guns, germs, and steel - suac englishsuacenglish.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/2/10622941/gg_s... ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
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Prologue
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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Diamond outlines the theory that
the differences between societies and
societal development arise primarily from
geographical causes NOT because of
differences in intelligence or human ability
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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What has happened in the last 13,000 years?
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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What has happened in the last 13,000 years?
Why have certain societies become powerful and dominant?
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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Yali’s Question
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“Why do you white people have so much cargo but we black people have so little of our own?”
Yali’s Question
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“Why do you white people have so much cargo but we black people have so little of our own?”
What does Yali mean by “cargo?”
Yali’s Question
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Certain societies have been more successful than others:
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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Certain societies have been more successful than others:
healthier
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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Certain societies have been more successful than others:
healthier
wealthier
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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Certain societies have been more successful than others:
healthier
wealthier
more powerful
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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Certain societies have been more successful than others:
healthier
wealthier
more powerful
However, individual people across societies are very much alike in terms of nature and intelligence.
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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Why did human development proceed at such different rates on different continents?
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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“case study” -
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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“case study” -
Guns, Germs, and Steel
the colonization of the New World by European societies after 1492 AD
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“case study” -
Guns, Germs, and Steel
the colonization of the New World by European societies after 1492 AD
The Americas
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“case study” -
Guns, Germs, and Steel
the colonization of the New World by European societies after 1492 AD
(Anno Domino)
The Americas
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“case study” -
Guns, Germs, and Steel
the colonization of the New World by European societies after 1492 AD
What is a “case study?”
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
- Diamond is describing, not judging
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
- Diamond is describing, not judging
- Tone is scientific and dispassionate
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Is hunter-gatherer culture (for example, Native Americans and aborigines) inferior to agricultural
(or industrial) civilization?
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Is hunter-gatherer culture (for example, Native Americans and aborigines) inferior to agricultural
(or industrial) civilization?
Diamond says, “_______”
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Is hunter-gatherer culture (for example, Native Americans and aborigines) inferior to agricultural
(or industrial) civilization?
Diamond says, “No”
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Humans replaced their hunter-gatherer practices with agricultural practices.
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Humans replaced their hunter-gatherer practices with agricultural practices.
However,
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Humans replaced their hunter-gatherer practices with agricultural practices.
Agriculture is not necessarily superior to hunting and gathering.
However,
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Agriculture is just the most efficient way to extract food at certain times and places
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Agriculture is just the most efficient way to extract food at certain times and places
No scientific evidence that people in hunter-gatherer cultures are less talented or intelligent than people in
an agricultural (or industrialized) culture
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Is there a scientific link between race/culture and intelligence?
_____________________
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Is there a scientific link between race/culture and intelligence?
NO!
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
In fact, New Guineans may be smarter than Westerners
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
In Western society, survival was largely a product of being healthy and lucky
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
In Western society, survival was largely a product of being healthy and lucky
(i.e., not killed by infectious diseases like the black plague (大疫病)
or smallpox 天然痘:てんねんとう 疱瘡:ほうそう)
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
In New Guinea, survival was more often a product of talent and intelligence (i.e., being able to hunt, avoid accidents)
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
In New Guinea, survival was more often a product of talent and intelligence (i.e., being able to hunt, avoid accidents)
New Guineans spend more time exploring the world than Westerners (Line, You Tube, TV…)
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In an industrialized society
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- intelligence and talent aren’t necessary for producing offspring
In an industrialized society
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- intelligence and talent aren’t necessary for producing offspring
In an industrialized society
in New Guinea
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- intelligence and talent aren’t necessary for producing offspring
- they are necessary
In an industrialized society
in New Guinea
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Does climate stimulate the mind?
Possible Theories
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In cold climates humans have to work harder to survive
Does climate stimulate the mind?
Possible Theories
Theory A)
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In cold climates humans have to:
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build more sophisticated houses
In cold climates humans have to:
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build more sophisticated houses
plan ahead for the winter
In cold climates humans have to:
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build more sophisticated houses
plan ahead for the winter
do other things that make them more industrious (勤勉な)
In cold climates humans have to:
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Actually…
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Actually…
Europeans who lived in cold climates
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Europeans who lived in cold climates
received many of their most important ideas and technologies (writing, the wheel, etc.) from _______, where
the climate was actually warmer
Actually…
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Europeans who lived in cold climates
received many of their most important ideas and technologies (writing, the wheel, etc.) from Eurasia, where
the climate was actually warmer
Actually…
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イギリスの哲学者政治思想家 フランス啓蒙期の思想家
Does climate stimulate the mind?
John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Claimed that humans responded to their environment =
cold weather influenced them to work harder
イギリスの哲学者政治思想家 フランス啓蒙期の思想家
Does climate stimulate the mind?
John Locke Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Yes, environment can shape society …
Does climate stimulate the mind?
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Yes, environment can shape society …
However, this interpretation is wrong!
Does climate stimulate the mind?
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Possible Theories
Theory B)
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Possible Theories
Theory B)
Did civilization arise near rivers?
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Possible Theories
Theory B)
Many of the earliest civilizations did emerge near big rivers (Egypt, Mesopotamia (メソポタミア、Tigris, Euphrates両川周辺 )etc.),
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Possible Theories
Theory B)
Did the development of irrigation systems lead to the development
of complex bureaucracies (官僚制度; 官僚政治) and the basis for
government and society?
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Possible Theories
Theory B)
Again, environment can shape society but …
_________!
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Possible Theories
Theory B)
Again, environment can shape society but …
NO!
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Possible Theories
Theory B)
Studies have shown that early civilizations developed irrigation (灌漑用水) systems AFTER they’d already
developed centralized bureaucracies
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Civilizations with:
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access to weaponry
Civilizations with:
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access to weaponry
immunity (免疫) to infectious diseases (伝染病)
Civilizations with:
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access to weaponry
immunity (免疫) to infectious diseases (伝染病)
proximity (近いこと,近隣) to metal
Civilizations with:
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were most successful
access to weaponry
immunity (免疫) to infectious diseases (伝染病)
proximity (近いこと,近隣) to metal
Civilizations with:
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were most successful
access to weaponry
immunity (免疫) to infectious diseases (伝染病)
proximity (近いこと,近隣) to metal
Civilizations with:
True!
But, why?
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Why did certain civilizations end up with the guns, the germs, and the steel?
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Why did certain civilizations end up with the guns, the germs, and the steel?
Diamond will provide a “synthesis” of work from many fields to answer Yali’s question
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Why did certain civilizations end up with the guns, the germs, and the steel?
Diamond will provide a “synthesis” of work from many fields to answer Yali’s question
総合的/総合する
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A thesis statement for the book:
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A thesis statement for the book:
“History followed different courses for
different peoples because of differences
among people’s environments, not
because of biological differences among
people themselves.”
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Part I - The history of human evolution
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Part 2 - Food production (history of agriculture) and livestock cultivation (家畜栽培)
and how it led to the eventual rise of the European powers
Guns, Germs, and Steel
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Part 3 - The role of bacteria and microbes (微生物) in Western military
supremacy, the history of writing and other technologies
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Part 4 - Case studies (事例研究) for
Diamond’s ideas (Australia, Asia, Africa, and the Americas)
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Guns, Germs, and Steel
Did you catch everything?
If not, ask the teacher or a classmate!
On page 6, what is the word after “Many of the earliest…?”