guidelines for sustainable public procurement · 10/8/2009 · guidelines for sustainable public...
TRANSCRIPT
“
Guidelines for Sustainable Public Procurement
Electrical street lighting equipment, LED road signs and other electrical
appliances relevant for municipal administrations. Fuel efficiency of cars and energy efficiency vehicle fleets. Office equipments
Brussels, 8 October 09 (Updated Final) Lionel Platteuw, EUCETSA [email protected] Marco Torregrossa, European Partners for the Environment [email protected] Andreas Sommer, European Partners for the Environment [email protected] Theo van Bellegem, (Former) Dutch Ministry of the Environment [email protected]
With the financial support of: Intelligent Energy Europe, French Ministry of Sustainable Development and Ecology, Michelin
2
Contents
Foreward
Introduction
1. Lighting street equipment and other electrical appliances
1.1. Background
1.1.1. Global and European context
1.2. Guidelines
1.2.1. Economic aspects
1.2.2. Street lighting: Economic and ecological opportunity
1.2.3. Most efficient available products
1.2.4. Conclusions
1.2.5. Technical criteria
2. Fuel efficiency of cars and vehicle fleets
2.1. Background
2.1.1. Global and European context
2.1.2. State of the art
2.2. Guidelines
2.2.1. Most efficient available products
2.2.2. Tyres
2.2.3. Conclusions
3. Office Equipments
3.1 Background
3.1.1. State of the Art
3.2 Guidelines
3.2.1 Most efficient available products
3.2.2. Solid State Computers
3.2.3. Best Practice Example the City of Copenhagen
3.2.4. Conclusions
3
4. Procurement tools
5. Final recommendations for product categories
6. List of issues to consider for further research
ADDENDUM 1 - EU standards
Bibliography
4
FOREWORD
By Raymond Van Ermen – EPE Executive Director.
Europeans should be happy! The EU has finally a new business agenda, which can
mobilise business and citizens alike: the European commission staked the EU's claim to
world climate policy leadership on January 23rd 2008. Draft legislation to tighten
national emission limits, boost renewable energy, develop carbon capture technologies
and overhaul the EU's carbon market rules would "help the economy to a new phase of
low carbon" and give EU firms "first-mover advantage in many sectors”. Implementing
the package would cost less than 0.5 per cent of EU GDP by 2020 but would prevent
higher costs later.
In the field of innovation and procurement, other key initiatives should be underlined as
the Commission communication on pre-commercial procurement, which concerns the
R&D phase before commercialisation. R&D can cover activities such as solution
exploration and design, prototyping, up to the original development of a limited volume
of first products or services in the form of a test series. In pre-commercial procurement,
the public purchaser does not reserve the R&D results exclusively for its own use. The
aim of the Communication is to draw the attention of the Member States to the existing
but underutilised opportunity of pre-commercial procurement. The Commission intends
to propose a set of actions in relation to pre-commercial procurement in areas of policy
priority. There is no doubt that eco-innovation will be part of it. In particular, it will
explore the possible need of new platforms for cooperation on pre-commercial
procurement. This is one of the issues we will be addressing today.
The Commission revised proposal for a Directive on the promotion of clean and energy
efficient road transport vehicles introducing sustainable economics into public
procurement of vehicles and transport services is another milestone. Public authorities
will use criteria for lifetime costs for energy consumption, CO2 emissions and pollutant
emissions when they procure vehicle. Here again it underlines that we are at a turning
point of European industrial policy.
We could continue to list EU initiatives as the Directive on establishing a framework for
setting Eco-design requirements (such as energy efficiency requirements) for all energy
using products in the residential, tertiary and industrial sectors.
5
Finally we should stress the importance attached in the recent ETAP review on increasing
the demand for eco-innovation. At the same time, the Commission underlines that most
EU states are not doing enough to increase energy efficiency, according to an
assessment of national action plans by the European commission. The assessment was
published as part of the package of climate and energy proposals. The Commission's
analysis is based on 17 national action plans submitted under the 2006 EU directive on
end-use efficiency and energy services. Several countries have developed
"comprehensive strategies and plans" but most "seem to present a business-as-usual
approach," the Commission complains. There is a "considerable gap" in several countries
between political commitments to energy efficiency and the measures and resources
allocated to achieving it, the Commission adds.
From an industry perspective, major changes are also occurring in business to business
initiatives: The Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP), a consortium of 315 top institutional
investors assessing industries about their CO2 emissions, announced a new partnership
to extend its global initiative to companies and suppliers. With members including
Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Allianz and HSBC that manage assets of more than 41
trillion dollars, CDP since late 2007 has been working with some of the world's largest
companies to help them assess greenhouse gas emissions through their supply chains,
The Supply Chain Leadership Collaboration (SCLC) is a key step towards a unified
business approach to climate change. The SCLC sees the CDP teaming up with some of
the largest purchasing global organizations, including Dell, Hewlett Packard, L'Oreal,
PepsiCo, and Reckitt Benckiser. They join Cadbury Schweppes, Nestle, Procter &
Gamble, Tesco, Imperial Tobacco, and Unilever, which signed on the third quarter of
2007. Each SCLS member, in turn, has selected up to 50 suppliers to work with them
and to respond to the CDP pilot information request in the first quarter of 2008. The CDP
information request gathers detailed information on companies' supply chains. It
encourages suppliers to report carbon footprints and climate change-relevant
information, such as greenhouse gas emissions data, emissions reduction targets and
climate change strategy.
Eco-innovation will become key for companies as buyers as well. But at the same time,
according to a recent Pricewaterhousecoopers survey “companies are facing difficulties
to clearly understand the size and nature of the business opportunities offered by public
procurement. In a lot of cases, the market opportunities offered by public procurement
are probably not well understood by the market. Reversely, due to a lack of access to
information, the public sector also struggles to identify the more energy-efficient
products alternatives that are available on the market and to understand their features
6
(technical characteristics with respect to reliability etc). An EU-wide match-maker
function that clarifies demand from the public sector and solutions offered by the private
sector suppliers is envisaged”.
The Commission staff-working document titled “Guide on dealing with innovative
solutions in public procurement (10 elements of good practice)” is probably shaping the
process:
1. Act as intelligent customer
2. Consult the market before tendering
3. Involve key stakeholders throughout the process
4. Let the market propose creative solutions
5. Seek value for money, not just the lowest price
6. Take advantage of electronic means
7. Decide how to manage risks
8. Use contractual arrangements to encourage innovation
9. Develop and implementation plan
10. Learn for the future.
In addition to that, as part of its effort to combat climate change, the European
Commission announced1 that it would promote the use of ICT (Information and
Communications Technologies) to improve energy efficiency throughout the economy,
starting with buildings, lighting and the power grid. ICT can enable, across the economy,
greener behavior, which would massively cut Europe's carbon footprint if widely
deployed. The Commission will encourage the ICT industry to demonstrate leadership in
reducing its own CO2 emissions and by identifying and creating solutions that will benefit
the whole economy. For instance the most advanced computer servers consume the
same amount of energy as a standard light bulb; if widely used they could offer potential
energy savings of up to 70%.
Local authorities are playing here a pioneer role in supporting eco-technologies. A Best
practice collection developed by ICLEI and the ökoinstitut gives example as:
Energy efficient floor lamps: the case of City of Zurich
Low emission buses: the case of Göteborg
Sustainable bus shelters: the case of Barcelona
7
Public lighting service: the case of Lille.
A Biofuel Cities European Partnership has been launched. Participants can access over
120 projects on biofuels. Expert consultation on public purchasing criteria and joint
public-private purchasing are not new. The ZEUS initiative for cars is one example.
So, these guidelines should pave the way of joint initiatives and proposals related to 5
innovation tools suggested by Theo Van Bellegem in cooperation with S. Akkerman in a
report to the Dutch Ministry of the Environment “Innovative Public Procurement” 2005:
Market consultation
A “construction team approach”
A “product group alert”
A “public private joint purchasing initiative”
A “public private financial initiative”.
These innovations tools should be considered in relation with 3 sectors for which
EUCETSA has provided us with a state of the art. All these elements have been reviewed
with the participation of representatives of Cities and Companies to whom we wish to
express our gratitude.
1 P/08/733 Brussels, 13 May 2008 Commission casts ICT in green role: http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/08/733
8
INTRODUCTION
The EU long viewed the use of procurement as a policy instrument with suspicion. It was
thought to be a threat to free competition even though the European Court of Justice has
ruled in several cases that under conditions it is permissible. Although public
procurement makes the EU governments one of the largest purchasers in the market of
energy efficient appliances and cars, it has hardly ever been used to promote innovation.
However, it is assumed here that government can foster innovation. This can be
achieved by being less prescriptive in regulations and purchasing specifications and by
careful procurement practice in which there is scope for innovation.
These guidelines argue that procurement of energy efficient appliances and cars can only
work if there is an organisational structure to direct and foster it without requiring the
establishment of a central purchasing department or limit the freedom of the
decentralised purchaser.
Using procurement to promote innovation can benefit the public authorities in various
ways. It can contribute to general policy objectives by enhancing the effectiveness of
industry. But it can also have major impacts in other policy areas. A EU study has shown
that 35-40% of the EU obligations under the Kyoto Protocol could be achieved by
appropriate public procurement policy. There are also examples of substantial cost
savings. Innovative procurement can also contribute to an improved public image and
improved public service. Regarding the investments to be made to meet the Kyoto
Protocol requirements, it is striking to notice that procurement has been neglected as a
useful and cost effective tool to contribute to these policy objectives.
In practice there are a number of obstacles to public procurement of energy efficient
appliances and cars, which these guidelines try to overcome. These include the risk
aversion of purchasers, and structures that separate purchasing and operating budgets
which lead to overall sub-optimisation. Real or imagined legal obstacles and lack of
knowledge can also be inhibiting factors.
Innovation-friendly procurement should prescribe means as little as possible. Specifying
the means by which something must be achieved leaves little room for the discretion of
the tenderer. The prescribed methods, techniques are imposed. Where only the objective
is given, the tenderer is free to choose the modus operandi himself.
9
Another important benefit of sustainable procurement for the public sector as a whole is
that it increases government credibility. A government that preaches innovation and
environmentally-aware behaviour, but whose actions demonstrate no will to achieve its
own policy goals in its role in the marketplace is not credible and engenders cynicism.
10
1. LIGHTING STREET EQUIPMENT AND OTHER ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES
1.1. BACKGROUND
1.1.1. GLOBAL AND EUROPEAN CONTEXT
According to the European Commission by 2010 approximately 180 million tones of CO2,
the equivalent annual output of around 50 power stations, could be prevented with
energy efficient products and appliances alone in Europe. This is around half of the EU's
commitment under Kyoto.
Green procurement is a key element to curb consumption of energy in Europe. Europe’s
local authorities spend 14-16% of EU GDP on public procurement each year; this money
can be used wisely to help save energy consumption through purchasing energy efficient
technologies, such as lamps. Although in general these lamps are initially more
expensive, based on their “total cost of ownership”, savings can be made through
operational costs, in electricity, maintenance and disposal. The Green Paper on Energy
Efficiency (Doing more with less) and the forthcoming Commission Action Plan on Energy
Efficiency will urge the public sector to play an ‘exemplary role’ which will encourage
energy-efficient public procurement, energy audits and energy performance contracting2.
Global annual energy consumption in lighting is estimated at more than 2,100 TWh, of
which urban/road lighting accounts for 8% of it (approximately 12-15% of global
electricity production). Improved efficiency has a direct bearing on emissions and helping
to meet tightening Kyoto targets. Some studies suggest we could achieve savings in
Europe of over 20 TWh, equivalent to 10 million tonnes of CO2, about 4% of the total EU
commitment to the Kyoto agreement. 3
So governments and citizens are motivated by lower energy and maintenance costs and
may also achieve improved road safety, urban security and enhanced visual appeal (for
tourism, retail, leisure).
1.2. GUIDELINES
2 ELC Fed. Energy Profiles, 2005
3 Mills E, 2002 data, Right Light conference 2005
11
1.2.1. ECONOMIC ASPECTS
The cost efficiency of investments in energy saving may depend on the technology and
the system or process in which the technology is implemented. Experiments with street
lighting demonstrate that low energy street lighting is one of the most cost effective
measures available for reducing CO2 emissions:
(Source: Philips)
As mentioned, various cost are important for the total economic balance of street
lighting. Important aspects are investment cost, energy cost and cost for maintenance
and operating. Overall the low energy systems require high investment cost. The low
energy systems imply a sharp decrease of energy cost as they use devices with a longer
lifetime, which is important in reducing the maintenance cost. The impact of low energy
systems means an alteration of the various cost entailing that it is important to make
lifetime cost estimates of the projects. Examples demonstrate the economic aspects of
reinvestments in low energy systems. A large number of them indicate pay back periods
of between 2 – 4 years and are in compliance with the cost curve in the figure above.
These examples include Catello Italy (34.9 % energy saving, 2.7 yrs payback), Bangkok
Thailand (31% energy saving, 3.24 yrs), Tilburg The Netherlands (39% energy saving),
Yaravan Armenia (81% energy saving, payback 4 yrs) and Zele Belgium (30% energy
saving).
12
So in many situations reinvestment in light systems is purely for economic reason
strongly recommendable. A screening of the cities light systems at regular intervals and
considering reinvestments in low energy systems will be an energy saving and cost
effective measure that contributes to the quality of lighting systems. Waiting till the
existing systems are old and failing is not a policy that saves money but is a policy of
missing both economic and environmental opportunities.
1.2.2. STREET LIGHTING: ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITY
The current rate of renovation from old street lighting to new energy efficient street
lighting systems in the EU is only 3% per annum. The 30-year fulfillment horizon is not
an option as lighting already accounts for almost 20% of electricity used worldwide.
About 12% is used globally for street lighting. The challenge is therefore not only to
install efficient solutions in growing cities but also to
accelerate efficient replacements of the entire installed
base of old street lighting systems. With demand
pressures from city dwellers and generalized energy
supply constraints, the stakes are enormous as are the
opportunities for comparatively quick social, ecological
and economic benefits.
1.2.3. MOST EFFICIENT AVAILABLE PRODUCTS
Some key components influence the performance of electrical street equipment: the light
units, the control systems, ballasts and luminairies and dimming technology4. In lighting,
the cost of acquisition (or leasing) is typically less than 5% of product life cost, while
energy consumption, maintenance and operation accounts for about 95% (investment
period being crucial). The choice of lighting
solutions and configurations has been widened due
to advances in lighting products, luminaries,
ballasts but also especially system controls; an
overall reassessment is therefore a prerequisite to
exploit new solutions to suit specific purposes,
often resulting in fewer light units, or for example
options using independent renewable energy
solutions with in situ energy source5. Modern applications are adapted to types of roads
and circumstances, pedestrian crossings, bus bays, non-traffic zones, historic buildings
4 Other elements are housing, glass, cabling, surface treatment, poles, brackets and base support.
5 The Windela stand alone system operates using a small wind turbine http://www.windela.fr/
13
etc. Other factors are climatic conditions, the size of the installed park, durability, new
build or retrofit etc. Information is available under http://buybright.elcfed.org
Light Units
Purchasing decisions of local authorities for products meeting specific applications should
be based on the energy efficiency of light units in lumens per watt. High discharge
sodium lamps or metal halide lamps, with approximately 70lm/W and 90lm/W
respectively and LED lights are the most modern units currently being installed. These
new lights deliver up to 40% energy savings compared to traditional lighting technology
for streets (high pressure mercury and standard phosphor lights, vacuum or gas tubes,
incandescent light bulbs and fluorescent lamps).
Control systems
The importance of light management systems in energy saving and in optimizing light
quality is underestimated. The traditional approach of on/off for the total system in a
residential area is both from the view of energy saving and from the quality of the
lighting far from optimal. Sophisticated control systems allow purposeful lighting using
built-in time switches, dimming systems, and remote control systems to regulate
luminosity to suit local conditions and requirements.
Dimming systems6
These use a new generation of electromagnetic ballasts (bi-level and /or time relay) or
power reduction through transformers or electronic circuits, sometimes with power line
modems. Examples of suppliers (non exhaustive): Philips, GE, VSS, Thorn, ATCO,
Meridian, Merloni-Progeti, Vlux, Edelcom, Sylvania.
Ballast
There are international standards for electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps and for
ballasts for high intensity discharge lamps, restricted to electromagnetic types, IEC
60923. However, little experience exists for urban lighting schemes.
6 Lighting Control in street systems - Dr. Nguyen van Tien. InstituteofMaterialsScience,VAST
14
Bulbs
Recommended available bulbs include:
High-pressure sodium lamp (HPS) IEC 60662 (however poor performance in low light
conditions);
Metal halide and HID discharge lamps - IEC 61167;
Metal halide discharge lamps with new ceramic arctubes;
Metal halide lamp ceramic enveloped;
LED ‘Light emitting diodes’ in the category of solid
state lighting (SSL), (picture on the left);
OLED ‘organic light-emitting diodes‘;
PLED ‘Polymer light-emitting diodes’ (as sources of
illumination rather than electrical filaments or gas);
Incandescent - Conventional - Halogen - Parabolic
aluminized reflector (PAR).
Important are circumstances and human response to street lighting. There is a lack of
standards in roadway lighting; particularly properties of all light sources are quantified using
human photopic response, without adequate reference to human mesopic range7.
7 Night-time driving, for instance, is the most commonly encountered situation that involves mesopic vision and
yet there is, at present, no internationally accepted standard for measuring the luminous flux in the mesopic
range. The lighting industry is thus unable to qualify real characteristics of novel lamps. For example a 150W
metal halide discharge lamp with a ceramic arctube displays an efficacy of 90-95 lm/W, but the same lamp
15
1.2.4. CONCLUSIONS
This procurement guide recommends best available lamps currently on the market in
terms of optimal efficacy, light quality and energy efficiency, system technologies and
performance details for three specific professional lamp families. They are:
• HID lamps for street lighting; • LED lamps for various applications; • Linear fluorescent lamps for office lighting; • CFLni (compact fluorescent without integrated ballast) for office lighting.
These lamps can be used primarily in street and office lighting and are currently the
most energy efficient on the European market. The LED lamps mark a departure from
incandescent bulbs as they efficiently generate light and very little heat. The technology
and its applications is in rapid change but it is premature to give general
recommendations as the overall energy efficient output is still questionable. The
traditional lamps are still making technological progress (e.g. the ceramic metal
halogenide lamps) and are for most applications competitive or even the best buy. The
communities involved in reinvestment should make a choice based on the market and
their circumstances.
attains more than 150 "mesopic-lumen" per Watt, and the "mesopic-lumen" is not defined because the
equivalent Vm(l) for mesopic conditions is not standardized.
16
As in street lighting there is not a simple best buy that fits all situation and as street
lighting is an arena with ongoing progress the purchaser should use good analyses in
collecting information from producers and demonstration projects.
Key environmental impacts – Street lighting and electrical equipment
Impact
Recommended Procurement
Criteria
• Energy consumption in operation and
resulting Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
emissions.
• Energy consumption and impact of
manufacturing
• Non remote maintenance of lighting
(mobility)
• Manufacturing of structural and other
non electronic equipment
• Generation of waste material including
packaging and final disposal
!
!
• Lower energy consumption lighting
systems (EU label system may
provide useful information)
• Adaptation to conditions (new,
refurbishment), scaling, applications
• Incorporate LCA and end of life
disposal considerations
1.2.5. TECHNICAL CRITERIA
The ELC (European Lamp Companies Federation) Member Companies have identified
four lamp types in the HID lamp family to give technical criteria. These are:
High pressure mercury (HPM);
High pressure mercury mixed light lamps (MML);
High pressure sodium (HPS); and Metal halide lamps (MH).
To help Europe use energy efficient HID lamps, with regulated binding legislation; they
propose the following tables (Tables 1-3), which provide minimum efficacy levels to
qualify for the CE Mark, to be permitted to be placed on the EU market8.
8 Source: ELC Position Paper: “68% of inefficient lamps used in public street lighting in the EU can be replaced with energy efficient alternatives with binding legislation”
17
1 - Table 1: High Pressure Mercury (HPM) and Mercury Mixed Light Lamps (MML) with E27 or E40 screw base HPM and MML lamps are High Intensity discharge lamps with performance requirements specified by IEC/EN 60188 standard. High Pressure Mercury (HPM) and Mercury Mixed Light Lamps (MML) with E27 or E40 screw base Lamp wattage [W] Minimal Lamp Efficacy [lm/W] W ≤ 40 50 40 < W ≤ 50 55 50 < W ≤ 70 65 70 < W ≤ 125 70 125 < W ≤ 400 75 400 < W ≤ 1000 80 1000 < W ≤ 2000 85 2000 and higher 90 Please note: 1: Efficacy is not defined at its nominal lamp wattage, but at its rated wattage. 2: All individual lamps should fulfill 90% of rated efficacy with an AQL (acceptable quality level) of 4. 2 - Table 2: High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps with E27 or E40 screw base HPS lamps are High Intensity Discharge lamps with performance requirements specified by IEC/EN 60662 standard. High Pressure Sodium Lamps with E27 or E40 screw base Nominal Lamp wattage [W] Rated Lamp Efficacy [lm/W] Clear Rated Lamp Efficacy [lm/W] Coated W ≤ 45 ≥ 60 ≥ 60 45 < W ≤ 55 ≥ 80 ≥ 70 55 < W ≤ 75 ≥ 90 ≥ 80 75 < W ≤ 105 ≥ 100 ≥ 95 105 < W ≤ 155 ≥ 110 ≥ 105 155 < W ≤ 255 ≥ 125 ≥ 115 255 < W ≤ 1005 ≥ 135 ≥ 130 Please note: 1: Efficacy is not defined at its nominal lamp wattage, but at its rated wattage. 2: All individual lamps should fulfill 90% of the rated LLMF and rated efficacy with an AQL (acceptable quality level) of 4. 3: HPS Lamps with E27 or E40 base with a Color Rendering Index (CRI) from 60 to 80 - must meet Table 3 4: HPS Lamps with E27 or E40 base and a Color Rendering Index (CRI) > 80 - must meet Table 1.
18
3 - Table 3: Metal Halide (MH) Lamps with E27 or E40 screw base MH lamps are High Intensity Discharge lamps with performance requirements specified by IEC/EN 61167 standard. Metal Halide Lamps with E27 or E40 screw base Nominal Lamp Wattage [W] Rated Lamp Efficacy [lm/W] Clear Rated Lamp Efficacy [lm/W] Coated W ≤ 55 ≥ 60 ≥ 60 55 < W ≤ 75 ≥ 75 ≥ 70 75 < W ≤ 105 ≥ 80 ≥ 75 105< W ≤ 155 ≥ 80 ≥ 75 155 < W ≤ 255 ≥ 80 ≥ 75 255 < W ≤ 405 ≥ 85 ≥ 75 Please note: 1: Efficacy is not defined at its nominal lamp wattage, but at its rated wattage. 2: All individual lamps should fulfil 90% of the rated efficacy with an AQL (acceptable quality level) of4. 3: Protected MH Lamps (self contained) that are allowed to be used in open luminaires according to IEC/EN 1167 must comply with minimum 90% of the listed efficacy values listed in Table 3. 4: MH Lamps with E27 or E40 base and a Colour Rendering Index (CRI) > 80 - must meet Table 1. 5: The following lamps are exempt from the above criteria- - MH Lamps with colour temperature > 5000k - Coloured MH lamps.
19
2. FUEL EFFICIENCY OF CARS AND VEHICLE FLEETS
2.1. BACKGROUND
2.1.1. GLOBAL AND EUROPEAN CONTEXT
Energy efficiency, lower CO2 emissions, lower pollutant emissions including particulates
and cleaner urban air are the main drivers for policy. On December 19th 2007, the EU
Commission presented a Directive on clean and energy efficient road transport vehicles
(http://ec.europa.eu/transport/clean/promotion/doc/com_2007_0817_en.pdf)
It proposes the gradual introduction of environmental criteria for public procuring
authorities (from 2012), which will include life-cycle costs for fuel consumption and CO2
and other pollutant emissions. A previous proposal limited to heavy duty vehicles (3.5
tonnes) had been rejected by the European Parliament in June 2006 and this one targets
a wider population including public purchases of cars, commercial vehicles, trucks and
buses, representing about ¼ million vehicles. The entire market for passenger cars is
also addressed by the proposed regulation to reduce CO2 emissions (120g CO2 per km
by 2012) and other Directives e.g. fuel quality, also under revision, to reduce emissions
of sulphur and PAHs (Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons) from diesel.
PwC’s study issued in September 2007 indicated that by 2017 there would be major
reductions in emissions “ranging from -36% NOx under the “Early Euro Standards
Mandatory” EESM scenario9, to -29% NOx and -70% in the “Internalising Lifetime
External costs Mandatory (ILECM) scenario. These scenarios highlight huge differences,
with cost simulations for a normal bus going from 150k€ to 594k€ with inclusion of all
these costs.
As to date the public vehicles market is often characterised by aged vehicles whereas the
purpose of these guidelines would be to stimulate the uptake of more efficient vehicle
fleets for local and central governmental authorities in the EU.
2.1.2. STATE OF THE ART
The major influences on fuel efficiency in cars are complex because they are derived
from human as well as mechanical factors. Vehicle efficiencies are about engine and
other components and their composition. More than a century of progress has improved
9 PwC Impact study
20
aerodynamics and largely unknown factors such as reduced
tyre resistance. Procurers are confronted with these
technical aspects combined with human and systemic factors such as car use pattern
and conditions.
The first car that reached 100km/h was electric, in 1899. Steam and electricity preceded
the dominant internal combustion engine technology of today running on petrol or diesel.
This technology and associated systems are rapidly evolving (lead removal, sulphur
reduction achievements, efficiency gains). There is a “lock-in” phenomena due to
infrastructure (fuel delivery, maintenance, skills etc) but new power solutions are
making inroads using electric or semi electric (hybrid) vehicles, also engines using
biofuel, hydrogen, natural gas or LPG. The procurer confronted with the developments in
the market introducing new types of fuel should bear in mind that use of parameters like
litres/100 kilometre etc are not the right parameter to compare the various cars using
different systems like LNG (liquefied natural gas), CNG (compressed natural gas), diesel
etc. The procurer should use the CO2-emission/kilometre as his parameter. Another
important parameter is car range.
Fuel efficiency in vehicles is foremost a function of weight and purpose, with many other
factors such as safety and durability to consider. With so many complex parameters,
improving efficiency requires a trade-off between factors, which are hard and sometimes
almost impossible to measure – for example comfort. Procurement priorities will be in
fuel efficiency standards such as EURO III
ratings.
Additionally, procurers can request partial
replacement of fleets with EEV vehicles at EURO
IV or V, through positive tendering
discrimination. Standards in fuel efficiency and
CO2 emissions are higher for vehicles using
electrical power, but investment in EEV vehicles
requires preliminary cooperation with energy
providers and significant infrastructure. Fuel
contracts help to promote economies of scale. Accompanying measures include
promoting the shift from private cars to collective transport and reducing mobility needs
through changes in urban and land use planning of the different human activities.10
10 IMPRO-Car JRC http://ftp.jrc.es/JRC40598.pdf
21
Human behaviour adds to the complexity in procurement; with regards to drivers of
public vehicles for instance, efficiencies can be influenced with driver information
systems, monitoring sensors, training etc.
According to a recent WWF report: “Plugged In – The End of the Oil Age”11, grid-
connected vehicle technology – enabling all or part of every journey to be powered by
electricity taken from the grid – is available based on existing infrastructure and current
technology. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs)
– which may be supplemented by sustainable biofuels for range extension – can
dramatically reduce the crude oil dependency of automotive transport in a highly
efficient and sustainable manner.
Electric vehicles still need energy, and
that energy today comes mostly from
fossil fuels. However, the electric
powertrain is up to four times more
efficient than its conventional mechanical
counterpart. This means electric vehicles
consume far less primary energy per
kilometer travelled, so that even based on
today’s fossil-rich energy mix, electric vehicles can deliver an overall reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, electric vehicles can contribute to improving
urban air quality and reduce noise levels. Even based on today’s fossil-rich energy mix,
electric vehicles can deliver an overall reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. In
addition, electric vehicles can contribute to improving urban air quality and reduce noise
levels.
In recent years, the cost and performance of advanced batteries have improved
dramatically. And plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) – electric vehicles with an
onboard generator – can overcome the
perceived range limitations which hamper
the market acceptance of battery-electric
vehicles (BEVs). The technology is proven,
and requires no significant new
infrastructure. BEVs and PHEVs
supplemented with sustainably produced
11 www.panda.org/climate or www.panda.org/eu
22
biofuels are compatible with a future in which all of our energy services derive from
sustainable renewable resources. And because electric vehicles are so much more
efficient than conventional mechanical vehicles at converting stored energy into
kilometers, the overall system demand for energy – and CO emissions – will be reduced,
helping us fight climate change.
2.2. GUIDELINES
2.2.1. MOST EFFICIENT AVAILABLE PRODUCTS
Examples (not exhausting enumeration) of best available state of the art systems
include:
o UltraBattery hybrid energy storage device that integrates a supercapacitor with a
lead acid battery in one unit cell. Combination produces a battery that can
provide high power discharge and charge with a long, low-cost life. Developed by
CSIRO Energy Technology as part of the Energy Transformed Flagship research
program, the UltraBattery has applications for use in hybrid electric vehicles
(HEVs) with further research aimed at resolving issues of intermittency in
capturing energy produced from renewable sources.
o RAV4 EV from Toyota.
o TH!NK (Electric City Car) developed in cooperation with Ford with the goal to
create a small but practical urban vehicle with a 4 star safety rating and no
emissions. Since the beginning of this year, the car is produced at a CO2-neutral
and (soon) zero–emission assembly plant in Norway with a capacity of 10’000
cars per year.
o DuraCar, a Netherlands based automotive company developed a prototype of
electric car with Lithium Ionbattery systems.
o Smith makes commercial electric vehicles e.g. “Newton”. Technological features
include:
Zero emission vehicles, using electric power from batteries (no NOx, no
particulate matter, no CO2)
Four suitcase-sized, “Zebra” 278v Sodium Nickel Chloride batteries
120 kilowatt motor
Top speed of 50mph
Regenerative braking
Range: 150 miles.
Gross Vehicle Weight 24,000lbs.
Composite plastic honeycomb panels, recyclable (made by Omnia)
23
The market for these types of cars is under rapid development. It is inevitable the
procurer should make inquiries for these developments.
Very useful tools for the procurer are the EU systems that were developed to provide the
consumer information about the CO2-emission (and directly relates to the energy use of
cars) and the standards that regard to emissions of other compounds by cars.
The energy use of cars is made available by the introduction of a labelling system. The
energy label does not mention the energy use but the grams CO2 emission per km
travelled. It is generally considered to be direct related to the energy use of a car. The
system shows classes A-G (grams CO2/kilometre travelled):
A B C D E F G
<100 <120 <140 <160 <200 <250 >250
Moreover the label gives more information like:
- Brand of the car
- Model
- Version
- Weight
- Transmission
- Fuel
- Fuel consumption:
o Urban use
o Extra urban use
o Mixed use
Most EU-member states have websites with the energy labels of the various cars. The
websites of most car manufacturers and their representatives provide the information as
well. In the “Green Private Companies” in the EU only cars with label A, B or C are
allowed to use. The procurement in the public sector should use high standards and the
EU label system is a useful tool to achieve this.
The emissions of other compounds than CO2 are important procurement parameters as
well. The EU has developed standards for other emissions. The standards have a
24
number: Euro I, Euro II, Euro II etc. The higher the ranking number the lower the
emission that is achieved. The procurer may anticipate on future standards and in this
way promote the market introduction of new technology. The information on the
standards is given in addendum 1.
2.2.2. TYRES
Each tyre is characterized by a value in rolling resistance. As a rubber ball does not
rebound as high as from where it was launched, tyre rubber compounds consume energy
when the tyres are operated and transform it into heat. This phenomenon is called tyre
Rolling Resistance. Life cycle analysis shows that, for passenger car tyres, more than
75% of the energy used to build, distribute, run, collect and recycle tyres is consumed
through rolling resistance. Rolling resistance represents about 20 % of the fuel
consumption of a European passenger car, meaning that about one tank out of five is
used to operate the tyres; CO2 emissions being directly linked to fuel consumption, it
means that about 20% of CO2 emissions of a passenger car are due to tyres. The
introduction of silica as a reinforcement for rubber compounds in early eighties was a
major break-through to commercialise low rolling resistance tyres. Since then the level
of rolling resistance of tyres has permanently been improved. Proper tyre inflation
pressure maintenance also helps controlling rolling resistance and hence fuel
consumption and CO2 emissions.
Tyre manufacturers have being doing a lot of
marketing and advertising efforts to promote
purchasing of low rolling resistance tyres; however
they are making their way into the market very
slowly, because the consumer is not paying much
attention to the environmental impact when
purchasing tyres and secondly because it is very
difficult for him to measure fuel savings engendered by switching to low rolling
resistance tyres.
At present, the best performing tyres correspond to a reduction of rolling resistance of
more than 30% which leads to a reduction of fuel consumption of about 0,3l/ 100 km
and CO2 emissions of about 7,5g/ km. It is of the outmost importance that local
authorities try to encourage the purchase of such products, for an environmental point of
view in terms of CO2 emissions reduction but also for an economical point of view in
terms of the cost of fuel consumption.
25
In public procurement of tyres, it is recommended to include in the tender a technical
criterion, which can ensure the efficiency of the tyre. The industry suggests asking for a
maximal value of rolling resistance of 10,5 kg/t for passenger car tyres (summer and
winter), 9 kg/t for light truck tyres and 6.5 kg/t for truck tyres. The lower this value is,
the better is the performance of the vehicle and the lower is the overall fuel
consumption.
2.2.3. CONCLUSIONS
Public procurement of energy efficient vehicles can have a specific impact for companies
as an opportunity for enhanced profit and improved quality that can result in a market
pull effect and can lower the purchasing threshold of other consumers (including non-
public sector).
From a purchaser prospective, procurement of efficient vehicles like smart cars and
electric busses involves economic risks and risk aversion is often reflected in tender
conditions that exclude new products effectively ruling out innovation. Risks are only
taken if there is a chance of reward. But there are also ways in which government
departments can reduce risk. For example, they can cooperate with other public or
private bodies in the automotive industry at EU and national level to obtain product lists
highlighting the most efficient options. Another option is to break the procurement
process down into a number of phases. This allows more frequent intermediate
checkpoints when the innovative results can be tested for economic feasibility and risk.
26
Table 2. Key environmental impacts – Fuel efficient vehicles
Impact
Recommended Procurement
Criteria
• Hazardous constituents (batteries and
other components e.g. cadmium,
mercury, lead)
• Waste reduction – emissions, use of
catalytic converters (post use disposal)
• Noise emissions
• End of life energy consumption and
resulting Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
emissions.
• Air, soil and water pollution, ozone
formation (smog),
• Pedestrian, cyclists (especially elderly and
young)
• Use of energy, finite resources and
harmful emissions related to the
production of IT products
!
!
• Purchase energy efficient vehicles
modes (the EU label system may be
very ueful)
• Calculation methods for life time cost
calculations
• Integrated guidelines with coherency
re fuel efficiency: maintenance
factors, components e.g. tyres,
coolants, etc also to be considered
• Consideration of non-CO2 emissions.
The EU (future) standards may be
useful information.
• Consideration of fuel infrastructure
e.g. LPG, electric recharging stations
• Tender documents guides
• Evaluation of complementary
solutions: e.g. congestion charging
and other user behaviour levers
27
3. OFFICE EQUIPMENTS
3.1. BACKGROUND
Each year European public authorities spend the equivalent of 16% of the EU Gross
Domestic Product on the purchase of goods.12 Through investing in energy efficient office
equipment, public authorities are able to contribute directly to the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions. In general, office equipment can be divided into two sets of
products:13
▪ Computers (covering both PCs and notebooks) and monitors
" Imaging equipment – covering copiers, printers, scanners, faxes, and multifunctional
devices (MFCs)
3.1.1. STATE OF THE ART
The product categories dealt in this document are
desktop PCs, personal computers
(laptops/notebooks), monitors, printers, scanners,
fax and copiers (and multifunctional devices
combining these). The scope of products covered is
taken from the Agreement between the Government of the United States of America and
the European Community on the coordination of energy-efficiency labelling programs for
office equipment called Energy Star (www.eu-energystar.org) and from the EuP
Preparatory Studies for Imaging Equipment (www.ecoimaging.org). Procurement
information requires reference to the manufacturing processes and
materials (e.g. ISO 14000 or EMAS compliance), the energy consumption
of products during lifetime and the disposal at end of life. Energy efficiency
is the priority aspect to consider and is the focus of
labelling and consumer information recommendations.
Energy consumption is also closely linked to maintenance,
particularly for equipment like copiers and printers with complex
mechanical parts and variable consumption of toners. Procurement can
be extended to comprehensive provision of maintenance and supplies,
which can generate significant benefits when combined with economies of scale from
pooling of departments or local entities. For printers, the organisation Procuraplus14
recommends defining the following parameters (example from City of Freiburg
Department of School and Education):
12 European Commission, 2008 13 UNEP, 2008 14 www.procuraplus.org
28
Machines must have a short warm-up time.
Machines must enable the undisturbed processing of 80 g/sm recycling paper
according to DIN 19309 and/or DIN V ENV 12281 or equivalent
(standards for the compatibility of paper with machinery).
Machines must be able to make double-sided copies of one or many
original(s) – also on recycling paper - in large quantities, without
affecting the copy quality.
Machines must comply with EU Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS
Directive – Restriction of hazardous substances in electrical
equipment).
For each type of tendered machine, statements on electricity
consumption in copy or standby mode must be provided. In addition, the
energy consumption standards set by Energy Star must be met.
For laptops, information about standby power consumption, material content and
upgrade-ability is available to both professional and individual consumers e.g. from the
European Ecolabel. Procurement in Europe requires compliance with Directives including
the Waste Electrical Electronic Directive (WEE) although many labels provide additional
performance information. Key labels for IT products include the
following:
Ecolabel – www.ecolabel.com
Blue Angel (Germany) – www.blauer-engel.de
GEEA Group for Energy Efficiency Appliances www.efficient-appliances.org
Nordic Swan www.svanen.nu
Energy Star www.energystar.gov
TCO Development www.tcodevelopment.com
EPEAT (Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool) www.epeat.net
The European ecolabel (the “Flower”) can be awarded to personal computers since 1999.
The labeling criteria include requirements for maximum energy in different modes. The
original criteria have been revised in 2001 and 2005. The table below depicts the
development of energy consumption criteria for the Energy Star and the EU ecolabel for
personal desktop computers.15
15 Energy Efficient Office Appliances, IVM
29
3.2. GUIDELINES
3.2.1. MOST EFFICIENT AVAILABLE PRODUCTS
The main criteria for PCs, notebooks, monitors and imaging equipment useful for public
authorities include technical specifications on energy consumption, as this has been
identified as the aspect having the most significant environmental impact. The
requirements are based on the Energy Star requirements. In addition, the criteria also
include some information regarding the lifetime of products. These lifetime criteria have
been selected so that the European Ecolabels, may be used to prove compliance. A
number of further aspects should be included in the specifications and award stage, such
as:
• Noise emissions
• The use of mercury in LCD monitor backlighting
• The disassembly of equipment
• The use of flame retardants in plastic parts
Key environmental impacts to take in consideration in procurement decision are included
in the scheme below (courtesy of EU commission GPP Training Toolkit – Module 3:
Purchasing Recommendations).
30
The above criteria will ensure that it is relatively easy to upgrade components within the
products purchased and that spare parts will be available. The decision about whether to
upgrade or replace products will need to be taken on a case-by-case basis however,
considering in particular whether the potential energy efficiency gains achievable
through buying a new product would outweigh the impacts of early disposal.
It is recommended to apply a total cost of ownership (TCO) methodology when awarding
the contract. This means that instead of considering just the purchase price of the
product when addressing the one offering best value for money, the contracting
authority will consider the life cycle cost over the estimated period of ownership of the
device. This would cover the purchase price, the cost of maintenance and other services,
the cost of energy consumption and other consumables and any other disposal costs.
This will allow the authority to take into account environmental aspects in both the
quality assessment and price through inclusion of the life cycle cost. As with any energy
using products, purchasing efficient models is generally the best option, which reduces
running costs and environmental impacts. Generally, the energy efficiency of the product
has relatively little impact on the purchase price, certainly if one is aiming for a model
within 25% most efficient on the market. The EU Energy Star website has a useful tool
for calculating the potential financial savings of buying a more efficient product:
www.eu-energystar.org/calculator.htm
In any case, there exist a number of uncertainties that might have significant influence
on the results like user behaviour, costs for repair, influence of the on-site service for
31
the overall product lifetime and rapid changes in the market due to prices and variability
of the components lead to rapidly changing product composition and product prices.
Recent EU legislation on the topic include Regulation (EC) No 06/2008 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 on a Community energy-efficiency
labeling programme for office equipment16. This Regulation (EC No 106/2008) requires
EU institutions and central Member State government authorities to use energy
efficiency criteria no less demanding than those defined in the Energy Star programme
when purchasing office equipment. The usual thresholds for public supply contracts
apply.
3.2.2. SOLID STATE COMPUTERS
A promising approach for further energy savings within the field of ICT equipments are
solid state computers.17 The data storage of solid state computers consist of a solid-
state-drive (SSD) that uses solid-state memory to store persistent data. Unlike flash-
based memory cards and USB flash drives, an SSD emulates a hard disk drive interface,
thus easily replacing it in most applications. Compared to hard disk driver, SSD devices
offer a series of advantages:18
• Short access times
• Shock resistance
• Compact size
• Silent operation
• Energy savings potentials
For example, the data access is much faster: Whereas a hard disk drive needs five to ten
milliseconds for write/read access, SSD technology only 0.1 to 0.2 milliseconds are
required. With no moving parts, the technology also offers more than four times greater
shock resistance than traditional hard disk drives, which rotate with several thousand
revolutions per minute and operate with movable read and write heads. Furthermore,
due to their compact size, SSD can for instance contribute to thin and light notebook
design. SSD are available at a size of 1.8, 2.5 and 3.5 inches and also first 1.0 devices
are already available on the market. Moreover, another major advantage of SSD
technology is their completely silent operation. Regarding energy demand, a SSD drive
16 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:039:000_:0007:EN:PDF 17 http://www.iclei-europe.org/fileadmin/template/projects/smart_spp/
32
consumes approximately 1 Watt in the access mode. In contrast to this, hard disk drives
at a size of 2.5 inches use 2.0-2.5 Watts with 3.5 inch devices exceeding a consumption
of 10 Watts in some cases. Numerically, this implies an energy savings potential of up to
60% for 2.5 inch devices and 90% for 3.5 inch devices. When referring the absolute
savings to the total energy consumption e.g. of a notebook computer (30-50 Watts), the
relative savings do not exceed 30%. Furthermore, it has to be taken into account that
the energy demand heavily depends on the quality of the SSD unit.
One of the disadvantages of SSD technology is the relatively low capacity of the device.
Currently, capacities 0f 8,16,32,64,128 and 256 GB are available. However, in April 2009
a 1 TB SSD was introduced by OCZ. Their price is still significantly higher than hard disk
drivers. For example, regarding notebook computers, the extra chare accounts for 200-
400 Euros per unit. However, a decline in prices by 50-70% p.a. can be recorded and
thus price parity with hard disk drives is expected within 3-4 years.
Examples for manufacturers of notebook computers with SSD technology are Apple
(McBook Air), Dell (Latitude E4300), Lenovo (Thinkpad X301), LG (P510) and others.
Usually, customers of theses products have the choice between conventional hard disk
drives and SSD drives for extra charge.
3.2.3. BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE: THE CITY OF COPENHAGEN
The municipality of Copenhagen employs approximately 40,000 people, about 1,200 of
them have purchasing authority and spending 400 million Euro annually on goods and
services.19 In 1992, Copenhagen prepared a purchasing regulation calling upon all
municipal buyers to consider environmental aspects when purchasing. In order to create
the overall framework for greening its purchases Copenhagen adopted a purchasing
policy, which partly centralises the purchases and partly demands the integration of
environmental and energy concerns. This means that the municipality of Copenhagen
chooses products and services that:
• are produced in the most environmentally friendly way possible
• are distributed in the most environmentally friendly way possible
• cause the least possible damage to the environment
• can be removed in the most environmentally friendly way possible
• involve ethical considerations in their choice
19 http://www.procuraplus.org/index.php?id=4595
33
Suppliers chosen should have an internal environmental policy for the company and
preferably an actual environmental certification such as EMAS or ISO 14001.
Considerations normally require selecting those products which fulfill the requirements of
one of the publicly controlled environment and energy labels (see chapter 3.1.1.). A plan
of action, set out in 1998 identified easily accessible areas of effort, where less
environmentally harmful products should particularly be produced. The criteria for
choosing those areas were the following:
• knowledge of the environmental impact of the product is available
• less environmentally harmful products are available
• environmental effects can be achieved
• the large quantities ordered have a potential to influence the market
• the effort is visible to citizens, enterprises and/or stuff
• the effort is quantifiable
Training was provided in order for stuff to learn how to think and act environmentally
consciously in the field of purchasing. All stuff engaged in purchasing attended a two-day
course in order to learn how to formulate environmental and energy demands and which
tools to apply in every day environmental work. Thematic meetings were held for
purchasers who are in charge of more technical related activities.
The Copenhagen model is based on a philosophy of having an “action plan” with political
commitment at the highest municipal level. It is crucial for the responsible purchasing
unit to have access to many municipal players. Green purchasing with clear politically
approved targets is easier to administrate though it might still be difficult to reach the
targets. The use of framework agreements with suppliers complies better with a
centralized than with a decentralized local purchasing structure.
3.2.4. CONCLUSIONS
Governments can play a catalytic role in shaping consumption patterns, both through
public policies and through their own procurement procedures. Public procurement has
huge potential to enable the market to provide more energy-efficient office equipment,
due to both its position as one of the principles buyers and also its influence over the
private sector and consumer.20
Another important aspect is the user behavior. Office IT equipment is normally supplied
together with a series of software-controlled measures to reduce energy consumption.
The IT administrator can examine the individual work place settings and adjust them to
20 Sustainable Energy Consumption, CSCP
34
high energy performance levels by including certain settings related to stand-by and
sleep modes, hard-disk shut down, CPU performance, pre-set double-sided printing and
ready-to-print timeframes. User behavior should also be addressed by regular training
programmes for office staff that include raising awareness for reducing print jobs and
power settings on their personal computers.
35
4. PROCUREMENT TOOLS
A public – private joint purchasing initiative should be in place in public authorities as a
sort of market consultation to exchange information with stakeholders, initiated by the
public body, about a project it proposes to carry out, which helps it to assess the
feasibility modalities of the project. Such market consultation / survey / dialogue can be
used to test or even elicit new ideas. It provides an opportunity to signal an interest in
products with specific properties, for example. This tool is still used relatively rarely.
From a legal prospective, the EU Directive allows a discussion to be held with one or
more tenderers in order to better formulate the question. Such a discussion can be a
means of testing or broaching new ideas. This practice is relatively new and should be
more widespread.
The contracting party traditionally formulates the works in great detail, leaving little
scope for the market to innovate. Involving the market in the design phase makes
innovative solutions more likely. In construction projects for instance, the principal, the
design engineers and the contractors often work together as a team during the design
phase. The specific knowledge of the party that will carry out the construction can then
be included in the design. It is therefore recommended that the purchasers should use
the freedom allowed by the procurement process to set up joint public private
consultations before issuing the tender to enhance sustainable procurement.
Another useful tool is a system of product group alert, which should be introduced as a
means to promote sustainable procurement. This involves periodic market analyses for a
given product or product group, the results being disseminated to raise knowledge and
awareness of those products. Following an assessment, each group is assigned certain
project types and product types on which they will focus. Priorities are set on the basis
of criteria. For public procurement the criteria might be: expected potential, market
strength, the existence of companies, which can respond to demands etc. A specific
strategy can then be developed for the prioritised products. An important point is that in
this approach, procurement itself can be decentralised. There is no need for a super-
purchasing office. Use is often made of specialists in the decentralised purchasing
organisations.
36
5. FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRODUCT CATEGORIES Innovative purchasing of energy efficient appliances and cars will not just develop on its
own. Sustainable procurement will only become a reality if there is the political will to
make it happen, and if this will is translated into action. This will require changes in
attitudes and structures and better knowledge.
The public sector is made up of many different organisations and agencies and
sustainable procurement will become more effective as it becomes more widespread.
Efforts must be made to ensure that procurement of energy efficient appliances and
vehicles is practised as widely as possible, without compromising the independence and
competence of the various organisations. It is also important that the different policies
with regard to procurement are harmonised.
The following guidelines recommend:
• A Central Strategic Unit be set up to develop procurement of energy efficient
goods and to coordinate, disseminate and implement positive procurement
concepts throughout the public sector;
• A procurement portal to be established on the Internet which would act as a
single gateway to all procurement-related information thereby improving and
simplifying access for businesses to public procurement activities;
• Procurement procedures and formats to be standardised, making them accessible
to small and medium-sized enterprises avoiding innovation-killing conditions in
tendering;
• Improve the procurement process by using a product group approach (as
explained above);
• Energy agencies to act as intermediaries between procurers and industry and
provide information on technical criteria of the best performing products;
• Part of procurement budgets to be allocated to product development A
mechanism of this kind can be implemented in various ways, for example through
grants, tendering etc making it obligatory for a given (small) percentage of
procurement budgets to be spent on development projects.
Central Strategic Unit should takes steps to set up a business / product information
exchange for disseminating information about products that meet demanding /
37
innovative specifications. As a result, a handbook on the legal aspects of innovative
procurement should be drawn up and disseminated beyond just the public sector.
These guidelines argue that one of the barriers to innovation-friendly procurement of
energy efficient appliances and cars is gaps in knowledge. Information on public
tendering, the procurement directives, sustainable and innovative procurement, product
recommendations and specifications and other purchasing and procurement-related
matters should be made available from a centralised source. This information should be
high quality, available online and up-to-date.
It is recommended that a central strategic unit be given the power to strongly advise or
prescribe the purchase of particular innovative cars and appliances, based on desired
characteristics, in order to support their introduction onto the market.
The internal guidelines for government and other public sector organisations should be
modified to require an analysis of the costs and the energy and environmental impact
over the entire life of the investment in energy efficient appliances and cars, thus
optimising purchasing behaviour. It would be possible to introduce mechanisms that
automatically lead to a life-cycle approach, for example, by combining the cost of capital
and the operating costs. This can also be achieved by leasing a product rather than
purchasing it. In this respect, procurement specifications should define performance-
based elements rather than the technical means by which this performance is achieved.
Formulating specifications, standards or desired properties for future products would
constitute a strong stimulus for the development of energy efficient appliances and cars.
38
6. LIST OF ISSUES TO CONSIDER FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
Secure funding from users from congestion charges (via public sector) for
efficiency improvements
Private companies or “vendors” themselves seek and measure direct costs
savings, quantifiable environmental benefits, or indirect economies
Typical motives for all innovative and sustainable products: Cost savings and risk
reduction
Motives for understanding and adapting to procurement:
• Access to market(s)
• Launch of new technologies, or scaling of niche technologies
Typical benefits common to both private public sectors:
Cost avoidance, lower waste management fees, lower hazardous material
management fees, less time and costs for reporting
Reduced expenditure on energy, water, materials and other resources
Easier compliance with environmental regulations
Demonstration of due diligence
Reduced risk of accidents, reduced liability and lower health and safety costs,
lower insurance premiums
Other factors in purchasing decisions:
Support of environmental/sustainability strategy and vision
Improved image, goodwill, brand
Improved employee and community health through cleaner air and water, less
demand for landfill and less demand for resources
Increased shareholder values
But vendor / buyer motivations unique and a function of products/technologies..
Common objectives vendors & buyers:
Developing purchasing recommendations and specific instruments that will
increase demand for sustainable / innovative products
Establish “core” criteria for purchasing decisions
Via mapping of comprehensive criteria and decision flows
Vendor analysis: win customers, and hope that public procurement demand will
stimulate market
Market leadership
39
Fuel efficiency of cars and vehicle fleets:
Fuel switching and efficiency improvements to reduce emissions of air pollutants,
esp. sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM)
Significant technical improvements
Weight reduction - versus safety (cars, larger vehicles)
Carbon-fibre composites, aluminium (Safety concerns of carbon fibre addressed
but costs 20x higher than steel), Aluminium premium prices
Energy storage e.g. batteries, lead, lead-acid, cadmium, mercury
Many human issues
“Operational” phase as highest consumption phase (like lamps)
Usage behaviour / technology interface, also
“Vendor” (but which ones?) recommendations:
Context e.g. Intelligent Transport Systems
Mandatory fuel economy, fuel adaptability (biofuels?) and blending, CO2
standards
Complex decision factors (e.g. fiscal, reliability, maintenance, usage),
Mandatory standards all vehicles needed, given limited impact of public vehicle
populations
Office equipment:
The development of innovative financing schemes for sustainable public
procurement in connection with office equipment
Enhanced incorporation of the buildings sector with special focus on office
buildings
Training and information campaigns for all stakeholders (for instance installers of
office equipment)
Efforts in raising awareness of the benefits of sustainable public procurement of
office equipment for the public sector, a change in people’s perception
40
ADDENDUM 1 – EU STANDARDS
EU standards Passenger Cars, g/km
Emission Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
Diesel
Euro IV Jan. 2005 0.50 - 0.30 0.25 0.025
Euro V Sept. 2009 0.50 - 0.23 0.18 0.005
Gasoline
Euro IV Jan. 2005 1.0 0.10 - 0.08 -
Euro V Sept. 2009 1.0 0.075 - 0.06 0.005b
Euro VI
* In case of Euro V passenger cars > 2.500 kg the standards equals to Light commercial vehicle standards
41
EU Standards Light commercial vehicles !1305 kg, g/km
Emission Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
Diesel
Euro IV Jan. 2005 0.50 - 0.30 0.25 0.025
Euro V Sept. 2010 0.50 - 0.23 0.18 0.005
Euro VI Sep. 2015 0.50 - 0,17 0,08 0,05
Gasoline
Euro IV Jan. 2005 1.0 0.10 - 0.08 -
Euro V Sept. 2010 1.0 0.075 - 0.06 0.005
Euro VI
42
EU Standards - Light commercial vehicles 1305 kg-1760 kg, g/km
Emission Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
Diesel
Euro IV Jan. 2006 0.63 - 0.39 0.33 0.04
Euro V Sept. 2010 0.63 - 0.295 0.235 0.005
Euro VI Sep. 2015 0.63 - 0,195 0,105 0,005
Gasoline
Euro IV Jan. 2006 1.81 0.13 - 0.10 -
Euro V Sept. 2010 1.81 0.13 - 0.075 0.005
Euro VI
43
EU Standards - Light commercial vehicles >1760 kg max 3500 kg., g/km
Emission Date CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
Diesel
Euro IV Jan. 2006 0.95 - 0.46 0.39 0.06
Euro V Sept. 2010 0.74 - 0.3505 0.280 0.005
Euro VI Sep. 2015 0.74 - 0,350 0,280 0,005
Gasoline
Euro IV Jan. 2006 2.27 0.16 - 0.11 -
Euro V Sept. 2010 2.27 0.16 - 0.082 0.005
Euro VI
EU standards - Large Goods Vehicle
Emission Date CO (g/kWh) NOx (g/kWh) HC (g/kWh) PM (g/kWh)
Euro IV 2005-2008 1.50 3.50 0.46 0.02
Euro V 2008-2012 1.50 2.00 0.46 0.02
44
BIBLIOGRAPHY
“Guide to the Business Case and Benefits of sustainability Purchasing” –
By Sustainability Purchasing Network, March 2007
“Buying Green – a handbook on environmental public procurement” – By
European Commission, 2004
“Costs and Benefits of Green Public Procurement in Europe” – By ICLEI,
July 2007
“Comparison and Evaluation of Financing Options for Energy
Performance Contracting Projects” – By Graz Energy Agency
“Energy Efficient Office Appliances” – By Institute for Environmental
Studies, Vrije Universiteit, November 2006
“Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council: the promotion
of clean and energy efficient road transport vehicles” – By European
Commission, December 2007
“Market Development for Energy Services in the EU” – By Berliner
Energieagentur GmBH
“Lighting Control in Street Systems”, – By Institute of Material Science
VAST, July 2007
“Main Power-Quality Effects by Electronic Lighting Equipment” – By
European Lamp Companies Federation (ELC fed), May 2009
“Environmental Improvement of Passenger Cars (IMPRO-car)” - Joint
Research Centre-European Commission, March 2008
“Public Procurement for a better environment” – By European Commission,
February 2008
“Plugged In – The End of the Oil Age”, - By WWF – European Union
Environmental Policy, March 2008
“Procura+ Key Criteria”, by Procura+
“Report on the In-depth Identification of Emerging Technologies” –
SMART SPP-innovation through sustainable procurement, 2009
“Sustainable Energy Consumption” – By CSCP, December 2005
45
“Sustainable Procurement Guidelines for Office IT Equipment” – By
UNEP, May 2008
“Training Toolkit on GPP” – By European Commission, DG Environment
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/training_toolkit_en.htm