guide to coshh risk assessment

8/10/2019 Guide to COSHH Risk Assessment

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/guide-to-coshh-risk-assessment 1/23

The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) requires employers to protectstaff and other people against health risks that may arise from work activities with hazardoussubstances. Managers and principal investigators must ensure that work is not undertaken with

hazardous substance unless a suitable and sufficient assessment of the risks created by that work has been undertaken and suitable and sufficient control measures identified and implemented so as toreduce the risk to the lowest level reasonably practicable. COSHH risk assessments must address theroutine and non-routine aspects of the work and there must be emergencies procedures. All workersincluding staff and students must be properly informed, trained and supervised to enable them tosafely and competently perform the work. COSHH risk assessments must be carried out by competent

persons. The manager or principal investigator of the work is responsible for ensuring the risksassociated with the work are properly assessed and recorded. The requirements of other legislationsuch as those relating to work with dangerous substances under the Dangerous Substances andExplosive Atmospheres Regulations (DSEAR) must also be taken into account for work withhazardous substances. This guidance briefly summarises duties which apply to work with hazardoussubstances and describes how to carry out a COSHH risk assessment for human health, safety and theenvironment. It is not a comprehensive overview of the law and it does not include all of the legalrequirements. Detailed guidance on work with hazardous substances is given in the HSE Control ofSubstances Hazardous to Health: Approved Code of Practice and Guidance and HSE COSHH: ABrief Guide to the Regulations.

Guide to COSHH Risk Assessment

• HSE Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations: Approved Code of Practice andGuidance

• HSE COSHH: A Brief Guide to the Regulations

Guidance documents can be obtained from the HSE website.

Hazardous Substances

The COSHH Regulations defines substances as natural or artificial substances whether in solid orliquid form or in the form of a gas or vapour and including microorganisms. This includes substanceswhich have been supplied or which have been produced by a work activity (eg fumes, vapour,aerosols, products and waste materials). Substances hazardous to health are substances including

preparations which are classified as very toxic, toxic, harmful, corrosive, irritant, carcinogenic, dust, biological agent, any substance assigned a workplace exposure limit (WEL) and any substance that isused or present in the workplace that creates a risk to health. The scope of COSHH may includematerials used directly in work (eg chemicals, paints or cleaning materials), materials that arise fromwork (eg dust, fumes or waste products) or other materials (eg allergens derived from laboratoryanimals). The following hazardous substances are covered by COSHH:

(a) Chemicals.Chemicals which are classified under the Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging forSupply) Regulations (CHIP) as one or more of the following:

Very toxicToxicHarmfulCorrosiveIrritantSensitising

Carcinogenic

http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/priced/l5.pdf




http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg136.pdf







MutagenicToxic to reproduction

(b) Substances assigned a workplace exposure limit.Substances are assigned a workplace exposure limit (WEL) because of the potential risk fromtheir inhalation. These limits are published in HSE EH40 Workplace Exposure Limits forCOSHH.

(c) Dusts.Dusts of any kind whose average concentration in air exceed the levels specified in theregulations.

(d) Asphyxiant gases.Asphyxiant gases which act by reducing the oxygen content of the atmosphere. These includeinert gases, such as nitrogen and argon, but also certain flammable gases.

(e) Carcinogens and mutagens.COSHH provides specific advice because of the particular risks posed by these agents.

(f) Biological agents

(g) Any other substance hazardous to healthAny other substance hazardous to health not specifically covered by CHIP (eg medicines,

pesticides, cosmetics).

The following hazardous substances are not covered by COSHH:

(a) Substances only hazardous because they are radioactive.

The use of radioactive substances is separately covered by the Ionising Radiation Regulations (IRR).

(b) Substances only hazardous because they have explosive or flammable properties.The use of explosive or highly flammable substances is covered by the Dangerous Substances andExplosive Atmospheres Regulations (DSEAR).

(c) Substances only hazardous because they are at high pressure or at extreme temperatures.Work involving high pressures or extreme temperatures must be assessed and controlled as hazardsunder the more general Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations.

(d) Asbestos or lead.Because of their special properties these substances have their own regulations.

(e) Biological agents unrelated to work.Biological Agents which are not related to work and over which there is no control (eg someonecatching a cold from another person at work).



Essentials of COSHH Risk Assessment

Essential steps to protect human health and the environment from risks associated with hazardoussubstances.

1.

Assess risks to human health and the environment arising from the use of the hazardoussubstances in the work.2. Responsibility of managers and principal investigators.3. COSHH risk assessments must be done in advance and by competent persons.4. Consult and communicate with workers and safety officers.5. COSHH risk assessments and controls must be suitable and sufficient and proportionate to the

risks.6. Consider the hazardous substances and the work activity.7. Decide who or what might be harmed and how.8. Assess risks relating to hazardous substances.9. Decide what control measures are necessary to prevent or adequately control exposure and

minimise the risks.

10. Control measures must be implemented, monitored and maintained.11. Decide whether health surveillance and monitoring of exposure is required.12. Ensure there are plans and procedures to deal with emergencies.13. Ensure workers are properly informed, trained and supervised to enable them to safely and

competently perform the work.14. COSHH risk assessments and other relevant records must be kept by managers and principal

investigators.15. COSHH risk assessments must be reviewed and revised where they are no longer valid or where

there are significant changes to activity or risks.

Stage 1: Complete a COSHH Risk Assessment Form

A suitable and sufficient COSHH risk assessment is required by law for work involving the possession or use of hazardous substances or exposure to hazardous substances. The principalinvestigator or manager may delegate the preparation of a risk assessment to any competent memberof the team but responsibility for approving the risk assessment remains with the principalinvestigator or manager. Firstly you need to download a COSHH risk assessment form.

COSHH Risk Assessment Form - Hazardous Substances

The COSHH risk assessment should be completed using a computer and should not be written byhand. The terms hazard and risk have specific meanings in relation to substances hazardous to health.The hazard of a substance is the intrinsic property of that substance to cause harm such as its toxic,

carcinogenic, or flammable properties. The risk in relation to exposure to a hazardous substancemeans the likelihood that the potential for harm will be expressed under the conditions of use and theseverity of that harm. It is important to understand the difference between hazard and risk. The main

purpose of your COSHH risk assessment is to identify the hazardous substances, decide who and whatis at risk, assess the level of risks to human health and the environment, and decide on suitablecontrols to ensure that the work with the hazardous substances can be done safely. COSHH riskassessments are expected to be of a high standard, particularly in respect to clarity, justification ofstatements on hazards and risks and the identification of control measures. The risk assessment willenable valid decisions to be made about what needs to be done to prevent or control adequatelyexposure to substances hazardous to health. The work must be categorised on the basis of risks takinginto account the hazardous substances and the type of activity. Appropriate levels of containmentmust be adopted as must standards of occupational and environmental safety. An example of acompleted COSHH risk assessment form is given below. This is not a generic risk assessment and youmust do your own risk assessments for your work.

http://www.safety.ncl.ac.uk/uploads/COSHH%20Risk%20Assessment%20Form%20-%20Hazardous%20Substances%20v5.rtf

http://www.safety.ncl.ac.uk/uploads/COSHH%20Risk%20Assessment%20Form%20-%20Hazardous%20Substances%20v5.rtf



COSHH risk assessments need to be sufficiently specific but should be understood by non-experts (egworkers, safety officers or HSE inspectors). It is very important that the risk assessment is clear andstatements about risks and controls are properly justified. Avoid being unnecessarily restrictive andtry to anticipate future changes and incorporate these into the risk assessment. The introduction shouldoutline the background but be kept as brief as possible and focused on information needed tounderstand the risk assessment. Remember that you are writing a risk assessment not a grantapplication so you do not have to justify doing the work only that it will be done safely. Statementsabout risks should be explicitly justified. Probably the easiest way to justify most statements is toeither cite an appropriate reference or provide sufficient information and explanation. Appropriatereferences can include scientific publications, official guidance documents which are very useful butspecify section and paragraph numbers and commercial catalogues.

Basic Information

In this section you need to give basic information about the project or work and who is in responsiblefor management of the work.

Title of project or activity

You should provide the title of the project or activity in this section. The title should specify thenature of the work and the hazards.

Principal investigator / Responsible person

You should provide the name of the principal investigator or the manager who is in charge of theactivity in this section.

School

You should provide the name of your School (eg School, Institute or Unit etc).

Date of assessment

You should provide the date on which the assessment was carried out.

Location of work

You should provide the name of the building and room numbers or details of location for field work.



In this section you need to describe the work that you will be doing.

Section 1 Project or Activity

1.1: Brief description of the project or activity

You should provide a brief but sufficiently detailed description of the work to enable workers, other people and non-experts to understand the exact nature of the work. You should consider all of therelevant characteristics including the harmful and environmental properties of the hazardoussubstances.

Information sources

Proper assessment of the risks from hazardous substances requires sufficient information on thehazards and risks. Useful information can be found in the following resources.

•

University Safety Office website.• University Occupational Health Service website.• Health and Safety Executive website.• Royal Society of Chemistry.• Chemical safety textbooks.• Scientific papers.• Information from other research centres.• Materials hazard data sheets (MSDS).• Internet searches. A simple search using a search engine will often produce valuable information

and links to useful websites.

Useful websites

These websites provide important and useful information on hazardous substances and chemicalsafety.

• HSE Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations: Approved Code of Practice andGuidance

• HSE COSHH: A Brief Guide to the Regulations • Royal Society of Chemistry: Health, Safety and Environment Guidance • HSE Hazard Symbols, Risk and Safety Phrases • International Chemical Safety Cards

There are two basic means of exposure to hazardous substances at work. These are intentional workwith hazardous substances (eg work with hazardous substances) and unintentional work withhazardous substances (eg work which could give rise to exposure to hazardous substances).








http://www.rsc.org/ScienceAndTechnology/Policy/EHSC/EHSCGuidance.asp


http://www.hse.gov.uk/chip/phrases.htm


http://www.ilo.org/legacy/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/index.htm










Section 2 Hazards

In this section you need to describe the hazardous substances which will be used or to which peoplecould be exposed in the work.

2.1: Hazardous substances used and generated

You should provide details of the hazardous substances. The COSHH Regulations apply to a verywide range of substances: solid, liquid, gas or vapour. They apply to individual substances or complexmixtures wherever exposure might occur whether relating to scientific research, laboratory work, fieldwork, building maintenance or cleaning etc. The hazardous substances are classified into thefollowing types.

• Chemicals.• Carcinogens, mutagens or reproductive toxins.• Dusts or fumes.•

Asphyxiants.• Other substances hazardous to health.

Proper assessment of the risks from substances requires sufficient information on any hazardous properties. There are many sources of information used to identify the hazardous properties ofsubstances. Material safety data sheets (MSDS) contain important information as to the health andsafety hazards posed by proprietary chemicals or substances, required exposure control measures, firstaid requirements, spillage containment, safe disposal requirements, etc. It is a legal requirement thatthe supplier provide these at no cost. MSDS do not in themselves constitute a risk assessment, but aremerely the starting reference point for such an assessment, as the MSDS only gives you informationabout the substance itself. You must assess the risk from use of the substance in the actual workactivity. MSDS information can be obtained from company internet websites. There are also some

very useful independent websites for obtaining MSDS information. The information should be usedwith caution as the generic substance may not be identical to the substance you have, and this is

particularly important where a preparation or mixture of substances is concerned. In such cases youshould always obtain the dedicated product MSDS from the supplier.

Carcinogens and mutagens

Carcinogens are substances than can cause cancer while mutagens are substances that can causeheritable genetic damage. COSHH gives specific guidance on risk assessment of carcinogens andmutagens because of the peculiar nature of the risks associated with carcinogens and mutagens. The

basic principles are no different from those for risk assessment of other hazardous substances asdescribed elsewhere in COSHH and in this guidance, but due care should be taken to properly takeinto account the peculiar and insidious nature of the risk. Detailed guidance is provided in the HSECOSHH ACOP and Guidance.

CarcinogenCOSHH defines a carcinogen as a substance or preparation (ie a mixture or solution of two or moresubstances) which is either of the following.

• Substance or preparation which if classified in accordance with the classification provided for byregulation 4 of the CHIP Regulations would be in the category of danger, carcinogenic (category1) or carcinogenic (category 2) whether or not the substance or preparation would be required to

be classified under those regulations.• Substance or preparation listed in Schedule 1 of the COSHH Regulations or arising from a

process specified in Schedule 1 which is a substance hazardous to health.



• Classified for labelling purposes as carcinogenic category 1 or 2 carrying the risk phrases R45(May cause cancer), or R49 (May cause cancer by inhalation).

Substances or processes listed in Schedule 1 to the regulations are also included in the definition, because of historic evidence of a risk of cancer in humans, though the precise agent may be unclear.

The names assigned to the three categories of carcinogens are the following.• Category 1 Carcinogens: Substances known to cause cancer on the basis of human experience.• Category 2 Carcinogens: Substances which it is assumed can cause cancer on the basis of reliable

animal evidence.• Category 3 Carcinogens: Substances where there is only evidence in animals, which is of doubtful

relevance to human health (eg the evidence is not good enough for Category 1 or 2).

MutagenCOSHH defines a mutagen as a substance or preparation which is either of the following.

• Substance or preparation which if classified in accordance with the classification provided for byregulation 4 of the CHIP Regulations would be in the category of danger, mutagenic (category 1)or mutagenic (category 2) whether or not the substance or preparation would be required to beclassified under those regulations.

• Classified for labelling purposes as mutagenic category 1 or 2 carrying the risk phrase R46 (Maycause heritable genetic damage).

The names assigned to the three categories of mutagens are the following.

• Category 1 Mutagens: Substances known to cause heritable genetic damage on the basis of humanexperience.

• Category 2 Mutagens: Substances which it is assumed can cause heritable genetic damage on the basis of reliable animal evidence.

• Category 3 Mutagens: Substances where there is only evidence in animals, which is of doubtfulrelevance to human health (eg the evidence is not good enough for Category 1 or 2).

Category 3 carcinogens, with the risk phrase R40 (Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect), andCategory 3 mutagens, with the risk phrase R68 (Possible risk of irreversible effects) are not includedin the COSHH definitions of carcinogen and mutagen respectively, but are subject to the generalrequirements of COSHH. A comprehensive list of substances defined as carcinogens or mutagens forthe purposes of COSHH is in the HSE EH40 Workplace Exposure Limits. A number of knowncarcinogens are prohibited substances and a list of these substances is given in Schedule 2 of the

COSHH Regulations.

A. Hazarous substances

You should provide the names of all hazardous substances which will be used or could be generatedduring the activity or those substances to which people might be exposed during the work. The nameof each substance should be put in the relevant box. Some substances may go into more than one box(eg it may be a dust and a carcinogen).



B. Risk phrases

You should provide the risk (R) phrases for the substances. R phrases provide standard information onthe risks of substances. The specific phrases for each substance can be found on labels, material safetydata sheets or from information on supplier’s websites. The definitions of R phrases are given below:

• R1 Explosive when dry.• R2 Risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other source of ignition.• R3 Extreme risk of explosion by shock, friction, fire or other sources of ignition.• R4 Forms very sensitive explosive metallic compounds.• R5 Heating may cause an explosion.• R6 Explosive with or without contact with air.• R7 May cause fire.• R8 Contact with combustible material may cause fire.• R9 Explosive when mixed with combustible material.• R10 Flammable.• R11 Highly flammable.• R12 Extremely flammable.• R13 Extremely flammable liquefied gas.• R14 Reacts violently with water.• R15 Contact with water liberates extremely flammable gases.• R16 Explosive when mixed with oxidizing substances.• R17 Spontaneously flammable in air.• R18 In use, may form inflammable/explosive vapour-air mixture.• R19 May form explosive peroxides.• R20 Harmful by inhalation.• R21 Harmful in contact with skin.• R22 Harmful if swallowed.• R23 Toxic by inhalation.• R24 Toxic in contact with skin.• R25 Toxic if swallowed.• R26 Very toxic by inhalation.• R27 Very toxic in contact with skin.• R28 Very toxic if swallowed.• R29 Contact with water liberates toxic gas.• R30 Can become highly flammable in use.• R31 Contact with acids liberates toxic gas.• R32 Contact with acid liberates very toxic gas.• R33 Danger of cumulative effects.• R34 Causes burns.• R35 Causes severe burns.• R36 Irritating to eyes.• R37 Irritating to respiratory system.• R38 Irritating to skin.• R39 Danger of very serious irreversible effects.• R40 Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect.• R41 Risk of serious damage to the eyes.• R42 May cause sensitization by inhalation.• R43 May cause sensitization by skin contact.• R44 Risk of explosion if heated under confinement.• R45 May cause cancer.• R46 May cause heritable genetic damage.•

R47 May cause birth defects.• R48 Danger of serious damage to health by prolonged exposure.



• R49 May cause cancer by inhalation.• R50 Very toxic to aquatic organisms.• R51 Toxic to aquatic organisms.• R52 Harmful to aquatic organisms.• R53 May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.• R54 Toxic to flora.• R55 Toxic to fauna.• R56 Toxic to soil organisms.• R57 Toxic to bees.• R58 May cause long-term adverse effects in the environment.• R59 Dangerous to the ozone layer.• R60 May impair fertility.• R61 May cause harm to the unborn child.• R62 Risk of impaired fertility.• R63 Possible risk of harm to the unborn child.• R64 May cause harm to breastfed babies.• R65 Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed.•

R66 Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking.• R67 Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness.• R68 Possible risk of irreversible effects.

C. Safety phrases

You should provide the safety (S) phrases for the substances. S phrases provide standard informationon the suitable controls. The specific phrases for each substance can be found on labels, materialsafety data sheets or from information on supplier’s websites. The definitions of S phrases are given

below:

• S1 Keep locked up.• S2 Keep out of the reach of children.• S3 Keep in a cool place.• S4 Keep away from living quarters.• S5 Keep contents under ... (there follows the name of a liquid).• S6 Keep under ... (there follows the name of an inert gas).• S7 Keep container tightly closed.• S8 Keep container dry.• S9 Keep container in a well-ventilated place.• S12 Do not keep the container sealed.• S13 Keep away from food, drink and animal foodstuffs.• S14 Keep away from ... (a list of incompatible materials will follow).• S15 Keep away from heat.• S16 Keep away from sources of ignition.• S17 Keep away from combustible material.• S18 Handle and open container with care.• S20 When using, do not eat or drink.• S21 When using do not smoke.• S22 Do not breathe dust.• S23 Do not breathe vapour.• S24 Avoid contact with skin.• S25 Avoid contact with eyes.• S26 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical

advice.•

S27 Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.• S28 After contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty of soap-suds.



• S29 Do not empty into drains.• S30 Never add water to this product.• S33 Take precautionary measures against static discharges.• S35 This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe way.• S36 Wear suitable protective clothing.• S37 Wear suitable gloves.• S38 In case of insufficient ventilation, wear suitable respiratory equipment.• S39 Wear eye / face protection.• S40 To clean the floor and all objects contaminated by this material, use ... (there follows

suitable cleaning material).• S41 In case of fire and / or explosion do not breathe fumes.• S42 During fumigation / spraying wear suitable respiratory equipment.• S43 In case of fire use ... (there follows the type of fire-fighting equipment to be used.)• S45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the

label whenever possible.)• S46 If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label.• S47 Keep at temperature not exceeding...•

S48 To be kept wet with (there follows a material name).• S49 Keep only in the original container.• S50 Do not mix with ...• S51 Use only in well ventilated areas.• S52 Not recommended for interior use on large surface areas.• S53 Avoid exposure - obtain special instructions before use.• S56 Dispose of this material and its container at hazardous or special waste collection point.• S57 Use appropriate container to avoid environmental contamination.• S59 Refer to manufacturer / supplier for information on recovery / recycling.• S60 This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste.• S61 Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets.• S62 If swallowed, do not induce vomiting; seek medical advice immediately and show this

container or label.

D. Workplace Exposure Limits

A number of substances hazardous to health have been given a workplace exposure limit (WEL). AWEL is the maximum concentration limits of an airborne hazardous substance to which workers may

be exposed by inhalation. The HSE guidance document EH40 Workplace Exposure Limits containslistings of all current WEL assigned to airborne hazards and should be used in conjunction with theCOSHH Regulations. EH40 can be found at the links below on the HSE website.

• EH40/2007 Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL) - Table 1: List of Approved Workplace ExposureLimits

• EH40/2007 Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL) - Table 1: Supplementary Information • EH40/2007 Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL) - Table 2: Biological Monitoring Guidance

Values • EH40/2007 Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL) - Calculation Methods

These limits are set to protect the health of workers and are averaged over a specified time periodreferred to as a time weighted average (TWA). Two time periods are used: long term (8 hours) andshort term (15 minutes). The long term exposure limit (LTEL) is intended to control chronic effectsthat require prolonged or accumulated exposure (eg lung and liver disorders), whilst the short termexposure limit (STEL) are intended to control acute effects that may be evident after only briefexposures (eg respiratory irritations and eye lacrimation). The list also denotes whether a substance is

a respiratory sensitizer, or can be absorbed through the skin. In order to comply with the COSHHRegulations the WEL must not be exceeded. A substance that has not been assigned a WEL is not

http://www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/table1.pdf





http://www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/table1sup.pdf







http://www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/calcmethods.pdf










necessarily harmless. Seek advice from the supplier about suitable exposure levels (ie a level that willallow exposure day after day without any harmful health effects).

Section 3 Risks

In this section you need to describe the risks relating to the hazardous substances which will be usedor to which people will be exposed in the work. You must consider the ways by which harm could becaused from exposure to the hazardous substances in your work. You will then need to make anassessment of the overall level of risk of harm to human health and the environment from exposure tothe hazardous substances in the work to enable appropriate containment and control measures to beestablished.

3.1: Human diseases, illnesses or conditions associated with hazardous substances

You should provide details of any human diseases, illnesses or conditions associated with exposure tothe hazardous substances. For example, benzene can cause cancer and many organic solvents can

cause respiratory irritation or asthma.

3.2: Potential routes of exposure

You should provide details of the potential routes of exposure to the hazardous substances. The potential for hazardous substances to cause ill health will depend upon the manner in which thesubstance can harm the body (target organs, or systems, at risk), route of entry to the body by whichthe substance is hazardous (hazard route) and the route of entry which leads to exposure to thesubstance (exposure route). Substances may be harmful by one or more of the following exposureroutes. For example, the hazardous substance could enter by inhalation (eg respiratory problems,transfer into circulatory system, CNS disorders), ingestion (eg poisoning, gastrointestinal problems),injection (eg hypodermic needle stick, or cut by contaminated sharp, poisoning, transfer into

circulatory system, CNS disorders), or by absorption (eg corrosive burns, dermatitis, absorption intothe body through the skin, transfer into circulatory system, CNS disorders).

3.3: Use of hazardous substances

You should provide details of the use of hazardous substances or how people will be exposed to thesubstances. For example will the work be small, medium or large scale or will it involve fieldwork.

3.4: Frequency of use

You should provide details of how often the hazardous substances will be used or the activity carried

out or how often people will be exposed to the hazardous substances.

3.5: Maximum amount or concentration used

You should provide details of the maximum amount or concentration of hazardous substances used orto which people will be exposed.

3.6: Potential for exposure to hazardous substances

You should assume that no control measures are in place when assessing the overall potential forexposure to hazardous substances in the work. Note the scale of your proposed operation and thesignificant risks of harmful exposure of humans or the environment if things go wrong such as in theabsence or failure of control measures or a catastrophic event.



3.7: Who might be at risk

You should provide details of who will be doing the work and if any other people will be affected bythe work. Specify which persons might be directly at risk of exposure to the hazardous substances inthe work (eg staff, students) and who might be indirectly at risk (eg porters, cleaners, or maintenance

workers). Could people sharing your workplace be affected by your work (eg many labs host morethan one working group). Consider whether any particular groups of people might be at increased riskor adversely affected by the work and might not be able to do the work. These include new orexpectant mothers, young persons under 18, disabled workers, those allergic to particular substances,and employees who may be more susceptible to some illnesses because of their individual healthstatus. See the University Occupational Health Service website for information on these risks.

UOHS Occupational Health Surveillance Policy and Programme

If you need advice on these risks contact the University Occupational Health Service. There may also be stages in the process where other workers who are not members of your team are involved and may be affected (eg the stores person receiving the goods, the autoclave operator, those disposing of the

waste). Their line managers should of course ensure they are trained and that their own work isassessed.

3.8: Assessment of risk to human health

You need to decide on the overall level of risk of harm to human health from exposure to hazardoussubstances in this work. Please note that this is the level of risk without the use of controls. In thecontrols section you will specify the necessary control measures which are required to reduce the levelof exposure to the lowest level that is reasonably practicable and in any case to a level which isadequate to protect human health. To help you estimate the level of risk you should use theinformation below and the risk estimation matrix. This will give you an estimate of the potential risksto human health of the work. Select only one of the following terms: Effectively zero, Low,Medium/low, Medium or High.

3.9: Assessment of risk to environment

You need to decide on the overall level of risk of harm to the environment from exposure tohazardous substances in this work. Please note that this is the level of risk without the use of controls.In the controls section you will specify the necessary control measures which are required to reducethe level of exposure to the lowest level that is reasonably practicable and in any case to a level whichis adequate to protect the environment. This will give you an estimate of the potential risks to theenvironment of the work. Select only one of the following terms: Effectively zero, Low, Medium/low,Medium or High.

Estimating the level of risk

The risk of the activity is determined by the hazardous substance and how it’s used in the work. Thelevel of risk of harm is calculated from a combination of the likelihood and severity of harm caused ingiven circumstances.

Risk of harm = Likelihood x Severity (Effectively zero, Low, Medium/low, Medium or High)

• Severity of harm were it to occur (severe, moderate, minor, negligible).• Likelihood of harm occurring (high, medium, low, negligible).

In practice an estimate of the level of risk of harm can be calculated using a risk estimation matrix.

http://www.ncl.ac.uk/occupationalhealth/policy/index.php





Severity of harm Likelihood of harm High Medium Low Negligible

Severe High High Medium Effectively zero

Moderate High Medium Medium/low Effectively zeroMinor Medium/low Low Low Effectively zeroNegligible Effectively zero Effectively zero Effectively zero Effectively zero

Section 4 Controls

In this section you need to describe the control measures which will be used to protect people and theenvironment from exposure to the hazardous substances in the work. The COSHH Regulationsrequire that the risks of exposure to hazardous substances is either prevented, or where this is notreasonably practicable then adequately controlled. Control measures are actions taken or systems usedto reduce the risks of exposure to hazardous substances. These include engineering controls (eg

containment laboratories, safety cabinets and fume cupboards), management controls (eg safeoperating procedures, training, supervision) and personal protective equipment (eg lab coats, gloves,spectacles). The purpose of the COSHH risk assessment process is to enable you to select the mostsuitable controls or combination of controls that are proportionate to the risk. Where practicable, non-harmful or less harmful substances must be substituted for harmful ones and only if it is notreasonably practicable to prevent exposure to substances, should employers select control measures toreduce the risk of exposure to an acceptable level. Detailed guidance on work with hazardoussubstances is given in the HSE COSHH Approved Code of Practice and Guidance and HSE COSHH:A Brief Guide to the Regulations.

• HSE Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations: Approved Code of Practiceand Guidance

• HSE COSHH: A Brief Guide to the Regulations

Specific control measures and containment levels are required for activities with hazardous substancesand these are described in the COSHH Regulations and extensive guidance is given in the HSECOSHH Approved Code of Practice and Guidance. The controls required for the hazardoussubstances must be specified in the COSHH risk assessment and implemented.

Principles of Good Practice for Control of Exposure to Hazardous Substances

The COSHH Regulations specify principles of good practice for the control of exposure to substanceshazardous to health which employers must follow to protect their employees. To achieve the

appropriate level of control you should select and apply the appropriate control measures from thoseapproved by the COSHH Regulations.

a. Design and operate processes and activities to minimise emission, release and spread ofsubstances hazardous to health.

b. Take into account all relevant routes of exposure, inhalation, skin absorption and ingestion, whendeveloping control measures.

c. Control exposure by measures that are proportionate to the health risk.d. Choose the most effective and reliable control options which minimise the escape and spread of

substances hazardous to health.e. Where adequate control of exposure cannot be achieved by other means, provide, in combination

with other control measures, suitable personal protective equipment.f. Check and review regularly all elements of control measures for their continuing effectiveness.













g. Inform and train all employees on the hazards and risks from the substances with which they workand the use of control measures developed to minimise the risks.

h. Ensure that the introduction of control measures does not increase the overall risks to health andsafety.

Specific containment and control measures are required for activities with hazardous substances andthese are described in the HSE COSHH Approved Code of Practice and Guidance.

Controls

Control measures will predominantly reflect the potential routes of exposure or release. Thus wherethe airborne route is the significant contributor, risk control measures to be considered would includethe use of a fume cupboard (chemical) or a safety cabinet. If the substances are hazardous throughingestion, then the main measure is likely to be through good laboratory hygiene. Finally if absorptionthrough the skin or via a skin puncture could result in harm, some form of skin cover would benecessary, mainly through hand and face protection. The COSHH Regulations include special

provisions for preventing or adequately controlling exposure to carcinogens and mutagens. The major

reasons for this are that the development of the clinical effects may take many years after firstexposure, often with no early warning of adverse effects, and that cancer is frequently fatal. By theirvery nature there is no absolutely safe amount of these substances. Broadly, the control of risksinvolves a systematic approach which requires the application of the most effective control measureswhich are reasonably practicable and the selection of risks control measures should be done using ahierarchical approach. The most effective control measures must be used in preference to the leasteffective ones starting with elimination, followed by substitution, engineering controls, managementcontrols and lastly PPE. Once you have decided that you cannot eliminate or substitute less hazardoussubstances, you are required to implement control measures that prevent or minimise exposure to risk.Control measures should be selected in this order of priority according to the level of risk identified inthe COSHH risk assessment.

1. Elimination.

Redesigning the work to remove the hazardous substance. For example, changing the process,technique or activity so that the substance is not needed or generated. If hazard elimination is notsuccessful or practical then the next control measure is considered.

2. Substitution.

Replace the hazardous substance or material or process with a less hazardous one. For example, theuse of a less toxic chemical, a less volatile or flammable solvent, a different form of the samechemical, or a non-carcinogen instead of a carcinogen. If no suitable replacement is available then the

next control measure is considered.

3. Engineering controls.

Installing or using additional machinery such as local exhaust ventilation to control the risk. Forexample, separating the hazardous substance from workers by methods such as using fume cupboards.If this method is not effective then the next control measure is considered.

4. Administrative controls.

Procedures to organise and do the work safely. For example, reducing the time the worker is exposed

to the hazardous substance. It could also include safe work practices, the prohibition of eating anddrinking in laboratories, the provision of training and the performance of risk assessments. The scale



or frequency of the procedure or quantities used could be reduced. Only after all the previousmeasures have been tried and found to be ineffective in controlling the risks should personal

protective equipment be considered.

5. Personal protective equipment.This is the last control measure to be considered. If chosen, personal protective equipment (PPE)should be selected and fitted to the person who uses it. In most cases a combination of engineeringcontrols, management controls and PPE are chosen to effectively control the risks. Where PPE is themain control method it should where practical be used in conjunction with another method of PPE andsafe work practices.

General control measures should include systems and procedures for safe use, handling, storage andtransport of hazardous substances, sharps, maintenance of equipment, reducing numbers of exposed

persons, duration of exposure and quantities to the minimum, controlling the working environment,appropriate disinfection and decontamination, safe collection, storage and disposal of contaminatedwaste, displaying hazard warning signs and using appropriate hygiene measures. When deciding onthe sort of control measures that you intend to use the most important requirement is that control ofexposure should be achieved by the most effective means and this must not be only by the use of

personal protective equipment where more effective measures can be used. In practice a combinationof control measures are often used to reduce the risks of exposure to the hazardous substances. Insome cases depending on the activity additional control measures may also be necessary or in other casesless stringent control measures may be applied. Once you have decided on the appropriate controls thenthey must be implemented and used. The controls must be used to reduce the level of exposure to thelowest level that is reasonably practicable and at least to a level which is adequate to protect humanhealth, safety and the environment.

Control measures which are used to prevent or control exposure to hazardous substances are properlymaintained, examined and tested to ensure that they are working efficiently. The control measuressubject to detailed examination and testing include engineering controls, local exhaust ventilation(LEV), which includes fume cupboards, microbiological safety cabinets and extract ventilation forequipment, and respiratory protective equipment (RPE). The precise nature of the maintenance,examination and test and degree of competence of the tester will vary depending on the nature of theequipment. Controls must be visually inspected periodically and maintained according to themanufacturer’s instructions. LEV must be regularly maintained and thoroughly examined and testedat least once every 14 months. Respiratory protective equipment must be thoroughly examined andtested at suitable intervals. People carrying out examinations and tests must be competent. Whereequipment is simple and its operation easily checked a local examination might be sufficient.However, where more complex systems are in use an examination by an external specialist is likely to

be required. This will be undertaken by the institution where such systems form an integral part of a buildings fabric such as air handling systems and fume cupboards which are externally ducted to theroof of a building. Personal protective equipment (PPE) used to protect workers should be stored,checked and cleaned in such ways as to prevent the equipment being a contaminated by hazardoussubstances. There must be an effective fault reporting system established. The requirement to inspectand test extends to administrative controls where it may be work practices that ensure adequatecontrol and in these circumstances such systems should be subject to regular monitoring andinspection. Suitable records of any testing and examination of controls must be kept.

4.1: Containment

You should provide details of where the work will be done and how the hazardous substances will be properly contained. It’s important to consider the potential routes of exposure in deciding what sort ofcontrol measures will be required. Consider if the work can be done in a laboratory or will specialised



facilities be required. Will the work require total enclosure (eg glove box, flexible film isolators orClass 3 safety cabinets), partial enclosure (eg fume cupboard, Class 1 or 2 safety cabinets), localexhaust ventilation (eg exhaust ducting from machine tools, soldering or welding operations, somelaboratory equipment) or general ventilation (eg animal rooms or containment laboratories). Youshould also consider whether you will need to control access to the area where the work will be done

by limiting it to authorised persons only.

Local exhaust ventilation

The fundamental purpose of local exhaust ventilation (LEV) is to entrain contamination in a stream ofair and either dilute it or filter it so that it poses less of a risk to the operator and those nearby. Therisk assessment process will show when and what type of LEV might be necessary. Some LEV isrelatively portable and used to reduce exposure to substances such as soldering fume, or dusts orvapours of low to medium toxicity or of nuisance value that are produced from a single small source.

Fume cupboards

Fume cupboards are safety devices designed to protect workers who are using hazardous chemicals.Air is sucked into the cabinet past the worker through the front of the fume cupboard. The fumecupboard is so designed that one air stream passes along the base diluting and sweeping away anydense vapour and passing under a baffle plate at the back of the cupboard. This then travels up ductingto a fan on the roof. Another air stream sweeps out the main body of the cupboard, again diluting anyvapour and then passes over the top of the baffle plate and from there to the roof. The fume cupboard

protects the user against harmful substances by containing substances within the body of the unit,diluting to a safe level, removing and discharging safely above the roof where it is further dispersedinto the atmosphere, and when the front sash has been pulled down to the working level it protects theuser’s face and eyes from any projected chemical from a vigorous event. Fume cupboards should beselected, installed and maintained according to the British Standards. The fume cupboard is a workarea and must not be used as a storage space. Large objects in the fume cupboard will disrupt the airflows which can lead to loss of containment which can in turn lead to the user being affected by thehazardous vapour. Before using a fume cupboard, ensure that the unit is switched on, there is airflowinto the cabinet and there is nothing in the fume cupboard apart from equipment and materials neededfor the activity. Other pieces of equipment and hazardous chemicals that are not required should beremoved.

LEVAs well as fume cupboards and microbiological safety cabinets a range of other LEV may be in use.To comply with the COSHH regulations all such equipment requires regular maintenance and

periodic thorough examination and test at no more than 14 monthly intervals. As such equipment is ofvaried type and is often highly specialised provided by the user school, responsibility for themaintenance and testing of this rests with the host school. Managers therefore need to identify suchequipment and make appropriate arrangements for its maintenance and periodic examination. Thefeatures of an LEV system and some commonly encountered extraction systems are described below.These provide an indication of the breadth of equipment types that may be classed as LEV. Most LEVsystems will include the following basic features, a hood, enclosure, or other inlet to collect andcontain the contaminant close to its source, ductwork to convey the contaminant to a suitabledischarge point, and a fan or air-mover to produce the required airflow. Some systems may alsoincorporate filters or additional discharge pipework. Note that although many systems will dischargeair to the atmosphere, some LEV systems may filter air before discharging cleaned air back to theworking area. Both total discharging and recirculating systems are subject to the COSHH regulations.Building ventilation systems that provide general air circulation or dilution ventilation are notgenerally classed as LEV systems but, if reliance is being placed on them for removal of hazardous

substances, they will require similar standards of maintenance to ensure that they are effective.



(a) Workshop Fume Extraction Systems.

Fixed systems typically consist of a captor hood, fan and ducting and usually discharge directly toatmosphere. Portable fume extractors are also available. These consist of a portable unit that

incorporates a fan, filtration system and a flexible ducting with an inlet that can be positioned close tothe fume source.

(b) Woodworking dust extraction equipment.

Fixed woodworking machinery produces large quantities of dust and it is common for such equipmentto be connected to a fixed workshop LEV system with a system of captor enclosures attached to eachmachine. Exhaust air is usually discharged to atmosphere after passing through a filtration system toremove the wood dust. Many portable woodworking power tools produce significant quantities ofdust and it is often necessary to contain this by use of a LEV system that is directly attached to thetool. Most modern workshop equipment includes features to allow use of attached LEV. Usually theequipment is simply attached to an industrial vacuum cleaner by suitable flexible ducting. It is

important that vacuums used for this purpose are fitted with suitable types of filter and advice should be sought from suppliers if required. In some cases extraction outlets for portable tools may be provided directly from a workshop extraction system rather than by use of portable vacuum cleaners.

(c) Laboratory LEV systems.

In laboratories fume cupboards and microbiological safety cabinets are a very useful containmentdevices but worker protection can sometime be achieved more effectively by specific LEV. Oneexample of this is the use of ventilated downdraft tables and ventilated sinks which produce anairflow that draws fumes away from the worker.

(d) Other examples of laboratory type LEV include animal cage changing stations, dental benches,clean room benches and emergency fume extractors.

4.2: Other controlsYou should provide details of any special control measures that you intend to use for this work (egavoidance of use of sharps, hygiene measures etc).

When selecting the appropriate measures for controlling the risks of carcinogens or mutagens, the potential for long term and possibly fatal effects must be taken into account. Priority should be givento the elimination or substitution of the chemical in question with a non-carcinogen or non-mutagen.If alternatives are not reasonably practicable then this must be stated with explicit reasons in the riskassessment. If chemicals are synthesized, then synthetic routes should be chosen which avoid the useof carcinogenic or mutagenic substances at the start, or as part of any process or activity. If possible,avoid the formation of by products, intermediates, wastes or residual containments consisting of orcontaining carcinogenic or mutagenic substances. If no suitable alternative to the carcinogen ormutagen is available, exposure to the chemical must be prevented by the best practicable means andfollowing the hierarchy of control measures. Because of the nature of the risks posed by carcinogensand mutagens, it is particularly important to select the most effective measures possible. Strict controlmeasures should be adopted including for example, totally enclosed process and handling, extensivecleaning and disinfection procedures, safe storage and disposal and prohibition of eating and drinking.The storage, use and disposal of carcinogenic or mutagenic substances require careful control.Carcinogenic or mutagenic substances used in the workplace should be kept to the minimum neededfor the process. Clearly identify the areas in which exposure to carcinogens or mutagens may occurand take measures to prevent the spread of contamination within and beyond these areas. The number

of people likely to be exposed to carcinogenic or mutagenic substances and the duration of theirexposure must be kept to the minimum necessary for the work. Non essential personnel must be



excluded. Where appropriate, store and transport them on site in closed containers, clearly labelledand with clearly visible warning and hazard signs. Clearly label and securely store carcinogenic ormutagenic waste products until they are removed according to the proper procedures for removal ofhazardous waste.

4.3: Storage of hazardous substancesYou should consider at this stage the quantity you need and the facilities required to store thehazardous substances or materials. Special conditions may also be required such as ventilation andsecurity. You should take care not to store incompatible chemicals with or close to each other.

4.4: Transport of hazardous substancesYou should provide details of how you will safely transport the hazardous substances or materials.For example will the substances or materials need special packaging or multiple containment.

4.5: Personal protective equipment (PPE)You should provide details of the personal protective equipment (PPE) which will be required to

protect the body, hands, eyes, face etc (eg laboratory coats, gloves or eye protection). The risk

assessment may specify that PPE is required to control exposure to a hazardous substance when it isnot possible to achieve adequate control over exposure by any other means and then it should be usedonly in addition to other appropriate measures. The PPE must be suitable to adequately protect againsta particular hazardous substance. Consider the potential routes of exposure to the hazardoussubstances when deciding on appropriate PPE. All PPE must be carefully selected and properlymaintained including cleaning and workers should be fully trained in its use and limitations. It isimportant that the PPE is used appropriately.

4.6: Respiratory protective equipment (RPE)You should provide details of the respiratory protective equipment (RPE) which will be required to

protect the respiration (eg disposable masks, respirators or breathing apparatus). The RPE must besuitable to adequately protect against a particular hazardous substance and this is particularly

important for respiratory protection. Consider the potential routes of exposure to the hazardoussubstances when deciding on appropriate RPE. RPE which relies on a tight-fit to the face for

protection (disposable filtering dust mask, reusable half face and full face masks, and breathingapparatus) must be face-fit tested for each individual wearer. Testing must be carried out by trainedcompetent persons. Once face fit tested to a particular respirator (type and manufacturer) a certificateof test must be obtained and this recorded. The worker must only wear that type and manufacture ofrespirator on which they were tested and do not require to be retested unless their facial characteristicschange significantly (eg weight loss, major dentistry). Wearers of respirators that rely on a tight fit tothe face for protection must be clean shaven in the area of the respirator face seal. Facial hair, orstubble, compromises the face seal and such people must not be supplied with a tight fitting respiratoras a means of exposure control. A respirator option for those with beards is a powered hood whichsupplies filtered air at positive pressure to the breathing zone of the wearer by a soft or hard top hoodthat encompasses the head.

Disposable respirators (eg dust masks) only protect against some particulate, fume and oil or water based mists (all classed as particulate) and they do not provide protection against gases or vapours.Disposable respirators or filtering face piece (FFP) masks are available in three classes P1, P2 and P3

providing differing protection factors. For protection against hazardous substances reusable half orfull face respirators require to be fitted with filters suitable to protect against the particular hazard

present in the work. Detailed advice on this should be sought from the respirator manufacturer. AllRPE must be carefully selected to be appropriate, properly maintained and serviced includingcleaning and workers should be fully trained in its use and limitations. RPE must be thoroughlyexamined and tested at suitable intervals.



4.7: Waste management and disposalYou should provide details of how hazardous substances will be managed and disposed of when theyare no longer required. Consider the types of waste materials (eg solids, liquids, gases, organic,inorganic, mixed etc). Some substances may need to be inactivated before disposal. Use puncture

proof, leak proof, sealable containers for sharps (Sharps bins). Dispose of waste safely usingappropriate containers and route. Waste must be safely stored, transported and disposed. Some workmay require specialised waste disposal. For chemicals it is often a false economy to save money by

buying more than you need only to be faced with the problem later of disposal.

4.8: Monitoring exposureIn some cases specialized monitoring may be required to measure personal exposure or environmentallevels of certain especially harmful hazardous substances (eg allergens or certain very toxicchemicals). COSHH requires that you measure the concentration of hazardous substances in the airwhere the risk assessment concludes that there could be serious risks to health if control measuresfailed or deteriorated, workplace exposure limits might be exceeded or control measures might not beworking properly. This is not required if you can show by another method of evaluation that you are

preventing or adequately controlling exposure to your employees. Special monitors can be used for

continuous monitoring of levels of oxygen or carbon dioxide such as where asphyxiant gases are usedor stored. Monitors must be maintained and serviced in accordance with the manufacturer’sinstructions and emergency procedures must be produced to ensure that everyone who may beinvolved knows what to do should it be activated. Monitoring exposure is rarely required but is acomplex process and must be carried out by a competent person using validated methods (eg airsampling and testing). If you have need advice contact the University Safety Office or UniversityOccupational Health Service. Guidance on where monitoring is required can be found in the COSHHApproved Code of Practice and Guidance.

4.9: Health surveillanceHealth surveillance is required for certain occupational diseases or adverse health effects (eg cancer,allergy, asthma, dermatitis) to check that people exposed to hazardous substances are not made sick

from their work (eg work with carcinogens, allergens, asthmagens or respiratory sensitizers). This isusually where there is an identifiable disease or adverse health condition related to work, validtechniques are available for detecting indications of the disease or condition, there is a reasonablelikelihood that the disease or condition will occur under the particular work, and where surveillance islikely to further the protection of health of workers. Health surveillance may involve preliminary andongoing surveillance, questionnaires, interviews, examination, tests, monitoring or referrals. See theUniversity Occupational Health Service website for information on health surveillance.

• UOHS Occupational Health Surveillance Policy and Programme

If you need advice on whether your work requires health surveillance contact the UniversityOccupational Health Service or University Safety Office. Guidance on where health surveillance isrequired can be found in the HSE COSHH Approved Code of Practice and Guidance

4.10: Instruction, training and supervision

You should provide details of special instructions, training, and supervision that are required to do thework safely. Employers must provide workers with adequate information, instruction and training onhealth hazards created by exposure to hazardous substances to enable them to carry out their worksafely. This should include local rules, safe working practices, standard operating procedures and theeffective application of routine and emergency control measures and procedures. Suitable informationand instruction should also where required be provided to other persons such as contractors andvisitors. It is important that information, instructions and training is appropriate to the level of risk and

in a form which will be understood by those involved in the work. It is also vital to keep theinformation up to date, taking into account any significant changes in the type of work or the methods






used. The control measures will not be effective if those involved in the work do not know their purpose, how to use them properly or the importance of reporting faults. Records of information,instruction and training should be kept. All workers must be adequately supervised and this isespecially important where highly hazardous substances, specialist facilities or equipment areconcerned. The principal investigator or manager must decide on the level of supervision required todo the work. Some work may not be carried out without direct personal supervision, some may not bestarted without the advice and approval of supervisor while other work can be carried out withoutdirect supervision.

Section 5 Emergency Procedures

In this section you need to describe the emergency control measures and procedures which will beused to protect people and the environment from exposure to the biological agents and hazards in thework in an emergency.

5.1: Emergency procedures

You should provide details of the procedures that will be required to deal with accidents, incidentsand emergencies that could cause any employee or other person to be exposed to a hazardoussubstance or an accidental release of hazardous substances. The manager, principal investigator andworkers are responsible for ensuring that accidents and emergencies are properly dealt with sincethese are the experts in the hazardous substances and the work. You need to assess the potential foraccidental exposure and implementing emergency procedures for your work. Emergency proceduresand plans must be prepared in advance.

The primary objective of the emergency procedures is the containment of the hazardous substance andthe minimisation of risks to health. You should consider all of the relevant factors which may includeassessing situations, instructions, informing others of accidents, isolation of area, evacuation, seeking

assistance, PPE, RPE, preventing spread of contamination or spills, decontamination of work area orlaboratory, safe waste disposal, first aid treatment and medical treatment if required. Anyone notconcerned with the emergency action should be excluded from the area. Only people essential forcarrying out repairs and other essential work may be permitted in the affected area and they must be

provided with appropriate personal protective equipment and any necessary equipment or plant.Emergency and spillage procedures should also be specified in any standard operating procedures(SOP) and laboratories may require spillage kits. In addition, it is often very useful to provideimportant emergency procedures as bullet pointed instructions on a laminated A4 sheet which can be

placed where the hazardous work is done (eg stuck on the wall above the lab bench or on a piece ofequipment). Appropriate training must be provided in the accident and emergency procedures. Allworkers must understand and be able to implement the emergency procedures. If an emergencyoccurs, procedures must be put into effect as soon as possible to minimise harm and return thesituation back to normal as quickly as possible. Accidents, incidents and emergencies must bereported immediately or as soon as practicable to supervisors, safety officers or managers and usingthe accident, incident or near miss reporting form on the Safety Office website.

5.2: Minor spillage or release

You should provide details of the procedure that will be used to deal with a minor spillage or release.Specify the contents of any spillage kit.



5.3: Major spillage or release

You should provide details of the procedure that will be used to deal with a major spillage or release.Specify the contents of any spillage kit. Where there is a risk that an electrical ignition could cause anexplosion then the building should be evacuated without sounding the alarm.

5.4: Fire Precautions

You should provide details of how you would deal with a fire affecting the hazardous substances inthe work. Specify the best types of fire fighting methods which can be used to deal with anemergency.

5.5: First aid

You should provide details of the first aid procedures which would be needed to deal with the specifichazardous substances in this work in case of an accident or emergency. Standard procedures whichare specified must be used for dealing with accidents involving exposure to phenol, hydrofluoric acidor cyanide. These are washing with copious amounts of water and applying polyethylene glycol(PEG) 300 for phenol, oxygen for cyanide, and washing with copious amounts of water andapplication of calcium gluconate gel for hydrofluoric acid. An emergency shower or other measuremay be needed for immediate treatment for some hazardous substances. Training must be provided inthese emergency procedures.

You should consider all of the relevant factors to establish effective emergency first aid procedures.This may include removing contaminated clothing as quickly as possible, removing contaminationfrom skin, eyes and mouth by thorough washing with water, dealing with minor cuts and small

puncture wounds, washing wounds with soap and water and dressing wounds. Use PPE if requiredwhen helping injured persons. Seek help where required from first aiders, GP or hospital.

Emergencies should be taken straight to hospital and call ambulance if necessary (Call Security oncampus 6666 or else 999). Explain the incident and hazardous substances to medical staff and if possible give them with a copy of the COSHH risk assessment.

5.6: Emergency contacts

You should provide the names and contact details of people to contact in case of an accident oremergency. This must include the name of the principal investigator or manager who is in charge ofand understands the work together with details of other relevant persons including the workers doingthe work and colleagues involved in the work. Your emergency contacts should not normally includethe names of safety officers since they are not responsible for the work or for implementing youremergency procedures and are unlikely to know about the specific work or hazardous substancesinvolved. The information and contract details of managers, safety officers, security, and emergencyservices etc are provided separately in emergency arrangements posters and websites etc.

Section 6 Approval

In this section the assessor and principal investigator or manager must sign and date the form to statethat they have assessed the risks and reviewed and approved the risk assessment. The manager,

principal investigator or person in charge of the work is responsible for ensuring the risks associatedwith their work are properly assessed and recorded. The principal investigator or manager maydelegate the work of preparing a risk assessment to any competent member of the team butresponsibility for approving the risk assessment remains with the principal investigator or manager.

6.1: Assessor



The person who carries out the risk assessment on behalf of the principal investigator or personresponsible for the work must sign this part of the form. The assessment must be carried out correctlyand to a suitable and sufficient standard identifying the hazards, risks, who might be at risk and theselection of appropriate controls for the work. Guidance on risk assessment can be obtained fromSchool Safety Officers. You should consult with other people who might be adversely affected by thechemicals in your work where it is necessary (eg colleagues, other groups or workers).

6.2: Principal investigator / Responsible person

The principal investigator or person responsible for the work (eg manager, supervisor or courseleader) must sign this part of the form to confirm that they have reviewed and approved the riskassessment. You must check that the assessment has been carried out correctly and to a suitable andsufficient standard identifying the hazards, risks, who might be at risk and the selection of appropriatecontrols for the work. Guidance on risk assessment can be obtained from School Safety Officers. Youshould consult with other people who might be adversely affected by the chemicals in your workwhere it is necessary (eg colleagues, other groups or workers).

Stage 2: Monitor the Work

The principal investigator or manager must carefully monitor the work. Monitoring is necessary tomeet two main objectives. The first is to ensure compliance in the implementation of all the controlmeasures identified as necessary through the COSHH risk assessment. If your risk assessment issuitable and sufficient for the work then each identified control measure is necessary to prevent orcontrol exposure to risk. Compliance is therefore both necessary and a legal requirement. The secondobjective is to ensure that the control measures and procedures continue to be appropriate. The review

process, discussed below, will provide a point of reference to decide if the risk assessment remainsvalid, but regular monitoring can identify problems in the interim period. You should regularly checkwhat people are doing and the activities to ensure that the work is done safely. The type of monitoringneeded is proportional to the risks, with higher risk work requiring a higher level of monitoring thanlower risk work. Where problems are identified such as with the risk assessment, controls or the needfor additional training or supervision then action must be taken and the necessary changes orimprovements must be to the risk assessment, procedures, instructions, training or supervision.

Stage 3: Review and Revise the COSHH Risk Assessment

COSHH risk assessments must be reviewed regularly and immediately if there is any reason tosuspect the assessment is no longer valid such as if there has been a significant change to the work orto the risks of the work (eg as a result of changes to the work or monitoring). When reviewing the riskassessment the effectiveness of the preventative or control measures should be carefully re-examined.COSHH risk assessments should in any case be reviewed at least annually. If review of the risk

assessment concludes that changes are required then those changes must be made. Never make anychanges directly to the original COSHH risk assessment form but always to a new version (eg v1, v2,v3 etc) of the form.

Stage 4: Records of the COSHH Risk Assessment

The principal investigator or manager must keep their COSHH risk assessments and any otherrelevant records. The COSHH risk assessment should always be completed by computer so that youwill have electronic records, other people can easily read it, and the risk assessment can be easilyreviewed and amended where required and communicated. All changes to COSHH risk assessmentsshould be made electronically. Always save the original version for your electronic records and makethe changes to another version. Electronic and paper copies can be distributed to anyone who needs acopy. A copy of the COSHH risk assessment should always be available in each defined area wherethe work is done. Employers must keep proper records relating to the work such as risk assessments,



training records, maintenance and testing records. Records must be kept for at least 10 years after theactivity to which the assessment relates has ceased. In some cases records must be kept for 40 years.Records must be comprehensible and readily retrievable for inspection. They must be available forexamination at any reasonable time by the employer, managers, safety officers, safety representativesand HSE inspectors.

guide to coshh risk assessment

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