Groups and OrganizationsGroups and Organizations

Types of GroupsTypes of Groups

PrimaryPrimary SecondarySecondary ReferenceReference IngroupIngroup OutgroupOutgroup

Primary groupsPrimary groups

Small, personal, intimateSmall, personal, intimate– The familyThe family

SocializationSocialization Social identitySocial identity Provides comfort and securityProvides comfort and security

Secondary groupsSecondary groups

E.g. MicrosoftE.g. Microsoft Large, impersonal, formalLarge, impersonal, formal Weak emotional tiesWeak emotional ties Short durationShort duration Lawsuits increase with increasing Lawsuits increase with increasing

secondary tiessecondary ties

Reference groupReference group

Point of reference in making evaluations Point of reference in making evaluations and decisionsand decisions

FamilyFamily FriendsFriends GangGang ProfessorsProfessors

Ingroups and outgroupsIngroups and outgroups

IngroupsIngroups OutgroupsOutgroups

– A social group toward which we feel A social group toward which we feel competition or oppositioncompetition or opposition

– Lead to unfairly negative views of outgroupsLead to unfairly negative views of outgroups

General leadership stylesGeneral leadership styles

InstrumentalInstrumental– Completing tasksCompleting tasks

ExpressiveExpressive– Collective well-beingCollective well-being

Leadership decision making Leadership decision making stylesstyles

AuthoritarianAuthoritarian DemocraticDemocratic

– Collective decisions on egalitarian basisCollective decisions on egalitarian basis Laissez-faireLaissez-faire

– Downplays position of powerDownplays position of power

Solomon Asch ExperimentSolomon Asch Experiment

Comparison of linesComparison of lines People will compromise their own People will compromise their own

judgment to avoid being seen as differentjudgment to avoid being seen as different

Milgram’s experiment of Milgram’s experiment of authorityauthority

People follow both legitimate authority and People follow both legitimate authority and ordinary individualsordinary individuals

Formal organizationsFormal organizations

Normative organizationsNormative organizations– Voluntary organizations - Red CrossVoluntary organizations - Red Cross

Coercive organizationsCoercive organizations– Involuntary commitmentInvoluntary commitment– Prison or mental hospitalPrison or mental hospital

Utilitarian organizationUtilitarian organization– Company - Material benefits (money)Company - Material benefits (money)

Changes in organizationsChanges in organizations

Creative autonomyCreative autonomy Competitive work teamsCompetitive work teams Flatter organizationFlatter organization