gsm fundas
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GSM Fundamentals & RF
GTL welcomes you to the Basiccourse on GSM Fundamentals &
RF (GTL-GSM RF-001)
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hat you will learn here!" Basic Telecom conce#ts
" $arious ireless Technolo%ies
" ellular conce#ts & 'rinci#al o cellular omm
" GSM *etwor+ ,rchitecture
" GSM channel ,rchitecture
" all Flows in GSM
" GSM 'lannin% ste#s (*ominal 'lan & RF sureys)
" GSM .#timi/ation Ste#s ( 'erormance rie testin% &
Benchmar+in%)
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B,S2 Tele#hony
•Off Hook
•Dial Tone
•Dialing Digits
•RBT
•Conversation
•Ring
•Off Hook &
Conversation
•Signaling•Traffic
SWITCH / EXCHANGE
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ireless ommunication
" ,lternatie means o wireless communication
3 Walkie - Talkie
3 Pagers
3 Trunked private radios
" Mo4ile 'hone - the ma%ic technolo%y that ena4les
eeryone to communicate anywhere with any4ody
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ireless Tele#hony
BSC
BTS BTS
Mobile Sbs!"ibe"###
MSC
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ierent Standards orldwide
" Till 1567 ellular Systems were e8clusiely ,nalo% Radio
Technolo%y
" ,danced Mo4ile 'hone Serice (,M'S)
3 9S standard on the 600 M:/ Band
" Total ,ccess ommunication System (T,S)
3 9; standard on 500 M:/ 4and
" *ordic Mo4ile Tele#hone System (*MT)
3 Scandinaian standard on the <=0 & 500 M:/ 4and
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ierent Standards orldwide
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GSM $ %GSM $ %
T'e te"( GSM$% is se) fo" an* GSM s*ste( +'i!' o,e"ates in an* % MH- ban)#
.$GSM $ %
.$GSM$% ban) is t'e ,"i(a"* ban) fo" GSM$% "e0en!* ban) fo" ,"i(a"* GSM$% 1.$GSM$%2 3 4 5
46 MH-
7% 8 %96 MH- fo" MS to BTS 1,link2
%:6 8 %; MH- fo" BTS to MS 1)o+nlink2
E$GSM $ %
In so(e !ont"ies< GSM$% is allo+e) to o,e"ate in ,a"t o" in all of t'e follo+ing e5tension ban)# E$GSM$
% 1E5ten)e) GSM$%2 ban) in!l)es t'e ,"i(a"* ban) 1.$GSM$%2 and t'e e5tension ban) 3
77 8 7% MH- fo" MS to BTS 1,link2
%46 8 %:6 MH- fo" BTS to MS 1)o+nlink2
R$GSM$%R$GSM$%
R$GSM$% 1Rail+a* GSM$%2 ban) in!l)es t'e ,"i(a"* ban) 1.$GSM$%2 an) t'e follo+ing e5tension
ban)3
7=; 8 7% MH- fo" MS to BTS 1,link2
%49 8 %:6 MH- fo" BTS to MS 1)o+nlink2
GSM$97GSM$97
"e0en!* ban)3 4 5 =6 MH-
9=9 8 9=76 MH- fo" MS to BTs 1,link2
976 8 977 MH- fo" BTS to MS 1)o+nlink2
ierent Standards orldwide
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2ndustry $s Technolo%y S#read
" Telecom Serice 'roiders>.#erators
3 GSM
3 M,
3 Basic-LL
3 2nternet Serices
3 Lon% istance
" $endor
" Telecom onsultancy
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,nalo% Mo4ile Tele#hony
" ?nd o 1560@s ,nalo% Systems una4le to meet continuin%
demands
3 Seerely conined s#ectrum allocations
3 2ntererence in multi#ath adin% enironment
3 2ncom#ati4ility amon% arious analo% systems
3 2na4ility to su4stantially reduce the cost o mo4ile
terminals and inrastructure reAuired
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i%ital Mo4ile Tele#hony
" S#ectrum s#ace - most limited and #recious resource
" Solution - urther multi#le8 traic (time domain)
" an 4e reali/ed with i%ital TechniAues only
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GSM :istory and .r%ani/ation
" 155 ?uro#e wide reAuency 4and resered or
ellular
" 1567 CGrou#e S#eciale Mo4ileD created within
?'T
" 156E GSM had ull time in 'aris
" 1566 ?TS2 ta+es oer GSM ommittee
" 1550 The #hase 1 GSM Recommendations
ro/en
" 1551 GSM ommittee renamed CS#ecial Mo4ile
Grou#D and GSM renamed as CGlo4al
System or Mo4ile ommunicationD
" 1557 GSM launched or commercial
o#erations
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Serice 2ndustry" Serice 'roider is not a ?Aui#ment Manuacturer
" The Serice 'roider has a license to o#erate in a
%eo%ra#hical 4oundary (state>circle> country)
" 2t 4uys eAui#ment rom .?M Su##liers ($endors)
" 2nstalls & commissions the eAui#ment thus ma+in% it@s
own *etwor+
" 'roides the desired serice to it@s su4scri4ers
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$endor
" $endor is a ?Aui#ment Manuacturer
" 2t su##lies 'roduct onsultancy and Trainin%s
" Serice #roider has the o#tion o ta+in% the onsultancy
and Trainin%
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ellular ommunication" , cellular system lin+s Mo4ile su4scri4ers to 'u4lic
Tele#hone System or to another Mo4ile su4scri4ers
" 2t remoes the i8ed wirin% used in a traditional tele#hone
installation
" Mo4ile su4scri4er is a4le to moe around #erha#s can trael
in a ehicle or on oot & still ma+e & receie call
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,danta%e o ellular
ommunication" Mo4ility
" Fle8i4ility
" oner%ence
" Greater .S
" *etwor+ ?8#ansion
" Reenue>'roit
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:,T 2S ?LL9L,R T?L?':.* !
.*S2?R,T2.*S -
FR?9?*
S9BSR2B?R
?*S2T
.$?R,G?
Base Station
Base Station
Base Station
Base StationBase Station
Base Station
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The ell" ellular Radio inoles diidin% a lar%e serice area into
re%ions called CcellsD
" ?ach cell has the eAui#ment to switch transmit and receie
calls
" ells - Reduce the need o :i%h #owered transmission
" ells - onentionally re%arded as 4ein% he8a%onal 4ut in
reality they are irre%ularly sha#ed
" ell sha#e is determined 4y the nature o the surroundin%
area e% :ills tall 4uildin% etc
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ell Si/e
" Lar%e ells
" H= ;m
" Remote ,reas
":i%h Transmission'ower
" Few su4scri4ers
" Small ells
" *ear a4out 1 ;M
" 9r4an ,reas
"Low Transmission'ower
" Many Su4scri4ers
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oera%e & a#acity
" oera%e
3 'ercenta%e o the %eo%ra#hical area coered 4y cellular
serice where mo4ile tele#hony is aaila4le
" a#acity -
3 *um4er o calls that can 4e handled in a certain area
within a certain #eriod o time 3 a#acity can also reer to the #ro4a4ility that users will
4e denied access to a system due to the sim#le
unaaila4ility o radio channels
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FreAuency S#ectrum
Designation Abb"e>iation /"e0en!ies /"ee$s,a!e Wa>elengt's
Very Low Frequency VLF 9 kHz - 30 kHz 33 km - 10 km
Low Frequency LF 30 kHz - 300 kHz 10 km - 1 km
Medium Frequency MF 300 kHz - 3 MHz 1 km - 100 mHigh Frequency HF 3 MHz - 30 MHz 100 m - 10 m
Very High Frequency VHF 30 MHz - 300 MHz 10 m - 1 m
Ultr High Frequency UHF 300 MHz - 3 !Hz 1 m - 100 mm
"u#er High Frequency "HF 3 !Hz - 30 !Hz 100 mm - 10 mm
$%tremely High Frequency $HF 30 !Hz - 300 !Hz 10 mm - 1 mm
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GSM - 2* ?LL9L,R
T?L?':.*" ?ach ell in the ellular *etwor+ consists o one or more
RF carriers
" ,n RF carrier is a #air o radio reAuencies
3 .ne used in u#ward direction 4y MS - 9#lin+
3 .ther used in downward direction 4y BTS - ownlin+
3 The transmit and receie reAuencies are se#arated 4y a%a# o <= M:/ in GSM o = M:/ in S
" There are 17< carries in GSM Band ith each carriercarryin% timeslots only 17< 8 I 6E6 calls can 4e madeJ
" FreAuency Reuse is the solution
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FreAuency & ,RF*
l ?
7 %
& t o
% 9 6
M H -
) l ?
% : 6
t o % ;
& M
H -
l1n2 ? 7%# @ 1#42 n MH-
)l1n2 ? l @ 6 MH-
+'e"e n ?ARCN 9 n 94
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.o+e"
"e0en!*
Ti(e
FDMA
"e0en!*
.o+e" Ti(e
TDMA
"e0en!*CDMA
.o+e"
Ti(e
Multiple Access Methods
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/ " e 0
e n ! *
T i ( e
.o+e"
TDMA
/ " e 0
e n ! *
T i ( e
.o+e"
DMA
/ " e 0
e n ! *
T i ( e
.o+e"
CDMA
C O D E
DMA3 AM.S & NAM.S
•$ch u&er occu#ie& #ri'te Frequency(#rotected )rom inter)erence through #hy&icl&e#rtion )rom other u&er& on the &me)requency
•TDMA3 IS$9:;< GSM
•$ch u&er occu#ie& &#eci)ic )requency *utonly during n &&igned time &lot+ ,he)requency i& u&ed *y other u&er& duringother time &lot&+
•CDMA•$ch u&er occu#ie& &ignl on #rticulr)requency &imultneou&ly with mny otheru&er&( *ut i& uniquely di&tingui&h*le *ycorreltion with &#ecil code u&ed only *ythi& u&er
Multi#le ,ccess Methods
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FreAuency Reuse 'attern
Three ty#es o reAuency reuse #atterns
" ell reuse #attern
" < cell reuse #attern
" H cell reuse #attern
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H Site Reuse 'attern!4
!9
!:
a9
a4
a:
b9
b4
b:
!9!4
!:
Cell Re$se
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Cell Dia ? R
FR?9?* R? - 9S?
3 FreAuency Re-use
7/21 cell cluster
1
3
.
/
D D=R (3N)
where N is Cluster size
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'rinci#al . Sectori/ation
" .mni irectional ells
" 170 de%ree Sectors
" E0 e%ree sectors
3 ?ach Sector in a Site has its own allocation o Radio
arriers
" ,danta%e
3 By reAuent reuse o reAuency more ca#acity can 4e
achieed
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Multi#th Fding re&ult& in 'rition& in &ignl &trength which i& known &
2yleigh Fding+
2yleigh Fding #henomenon i& de#endent on #th di))erence nd hence
)requency o) rece#tion+
)&t mo'ing mo*ile my not e%#erience &e'ere e))ect o) thi& )ding &incethe #th di))erence i& continuou&ly chnging+
&low mo'ing mo*ile 4 or hlted mo*ile 5 my e%#erience &e'ere
deteriortion in qulity+
6ut( i) the )requency o) rece#tion i& chnged when thi& #ro*lem occur&(
could &ol'e it+ ,he )ding #henomenon i& )&t nd lmo&t continuo&( thi& men& the
)requency chnge &hould l&o *e continuo&+
,hi& #roce&& o) continuou&ly chnging )requency i& known & Frequency
Ho##ing+
FreAuency :o##in%
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Frequency Ho##ing i& done in *oth U#link nd 7ownlink +
Frequency i& chnged in e'ery ,7M Frme
Mo*ile cn Ho# on m%imum . )requencie&
,he &equence o) Ho##ing cn *e 8yclic or 9on-8yclic
,here re 3 9on-8yclic Ho##ing &equence& #o&&i*le
7i))erent Ho##ing &equence cn *e u&ed in the &me cell+
68H ,ime&lot cn ne'er H:;( *ut the remining ,ime&lot& cn
'ery well ho#+
FreAuency :o##in%
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Re)!tion in A>e"age Inte"fe"en!e
Wit' "e0en!* Ho,,ing !onsistent inte"fe"en!e +ill be!o(e b"st*#
So e>en t'og'< bot' t'e !o$!'annel !ells +ill be sing t'e sa(e set of ARCNs fo"
Ho,,ing< inte"fe"en!e +ill not be !ontinos#
T'is is be!ase< GSM !ells a"e not "a(e s*n!'"oni-e)< an) !'ange in f"e0en!* is"elate) to "a(e nos#
If sa(e HSN is se) in t+o !ells< t'en eit'e" t'e inte"fe"en!e +ill be nil < o" if a ,'ase
!o""elation e5ists t'en it +ill be !ontinos#
So t'e t+o !ells s'ol) ,"efe"abl* se )iffe"ent HSNs #
Se!to"ial !ells 1 !ont"olle) b* t'e sa(e BTS2 !an se sa(e HSN< sin!e t'e se!to"s )ont
!o(e , at t'e sa(e ti(e# Cells if t'e* a"e s*n!'"oni-e)< !an se sa(e HSN< if ea!' !ell 'as an offset of so(e
TDMA f"a(es#
Offset of TDMA f"a(es is also "e0i"e) to a>oi) SACCH o!!""ing at t'e sa(e ti(e in all
s*n!'"oni-e) !ells< as t'e* kills a+a* t'e obe!ti>e of DTX#
FreAuency :o##in%
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a9
a4
a:a:
aa;
a6
ell Sectorisation
OMNI CEFF
9 ANTENNA
b9
b4
b:
94O CEFFS
: ANTENNAS
;O CEFFS
; ANTENNAS
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Features o GSM" om#ati4ility
" *oise Ro4ust
" 2ncreased a#acity & Fle8i4ility
" 9se o Standard .#en 2nteraces
" 2m#roed Security & onidentiality
" leaner :andoers
" Su4scri4er 2dentiication" 2S* om#ati4ility
" ?nhanced Ran%e o Serices
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:andoers
Ha") Han)off
Analog< TDMA an) GSM
Soft Han)off
CDMA
Brea+ 4eore Ma+e Ma+e 4eore Brea+
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94&
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4&9
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49%
44&
449
444
446
:andoers
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leaner :andoers" The mo4ile measures u# to H7 adKacent cells or
3 Si%nal Stren%th (R8Leel)
3 Si%nal uality (R8ual)
3 u#dated eery <60 mS and sends to BTS" So#histicated :andoer 4ased on
3 R8Leel
3 2ntererence
3 R8ual
3 Timin% ,dance
3 'ower Bud%et
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BT
S
BT
S
BT
S
BT
S
BT
S
BTS
BT
S
BT
S
BSC
F
R
HF
R EI
R
OM
C
SMS
CBC
A
C
MSC
MS
C
A b i
s
A
MS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTSBTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BSC
.STN
FR
TRAHFR
EIR
OMC
SMSC
BC
AC
MSC
MSC
A b i
s
A
:ML
GSM *?T.R; ?L?M?*TS
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Mo4ile Station 2dentities
MSISDN < Humn =dentity u&ed to cll Mo*ile "ttion
IMEI< "eril num*er unique to e'ery Mo*ile "ttion
IMSI < 9etwork =dentity unique to "=M
3
digit&
digit&
10
digit& ,M"= < =dentity unique in L=
M"29 < Mo*ile "ttion
2oming 9o88 978 "9
%7 XXX 94:6
M88 M98 M"=9
XX 94:6
,8 F8 "92 "
digit& digit& digit& 1 digit
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GSM *etwor+ om#onents" Mo4ile Station consists o two #arts-
3 Mo4ile ?Aui#ment (M?)
3 Su4scri4er 2dentity Module (S2M)
" M?
3 :ardware e% Tele#hone Fa8 Machine om#uter
" S2M
3 Smart ard which #lu%s into the M?
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M? (lassmar+ 2normation)" Reision Leel
3 'hase o the GSM s#ecs M? com#ly with
" RF 'ower a#a4ility
3 Ma8 #ower M? is a4le to Transmit
" i#herin% ,l%orithm 9sed
3 'resently ,=
3 'hase 7 s#eciies ,l%orithms ,=>0 to ,=>
" FreAuency a#a4ility
" SMS a#a4ility
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T*,i!al
Settings
Mo4ile ?Aui#ment
lass 'ower .>#
1 70
7 6
H =
< 7
= 06
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S2M(2MS2)" 2MS2(2nternational Mo4ile Su4scri4er
2dentity)
3 Transmitted oer ,ir 2nterace on initiali/ation
3 'ermanently stored on S2M card
3 1= di%it ecimal
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S2M (TMS2)
" Tem#orary Mo4ile Su4scri4er 2dentity
3 'eriodically chan%ed 4y the System Mana%ement on
instances li+e location u#date etc
" Reason or use o TMS2
3 To #reent a #ossi4le intruder rom identiyin% GSM users
TMS2 is used
" Mana%ement
3 ,ssi%nment ,dministration & 9#datin% is #erormed 4y
$LR
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Transcoder
" onerts E< ;4#s 'M circuits rom MS to 1E ;4#s
BSS circuits
" ?ach H0 channel 7 M4#s 'M lin+ can carry 170 GSM -s#eciied oice channels
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Base Station System (BSS)
" BSS (Base Station System)
3 BS (Base Site ontroller)
3 BTS (Base Transceier Station)
3 R (Transcoder)
Net+o"k
S+it!'ing
S*ste(
1NSS2XCDR
BSC
BTS
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Base Station System (BSS)
" BS
3 ontrols u#to <0 BTS
3 oneys inormation to>rom BTS
3 onnects terrestrial circuits & ,ir 2nterace hannels
3 ontrols handoers 4etween BTSs under itsel
" BTS
3 ontains RF :ardware
3 Limited control unctionality
3 1 - E carriers in a BTS a4inet
3 - <6 simultaneous calls #er BTS
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BSS oni%uration
" ollocated BTS
" Remote BTS
" Star oni%uration
" aisy hain BTS Loo# oni%uration
BSC
6,"
6,"
6,"
AllBTS
on9E9
BSC
6,"
6
,"
6,"
6,"
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*etwor+ Switchin% System(*SS)
" *SS (*etwor+ Switchin% System)
3 MS (Mo4ile Switchin% entre)
3 :LR (:ome Location Re%ister)
3 $LR ($isitor Location Re%ister)
3 ?2R (?Aui#ment 2dentity Re%ister)
3 ,9 (,uthentication entre)
3 2F (2nterwor+in% Function)
3 ? (?cho anceller)
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GSM *etwor+ om#onent
" MS
3 all Switchin%
3 .#eration & Mana%ement Su##ort
3 2nternetwor+ 2nterwor+in%
3 ollects call 4illin% data
" Gateway MS 3 MS which #roides interace 4etween 'ST* & BSS@s
in the GSM *etwor+
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:ome Location Re%ister (:LR)
" Reerence data4ase or the Su4scri4er #roiles-
3 Su4scri4er 2 (2MS2 & MS2S*)
3 urrent $LR ,ddress
3 Su##lementary Serices su4scri4ed
3 Su##lementary Serice 2normation
3 Su4scri4er Status (Re%istered>dere%istered)
3 ,uthentication ;ey and ,9 unctionality
3 TMS2
3 MSR*
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$isitor Location Re%ister ($LR)
" Tem#orary ata which e8ists as lon% as the su4scri4er is
actie in a #articular oera%e area
"ontains the ollowin%- 3 Mo4ile Status (Busy> Free> *o ,nswer>etc)
3 Location ,rea 2dentity (L,2)
3 TMS2 3 MSR* (Mo4ile Station Roamin% *um4er)
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?Aui#ment 2dentity Re%ister (?2R)
" ontains ata4ase or alidatin% 2M?2
3 hite List (alid M?)
3 Blac+ List (Stolen M?)
3 Grey List (Faulty M?)
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" 'roides unction to ena4le the GSM System to
interace with 'u4lic>'riate ata *etwor+s
" The 4asic eature o the 2F are 3 Rate onersion
3 'rotocol ada#tation
" 2F incor#orates Modem Ban+e% GSM T? 'ST* T?
2F ,nalo%ue Modem
2nter or+in% Function
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?cho anceller
" ?cho is a##arent only in Mo4ile - Land conersation
& is %enerated at the 7 wire to < wire interace
" To aoid it ?cho anceller (?) is used
3 ?cho is irritatin% to MS Su4scri4er
3 Total Round Tri# delay o 160 ms in the GSM system
3 ? is #laced on the 'ST* side o the Switch
3 ancellation u# to E6 ms with ?
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.#eration & Maintenance entre
" ?ent & ,larm Mana%ement
" Fault Mana%ement
" 'erormance Mana%ement
" oni%uration Mana%ement
" Security Mana%ement
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GSM Terrestrial 2nteraces
Broadly classiied into two ty#es o interaces-
" Standard 2nteraces
3 7 M4#s Trun+s (?1)
3 Si%nallin% System *o SS ( S)
3 7= ('ac+et Switched Mode)
" GSM 2nteraces
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GSM 2nteraces
" 9m MS - BTS
" ,4is BTS - BS
" , BS - MS
" B MS - $LR " MS - :LR
" $LR - :LR
" ? MS - MS
" F MS - ?2R
" G $LR - $LR
" : :LR - ,9
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GSM protocols are basically divided into tree layers!
"ayer #! $ysical layer% &nables pysical trans'ission (TDMA FDMA etc)% Assess'ent o* cannel +,ality% &-cept on te air inter*ace (GSM Rec ././) $CM 3. or0SDN
lin1s are ,sed (GSM Rec .2/ on Abis inter*ace and.2./ onA to F inter*aces)
"ayer 4! Data lin1 layer% M,ltiple-in5 o* one or 'ore layer 4 connectionson control6si5nalin5 cannels% &rror detection (based on 7D"C)% Flo8 control% Trans'ission +,ality ass,rance% Ro,tin5
"ayer 3! Net8or1 layer% Connection 'ana5e'ent (air inter*ace)% Mana5e'ent o* location data% S,bscriber identi9cation% Mana5e'ent o* added services (SMS call *or8ardin5
con*erencecalls etc
GSM 'rotocol Layers
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Basic 'rocesses" ,9T:?*T2,T2.*
" 2':?R2*G
" R?G2STR,T2.*
" ,LL ?ST,BL2S:M?*T
" :,*.$?R > :,*.FF
" R.,M2*G
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,9T:?*T2,T2.* ,LG.R2T:M
NSS
MS
HFR
AC
ATH#AFGORITHMS
A:
SIM
MS
ATH#AFGORITHMS
A:
i
RAND
RAND
COM.ARE
SRES
SRES
i
AIR INTERACE
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i#herin%" ata #rotection is reAuired on air interace
" , s#eciic +ey called i#herin% ;ey (;c) is
%enerated rom R,* and ,6 al%orithm
" ,6 is on the S2M
A7
RANDi
!
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i#herin%
A6Data
!
Ci,'e"e)
Data A6
!
Data
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Transmission Media
" ,ccess *etwor+
3 Microwae 1= >7H G:/
" Bac+4one *etwor+
3 Microwae G:/
3 .#tical Fi4ers
3 Leased Line( From ot or any other serice #roider
on any media)
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.#tical Fi4er
• ierent 'ossi4le om4inations
• Mono Mode Ste# 2nde8 10 > 17= µm
• Mono Mode Graded inde8
• Multi Mode Ste# 2nde8 100 > H00 µm
• Multi Mode Graded 2nde8 = > 1H0 µm
• Mono Mode Graded 2nde8 would hae 4een the 4est 4ut
a4rication not #ossi4le
1<0 M4#s .LT? Mono Mode Ste# 2nde8 in our case
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hannels .n ,ir 2nterace
" 'hysical hannel
" Lo%ical hannel
" 'hysical hannel
3 'hysical channel is the medium oer which theinormation is carried
" Lo%ical hannel
3 Lo%ical channels consists o the inormation carried oerthe 'hysical hannel
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L.G2,L :,**?LS
0 1 3 . /
3
/
encry#ted
/
encry#ted
trining
1
"
1
"
3
,
>+/
!;
3
,
6== S
6== S 5 7 ? #;96(S
TDMA "a(e
No"(al B"st
4; "a(e Mlti$f"a(e
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GSM hannels
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Traic hannel
TCH carries payload data - speech, fax, data
" Connection may be:
- ircuit Switched - oice or data or - 'ac+et Switched 3 data
" TCH may be:
" Full Rate (T:>F)
- one channel #er user
- 1H +4>s oice 5E +4>s data or
" :al Rate (T:>:)
- one channel shared 4etween two users
Traffic Channels
TCH!!ull rate ""#$kbitss
TCHHHalf rate %%#& kbitss
" Time is diided into discrete #eriods called CTimeslotsD
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ontrol hannel
DCCH17edicted 8hnnel&2Do+nlink & ,link
CCCH18ommon 8ontrol 8hn2Do+nlink & ,link
'ynch#Channels
RACH2ndom
cce&& 8hnnel
CBCH8ell 6rodc&t
8hnnel
SDCCHStandalone dedicated
control channel
(CCH,ssociated
ontrol hannels
'(CCHSlow associated ontrol hannel
!(CCHFast ,ssociated
ontrol hannel
PCH()CH
'a%in%>,ccess %rant
!CCHFreAuency
orrection channel
Cont"ol C'annels
BCH 1 6rodc&t chnnel& 2Do+nlink onl*
*CCHBroadcast
control channel
'CHSynchroni/ation
channel
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Broadcast hannels (B:)
*CH channels are all do+nlink and are allocated to timeslot ero#
hannels are
" !CCH: FreAuency control channel sends the mo4ile a 4urst o all N0@ 4its which
allows it to ine tune to the downlin+ reAuency
" 'CH: Synchroni/ation channel sends the a4solute alue o the rame num4er
(F*) which is the internal cloc+ o the BTS to%ether with the Base Station 2dentity
ode (BS2)
" *CCH: Broadcast ontrol hannel sends radio resource mana%ement and control
messa%es Location ,rea ode and so on
Some messa%es %o to all mo4iles others Kust to those that are in the idle state
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ommon ontrol hannels (:)
CCCH contains all point to multi-point do+nlink channels (BTS to
seeral MSs) and the uplink Random ,ccess hannel
" C*CH: ell Broadcast hannel is an o#tional channel or %eneral
inormation such as road traic re#orts sent in the orm o SMS
" PCH: 'a%in% hannel sends #a%in% si%nal to inorm mo4ile o a call
" (CH: Random ,ccess hannel is sent 4y the MS to reAuest a channel rom
the BTS or acce#t a handoer to another BTS
, channel reAuest is sent in res#onse to a ': messa%e
" ()CH: ,ccess Grant hannel allocates a dedicated channel (S:) to the
mo4ile
" .CH: *otiication hannel inorms MS a4out incomin% %rou# or
4roadcast calls
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edicated ontrol hannels (:)
'/CCH0 'tandalone /edicated Control Channel 1
2plink and /o+nlink
2sed for call setup, location update and '3'#
'(CCH0 'lo+ (ssociated Control Channel 1
2sed on 2plink and /o+nlink only in dedicated mode#
2plink '(CCH messages - 3easurement reports#
/o+nlink '(CCH messages - control info#
!(CCH0 !ast (ssociated Control Channel 1
2plink and /o+nlink#
(ssociated +ith TCH only#
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B9RST
" The Time Slots are arran%ed in a seAuence
conentionally num4ered 0 to
" ?ach re#etition o this seAuence is called a TM,
Frame
" The inormation content carried in one time slot is
called a C4urstD
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B9RST" 2normation
3 Main ,rea where the S#eech ata or ontrol ino is held
" Guard 'eriod
3 To ena4le the 4urst to hit the time slot (00H1ms)
" Stealin% Fla%s
3 7 4its are set when T: is to stolen 4y a F,:
" Trainin% SeAuence
3 For estimation o transer characteristics o #hysical media" Tail Bits
3 9sed to indicate 4e%innin% and end o the 4urst
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GSM Burst & TM, Frame
0 1 3 . / . / 30 1
FRAME 1 FRAME 2
Trainin5Se+,ence
0n*or'ation 0n*or'ation
GARD
.ERIODGARD
.ERIOD
TAIF BITS TAIF BITS
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Fie Ty#es o Burst" *ormal Burst
Traic & ontrol hannels Bi-directional
" FreAuency orrection Burst
F: ownlin+
" Synchroni/ation Burst
S: ownlin+
" ummy Burst
B: arrier ownlin+
" ,ccess Burst
R,: 9#lin+
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all Scenarios
" Mo4ile to Mo4ile
3 2ntra-city
3 2nter-city
" Mo4ile to Land
3 2ntra-city
3 2nter-city
" Land to Mo4ile 3 2ntra-city
3 2nter-city
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Mo4ile To Land SeAuence
1
3
CHANNEF REJEST
DCCH ASSIGN
SIGNAFFING FIN
ESTABFISHED
REJEST OR SERICE
SET CI.HER MODE
SET$.
EJI.MENT ID
REJEST
ATHENTICATION
MS BSS MSC FR HFR .STNEIR
RACH
AGCH
SDCCH
SDCCH
Call
Info
.
/
CR
CC
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7
COM.FEFTE CAFF
CAFF .ROCEEDING
% ASSIGNMENT COMMAND
INITIAF & INAFADDRESS 1IAM2
ASSIGNMENT COM.FETE
1ACM2
9
ANSWER1ANS299
CONNECT ACNOWFEDGE
SDCCH
SDCCH
ASSIGNMENT COM.FEFTE
MS HEARS RINGTONE
ROM FAND .HONE
AFTERING
RING TONE
STO.S
CONNECT
1!'annel2
1TCH2
ACCH
ACCH
ACCH
TCH
1!i"!it2
AACH
BIFFING STARTS
HelloK
MS BSS MS
C
FR HFR .STN EIR
all ontt
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Su##lementary Serices" allin% Line 2dentiication
3 'resent
3 ,4sent
" onnect Line 2dentiication 3 'resent
3 ,4sent
" losed 9ser Grou# - 9G
3 .nly incomin%
3 .nly out%oin%
" .#erator ontrolled Barrin%
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ata Sericesata rates su##orted as o today areata rates su##orted as o today are
7< ;4#s7< ;4#s
<6 ;4#s<6 ;4#s
5E ;4#s5E ;4#s
G'RS & ?G? im#lementation ta+es the dataG'RS & ?G? im#lementation ta+es the data
ca#a4ility to hi%her leel o the order o 16<ca#a4ility to hi%her leel o the order o 16<
+4#s and more+4#s and more
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Customer..Expectation
• Good coverage – where ever he goes
• Good quality
• No loc!i"g
• #alue added services– $M$
– #oice %ail
– MM$
–Call &orward'call waiti"g– (ata'i"ter"et at high data rates
– )re)aid
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Basic Network Design Objecties
*he asic o+ectives o& a wireless syste% are,
– C-#ERAGE, )rovide su.cie"t cell sites to deliver RF coverageo& the e"tire desired area/
– 03(NG'#E4C3E 5ENE*RA*-N, deliver su.cie"t sig"allevels to adequately )e"etrate uildi"gs a"d vehicles where
a))ro)riate/– *RAFFC, e"sure that "o cell ca)tures %ore tra.c tha" it ca"
ha"dle at the desired grade o& service 6i/e/7 loc!i"g)erce"tage8
– 5ERF-RMANCE, desig"7 co"struct7 a"d ad+ust the "etwor! todeliver reliale service &ree &ro% e9cessive origi"atio" a"d call
delivery &ailures7 dro))ed calls7 quality i%)air%e"ts7 a"dservice outages/
– EC-N-MC$, )rovide retur" o" i"vest%e"t su.cie"t to su))orto)erati"g a"d ca)ital e9)e"ses7 e9)a"d the "etwor! to ta!eadva"tage o& growth o))ortu"ities7 a"d retire costs o&co"structio" )rior to de)reciatio" o& the "etwor! equi)%e"t/
!i h " l D i
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!igh "eel Design
0np,ts
– Covera5e ob:ectives• Area covera5e ob:ectives
• Covera5e penetration ob:ectives
– Morpolo5y data6cl,tter in*or'ation
– Terrain data and ;ector 'aps
– Tra<c ob:ectives
• N,'ber o* s,bscribers de9ned
• Tra<c per s,bscriber de9ned• Desired 5rade o* service de9ned
– City re5,lations
– BTS 7ard8are speci9cations
– "in1 B,d5et
– B,siness and "o5istical ob:ectives
• Capital b,d5et
• Ti'in5! la,nc data
• peratin5 reven,e ;s total costs
• ,tp,t
– Cell database and tra<c 'odel
– Co'posite covera5e plot
– &+,al po8er ando> bo,ndaries plot
CB + dD 2 2 ti
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CBac+%roundD 2ssues 2m#actin% System esi%n
• Site ac+,isition– Availability o* s,itable candidate (b,ildin5 or land)
– 8ner interest
– Cost o* leasin5
– Fre+,ency clearance (SACFA)
– Govern'ent a,tority approval– Space constraints and oter constr,ction iss,es
• Candidate "ocation ? line o* si5t to te ob:ective
• Cl,tter type
• Terrain variations
• $ysical Bloc1in5 ? b,ildin5s oardin5s
• @ater
• M,'bai ? 7i5 end i5 tra<c areas are very close to8ater
Ma1es RF desi5n ',c 'ore callen5in5
• Deviation *ro' desired location i'pacts s,rro,ndin5
site locations
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Design considerations o# Network $%&M'CDMA(
" 9nderstand %eo%ra#hical area as #er license a%reement
" eine coera%e e8#ectations in terms
3 .n road coera%e
3 2n-4uildin% coera%e (dierent #enetration mar%ins)
" a#acity considerations 3 4usy hour #er su4scri4er call attem#ts andminutes o use (?rlan%s)
" 1 ?rlan% is 1 call o 1 hour duration
" ecide num4er o sites 4ased on coera%e ca#acity reAuirement
" 'ro#a%ation tools used or this analysis
" Finali/e e8act site locations ater ield surey
" 2nitiate candidate identiication #rocess
" Site acAuisition>antenna #ositionin%
" Modiy e8istin% desi%n i site location chan%es
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,r))ic ?
!rowth
nly&i&
"y&tem
:#timi&tion
"ite 8o'erge
8on)irmtion
"ite "erch ?
"election
;ro#gtion
model
'eri)iction
"y&tem@"ite
7imen&ioning
2F ?9etwork
;lnning
Mrket
2equirement
"ite cqui&ition
"ite 6uild
:#ertionl
9etwork
"ite "erch
;ln
;er)ormnceMonitoring
Flow hart or *etwor+ e#loyment
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GSM 'lannin% Ste#s" $arious ste#s are listed 4elow
3 surey
3 Model Tunin%
3 *ominal 'lannin%
3 RF site Sureys 3 Reali/ed 'lannin%
3 FreAuency 'lannin%
" 2m#lementation
" .#timi/ation 3 rie Testin%
3 'erormance ,nalysis
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*ominal 'lannin%
" 2t consists o #lannin% a set o sites on #lannin%
tool so as to #redict the coera%e o the tar%et
area
" Tool needs to 4e made intelli%ent so as to #redict
the coera%e as close as #ossi4le to actual
coera%e
" oera%e #lots are 4ased on customer intensiono #roidin% indoor and outdoor coera%e
M b i C E t ti B d
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Mumbai ) Coerage Expectation Boundar*
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Coverage Maps – Reverse Link.
Colaba
Malaba" Hill
Ma-gaon
L?:)B33 :$ +all !o>e"age
46$:)B 3 : Wall Co>e"age
4:$46 )B 3 4$: Wall Co>e"age
97$4:)B3 4$: Wall Co>e"age
9;$97 )B 3 4 Wall Co>e"age
7$9;)B 3 9$4+all Co>e"age
7 )B 3 On Roa)$9 Wall Co>e"age
)B 3 On Roa)/No Co>e"age
In)oo" Co>e"age3
.enet"ation Ma"gin Fegen)
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Composite Coerage +lot
• 5ro)agatio" %odels are used to)redict coverage &ro% a )articularsite
• A co%)osite coverage )lot shows theoverall coverage )roduced y eachsector i" the :eld o& view
• *he color o& each )i9el corres)o"ds
to the sig"al level o& the stro"gestserver at that )oi"t
• $uch )lots are use&ul &or ide"ti&yi"gcoverage holes a"d overall coveragee9te"t
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lutter Ty#es
" lutter ty#es
3 ense 9r4an
3 9r4an
3 Su4 9r4an
3 Rural
3 ater
3 $e%etation 3 2ndustrial
3 Forest
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RF sureys
" ?ach nominal has a search rin% deined 4y the RF'lanner
" andidates needs to 4e identiied as close as
#ossi4le to the nominal within the search rin%
" :ei%ht orientations & antenna #lacement at siteare the +ey RF #arameter which are 4ased u#onthe coera%e reAuirement in the area
" MaKor o4structions and clutter ty#e in ariousdirections to 4e o4sered on RF surey
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RF sureys
" ?Aui#ment reAuired or RF Surey 3 G'S
3 i%ital amera
3 Binoculars
3 Ma%netic om#ass
" There mi%ht 4e H or more candidates sureys orone site
" ?ach candidate would hae an RF surey ormand #anoramic associated with it
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rie Testin%" rie testin% is an im#ortant actiity to %et statistics & %ra#hs oncoera%e Auality & ca#acity in the downlin+ direction
" rie test setu# 3 T tool ?n%ineerin% :andset G'S
accessories
" all in 7 modes"edicated 3 while the mo4ile is on call
"2dle 3 while the mo4ile is idle
2m#ortant #arameters o4sered durin% drie testin%
"oera%e 3 R8 leel (Full & Su4)
"uality 3 R8ual & S2
":andoer ro##ed call *ei%h4or list T,
&electing and ,uning
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&electing and ,uning+ropagation Models
• 5ara%eters o& )ro)agatio"%odels %ust e ad+usted &orest :t to actual drive;test%easured data i" the areawhere the %odel is a))lied
• *he :gure at right shows
drive;test sig"al stre"gthsotai"ed usi"g a testtra"s%itter at a" actual testsite
• *ools auto%ate the )rocess o&co%)ari"g the %easured data
with its ow" )redictio"s7 a"dderivi"g error statistics
• 5redictio" %odel )ara%etersthe" ca" e <tu"ed= to%i"i%ize oserved error
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rie Test Screen
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-hat is +er#ormance Optimiation/
• *he words <)er&or%a"ce o)ti%izatio"= %ea" di>ere"t thi"gs todi>ere"t )eo)le7 viewed &ro% the )ers)ective o& their ow" +os
• $yste% 5er&or%a"ce -)ti%izatio" i"cludes %a"y di>ere"t s%aller)rocesses at %a"y )oi"ts duri"g a syste%?s li&e
– recog"izi"g a"d resolvi"g syste%;desig";related issues 6ca"?tuild a crucial site7 too %uch overla)'so&t ha"do>7 coverage
holes7 etc/8– <cluster testi"g= a"d <cell i"tegratio"= to e"sure that "ew ase
statio" hardware wor!s a"d that call )rocessi"g is "or%al
– <:"e;tu"i"g= syste% )ara%eters to wri"g out the est )ossilecall )er&or%a"ce
– ide"ti&yi"g causes o& s)eci:c )role%s a"d custo%er
co%)lai"ts7 a"d :9i"g the%– care&ully watchi"g syste% tra.c growth a"d the )role%s it
causes ; i%)le%e"ti"g short;ter% :9es to ease <hot s)ots=7 a"drecog"izi"g )role%s e&ore they eco%e critical
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.#timi/ation
" .#timisation is an on%oin% #rocess o analysin% networ+ #erormance
a%ainst uality o Serice tar%ets
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'erormance
"Measurements o networ+ #erormance coer
" Traic in erlan%s
" T: and S: Grade o Serice (on%estion)
" all success rate
" :andoer ailure
" oera%e area
" oera%e Auality
" Su4scri4er 4ase and %rowth
" ;ey 'erormance 2ndicators (;'2) are measura4le dynamic
#arameters that hel# to tar%et areas o concern
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;'2@s
" ,##ro#riate ;'2s to use de#end on
" The nature o the networ+
" ata sources aaila4le
" Measurement tools aaila4le
" ,4ility o en%ineerin% team
" ost o networ+ inrastructure
" Sources o data include
" Sureyed data - rom drie tests" *etwor+ statistics - rom .M
" Field en%ineer re#orts
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Radio 2nterace .#timi/ation" Transmission Timin%
" 'ower ontrol
" $, $oice ,ctiity etector and T
" Multi#ath Fadin%
" ?Auali/ation
" iersity
" FreAuency :o##in%
" ,ntenna 'arameters ( :ei%ht ,/imuth Tilts )
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,ntenna Tilts
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,ntenna Tilts
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Benchmar+in%"Sureyed data rom test-mo4ile measurements can 4e used to
4enchmar+ system #erormance a%ainst that o a com#etitor
" 'ro4lems that may 4e identiied rom sureyed data
" 'oor coera%e
" 9ne8#ected intererence
" Missin% handoer deinitions
" 2nstallation #ro4lems at BTS
" Test-mo4ile measurements should include
" continuous calls to test coera%e
" re#etitie short calls to test call-success
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.eriew
RF Planning Tool
Drive Test Tool
Optimization Tool
MapInfo
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