GUIDE TO THE IRON TRAIL

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The Highlands Environmental Research Institute

7/1/2009

Introduction

Welcome to the Lakeville Ironworks Trail, a unique trip through the history, geology, and

environment of the Highlands of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut.

This guide is designed as a supplement to the field trip leader, interpretive signs, and

structures you will see as you hike the newly finished trail.

Stop 1: The Visitor’s Center

You are now standing in the Sterling Forest Visitor’s Center, where you can view two

dioramas of the iron mining industry that flourished here at Sterling Forest starting in the

1730’s.

Diorama 1: The Mining Industry

The mining industry in what is now Sterling Forest began in the 1730’s, when

Cornelius Board purchased the first tracts of land upon which he would prospect for iron.

Board was certain that iron was plentiful in the hills surrounding Sterling Lake. After

Board’s initial discovery of iron, the industry continued under many different owners

until the 1920’s when the last mines were finally closed down. Until the mid-1800’s, iron

was smelted on site in the blast furnace at the south end of Sterling Lake. The pig iron

created through the smelting process was then forged on site, or shipped elsewhere for

further processing. After the furnace was shut down, raw iron ore was shipped by train to

Pennsylvania, where large coal deposits made smelting cheaper.

The diorama in front of you depicts mining operations in the later period of

operation here at Sterling Lake. It also includes many of the ancillary structures

associated with iron mining, including some of the storehouses, shipping facilities, and

homes. The structures shown here are not all visible today, but many are, including the

Cable House, Separator, Dryer, Crusher, Steam engine, Powerhouse, and the Furnace.

These remaining buildings represent the core of the facilities here, and provide an unique

opportunity to view a mine and the mining facilities all within a short distance.

Diorama 2: The Sterling Furnace

This diorama is a representation of the 18th century iron blast furnace that you will

see later on in the field trip. As you will notice when you visit the actual furnace on this

field trip, the area around the structure was very different when it was still in use. In this

diorama, there are no trees present, the roofs of the buildings are still intact, and the

charging bridge still stands. There are two things worth pointing out here while we stand

in front of this model.

1.) The Charging Bridge: In this model you can see what was called the Charging

Bridge. This bridge was used as an access ramp to dump layers of iron ore,

limestone (flux), and charcoal into the hearth of the furnace. Unfortunately, the

bridge does not stand today, but it was an essential part of any blast furnace

operation. Without it, the bosh (hearth) could not be loaded.

2.) The Casting Room: The covered room you see attached to the furnace is called

the casting room. This small square room was another essential part of the furnace

operation. When it was in operation, the casting room would have had a sand

floor with long channels cut into it. The main purpose of these channels was to act

as receptacles and shapers for the molten iron which would be drained into the

sand floor to cool. Once the tour arrives at the furnace, we will see the remains of

the casting room walls, and talk more about its function.

Now, head out of the Visitor’s Center and turn right onto the Blue Trail (the Sterling

Lake Trail). Follow the trail until you get to a grassy knoll with a large stone foundation.

That foundation is stop #2.

Stop 2: The Lakeville Church

The church at Lakeville, ca. 1920.

The foundation you see in front of you now is all that remains of the Lakeville Church.

When the mining operations were in full swing, there were approximately 500 men

working the mines and machines. This was the only church in the small town that sprung

up to support the workers and their families. Photos of the church can be seen on the

Lakeville Sign at the end of the trail.

Traveling from the Church to Stop #3:

Continue on the blue trail through the Blackhaw and Honeysuckle shrubs toward

the furnace and the South end of Sterling Lake. As you walk along the trail, you will

notice the ground under your feet change color from light gray to black. That dark color

is a product of the layers and layers of charcoal that were transported throughout the area.

Also, notice the terrain alterations. Those alterations are a by-product of operating the

Wildcat mine, one of Sterling Forest’s many iron mines. The Wildcat Mine’s entrance is

no longer visible but it once supplied iron to the furnace.

Stop #3: The Sterling Lake Dam

Continue on the blue trail past the first entrance to the Lakeville Ironworks Trail

to the Sterling Lake Dam. This dam was built in the mid 1700’s (it was repaired and

enlarged later to what you see today) in order to provide water power to the furnace – just

downstream from the dam. In the time that this furnace was operating, all industrial

operations were water-powered. If it was still working you would be able to see a thirty

foot tall water wheel turning slowly and powering a set of huge bellows. These bellows

blew air into the fire and helped it reach the intensely hot temperatures needed to melt

iron ore.

An interesting note: Sterling Lake is a natural glacial lake, formed after the last

Ice Age, but the dam raised the water level by 8 feet.

Traveling from the Dam to Stop #4:

Continue walking on to blue trail until you get to West Sterling Lake Road. Just

before the road on the right is a small brown wooden-sided building. That building was

built during the period that these mines were in operation. It is one of only a handful of

buildings still standing from that time.

Once at the road make a right turn and continue past the mining structures (which

will be on your left) to the bridge. The wooden bridge was built as an Eagle project as an

entrance to the Lakeville Ironworks Trail. The interpretive sign will be stop #4.

Stop #4: The Lake Mine Entrance & Interpretive Sign

Men inside the Lake Mine ca. 1920.

You have now arrived at the entrance to the Lake Mine, the last of the mines

around Sterling Lake. If you look into the shaft, you can still see the rails coming out of

the mine aimed directly at the Cable House. Although it is filled with water now, it was

considered a dry mine when in operation with three large pumps to removed rainwater

and runoff from inside the shaft. These pumps were powered by steam-generated

electricity.

The Lake Mine was almost completely located under the surface of Sterling Lake.

At its largest, the Lake Mine went approximately 3000 feet out underneath the lake, at a

maximum depth of approximately 1800 vertical feet. Millions of tons of ore were

removed from this mine over its hundred-year history.

Mining was a dangerous process, with potential cave-ins, dynamite explosions,

harmful fumes, and drilling injuries. In order to “dig” the Lake Mine, three miners would

work in tandem to create small holes into the rock with a handheld star drill and two ten-

pound sledgehammers. One man would hold the drill on his shoulder with the point

against the rock face and the other two would stand beside him and use sledgehammers to

pound the drill into the rock. After each hammer strike the man holding the drill would

make a half turn to push the drill further into the rock. Once the hole was completed, it

would be filled with dynamite, the fuse would be lit, and the men would leave the shaft.

The rock would then be loaded by hand into ore carts that which would then be hoisted

out of the shaft by an electric winch connected to a long steel cable.

Stop #5: The Cable House

The Sterling Cable House, ca. 1920.

The Cable House is built entirely of tailings from the mining operations with

concrete for added stability. It would have housed all the equipment necessary to haul ore

carts from the mineshaft; the main function of this building. In the front, directly uphill

from the mineshaft entrance you can see two large concrete pilings. Those pilings would

have supported the large winch designed to pull ore carts from the mineshaft. The cable

you see on the ground nearby would have been wrapped around this winch and onto the

ore carts, creating a pulley system that could efficiently pull very heavy ore carts out of

the shaft. The cable was long enough to reach the very end of the mineshaft – 1800

vertical feet down and 3000 feet deep! When in operation, the cable house would have a

shingled roof and glass windows in the archways.

While looking at the Cable House, you can see two other brick structures. The

structure on the right was the boiler house. In this building, water was converted to steam

in order to power the electrical equipment. Notice the hole near the base of the

structure… a large steam pipe would have exited through that hole and gone to the

structure on the left – the steam engine. The steam engine would receive steam from the

boiler and convert it into electrical energy to power the pumps, winch, and conveyors.

You can still see the steam pipe coming out of the ground and heading down toward the

mine.

Once you are done at the Cable House, continue along the trail to stop #6 the

mining process interpretive sign.

Stop #6: The Mining Process Sign

As you stand at the mining process sign, you are able to see all of the remaining

structures from the mining days at Sterling Lake. At the height of its operation, this entire

area would have been covered with conveyor belts, other structures, railroad tracks, ore

and tailings piles, and processing equipment.

Now, let’s go through the mining process one step at a time.

The Cable House you just passed was the second step in the process of mining

iron ore. Once the raw ore – mixed with parent rock or matrix (rock that houses the ore

crystals) – was broken from the vein, placed into ore carts, and hauled out of the mine

shaft by the large winch at the Cable House, it would be emptied onto a series of

conveyor belts. The wooden posts just down hill between the Cable House and the other

buildings were the joists that held up that conveyor system. The iron ore, still mixed with

parent rock at this point, would have been conveyed next to the Crusher, the tall concrete

structure on your left. Once inside this building, it would be pounded by steam powered

hammers until the ore and parent rock were crushed into small pieces, about the size of

your fist.

An empty conveyor belt, ca 1920.

These pieces would then be transferred into the chimney-like structure, known as

the Dryer. At the base of the dryer was a large fire that heated the iron ore and parent

rock to remove any excess water, making it melt at a lower temperature. Inside the

chimney was a series of stops, similar to a spiral staircase that would slowly allow the ore

to “fall” to the bottom where it would be moved along to the Separator and Storage Bins.

On the outer walls of the Dryer, you can see small rectangular metal openings. These

opening were used to dislodge any jammed ore and ensure a steady descent down the

chimney.

The crusher and dryer, ca. 1920. Note the large smokestack on top of the dryer and the wooden

structure attached to the crusher. Both of these structures are no longer present at the site.

Once the ore was dried it would then be conveyed to the separator, which in this

case used large magnets to separate ore from waste rock. Due to the fact that the ore in

this area is magnetite – a naturally magnetic mineral - the small iron ore chunks could be

easily separated from the parent rock, eliminating the hand separation process. That

separator was attached to the largest of the structures you see here, just near the road.

Unfortunately, none of the machinery is left on site, but you can still see the pilings on

which they would have been secured.

The magnetic separator and ore storage bin, ca. 1920. The large wooden structure is gone now, but

would have housed the magnetic separator and other equipment when in operation.

ACTIVITY – MAGNETIC SEPERATION

As was just mentioned, the iron ore that was mined from this area is called

magnetite. A simple and fun activity for students can be conducted using small magnets

tied to a string. At the base of the Mining process sign is a pile of magnetite ore. Hand

out a few magnets tied to a string so they hang loosely from the string and bring a piece

of the magnetite near the magnet. You will see the magnet move toward the ore, proving

its magnetic qualities. Additionally, students could be shown to identify magnetite on

their own. The trail is littered with pieces of magnetite ore, so students could be shown a

sample then sent out to find their own piece using a magnet.

What remains of this large structure (the concrete building seen in the photo

above) was used for storage of raw ore. Conveyors would load the ore from the top into a

series of hoppers, which would hold the ore until a train car could enter the building at

the base. Once the train car entered the building, the hoppers would be opened, perfectly

filling a standard sized car. The ore would then be hauled away for processing at another

site. Additionally, on the West side of the building, one can see two small openings.

These openings were used to fill flatbed trucks for local delivery.

At the time that these buildings were in operation (1917-1923), the ore was not

processed on site, but rather was shipped by train to Pennsylvania. Although the ore was

processed on site for most of the history of the Sterling Iron Works, by the late 1800’s

most of the trees had been cut down and turned into charcoal, making it more and more

expensive to provide fuel for the fires and furnaces. Additionally, large deposits of coal

were found in Eastern Pennsylvania. That coal was much easier and cheaper to extract

than the charcoaling process, and created hotter fires. Due to the cost effectiveness of

charcoal-fired operations, the furnaces here at Sterling were shut down, making it

impossible to process the iron.

Traveling from Stop #6 to Stop #7:

Keep heading along the trail from the Mining Process sign toward the next stop,

the Sterling Mine. As you continue along the trail you will find the ruins of an older cable

house. This structure, when it was in operation, was designed to haul ore carts out of the

older Sterling Mine, whose shaft is just downhill and across the street from the building

remains.

Additionally, you will notice (just before the environmental effects sign on your

left) a very large pile of tailings and raw iron ore. This large pile is mostly made of

finished ore, ready to be shipped. However, because of the hasty stoppage of work at

Sterling, the ore was never shipped. This is a good place for a mining activity.

ACTIVITY – MINING FOR ORE

If you head down the hill to your left just before the environmental effects sign,

you will come to a large pile of magnetite ore ready to be shipped. This is a very good

place to conduct the mining activity. You will need one or two hammers and a pair of

safety goggles for the student wielding the hammer. Once there, simply find a large piece

of ore and let the students hit it with the hammer until it breaks. The ore is relatively

brittle and should break without too much trouble.

Once the ore has been broken into pieces, show the interior of the ore to the class.

Since the inside has not been exposed to weathering, it will be a much better example of

magnetite crystals, which will be shiny and dark grey. Additionally, students will get an

idea of what it takes to wield a hammer breaking rocks as a miner.

Finally, the ore found at this site will be mixed in with other minerals providing

an excellent opportunity for some simple mineral identification. Some examples of

minerals that can be identified at this site include:

- Mica – Both Muscovite and Biotite Mica can be found in the ore pile. Muscovite

Mica is a yellowish color with a high luster, where Biotite is a dark black color

also with a high luster. Both of these minerals form in sheets, which look like

small squares when found.

- Feldspar – Feldspar comes in many forms, shapes, and colors. However, along

the trail the majority of the Feldspar is a pinkish color, found in large crystals, and

most often mixed in with quartz and pyroxene. The rock made up of Feldspar in

this area is called Pegmatite and is one of the oldest rocks on the surface of North

America, ranging from 900 Million to 1.1 Billion years old.

- Pyroxene – Pyroxene is an iron-rich mineral that forms as small green crystals

mixed in with Feldspar in the Pegmatites found along the trail. You often find it

associated with magnetite ore, as both contain large amounts of iron in their

crystalline structure.

- Quartz – The quartz in this area is light gray to white and forms relatively large

crystals. Sometimes, you can find whole chunks of quartz on site. Quartz is a

silicate mineral used for many industrial applications. Its chemical structure is

similar to glass, although natural quartz is much more opaque.

Stop #7: The Sterling Mine and Environmental Effects Sign

ACTIVITY – ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS

Before you go into the many ways in which people altered the landscape through

the mining process, stop and go through a quick but powerful activity. As you arrive at

the environmental effects sign, have your students look around at the landscape, at the old

mine entrance, the strip mine to the right of the environmental effects sign, the tailing

pile, etc… and ask them to point out one part of the landscape they think was altered by

people. Do not tell them what to look for, but let them know that many things in the

landscape around them are not naturally formed. Once they have thought about the

potential anthropogenic effects mining had upon this landscape, go into the many

environmental consequences listed below.

Once you have finished the activity outlined above, begin by telling your students

that on their left is the Sterling Mine, one of the oldest mines in Sterling Forest. On your

left, you will see a large section of exposed bedrock, with water at the base. This is the

collapsed adit, or opening, of the mine. On your right, you may notice that the landscape

has been extensively altered. This is due to mining operations to unearth surface deposits

of ore. This was an early version of “strip mining.” Because the ore was so close to the

surface, it was mined along with the soil in an incredibly destructive process that was

common throughout the area in the 1800’s. An interesting note: The trail you stand on in

front of the sign is about 30 feet below the original surface of the ground. If you look into

the old strip mine, you can see the original surface level at the top of the hill. The entire

area was mined out, rocks, dirt, and all.

The mining process, like most industrial operations, had serious environmental

consequences. Once of the most interesting aspects of the history of this site is the

changes that were made to the forest as a result of the mining. Most people, when they

come to Sterling Forest, think they are in primeval forest, but in fact all of these trees are

second and even third-growth. During the process of converting iron ore into useable

metal, charcoal was required as a source of fuel for the furnace. The process of making

charcoal starts by cutting down trees. Over the course of the Sterling Iron Works’ history,

every tree within a three-mile radius was cut down and made into charcoal.

Industrial waste just south of the mining operations at Sterling Lake. The building in the foreground is

the large warehouse discussed later in this guide.

Once the trees were cut, they were piled on a man-made flat area, called a

charcoal bottom, and covered with dirt. They were then lit on fire and allowed to slowly

smolder, burning off everything but the Carbon content of the wood. Once finished, the

charcoal would be shipped to the furnace. The charcoaling process created a great deal of

smoke and soot, and when the furnace was running this whole area would have been

covered in a thick haze, and most machines and people would be coated with ash.

An example of a charcoal bottom.

Tailings (on the left) and raw processed ore (right) at the Sterling Mine complex. The railroad tracks

run approximately where West Sterling Lake Road is today. You can also see that the only trees

remaining on site are softwoods, such as pine, which were not useable for charcoaling.

Another environmental effect of the mining process involves the tailings, or waste

rocks, that were created in the processing of the ore. These tailings often contain heavy

metals such as arsenic, selenium, lead, and aluminum. Once mined and exposed to air and

water on the ground surface, these dangerous toxins become volatile and can seep into

the water and soil. At Sterling, this seepage would very likely have killed much of the

wildlife (including mammals and fish) and plants in the area. Luckily, the tailings here at

Sterling Lake are no longer dangerous to humans. An interesting note: In the late 1800’s,

the area around Sterling Lake had been so degraded that there were no trees bigger

around than a person’s thumb, and most of the wildlife had been trapped or scared off. A

newspaper article from that time declared in a headline “DEER SIGHTED!” Deer are

very abundant now, but at that time, even a deer was such a rarity that it made front-page

news.

Finally, processing ore is a dirty operation, requiring regular cleaning of the

machinery. This involved the use of toxic solvents and cleaners, which would leech into

the soil and water. Luckily for us, nature has great capabilities of regeneration. What was

once nearly a wasteland is now this beautiful forest you see around you, the exceptionally

clean lake at the base of the hill teems with fish, and the wildlife have nearly all returned.

Traveling from Stop #7 to Stop #8:

Before you continue down the trail, take a quick left into the collapsed adit for the

Sterling Lake Mine. At the backside of the collapsed portion of the mine, you will see an

opening blocked by a steel gate. This was the entrance to the Sterling Mine, used by

miners for decades. The entrance drops about eight feet from where you stand into

another opening, which continues under your feet into a larger chamber. The entire

chamber has been filled with tailings, so it has not been explored past that point, but

when it was being actively mined, the Sterling Mine extended hundreds of feet under the

lake.

Now, head back to the trail and continue for a short distance past the brush piles

blocking the cliff into the mine entrance. On your right, there is a small square foundation

(to see it you may have to leave the trail for a moment) upon which the office building for

the Sterling Mine operations once stood.

The trailheads down the hill toward the road, over the top of an old staircase and

past other foundations to the spring. This spring carries water from another abandoned

mine at the top of the hill. The water has been tested and found not to be harmful in

regard to heavy metals, but may contain biologic material (bacteria, etc…) so we do not

recommend drinking from it.

Once you pass the spring, head across the road to the large foundation. That

foundation was the base for the main warehouse for the Sterling Iron Works. When trains

still ran to the Sterling Mines, the tracks came right alongside the warehouse and goods

would be unloaded for use in the mining operations.

Once you have seen the warehouse foundation, continue along the trail to a bridge

crossing the Sterling Stream. Continue across the bridge and to the Miner’s House that is

stop #8.

Stop #8: The Lakeville Sign and Miner’s House

At the height of the mining operations, over 500 men were employed here at

Sterling. These men, and their families, lived on site in company-provided housing,

forming a small community called Lakeville. In addition to the housing, there were

stores, offices, a church, a hotel and clubhouse, and a school. Most of the buildings are

gone now (only foundations and chimneys remain), making the house you see in front of

you the last remaining miner’s house in the Park. This home would have housed a single

family, and as you can see from the picture, had a nice front porch, which is now missing.

There were dozens of homes like this one in Lakeville, many of which were moved to

Sloatsburg or have fallen into ruin

Another foundation that lies nearby, but not on the trail, was the Lakeville Hotel.

It can be seen below in a photo from the 1920’s.

The Lakeville Hotel – now only the stone foundation and chimney remain.

Another of the structures that stood near this site (just near the furnace) was the

Ramapo Ore Company Office Building. It can be seen in a photo below as well as on the

sign.

The Ramapo Ore Company Office Building – The stone foundation is all that remains today.

Traveling from Stop #8 to Stop #9:

Once you view the Lakeville Sign and the miner’s house head directly across the

street and up the trail toward the furnace. On your right, you will see two small

foundations, and a plaque presented by the Daughters of the Revolution (DR). The two

foundations were the limekilns where limestone was dried and made into the flux

(described later) for the smelting process. At the foot of the DR plaque there is a large

iron beam, possibly the basic form for a small cannon, and likely forged here at Sterling

Forest. The plaque was presented to the City Investment Corporation after they rebuilt the

furnace you see to your left, which is stop #9.

Stop # 9: The Sterling Furnace

An archaeological schematic created during the excavations of the Sterling Furnace in the 1950’s and

60’s. The furnace that stands at the site today is colored gray in the map.

The furnace was an essential part of the process of converting iron ore into cast

iron. The one that you see here is the second of two furnaces that were built on this site.

The earliest was built in 1751 and was used to smelt ore from the Sterling Mine. This

earlier furnace can be seen just behind the rebuilt furnace. The first furnace was replaced

with a newer one in 1777, at the request of George Washington, so that larger amounts of

ore could be processed to support the war effort. The furnace was in operation until 1804

when the newer Southfields Furnace was built. After that point, the furnace was no longer

used, and by 1808 it was in ruins. The City Investing Corporation rebuilt this furnace in

the 1950’s.

While there are many furnaces that still can be seen throughout New York and

Northern New Jersey, the Sterling furnace and works was one of the most well-known

and most highly respected ore producing operations in the country. Iron from the Sterling

mines was of such high quality that when George Washington was faced with creating

“the Great Chain” across the Hudson, he asked that it be made “from Sterling iron and

none other.” Iron from the Sterling works also was used to make many of the anchors for

the early American fleet, including such well-known ships as the Constellation, the

Congress, and the U.S.S Constitution, popularly known as “Old Ironsides.”

The smelting process

The mineral magnetite is the ore that was mined from the Sterling Lake area

mines. Magnetite is iron oxide. To convert magnetite into the pure iron that can be made

into usable items, the oxygen atoms must be chemically removed and the iron reduced.

This removal and reduction is done through the smelting process. Smelting involves

cooking the ore at high temperatures in the presence of a flux. The great steel towns are

usually located in an area where ore, fuel, flux and easy transportation are readily

available. In the Sterling Lake area, the magnetite from the mines provided the ore,

limestone from quarries near Monroe and along the NY Thruway provided the flux and

charcoaling of trees provided the fuel. The chemical reaction to produce iron is:

Magnetite + limestone = iron + slag + CO2

The CO2 was released to the atmosphere, the iron was taken away and the slag can be

found throughout the park and adjoining areas where it is mistaken for meteorite because

it looks melted and is full of holes. In fact, the lawn you see to your left was reclaimed

from the nearby swamp by filling it in with slag.

How does the furnace work?

A diagram of a working blast furnace in operation. Image courtesy of the National Parks Service.

As you can see in the diagram, there were many working parts in the Sterling Furnace.

These parts include the charging bridge (1), used for loading ore, charcoal, and flux into

the bosh. The bosh (2) was an egg-shaped container in which alternating layers of

materials were placed for heating and chemical reaction. Beneath the bosh was the

hearth (3), where the fires were built. These incredibly hot fires required stoking by

bellows (4) in order to reach the proper temperature for melting iron. In order to power

the bellows, waterpower was necessary. It is for this reason that the dam was built at the

southern tip of Sterling Lake. The water running through the dam was diverted into a

sluice, a stone-lined channel that would direct the water coming from the dam. The sluice

was located directly beneath a large waterwheel (5). Attached to the waterwheel was a

long post with numerous planks of wood jutting out from it at right angles. These planks

were placed in strategic locations along the post so they could push the arms of the

bellows up with each rotation, forcing out the air inside. Gravity would then pull the

bellows open, allowing them to refill with air, only to be pushed closed again by the

rotating planks.

In order to get the process moving, the bosh would be loaded from the top by means of

the charging bridge, and the fire would be lit below. The bellows would then begin

blowing air into the fire, raising the temperature to the proper level. As the charcoal

burned and the ore began to melt, the molten iron would flow down into the hearth, in the

very bottom of the blast furnace. The impurities (slag) would rise to the top, floating on

top of the molten iron. To remove the slag, they would unplug the bosh near the top, and

let it drain out. The ore would be drained into the casting room (6), which was a long

covered room with a sand floor into which long channels were cut. The channels were

shaped like a nursing mother pig, hence the term pig iron (7). Once dried, the pig iron

could be moved easily from place to place, and could be further worked at a forge.

The furnace is the last official stop on the iron trail. You can now head up the hill and

turn right at the blue trail to head back to the Sterling Forest Visitor’s Center, or continue

exploring the area to see what you can find.

Thanks for hiking the trail. We hope you enjoyed your trip!

For more information, please contact:

Matthew Shook Donald “Doc” Bayne

Assistant Director Environmental Educator

Highlands Environmental Research Institute Sterling Forest State Park

(845) 351-2106 (845) 351-5907

mshook@andromeda.rutgers.edu Donald.bayne@oprhp.state.ny.us