of memorials got spread worldwide and therefore many of the memorials are deeply influenced by the western idea of what the memorials should look like. (Usually a building containing a museum, or just a simple plaque.)

NZ style:In the early 20th century there was no style of having a memorial in New Zealand, until New Zealanders con-sidered their part in the conflict with pride and sorrow. Pride was due to it widely believed that the New Zea-land had come of age through its son’s valiant defense of the ideals of empire on distance battlefields, espe-cially Gallipoli. And sorrows due to of the appealing cost in terms of death and injury. The entire soldiers dead and maimed had relatives and friends for whom the war meant more than statists. The choice of the national war memorial should be as so the designed as to exemplify the objects and sacrifices of the war and virtues display within, in order for the people to be educated inspiration not only to the present but also to future generations. The site was decided where the memorial will be visible from any part of the city. So the memorial took place at Buckle Street in Wellington.

“ Recognizing a carillon tower or campanile, would be a splendid symbolic monument, its bells would unite the living in contemplation of the dead. The carillon would link the whole community with these bells of remem-brance and give fitting music for occasions of sadness in memory of the dead and gladness and thanksgiving for victory” (Maclean, 1998).

Issues of memorials we face today:There are two main issues we face today with building more memorials.First is ‘building the memorials on site’. Through out the world there are already many memorials, in fact too many especially after World War 1&2. Most of these me-morials take up a huge space and the idea of just build-ing more doesn’t seem effective for efficient use of space. Surely remembering the past and educating the younger generation for the future is necessary and important but how many more is enough? Is our obsession with terrible events make it any less likely that we will repeat them? It seems quite necessary that landscape architects come up with a new way to build or design these memorials in 20th century, which is our following issue. ‘The relevance and appropriateness of the design in contemporary memorials and monuments’. There are great number of public monuments still being produced according to tra-ditional clichés, which neither move human senses, nor liven up our memories. As mentioned above educating younger generation not to repeat the history is important as well as appealing to the government’s responsibility for human rights and for minorities rights to self-deter-mination and it is the designer’s responsibility to educate people through the design. If the designs fail to come up with a design that doesn’t show relevance and appropri-ateness to it then it serves no purpose and so the problem must be addressed.

http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2007/jan/26/architecturehttp://www.goethe.de/kue/arc/dos/dos/zdk/en944169.htmhttp://www.contemporarypast.com/893851/new_art_forms.../about(http://www.20thcenturylondon.org.uk/server.php?show=conInformationRecord.260)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_memorial)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_memorial)

Case studies:The National war memorial New ZealandThe Hall of Memorial, which is entered via the vesti-bule at the base of the Carillon tower, provides a focal point for commemorations. The interior walls were built in stone from the Mount Somers district near Ash-burton and the exterior consists of concrete slabs cast to resemble blocks of Putaruru stone. Soaring columns give a commanding impression of height and beauty, and stained glass windows create an attractive effect of colour and light.There is a National War Memorial a carillon, Hall of Memories (Ministry for Culture and Heritage, 2011).

New Zealand’s National War Memorial is in Buckle Street in Wellington. The Memorial honors all the New Zealanders who gave their lives in the South African War. The park was joined the National War Memorial and the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior as a major fo-cal point for New Zealanders to commemorate sacri-fice during time of war.

The National War memorial was to be built in a posi-tion where it can be visible from anywhere in the city. The purpose of this memorial was to commemorate all New Zealanders who gave their lives in the South African War.

Case studies:FDR Memorial in Washington D.C.For decades, three presidential monuments stood along the Tidal Basin in Washington D.C. as a reminder of America’s past. In 1997, a fourth presidential monu-ment was added - the Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial.In August 1955, ten years after FDR’s death, Congress established a commission to create a memorial to Roosevelt, the 32nd U.S. president. The FDR Memo-rial is very large, covering 7.5 acres. The FDR memorial was vast, uncovered, and focused on numerous statues, quotes, and waterfalls. Halprin’s design honors FDR by telling the story of the president and the country in a chronological order. Since Roosevelt was elected to four terms of office, Halprin created four “rooms” to represent the twelve years of Roosevelt’s presidency. Since FDR brought the United States through the Great Depression and World War II, the Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial, dedicated on May 2, 1997, now stands as a reminder of some of America’s tougher times.1

Case studies:Memorial to 1866 Battle of ChlumOn July 3, 1866, there was one of the heaviest fights during Battle of Königgrätz, as known as Battle of Chlum. This is a typical monument and the purpose of this memorial was to commemorate the death of bat-tery of at Sadová, Bohemia, present-day Czech Repub-lic which was one of the biggest battles the 19th centu-ry (Jenerálová, 2012). The memorial is quite small, but in the wide area is a large group of memorials began in substantially immediately after the war. (Groundspeak, 2012).

Groundspeak. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.waymarking.com

Jenerálová, I. (2012). Dark Tourism in the CR. Re-trieved from http://www.czech.cz/en/Tourism/Where-to-go,-what-to-visit-/Cultural-tips/Dark-Tourism-in-the-CR

Case studies:Crimean War MemorialThis is Crimean war Memorial located in the junc-tion of lower Regent Street and Pall Mall, London. The Crimean War was finished before the World War One, throughout the 1800 into the early 1900. (The Victo-rian Web, 2011).

The memorial was originally disclosed in 1861, with the statues of three Guards Men and female symbolic figure referred back to honor. (Suarez, 2012).

There are two particular statues were created in memo-rial of those brave soldiers who lost their lives in the Crimean War. John Henry Foley and Arthur George Walker designed those statues, and there were two famous characters from the war, first Florence Night-ingale and Sidney Herbert. That soldier who died and whose bodies were never accounted for surrounds them. (The UK’s Premier Attractions Site, n.d.)

Case studiesNational Service Memorial and Courtyard, Canberra The memorial seeks a remembrance of the Nashos at the Australian War Memorial. The formal courtyard functions as a private space for quite, individual reflec-tion as well as a ceremonial space for commemorative events. The whole memorial was highlighted by the centrepiece fountain, as it has been used as the image for a commemorative fifty cent coin. This is a sim-ple space that without any obelisk, statuary and even names to emotively humanize the space, as the space encourages multiple interpretations and reflections of its meaning (Boardman, 2010).

Over the last two centuries of human history, memori-als have represented the human co t of war with the eloquence previously reserved for celebrating victory. In the 21th century, memorial as a garden, as park, that increases public interest. Most of the current memori-als have engaged with experience and materials that related with its backgrounds. In The purpose of war memorial have lots of opportunity to integrate these assets into more useable and richly layered public space.

Boardman, E.W. (2010, November). National Service Memorial and Courtyard.

Landscape Architecture Australia, 128, 56-58.

Case studies:The Vietnam Veteran’s memorial

The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a national memorial in Wash-ington, D.C, honoring U.S service members of the U.S army who fought in the Vietnam War.The memorial is built with many of statues that symbolize the war and the people who fought for the country and the wall made up of name inscribed bricks that has the names of the veterans that died in the war.Currently there is space for 8000 bricks and so far 5400bricks have been donated from 43states and 160towns.There is a walk of honor with the 5294 names. The south wall of the Memorial is fifteen feet by forty feet brick bas-relief mural by images in Brick of Denton, Nebraska. This brings reflection to the struggle to preserve peace and freedom during the twentieth Cen-tury (20th Century Veterans Association& Nebraska Web Works, 2012).

There were four different criteria requested for the design: 1. Be reflective and contemplative in character; 2. Harmonize with its surroundings; 3. Contain the names of those who had died in the conflict or who were still missing; 4. Make no political statement about the war.

The wall is black granite from Bangalore, India. Rogan Granite Industries was responsible for obtaining the stone. It is used for the walls, safety curbs and walkways. The lettering is light gray in color, the natural color of the abraded stone, which contrasts sharply with the polished black surface, making it extremely leg-ible (The Wall-USA, n.d.).

Case studies9/11 Memorial, New YorkThe purpose of this memorial was to remembrance and honour to the people who killed in the terror attacks of September 11, 2011 and February 26, 1993. The con-cept of the proposal contains two grand square voids that representing the destroyed twin towers. This is where the towers used to stand. Water finely falls from the four surfaces into a pool bellow then disappear into a deeper smaller void. The 2983 names, victims of the 1993 and 2001 attacks, randomly inscribed on a low wall surrounding two memorial pools (Peter Walker and Partners, 2005). The plaza have more than 400 swamp white oak trees, also the trees were selected from a 500-mile radius of the WTC site, including nurseries located in New York, Pennsylvania, and near Washington, therefore to symbolize the areas impacted on 9/11 ( National September 11 Memorial & Museum, 2010).

The memorial creating a space with unique sights and sounds for people commemorated the victims. The design encouraged the remark and connection the site back into the life of the city, it is something set for peo-ple to visit every ege of these voids then remember and reflect on what happened at that dark morning, these reflections are going to be very personal in nature. (Coen, 2011)

Case studiesNational Police Memorial, CanberraNational Police Memorial is proposed as a space that provides a national significant for commemorative ceremonies associated with Australian police, those heroes who have died while carry out their duties since 1803. The memorial consist of a 27m textured bronze traditional wall serves as the main architectural ele-ment and is adorned with 1200 touchstone badges inscribed with the names of the fallen officers. Etched into the facetted and undulating pavement are personal messages from loved ones of those who have died. At night time, the effect of “shining stars” was created by each name badge, lighting experience seems as the dramatic affect of the design. There are some irregular shards covered with tiles interrupt the space and as well provideing more seats. The terrace is paved with pale and dark stone that represents the unpredictable path travelled by police (Firth, 2007).

Overall, the design highlights communication to the present and future generations, with the integration into the landscape, human scale, understandable mes-sage and engaging materiality. It is not only a memorial wall mounted into the landform that commemorates the effort of ordinary people who serve in the war, on the other hand creating a space to remember, educated people and reflect .

Case studies:Buttes New British Cemetery, Poly-gon WoodThis cemetery and memorial is the NZ Memorial in Polygon Wood in Belgium, and Charles Holden designed it. It is located in Polygon Wood the Buttes New British cemetery. This cemetery contains 1,317 U.K., 564 Australian and 167 New Zealand. The cem-etery site used to be a drill-ground (Duffy & Duffy, 2009). Polygon Wood is a large wood south of the village of Zonnebeke, which was completely devastated in the First World War. The memorials and the cem-eteries were all chosen as appropriate to the fighting in which the men died (Buttes New British Cemetery, n.d.).

Case studies:Lion Rock, Piha War MemorialPiha is a beach known for its strongrips and an impos-ing natural feature. Lion Rock is Piha’s most iconic landmark, and offers people views from many direc-tions.

Lion Rock is one of many natural features used as a war memorial. At the base of the Lion Rock two visible me-morial plaques are attached. There is a Roll of Honour to the men who went from the Piha State Sawmill to WW1. There is also a small plaque for WW2 that com-memorates the handing over of Lion Rock to the Auckland Centennial Memorial Park Board in the 1965. The plaques are easily observed.

Having a dominant natural feature amongst the sur-rounding landscape selected as a memorial is an interesting approach or alternative to the tradition of erecting sculptures or other structures. It has a light foot print and does not need to occupy extra land or resources in its construction. This is a dominate land-form against the surrounding scenery. Its empowering and striking form serves as a momentous memorial.

Ministry for Culture and Heritage. (2011). Retrieved from www.nzhistory.net.nz

Case studies:Virtual Memorials

www.911memorial.org

This site ‘www.911memorial.org’ immediately pre-sents the viewer with juxtaposed pictures of the New York skyline, both before and after 9/11. As the view continuing down the site, the they will see the familiar images of falling buildings and rescue workers, and later in the site, various pictures about the site process has been listed, as well as the families of 911. Now the site contains visit information, memorial information and education process to let people remember the 911 attack.

www.veterans.gc.ca/engThe site ‘http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng’ contains digi-tal images of photographs and personal memorabilia about individual Canadians. The purpose of the Cana-dian Virtual War Memorial is to recognize and keep alive the memory of the achievements and sacrifices made by those who served Canada in the defence of freedom and so have contributed to the development of Canada as a nation (Veterans Affairs Canada, 2011).

www.iraqmemorial.orgThe site ‘http://iraqmemorial.org’ launched in Novem-ber of 2007, function as an online and physical exhibi-tion of memorial proposals and projects dedicated to the many thousands of Iraqi civilians killed in the War in Iraq. The author was impressed from the 911 memo-rial website and then began to seriously think about the meaning and context of memorials to war, on the other hand he did not want a memorial that increas-ing number of innocent civilians who continue to die in the war in Iraq. Iraqimemorial.org invites artists, designers, architects, musicians, dancers and other creative individuals or groups from all over the world to propose memorials to the victims of a war who will likely never be recognized through official processes. (DeLappe, 2011).

Virtual MemorialVirtual worlds is not something that should be taken lightly, in fact it is currently becoming one of the larg-est movement with a huge amount of internet users throughout the world and this figure is rapidly increas-ing each day. Virtual memorials, do not exist physi-cally, but they can offer the experience of interact in a way that you feel closer to the members of this network as well as commemorating the victims. The benefit of virtual/online memorial has been dis-cussed in various articles. The significance of virtual memorial has been attracted viewers to their aesthetic commemoration, compared with traditional monu-ment, the websites taken down and maintenance dependent on spare time, and everybody can access to the virtual memorial without restrictions, also the resource are unlimited etc. Online memorials engage in a similar display in their presentation, also contain unique strategies to communicate with public memory.

DeLappe, J. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.ira-qimemorial.org/National September 11 Memorial & Museum. (2012). http://www.911memorial.org/Veterans Affairs Canada. (2011). Canadian Virtual War Memorial (CVWM). Retrieved from http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/virtualmemIraqimemorial.org

Case studies:Gathering Spaces

-Nathan Phillips Square is a lively public gather-ing place located immediately in front of Toronto City Hall, on the northwest corner of Queen and Bay Streets.-Nathan Phillips Square is the site of many civic activi-ties and special events. It is worth noting that a number of special events are also held at Yonge-Dundas Square, just a few short blocks away.

A raised walkway leads from Nathan Phillips Square to City Hall’s podium roof, where the Green Roofs Dem-onstration Project is located and flag raising ceremo-nies are held.

-British sculptor Henry Moore’s masterpiece Three-Way Piece usually called The Archer has been installed in a place of honour right in front of City Hall.

-In the middle of the Square, the Peace Garden hon-ours the commitment of Torontonians to the principle of world peace.

-Outdoor chess tables are available for public use on the southeast corner of the Square, at Bay and Queen Streets.-A speaker’s corner podium is located at the south west corner of Nathan Phillips Square, just east of the Win-ston Churchill statue (moved in 2004 from its original location in front of the statue).

-It was founded in 1988 as an attempt to promote free speech in Toronto proposed by metro Councillor Rich-ard Gilbert (Davenport), who was inspired by a similar Speakers’ Corner in London England.-Beneath Nathan Phillips Square is one of the world’s largest underground parking garages, with space for 2,400 cars.1

The design for Palisades Garden Walk plus Town Square has been shaped by an intense and collaborative community process and inspired by the California Ar-royo Landscape. The resultant design scheme, the “Ar-royo Wash,” presents a park that will be the new heart of the city. Fluid braided pathways appear to organi-cally emerge from the entrance of City Hall extending outward and connecting neighbourhoods with the Pier, the beach, and civic campus. Linear rolling topogra-phy reinforces the softness of the circulatory system

and creates a series of “bluffs” that host overlooks and framed views of the city. Carved into the rolling to-pography are a series of “bays” that organize the site’s program and include space for small events and perfor-mances, an outdoor café, gardens, play spaces, and bike kiosks.Water elements within the park also originate in Town Square and, through a series of runnels, extend into the serpentine, flowing topography of Palisades Garden Walk with increasing turbulence that ultimately softens the sound of traffic along the Ocean Avenue, on the site’s westernmost edge. An overhead lighting trellis also creates strong linkage between Town Square and Palisades Garden Walk and will be a feature element at the Corner of Ocean and Colorado Avenues.2

Every new stadium built, it will become one of the organizers of the game. The function of the stadium is to have seats available for numerous of people but also, in addition, the area around the stadium which will be used as supporting facilities such as restaurants, shops, kid’s playground, and walking paths that connect with the coast. In staudim every type of people come and from everywhere around the world and they all gather in stadium. There are many other activities which people interact in:1. Places of lodging;2. establishments serving food and drink3. places of exhibition and entertainment4. places of public gathering, Museum or/and library5. Sales or rental establishments6. service establishments7. specified public transportation, such as terminals and depots8. public display or collection9. places of recreation (parks)10. Places of education11. social service centre12. places of exercise or recreation 13. Community halls14. Tea house places15. Addressing MP public meeting16. And even virtual interactions via internet with the one touch of the screen.

Reference

Why another Memorial?Many memorials have been erected at Gallipoli. As a group we have begun to develop an understanding of the rituals and events that took place there and have observed how oth-ers, in other parts of the world and in different times, com-memorate their lost and loved ones. One has to wonder do we need another?

We wish to commemorate the lives that were lost and those who served, of course, but 100 years on what relevance do the battles at Gallipoli have?

Poignant matters

The following facts had a powerful effect on us:

The enormous number of lives lost. The, even larger, number of soldiers wounded and maimed for life only to return home to continue ‘normal’ lives without complaint. The number of men who died from disease (is greater than those who died in combat). The bond, comradely and respect that grew between the Turks and the Anzacs during the eight months of battle at Gallipoli. The number of monumentous strategic mistakes made. Despite the horrendous conditions and living in constant fear the soldiers loyality, bravery and absolute willingness to carry on. Gallipoli is seen by many as the beginning of the birth of Turkey the Republic. Some observe Gallipoli as the beginning of national identity for New Zea-land, the start of breaking away from the Mother Land, The British Empire.

It is our stance that a memorial be created. There has been a recent resurgence in, not only, the pilgrimage of people to Gallipoli but also the attendance of dawn parades on Anzac Day. We do not know how long that resurgence will last, as patterns of thought change, but for the Centenary of An-zac day in 2015 it is expected there will be large numbers of people wishing to commemorate. It is also expected by allied countries that we participate.

It is important to remember all the lives lost and those who survived. It is equally important to remember the horrific events in the hope that the same mistakes are never made again. But also New Zealand and Turkey had new beginnings during these battles. New heros were discovered and national identities began to be developed. Although the relevance of World War 1 may not be immediate we feel it is something that should be commemorated.

From the facts, that had a powerful effect on us, we deduced that interaction would be an important factor to inform our design. We have strong desire to encourage and reinforce a connection between Turkey and New Zealand. Although

aware of the enormous role Australia, France and Britain, played in the battles at Gallipoli, it is the New Zealand Min-istry of Culture and Heritage that has allocated funding for this particular project. There is an expectation, by the allies, that New Zealand be involved. Australia, France and Britain are also expected to respond however they feel is appropriate.

By looking at the history of monuments we have been able to see how monuments have been represented through time. And, as important, how different cultures commemorate their losses during wars. Poignantly, many memorials prior to the twentieth century were dedicated to the victory of bat-tles and wars or built to remember Heads of State. More re-cent memorials represent the human cost of war. This shows a dramatic shift in peoples thinking and politics.

Many memorials need space for people to gather to remem-ber and reflect. In some cases the numbers of people can be large but only for short periods of time.This is of interest to us, for our design process, when consid-ering a meeting place, or a forum. Because we wish to disturb the ground as little as possible most probably whatever we end up designing will be a temporary fixture. It is our hope to maintain the integrity of a memorial even though it is temporary.

The main battlefields at Gallipoli now are part of a park, considered part of the heritage of Turkey and thus protected. Much blood was spilt here, blood of both Turks and the allies, Still, remnants are found, these remnants might be bullets, grenade shells or shrapnel or just as easily a human scull, fragments of teeth or jewelery worn by a soldier. De-spite the fact that it would be difficult to obtain consents to build another memorial, we as a group feel a light footprint is imperative. Thoughts of holograms, 3D projection and layers of light have been lightly investigated

a case study

Rituals and ceremonies vary worldwide. Of particular inter-est to us was the use of: Music/Audio. In particular the bugel, that during war was blown to signify the end of the days activities as well as to indicate when a soldier has gone to his final resting place. A period of silence. At a particular time all are ask to stop everthing to show respect for those lost, those who survived and is a time for reflection.

Flags flown at half-mast. With origins on the high seas a half-mast signifies respect and /or honor. A flag is generally lowered to half-mast on the death of someone considered important in many countries. At times it may be lowered in recognition of a major disaster in which many people have

been killed. i.e. The Pike River mining disaster (November 2009, West Coast, New Zealand) where 29 New Zealand miners were killed.

The red poppy. Commonly worn to mark the end of the war, felt poppies are sold to raise funds for (in New Zealand) the RSA. It idea originated from the fact that “red poppies were among the first plants to spring up in the devastated battle-fields of northern France and Belgium. In soldiers’ folklore, the vivid red of the poppy came from the blood of their com-rades soaking the ground” (Australian War Memorial). The following are other interesting design drivers we have extracted from our research:

Mediterranean flora is full with archaeological and mytho-logical meaning. I.E. Olive branch = Peace. Sandalwood = Immortality. laurel =Success and Power.

The Turks, during the height of the Ottoman Empire were accomplished sailors who used the stars to navigate – rays of light or layers of light.

The bells in the Carillon in Wellington, the bugle at dawn parade, maori welcoming (Waiata). Music and sound can be particulary moving at gatherings, stimulates the mind and helps to reflect. A case study examining the use of the existing or natural landscape feature Lion Rock as a WW1 memorial in New Zealand was of particular interest. A simlar aproach is the stands of white oaks representing those who died during the twin towers attacks. They are a haunting sight. Plantings of saplings so less disturbance the gound. The idea of the trees representing soles, but forever standing at guard. We looked closely at the battles occurring on the beaches and hills of Gallipoli. Amongst this landscape could be a likely site for us to use. However we need flexibility as we may use more than one site. Sites in New Zealand may be considered.After reflecting on our research and case studies we have de-cided that the following would be appropriate design drivers.

InteractionMeeting PlaceLight FootprintLight and SoundTemporary

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