growth and modernization

8/8/2019 Growth and Modernization

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Growth andModernization


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Modernity

What is modernity?

What does it mean to be modern?

Is modernity desirable?

Is it possible to bring modernity?

Should we attempt to bring modernity?


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World War II


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AfterWorld War II

Weakening of European countries

Growth of communism

Disintegration of colonies

Rise of new states - search for development

models


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Restructuration ofPower

Rise of USA as a superpower

Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program:1948-1952)

Encouragement for studying Third World

Modernization as an agenda


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Modernization as

Development Model


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Theoretical Lineage:

Evolutionary Theory

Social change is unidirectional

Final stage being good

Social change is slow and gradual


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Theoretical Lineage:

Functionalism ofTalcott Parsons


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Organic analogy

Homeostatic equilibrium

Harmony and not conflict as natural state


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AGIL

Adaptation to the environment (economy)

Goal attainment (government)

Integration (legal institutions and religion)

Latency (family and education)


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Pattern Variables

Affective versus affective-neutral relationship

Particularistic versus universalistic

Collective orientation versus self-orientation

Ascription versus achievement

Functionally diffused versus functionally specific

relationships


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Marion J. Levy


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What is the basis ofdifference

between relatively modernized

and non-modernized societies?

Specialization of organization

Interdependency of organization

Relationship emphasis

Degree of centralization

Generalized media of exchange and market

Bureaucracy and family consideration

Town-village interdependence


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Neil J. Smelser


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Modernization involves structural differentiation

Modern society as a better phase

Modernization involves problem of integration:value conflict and uneven development of

institutions

Social disturbances due to lack of integration


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James S. Coleman


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Differentiation of political structure

Secularization of political culture

Ethos of equality: distributive equality (universaladult citizenship), legal equality, equality ofopportunity, equality of participation

Growth of political capacity of the system (increasein scope of political functions)


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Crises ofModernization

Creation of national identity

Political legitimacy of new state

Penetration Participation

Integration

Distribution


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W.W. Rostow:Stages ofEconomic Growth


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Economic history as a sequence of stages

rather than a continuum


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Stimulus forTransformation

Political revolution

Technological innovation

Favourable international environment with

rising export demands and prices

Demonstration effect


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Traditional Stage (1)

Did not lack inventiveness or innovation

Low productivity due to ignorance of moderntechnology for exploitation of nature rationally

High proportion of income above minimum

consumption level spent for non/low-productivesectors: religion, wedding, funeral, war,monument


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Traditional Stage (2)

Little social change: limited progress from

one generation to the next

Centre of gravity of political power tended to

lie in the region, with the landowners


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Preconditions for take-off (1)

Initially created in Western Europe out ofdevelopment of modern science and discoveryof new land

Expansion of trade and market with creation ofcolonies

Nationalism as a force

Development of transport


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Technological revolution in agriculture

Expansion in imports (raw materials andcapital)

Spread of ideas that economic progress ispossible and desirable


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Rise of new entrepreneurs

Development of new industries

Willingness of the agricultural community toaccept new techniques

National government capable of setting uppeace


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Decrease in death rate and expansion of

population size

Little momentum for self-sustained economic

growth: increase in population consuming

economic surplus


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Take-off (1)

Resistance to steady growth are overcome

Growth as normal

Leading sectors of growth


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Take-off (2)

Compound interest rate

Investment rises from 5 to 10 percent of GDP


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Drive to Maturity (1)

Society effectively applies a range of (then)

modern technologies to bulk of its resources

Rise of new leading sectors

Decrease in proportion of people in agriculture

Within urban population proportion of semi-

skilled and white-collared workers increases


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Drive to Maturity (2)

Forty years or so between the end of take-off and

achievement of maturity

Overcome values and institutions of traditional society

Development of technology, entrepreneurial spirit, and

major investment rising from 10 to 20 per cent

Character of leadership in industry begins to change:

grand visions


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Age ofHigh

Mass-Consumption (1)

Productivity gains are distributed to the

workers for raising consumption

Welfare state is put in place


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Age ofHigh

Mass-Consumption (2)

Public measures, increased security, welfare,and, perhaps, leisure to the working force(Britain and Western Europe)

Provide enlarged private consumption-includingsingle family homes and durable consumersgoods and services-on a mass basis (the USA)

Seek enlarged power for the mature nation onthe world scene (Germany)


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Modernization (1)

Phased Process

Homogenizing Process

Europeanization (or Americanization) process

Irreversible process

Progressive process: inevitable and desirable

Lengthy Process: evolutionary, not revolutionary


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Modernization (2)

Systematic process

Transformative process

Immanent process


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Modernization Questioned (1)

A non-communist manifesto? (economy-society,primacy of production, validity of data, end ofhistory)

Reason for limited production: low productivity orrejection of accumulation?

Colonization justifiable?

Reason for underdevelopment: within or without?


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Is contemporary modern? Value-preference

Chicken and the egg? individualism-accumulation, industry-entrepreneurs

Is modern essentially better than tradition?Traditional knowledge systems, inequality,

environment


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Is a model of growth replicable?

Modernity instead of tradition or modernityand tradition?

growth and modernization

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