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Group-IV Photonics1RAJEN KUMAR PATRAROLL NO.-14EC62D02MICROELECTRONICS &VLSI DESIGNE&ECE DEPARTMENTIIT KHARAGPUR

1Contents What is photonics?

Why Group-IV photonics?

Light Source

Modulator

Photodetector

Application

Challenges

Conclusion

22 What is photonics?Photonics mean generation, emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching,amplification, and detection/sensing of light. Photonics as a field began with the invention of thelaserin 1960.

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Why Group-IV photonics?Moores Law

Sending Information along the Copper wire consumes significant power and introduces speed limiting delay in a modern IC.

Group-IV photonics can provide long term solution to this problem, which means the copper wire will be replaced by a system of lasers, modulators,optical waveguides and photo detector.

The benefits of this approach include the virtual elimination of delay and less power dissipation in signal propagation.

aSilicon Photonics History1985: Optoelectronic (OE) integration upon silicon has been a prime motivation

1990s: Progress on OE integration, SiGe/Si infrared sensors, etc.

1993:The vision of a silicon opto-electronic integrated circuit (OEIC) was created

1999-2003: Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency sponsored two quantum cascade laser projects

2004: first ongoing global meeting devoted solely to Group IV Photonics

2004:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)electronic and photonic integrated circuits (EPIC) in silicon

2005: First all Silicon Laser Silicon PhotonicsRaman Effect is 10000 stronger in silicon than in glass

7Light Source

Germenium Lasers8

Cicek Boztug, Jos R. Snchez-Prez, Francesca Cavallo, Max G. Lagally, and Roberto Paiella,Strained-Germanium Nanostructures for Infrared Photonics, ACS Nano20148(4), 3136-3151

Modulator9Mardiana, B.; Hazura, H.; Hanim, A.; Shaari, S.; Abdullah, H., "Phase modulator based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) rib waveguide,Photonics (ICP), 2010 International Conference on, vol., no., pp.1,3, 5-7 July 2010

Modulator10Mardiana, B.; Hazura, H.; Hanim, A.; Shaari, S.; Abdullah, H., "Phase modulator based on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) rib waveguide,Photonics (ICP), 2010 International Conference on, vol., no., pp.1,3, 5-7 July 2010

A WDM Silicon Photonic Reciever

Huapu Pan; Assefa, S.; Horst, F.; Schow, C.L.; Rylyakov, A.V.; Green, W.M.J.; Khater, M.H.; Kamlapurka, S.; Reinholm, C.; Kiewra, E.; Shank, S.M.; Baks, C.W.; Offrein, B.J.; Vlasov, Y.A., "250 Gbps 10-channel WDM silicon photonics receiver,"Group IV Photonics (GFP), 2012 IEEE 9th International Conference on, vol., no., pp.162,164, 29-31 Aug. 20121112Ang, K.W.; Liow, T.-Y.; Fang, Q.; Yu, M.B.; Ren, F.F.; Zhu, S.Y.; Zhang, J.; Ng, J.W.; Song, J.F.; Xiong, Y.Z.; Lo, G.Q.; Kwong, D.L., "Silicon photonics technologies for monolithic electronic-photonic integrated circuit (EPIC) applications: Current progress and future outlook,"Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), 2009 IEEE International, vol., no., pp.1,4, 7-9 Dec. 2009Integration with CMOS

Applications of Goup-IVPhotonics Optical InterconnectsOptical RoutersLong Range Tele-CommunicationChemical and biological sensingEnvironmental and hazardous substrate monitoringMedicine

13Challenges14Bogaerts, W.; Fiers, M.; Dumon, P., "Design Challenges in Silicon Photonics,Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of, vol.20, no.4, pp.1,8, July-Aug. 2014Group-IV materials are not good light sources

Silicon is poor at Photodetection at the infrared wavelength commonly used for optical communication

Four wave mixing in optical fibers

Silicon photonic waveguides are extremely sensitive, which imposes nanometer-scale tolerances on the fabrication process

Because of process-induced variability, wavelength-selective filter functions are difficult to fabricate exactly on specification

Lack of good simulation tool ConclusionGroup-IV Photonics is now a mature technology

Group-IV Photonics is not only for the optical communicationit is much more.Handling of Photonic Parasitics is a Major Challenge

We need verification Algorithms to handle the peculiarities of waveguide circuit.15 REFERENCESSoref, R., "The Past, Present, and Future of Silicon Photonics," IEEE Sel. Topics in Quantum Electron. ,vol.12, no.6, pp.1678-1687, Nov.-dec. 2006

Koppens, F. H. L.,Mueller T, D, Avouris Ph,. Ferrari A.C., Vitiello M.S., Polini M.,Photodetectors based on graphene, other two-dimensional materials and hybrid systemsNature Nanotechnology.,pp-780793(2014)

G.T.Reed, G Mashanovich, F. Y. Gardich And D. J. Thomson, Silicon optical modulators,Nature Photonics, Volume-4, pp-518-524

Guang-Hua Duan; Jany, C.; Le liepvre, A.; Accard, A.; Lamponi, M.; Make, D.; Kaspar, P.; Levaufre, G.; Girard, N.; Lelarge, F.; Fedeli, J.-M.; Descos, A.; Ben Bakir, B.; Messaoudene, S.; Bordel, D.; Menezo, S.; de Valicourt, G.; Keyvaninia, S.; Roelkens, G.; Van Thourhout, D.; Thomson, D.J.; Gardes, F.Y.; Reed, G.T., "Hybrid III--V on Silicon Lasers for Photonic Integrated Circuits on Silicon," IEEE Sel. Topics in Quantum Electron. , , vol.20, no.4, pp.158,170, July-Aug. 2014

16 REFERENCESAng, K.W.; Liow, T.-Y.; Fang, Q.; Yu, M.B.; Ren, F.F.; Zhu, S.Y.; Zhang, J.; Ng, J.W.; Song, J.F.; Xiong, Y.Z.; Lo, G.Q.; Kwong, D.L., "Silicon photonics technologies for monolithic electronic-photonic integrated circuit (EPIC) applications: Current progress and future outlook,"Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), IEEE International, vol. 1, no., 4 pp. 7-9 Dec. 2009

Huapu Pan; Assefa, S.; Horst, F.; Schow, C.L.; Rylyakov, A.V.; Green, W.M.J.; Khater, M.H.; Kamlapurka, S.; Reinholm, C.; Kiewra, E.; Shank, S.M.; Baks, C.W.; Offrein, B.J.; Vlasov, Y.A., "250 Gbps 10-channel WDM silicon photonics receiver," Group IV Photonics (GFP), 2012 IEEE 9th International Conference , vol.,62 no. 64, pp. 29-31 Aug. 2012

Bogaerts, W.; Fiers, M.; Dumon, P., "Design Challenges in Silicon Photonics," IEEE Sel. Topics in Quantum Electron. , , vol.20, no.4, pp.1,8, July-Aug. 2014

M. Paniccia and S. Koehl, The silicon solution, IEEE Spectr., vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 3844, Oct. 200517 Thank you18